You are on page 1of 30

1

...........
""DNA
")"(DNA

"
: !
) ( !.
" :" ""

1953 ") "(DNA



A T C G

.



2.200

2

)
(.

:
1984
" . " ""

..





""
1985
" " "The DNA Fingerprint
"

") "(DNA
"DNA
"typing



"."
:
") "(DNA
.1
" ".

.2
") "(DNA "
"A " "G " "T

" "C

.3



.

"X-ray-
.4
"film
.
") "(DNA )
") "(DNA
36(
.
"."


.




" .".

")
"(DNA
.
") "(DNA

) (PCR
") "(DNA



.. ...
". "
.

:
..

" "






4



". "
1955

"" The Fugitive .1984










"."
1965



1993 " . "
.
1998 ""



" "


2000


:
- :
- :

"

" :



"
" .

5


.
- :
:
. : .
: .:
. :
. :
.
:


]








:
[23 :




] [7 -5 :

.

:
] [23 :

] .[2 :







- :

:

.


...


.


} :
{.










6

- :


.
:
:
.
. :

:
. :
. :
..
:

.
.



26/10/1422-21







.

:
:
.


:

26/10/1422-21
10/1/2002-5
..:
)) -
-

.
)(
.((.







) (
)
(

.
:
:

) (

.
:

.
:
.
8

:


.
:
:



.


.
-


.
:

.
: :
-



.



.
-


)
(
.
9

.
..
.




DNA )





:
:

{.
}:




:



. :
:

.
:


.

:

.
.
10

} :
{.
:




.
:





.
:



.

)) :

((








}

{








.


} :

{.







} :


{















11


") "(DNA



. :

:





.




.

4

.





.



:
.
:

12

:
.

.


4

3 .


.

.
:





") "(DNA




:
:



.




..


13


.
:









")"(DNA
:




- -



")- "(DNA -
:
- 1 .
- 2

..





") "(DNA
.
:


14

") "(DNA
.
") "(DNA



.
") "(DNA




.
")
"(DNA



.
") "(DNA

:






!

..
..
.



- -



15



.

:




{.


} :



:




.





.





.


")"(DNA



..
16

.

:



") "(DNA
%99.5


14

")
"(DNA .



") "(DNA

.









.




%99.5 ") "(DNA



.
17










") "(DNA .



.


.
:
"). "(DNA


.
:
- -
.
14
.



.


.

18


. :



} :


{




DNA


.



")
"(DNA

.


") "(DNA






.



19

14 !


14
2005


.


.






.


.

:
.. .. .. ..
.. .. ..
.

20

.A graphical representation of the normal human karyotype

,
100.000

.

X Y
24
.
)
DNA( .genes
)(
.

metabolize
.
21


DNA


rungs
bases
A T C .G


100
) (100000000000000000000!
A T C G


Genetic
code





.

DNA

.

20 -
-
.
.

61

22

200
500!
DNA

%5.2 1 50

.

24
!


)
500(
!
typist 60

) 360(
!
DNA

.%98

100.000 - 60.000
19.000 yeast
6.000
.4.000
) (%97

DNA
.
chromosome

22

23

1999
)( .
DNA

1.8 0.0001
)
(.
DNA


600 ] 100
1.8 148.800.000 =
.[1200

12.000 DNA
.
) 3(

1
3000 -
700
.

) (DOE


-



-


.

24



) (DNA
)(
)(.
1984
) (Mutagens
) (Carcinogens
) :
) (Sequence ? : :
)
( )( .
Mutagenic
.

The human genome is composed of 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 in total), each of which contain
hundreds of genes separated by intergenic regions. Intergenic regions may contain regulatory
.sequences and non-coding DNA

..




25


.

,
)
(


.

.





.



.DNA
800



.




.

26




.





.


) %2(
,
.





,
.





.

.


27








.


,

.


,

, .





:
.
" " .

50

.

.

28








%4 ,
,



.

,

.

.


,

.
:
,


.

29


.

) (1822






.



.

30

You might also like