s^{_p-hcn 21

temI-am-Xr-`m-jm-Zn\w
..........]n.-]-hn-{X
ad-m Ign-bptam F\nv B s^{_p-hcn 21?
ktlm-Z-c- kvt\l-ns Nph-n Ipfn B Zn\w?
s^{_p-hcn 21, \qdp IW-n\v a- \jvS-s A-am-cpsS Io-cns B Zn\w?
F\nv ad-m Ign-bptam?
k--sf, Xe-bp-bpI!
shn-Sn-Isf Bp-sh-pI!
temIta DWs-Wo-pI!
\njvI-f Intim-c-Xzs Iq-sme sNbvX-Xn-s\-Xnsc
tcmjm-Ip-e-cm-IpI!
-------------------
CXp s^{_p-hcn 21
DW-cpI
\psS Ipam-c-mcpw Ipam-cn-Ifpw Ctmgpw GIm-[n-]-Xn-I-fpsS Pbn-e-d-p-n-em-Wv.
c-km-n-I-fmb ktlm-Z-c-m-cpsS Bm-hp-I Ctmgpw Ic-bpp
P\-in DWp Ign-n-cn-pp
Cu s^{_p-h-cnsb \mw Pzen-npw
Fns\ ad-m Ignbpw
F\nm s^{_p-hcn 21 s\?
A_vZp- K^m Nu[-cn
Fs ktlm-Z-c--fpsS cw Nnnb s^{_p-hcn 21
s^{_p-hcn 21 BWv sFIy-cm-jv{S-k` temI-am-Xr-`m-jm-Zn-\-ambn sImm-Sp--Xv. 1952
_wm-tZ-in ( As Ing- ]mn-m) DZp-`mj `c-W-`m-j-bmbn ASn-t-ev]n-p--Xns\-Xnsc \S Iem-]
- n Um kh-Ie
- m-im-eb
- nse hnZymn-I ]mn-m t]meo-kns
shSn-sh-n sIm-s--Xns Hma ]pXp-p Znh-k-am-W-Xv. _wm-tZ-in hfsc BZ-c-thmsS,tZiob {]m[m-\y-tmsS `mjm-{]-m-\-Zn-\-ambn BtLm-jn-pt]m Cu s]mXp Ah[n Znh-kw
2000 emWv sFIy-cm-jv{S-k` temI-am-Xr-`m-jm-Zn-\-am-bn-Aw-Ko-I-cn-Xv. 1999 bps\-kvtIm-bpsS
apXmw s]mXp-k-t-f-\-skj-\n s^{_p-hcn 21 temI-am-Xr-`m-jm-Zn-\-ambn {]Jym-]n--W-sa
_wm-tZ-ins \nt-is ]nm-n-b-h-cn CytbmsSmw Av shSn-sh-n\v Imc-W-mcmb ]mn-m-sbpw {]Xn-\n-[n-I Ds-n-cp-p.
_wKm-fn-`m-jbvp thn-bp ka-cw Ccp-]-Xmw \qmv ]nd-p--Xn\v aps Bcw-`n-ncp-p. Ccp-]Xmw \qm-ns XpS--ns kv{Xohm-Znbpw kv{Xohn-Zym-`ym-k-{]-h-I-bpamb dpJnb km-hv lpss-s\(1880-1932)-tm-ep Fgp-p-Im-cn-I _wKm-fn-`m-jbvp thn
cwK-p-hp Ign-n-cp-p. kv{XoIfps-sS-bp Ah-K-Wn--s hn`m-K--fpsS B-{]-Imi-\hpw hn-Zym-`ym-k{]h-\hpw amXr-`m-jm-{]-h-\hpambn Fns\ XpS-
- ns _s-n-cn-p-p-sh-mWv _oKw dqJn-b-bpsS PohnXhpw cN-\-Ifpw Nqn-m-Wn-p--Xv.
Cy \mj-W tIm{K-kn-se-Xp t]mse Xs ]mnm\p thn hmZn-p-sImn-cp apnw-eo-Knepw kzmX-{y-n\p app-Xs `mjm-]-c-amb sshhn-[y-n-eq-nb hmZ-
Dbp hn-cp-p. 1937se apnw eoKns eIvt\m skj-\n _wKm-fn\n-p {]Xn-\n-[n-I
DZp-hns\ GI- HutZym-KnI-`m-j-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-p--Xn-s\-Xnsc FXnn-cp-p.1947 ]mnm cq]o-I-cn-v DZp GI HutZym-Kn-I-`m-j-bmbn {]Jym-]n--tms FXnp-Ifpw Bcw`n-p. ]mn-m-\nse ]nIv khokv In-j AwKo-I-cn--s- `mj-I-fpsS Iq-n\nv
_wKm-fnsb \ow sNp-Ib
- mbncp-p. Xa-p aPvenkv F kmwkvIm-cnI kwL-S\ `c-W
- nepw
hnZym-`ym-k-nepw _wKmfn Xs-bm-I-W-sav Bh-iy-s-p. 1948 amn Um kh-I-em-ime-bnse hnZymn-I km-dns `mjm-\-b-n-s\-Xnsc ka-cw sNbvXp. _wKm-fnsb ]mnm-\nse HutZym-Kn-I-`m-j-I-fn-sem-m--W-sa-m-bn-cpp Bh-iyw.

Cu Bhiyw ]mn-m A[n-Im-cn-I AwKo-I-cn-n-sp am{X-a-, Ing- ]mnm-\n-sen DZp am{Xw F I-i-amb \ntiw Bhnp {]Jym-]n-p-I-bmWv Ah
sNbvX-Xv. Fp am{X-a-, kz-amb en]nbpw ]mc--cy-hp-ap _wKmfn `mjsb Ad-_nIv en]nbn Fgp-X-W-sav \nt-in-p--Xp-hsc AXv Fn-tp. Fmw tN-tm {]Xn-tj-[-ka-c-n\v Bw IqSn. 1952 Pn-bpsS ]nKm-an-bmbn h KhW P\-d IzmPm \kn-ap-o
1952 P\p-hcn 27 se Hcp tbmK-n DZp am{Xw F I-i-\bw {]Jym-]n-Xv h {]tIm-]-\ap-m-n. 1952 P\p-hcn 31 \v auem\m _mjm-\n-bpsS A[y--X-bn [m kh-I-em-imem _m
sse{_dn lmfn tN kh-In `mjm B In-n-tbm-K-n shv s^{_p-hcn 21
{]Xn-tj[ Zn\-ambn BN-cn-m Xocp-am-\n-p.
1952 s^{_p-hcn 21 Um kh-I-em-im-e-bnepw ]cn-k-cpw ]mn-m km \ntcm[-\m ]pd-s-Sp-hn-p. kh-I-em-imem Imkv t]meokv he-b-n-em-n--gn-n-cp-p. CXns\-sbmpw hI-sh-m-sX- B {]`m-X-n amXr-`m-j-bmb _wKm-fnsb kvt\ln-p t]mcm-fnI-fmb hnZymn-I Im-kn\p apn Hp-tN-cm XpS-n-bn-cp-p. ]Xn-s\m-p-a-Wn-tbmsS
t]meokv hebw t`Znv hnZymn-I aptm-p-\o-n. Ing- _wKm \nb-ak
- `m ]cn-kc
- s
- n
X-fpsS Bhiyw AwKo-I-cnW-sav Bh-iy-s-p. t]meokv shSn-shv Bcw-`n-p. A_vZp-kemw, d^oJpo Al-Z- v, A_vZp _-Xv, A_vZp Pm Fo hnZymn-t\-Xm-f
- pssS
\nc-h[n t] shSn-sh-n sIm-s-p. ]ns Znhkw \S {]Xn-tj[-ka-c-pt\sc hopw
t]meokv shSn-shpw IqSp-X ac-W--fp-ap-m-bn.
AXn\pw ASp Znhkw Um saUn- tImf-Pnse hnZymn-I c-km-n-I-fpsS
kvamcIw Ah acn-p-ho-Wn-S-p-Xs Dbm {ian-p. s^{_p-hcn 24 \v AXv ]qo-I-cn-p.
iloZv kvarXn kvXw`w Fv AXn Bte-J\w sNbvXp. -c--km-n-bmb k^n-dp dms
]nXm-hmWv AXv DZvLm-S\w sNbvX-Xv. 26 mw XobXn t]meokv Cu kvamcIw \in-n-p. shSn-sh-ns\-p-dnv At\z-jn km-dns In-j AXv \ymbo-Ic
- n-
-
- X
- s
- \ne-]m-Sn-emWv Fnt-Xv.
shSn-sh-ns Hmw hmjn-I-Zn-\-n kh-I-n-`mjm ka-c-k-anXn B Znhkw ckmn Zn\-ambn sImm-Sm Xocp-am-\n-p. ]mn-m-\n-sepw Idp _mUvPp-I-f-Wnv P\ {]Xn-tj[n AWn-tNp. Hm^o-kp-Ifpw _mp-Ifpw AS-p-In-S-p. Hcp e-n-e[nIw t] tN {]Xn-tj[tbmK-n shv Pbn-en InS-p ka-c-t\-Xm-sf tamNn-nm km-dn-t\mSv Bh-iy-s-p. Fm _wKm-fnp thn hmZn-p--h cmjv{S-ns
i{Xp--fm-sW \ne-]m-SmWv A[n-Im-cn-I XpSpw kzoI-cn--Xv. 1954 s^{_p-hcn 21 se ckm-n-Zn-\m-N-cWw {]Xn-tj-[-nepw Ad-n-ep-amWv Iem-in--Xv. 1954 se {]hn-iym-Xn-c-s-Sp-n
_wKmfn `mjm-ka
- c
-
- ns ]np-W
- m-cmb sFIy-ap-Wn A[n-Im-c
- n-se-n. _wKmfn `mjbvp
thn-bp Am-Zan m]n-pI-bmWv Cu km sNbvX Hcp \S-]-Sn. Fm ]mn-m\nse tI{-km Cu {]mtZ-inI km-dns\ ]ncn-p-hn-Sp-I-bmWpm-b-Xv. 1956 sFIy-apWn km hopw A[n-Im-c-n hp. `mjm-k-a-c-n\v c-km-n-I-fm-b-hv kvamcIw
\nan-m Xocpam\n-p. c-km-n-Isf kvacn-p-sImv \nb-a-k` Ap-an-\nv \nn-sh-p.
1956 s^{_p-hcn 29 \v _wKmfn ]mn-ms cm-as HutZym-KnI `mj-bmbn AwKo-I-cn--sp. Ans\ Hcp ZiIw \op \n amXr-`m-jm-ka
- cw hnP-bI
- c
- a
- mb ]cn-ka
- m-]vXn-bn-se-n-tp.
_wm-tZ-inse `mjm-k-acw Ahn-Ss kmln-Xy-ku--cy-kw-kvIm-c-ta-J-e-Isf Bg-n
kzm[o-\n-p-Ib
- p-mbn. At\Iw Ihn-XI
- fpw IY-Ifpw t\mh-ep-Ifpw kn\n-aI
- fpw AXns t]cn
cNn-s
- -p. atX-Xc
- P\m[n-]X
- y-dn-
- n-mbn _wm-tZ-ins\ \ne-\np-X
- n `mjm-ka
- c
-
- n-\p
]v \nWm-b-I-am-Wv.