ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.

I HC QUC GIA H NI TRNG I HC CNG NGH

Ng Quang Anh

Tn ti

NGHIN CU CHUN KT NI KHNG DY ZIGBEE/IEEE 802.15.4

KHA LUN TT NGHIP H I HC CHNH QUI Ngnh : in T Vin Thng

Cn b hng dn : GS.TSKH Phan Anh Cn b ng hng dn: CN. Trn Anh Tun

H NI 2005

0 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

Li cm n u tin, em xin php c gi li cm n su sc n tt c cc thy c gio trong trng du dt em trong sut bn nm hc i hc. c bit em xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti GS.TSKH Phan Anh, thy to cho em ng lc rt ln hon thnh bn lun vn ny. Em cng xin cm n anh Trn Anh Tun, cc anh ch trn trung tm, gia nh v bn b ht lng hng dn, ch bo v lun to mi iu kin tt nht cho em trong sut thi gian qua.
Sinh vin Ng Quang Anh

1 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

Tm tt ni dung kha lun

Hin nay cng ngh ZigBee/ IEEE 802.15.4 ang c coi l hng gii quyt hiu qu cho vn lin lc trong di bng tn eo hp v liu php s dng chung knh tn s gia cc thit b. Cng ngh ZigBee hot ng bng tn 868/915 MHz Chu u v 2.4 GHz M v Nht, c p dng cho nhng h thng iu khin c tc truyn tin thp v chu k hot ng lu di. Cng ngh ny t ra u vit hn Bluetooth mc tiu hao nng lng thp, tr truyn tin nh, d dng m rng, gi thnh thp. Trong khun kh ca ti ny, em kho cu v cng ngh ZigBee v m phng thnh cng qu trnh nh tuyn trong mng mesh ca ZigBee. Chng trnh m phng c vit bng ngn ng Visual C v chy m phng trn MatLab.

2 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

MC LC
Li ni u............................................................................................................................5 CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V MNG WPAN................................................................6 1.1 Khi nim mng WPAN.................................................................................. 6 1.2 S pht trin ca mng WPAN ....................................................................... 6 1.3 Phn loi cc chun mng WPAN................................................................... 7 1.4 Khi qut v ZigBee/ IEEE 802.15.4 ............................................................. 7 1.4.1 Khi nim .................................................................................................. 7 1.4.2 c im.................................................................................................... 7 1.4.3 u im ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 vi Bluetooth/IEEE802.15.1........... 8 1.4 Mng ZigBee/ IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN...................................................... 9 1.4.2 Thnh phn ca mng LR-WPAN ............................................................ 9 1.4.3 Kin trc lin kt mng ........................................................................... 10 1.5.2.1 Cu trc lin kt mng hnh sao (Star) .................................................. 11 1.5.2.2 Cu trc lin kt mng mt li (mesh) ................................................ 11 1.5.2.3 Cu trc lin kt mng hnh cy (cluster-tree)................................. 12 CHNG 2 CHUN ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4..................................................................14 2.1 M hnh giao thc ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 .............................................. 14 2.2 Tng vt l ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 ............................................................... 15 2.2.1 M hnh iu ch tn hiu ca tng vt l. ............................................. 17 2.2.1.1 iu ch tn hiu ca tng PHY ti di s 2.4 GHz......................... 17 2.2.1.1.1 S iu ch.............................................................................. 17 2.2.1.1.2 B chuyn bit thnh k t :.......................................................... 17 2.2.1.1.3 B chuyn k t thnh chip: ........................................................ 17 2.2.1.1.4 B iu ch O-QPSK :................................................................. 19 2.2.1.2 iu ch tn hiu ca tng PHY ti di tn 868/915MHz ............... 20 2.2.1.2.1 S iu ch.............................................................................. 20 2.2.1.2.2 B ma ha vi phn ....................................................................... 20 2.2.1.2.3 B nh x bit thnh chip. ............................................................. 21 2.2.1.2.4 B iu ch kha dch pha nh phn BPSK................................. 21 2.2.2 Cc thng s k thut trng tng vt l ca IEEE 802.15.4 ................... 21 2.2.2.1 Ch s ED (energy detection)........................................................... 21 2.2.2.2 Ch s cht lng ng truyn (LQI) ............................................ 22 2.2.2.3 Ch s nh gi knh truyn (CCA)................................................. 22 2.2.3 nh dng khung tin PPDU..................................................................... 22 2.3 Tng iu khin d liu ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 MAC ................................. 23 2.3.1 Cu trc siu khung................................................................................. 23 2.3.1.1 Khung CAP ...................................................................................... 25 3 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 2.3.1.2 Khung CFP....................................................................................... 25 2.3.1.3 Khong cch gia hai khung (IFS) .................................................. 25 2.3.2 Thut ton trnh xung t a truy cp s dng cm bin sng mang CSMA-CA. ............................................................................................................ 26 2.3.3 Cc m hnh truyn d liu. .................................................................... 29 2.3.4 Pht thng tin bo hiu beacon ............................................................... 32 2.3.5 Qun l v phn phi khe thi gian m bo GTS. ................................ 32 2.3.6 nh dng khung tin MAC...................................................................... 34 2.4 Tng mng ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4.......................................................... 35 2.4.1 Dch v mng .......................................................................................... 35 2.4.2 Dch v bo mt ...................................................................................... 35 2.5 Tng ng dng ca ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4................................................... 37 CHNG 3 CC THUT TON NH TUYN CA ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4. ..........39 3.1 Thut ton nh tuyn theo yu cu AODV (Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector) ....................................................................................................................... 39 3.2 Thut ton hnh cy ....................................................................................... 42 3.2.1 Thut tan hnh cy n nhnh ............................................................... 42 3.2.2 Thut ton hnh cy a nhnh. ................................................................ 45 CHNG 4 M phng thut ton nh tuyn trong mng mesh ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 bng phn mm MatLab v Visual C. ...........................................51 4.1 S thut ton............................................................................................. 51 4.2 Kt qu v nh gi ...................................................................................... 52 4.3 Kt lun.......................................................................................................... 55 PH LC ...........................................................................................................................56 M ngun ca chng trnh:...................................................................................... 56 Ti liu tham kho ..................................................................................................... 69

4 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

Li ni u
Hng ngy chng ta u thy nhng v d mi v cch thc m cng ngh thng tin v vin thng (ICT) tc ng lm thay i cuc sng ca con ngi trn th gii. T mc ny hay mc khc, cuc cch mng k thut s lan rng n mi ng ngch trn ton cu. Trong mng vin thng ngy ny, con ngi ang qun l, trao i, giao tip tranh lun, lm chnh tr, mua bn v th nghim ngha l thc hin tt c cc loi hnh hot ng bng cch thc m ch c ICT mi c th lm c. Mng vin thng to ra mt cu ni lin kt loi ngi trn khp hnh tinh ca chng ta, v ang m rng khng ngng, y ha hn, hy vng v khng mt cht b n. Tuy vy, trong mt di bng tn eo hp vn cn tn ng nhiu thch thc nu mun t c y tim nng . Cc nh khoa hc trn th gii ngh n vic s dng cc bng tn cao hn, nhng vic ny ang vp phi nhiu tr ngi v cng ngh in t v ch to cha theo kp. V vy mt gii php cp bch c a ra l s dng chung knh tn s, mc d vn cn nhiu vn pht sinh, v d nh l can nhiu ln nhau gia cc thit b cng tn s, hay l vn xung t gia cc thit b... Mt trong nhng cng ngh mi hin ang c ng dng trong cc mng lin lc t c hiu qu l cng ngh ZigBee. Cng ngh ZigBee l cng ngh c p dng cho cc h thng iu khin v cm bin c tc truyn tin thp nhng chu k hot ng di. Cng ngh ZigBee hot ng di tn 868/915 MHz v 2,4 GHz, vi cc u im l tr truyn tin thp, tiu hao t nng lng, gi thnh thp, t li, d m rng, kh nng tng thch cao. Trong lun vn ny, em mun trnh by cc kho cu ca em v cng ngh ZigBee v m phng thut ton nh tuyn ca ZigBee c th hiu r hn v cng ngh ny. Hy vng thng qua cc vn c cp trong bn lun vn ny, bn c s c c s nh gi v hiu bit su sc hn v cng ngh ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 v vai tr cng nh tim nng ca n trong cuc sng.

5 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V MNG WPAN.

1.1 Khi nim mng WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network). Mng c nhn khng dy c s dng phc v truyn thng tin trong nhng khong cch tng i ngn. Khng ging nh mng WLAN(mng cc b khng dy), mng WPAN c th lin lc hiu qu m khng i hi nhiu v c s h tng. Tnh nng ny cho php c thm cc hng gii quyt r tin, nh gn m vn em li hiu sut cao trong lin lc nht l trong mt bng tn eo hp. 1.2 S pht trin ca mng WPAN Trong sut gia th k 20 mng in thoi c dy c d dng rng ri v l mt nhu cu tt yu cho cuc sng. Tuy nhin mt thc t t ra l khi x hi ngy cng pht trin, cc nhu cu dch v cng v th m tng theo, trong thng tin lin lc chi ph cho nhng pht sinh ca mng in thoi c dy cng tng cng thm nhu cu v tnh c ng trong thng tin lin lc,V mng in thoi t bo ra i chnh l xu pht trin, m rng tt yu ca mng in thoi c dy. Mng in thoi t bo v bin php s dng li tn s l phng php duy nht gii quyt vn nhiu ngi dng c lp trn mt di tn v tuyn hn ch (V d nh cc chun GSM, IS-136, IS95). Trong thi gian gia nhng nm 198x, chun IEEE 802.11 ra i phc v cho mng WLAN (wireless local area network) nhm tha mn nhu cu ca cc vng t bo nh hn nhng li c lu lng d liu v mt ngi dng cao. Trong khi m IEEE 802.11 cp n nhng th nh l tc truyn tin trong Ethernet, chuyn tip tin, lu lng d liu trong khong cch tng i xa (khong 100m), th WPAN li tp trung gii quyt vn v iu khin d liu trong nhng khong khng gian nh hn (bn knh 30m). Tnh nng ca chun mng WPAN l suy hao nng lng nh, tiu tn t nng lng, vn hnh trong vng khng gian nh, kch thc b. Chnh v th m n tn dng c tt nht u im ca k thut s dng li knh tn s, l 6 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 gii quyt c vn hn ch v bng tn nh hin nay. Nhm chun IEEE 802.15 ra i phc v cho chun WPAN. 1.3 Phn loi cc chun mng WPAN. IEEE 802.15 c th phn ra lm 3 loi mng WPAN, chng c phn bit thng qua tc truyn, mc tiu hao nng lng v cht lng dch v (QoS: quality of service). WPAN tc cao (chun IEEE 802.15.3) ph hp vi cc ng dng a phng tin yu cu cht lng dch v cao. WPAN tc trung bnh (chun IEEE 802.15.1 / Bluetooth) c ng dng trong cc mng in thoi t bo n my tnh c nhn b ti PDA v c QoS ph hp cho thng tin thoi. WPAN tc thp (IEEE 802.15.4 / LR-WPAN) dng trong cc sn phm cng nghip dng c thi hn, cc ng dng y hc ch i hi mc tiu hao nng lng thp, khng yu cu cao v tc truyn tin v QoS. Chnh tc truyn d liu thp cho php LR-WPAN tiu hao t nng lng. Trong chun ny th cng ngh ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 chnh l mt v d in hnh. 1.4 Khi qut v ZigBee/ IEEE 802.15.4 1.4.1 Khi nim Ci tn ZigBee c xut pht t cch m cc con ong mt truyn nhng thng tin quan trng vi cc thnh vin khc trong t ong. l kiu lin lc Zig-Zag ca loi ong honeyBee. V nguyn l ZigBee c hnh thnh t vic ghp hai ch ci u vi nhau. Vic cng ngh ny ra i chnh l s gii quyt cho vn cc thit b tch ri c th lm vic cng nhau gii quyt mt vn no . 1.4.2 c im c im ca cng ngh ZigBee l tc truyn tin thp, tiu hao t nng lng, chi ph thp, v l giao thc mng khng dy hng ti cc ng dng iu khin t xa v t ng ha.T chc IEEE 802.15.4 bt u lm vic vi chun tc thp c mt thi gian ngn th tiu ban v ZigBee v t chc IEEE quyt nh st nhp v ly tn ZigBee t cho cng ngh mi ny. Mc tiu ca cng ngh ZigBee l nhm ti 7 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 vic truyn tin vi mc tiu hao nng lng nh v cng sut thp cho nhng thit b ch c thi gian sng t vi thng n vi nm m khng yu cu cao v tc truyn tin nh Bluetooth. Mt iu ni bt l ZigBee c th dng c trong cc mng mt li (mesh network) rng hn l s dng cng ngh Bluetooth. Cc thit b khng dy s dng cng ngh ZigBee c th d dng truyn tin trong khong cch 10-75m ty thuc v mi trng truyn v mc cng sut pht c yu cu vi mi ng dng, Tc d liu l 250kbps di tn 2.4GHz (ton cu), 40kbps di tn 915MHz (M+Nht) v 20kbps di tn 868MHz(Chu u). Cc nhm nghin cu Zigbee v t chc IEEE lm vic cng nhau ch r ton b cc khi giao thc ca cng ngh ny. IEEE 802.15.4 tp trung nghin cu vo 2 tng thp ca giao thc (tng vt l v tng lin kt d liu). Zigbee cn thit lp c s cho nhng tng cao hn trong giao thc (t tng mng n tng ng dng) v bo mt, d liu, chun pht trin m bo chc chn rng cc khch hang d mua sn phm t cc hng sn xut khc nhau nhng vn theo mt chun ring lm vic cng nhau c m khng tng tc ln nhau. Hin nay th IEEE 802.15.4 tp trung vo cc chi tit k thut ca tng vt l PHY v tng iu khin truy cp MAC ng vi mi loi mng khc nhau (mng hnh sao, mng hnh cy, mng mt li). Cc phng php nh tuyn c thit k sao cho nng lng c bo ton v tr trong truyn tin l mc thp nht c th bng cch dng cc khe thi gian bo m (GTSs_guaranteed time slots). Tnh nng ni bt ch c tng mng Zigbee l gim thiu c s hng hc dn n gin on kt ni ti mt nt mng trong mng mesh. Nhim v c trng ca tng PHY gm c pht hin cht lng ca ng truyn (LQI) v nng lng truyn (ED), nh gi knh truyn (CCA), gip nng cao kh nng chung sng vi cc loi mng khng dy khc. 1.4.3 u im ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 vi Bluetooth/IEEE802.15.1 Zigbee cng tng t nh Bluetooth nhng n gin hn, Zigbee c tc truyn d liu thp hn, tit kim nng lng hn. Mt nt mng trong mng Zigbee c kh nng hot ng t 6 thng n 2 nm ch vi ngun l hai cqui AA. Phm vi hot ng ca Zigbee l 10-75m trong khi ca Bluetooth ch l 10m (trong trng hp khng c khuch i). 8 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Zigbee xp sau Bluetooth v tc truyn d liu. Tc truyn ca Zigbee l 250kbps ti 2.4GHz, 40kbps ti 915MHz v 20kbps ti 868MHz trong khi tc ny ca Bluetooth l 1Mbps. Zigbee s dng cu hnh ch-t c bn ph hp vi mng hnh sao tnh trong cc thit b giao tip vi nhau thng qua cc gi tin nh. Loi mng ny cho php ti a ti 254 nt mng. Giao thc Bluetooth phc tp hn bi loi giao thc ny hng ti truyn file, hnh nh, thoi trong cc mng ad hoc (ad hoc l mt loi mng c trng cho vic t chc t do, tnh cht ca n l b hn ch v khng gian v thi gian). Cc thit b Bluetooth c th h tr mng scatternet l tp hp ca nhiu mng piconet khng ng b. N ch cho php ti a l 8 nt slave trong mt mng ch-t c bn. Nt mng s dng Zigbee vn hnh tn t nng lng, n c th gi v nhn cc gi tin trong khong 15msec trong khi thit b Bluetooth ch c th lm vic ny trong 3sec. 1.4 Mng ZigBee/ IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN. c im chnh ca chun ny l tnh mm do, tiu hao t nng lng, chi ph nh, v tc truyn d liu thp trong khong khng gian nh, thun tin khi p dng trong cc khu vc nh nh ring, vn phng.... 1.4.2 Thnh phn ca mng LR-WPAN Mt h thng ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 gm nhiu phn to nn. Phn c bn nht to nn mt mng l thit b c tn l FFD (full-function device), thit b ny m nhn tt c cc chc nng trong mng v hot ng nh mt b iu phi mng PAN, ngoi ra cn c mt s thit b m nhn mt s chc nng hn ch c tn l RFD (reduced-function device). Mt mng ti thiu phi c 1 thit b FFD, thit b ny hot ng nh mt b iu phi mng PAN. FFD c th hot ng trong ba trng thi : l iu phi vin ca ton mng PAN (personal area network), hay l iu phi vin ca mt mng con, hoc n gin ch l mt thnh vin trong mng. RFD c dng cho cc ng dng n gin, khng yu cu gi lng ln d liu. Mt FFD c th lm vic vi nhiu RFD hay nhiu FFD, trong khi mt RFD ch c th lm vic vi mt FFD. 9 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 1.4.3 Kin trc lin kt mng Hin nay Zigbee v t chc chun IEEE a ra mt s cu trc lin kt mng cho cng ngh Zigbee. Cc node mng trong mt mng Zigbee c th lin kt vi nhau theo c u trc mng hnh sao (star) cu trc mng hnh li( Mesh) cu trc b cm hnh cy. S a rng v cu trc mng ny cho php cng ngh Zigbee c ng dng mt cch rng ri. Hnh 1 cho ta thy ba loi mng m ZigBee cung cp: tp sao, tp mt li, tp cy.

Hnh1.1 Cu trc lin kt mng

10 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 1.5.2.1 Cu trc lin kt mng hnh sao (Star)

Hnh1.2 Cu trc mng hnh sao i vi loi mng ny, mt kt ni c thnh lp bi cc thit b vi mt thit b iu khin trung tm iu khin c gi l b iu phi mng PAN. Sau khi FFD c kch hot ln u tin n c th to nn mt mng c lp v tr thnh mt b iu phi mng PAN. Mi mng hnh sao u phi c mt ch s nhn dng c nhn ca ring mnh c gi l PAN ID(PAN identifier), n cho php mng ny c th hot ng mt cch c lp. Khi c FFD v RFD u c th kt ni ti b iu phi mng PAN. Tt c mng nm trong tm ph sng u phi c mt PAN duy nht,cc nt trong mng PAN phi kt ni vi (PAN coordinator) b iu phi mng PAN. 1.5.2.2 Cu trc lin kt mng mt li (mesh)

Hnh1.3 Cu trc mng mesh 11 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Kiu cu trc mng ny cng c mt b iu phi mng PAN (PAN coordinator). Thc cht y l kt hp ca 2 kiu cu trc mng hnh sao v mng ngang hng, cu trc mng ny th mt thit b A c th to kt ni vi bt k thit no khc min l thit b nm trong phm vi ph sng ca thit b A. Cc ng dng ca cu trc ny c th p dng trong o lng v iu khin, mng cm bin khng dy, theo di cnh bo v kim k (cnh bo chy rng.). 1.5.2.3Cu trc lin kt mng hnh cy (cluster-tree)

Hnh1.4 Cu trc mng hnh cy Cu trc ny l mt dng c bit ca cu trc mt li, trong a s thit b l FFDv mt RFD c th kt ni vo mng hnh cy nh mt nt ri rc im cui ca nhnh cy. Bt k mt FFD no cng c th hot ng nh l mt coordinator v cung cp tn hiu ng b cho cc thit b v cc coordinator khc v th m cu trc mng kiu ny c qui m ph sng v kh nng m rng cao.Trong loi cu hnh ny mc d c th c nhiu coordinator nhng ch c duy nht mt b iu phi mng PAN (PAN coordinator). B iu phi mng PAN coordinator ny to ra nhm u tin cch t bu ra ngi lnh o cho mng ca mnh, v gn cho ngi lnh o mt ch s nhn 12 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 dng c nhn c bit gi l l CID-0 bng cch t thnh lp CLH (cluster head) bng CID-0 (cluster identifier), n chn mt PAN identifier ri v pht khung tin qung b nhn dng ti cc thit b ln cn. Thit b no nhn c khung tin ny c th yu cu kt ni vo mng vi CLH. Nu b iu phi mng PAN (PAN coordinator) ng cho thit b kt ni th n s ghi tn thit b vo danh sch. C th thit b mi kt ni ny li tr thnh CLH ca nhnh cy mi v bt u pht qung b nh k cc thit b khc c th kt ni vo mng. T c th hnh thnh c cc CLH1,CLH2,...(nh hnh1.4 ).

13 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

CHNG 2 CHUN ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4.

2.1 M hnh giao thc ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 l cng ngh mi pht trin c khong gn mt nm tr li y. Cng ngh ny xy dng v pht trin cc tng ng dng v tng mng trn nn tng l hai tng PHY v MAC theo chun IEEE 802.15.4, chnh v th nn n tha hng c u im ca chun IEEE802.15.4. l tnh tin cy, n gin, tiu hao t nng lng v kh nng thch ng cao vi cc mi trng mng. Da vo m hnh nh hnh2.1, cc nh sn xut khc nhau c th ch to ra cc sn phm khc nhau m vn c th lm vic tng thch cng vi nhau.

Hnh2.1 M hnh giao thc ca ZigBee

14 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

2.2 Tng vt l ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Tng vt l (PHY) cung cp hai dch v l dch v d liu PHY v dch v qun l PHY, hai dch v ny c giao din vi dch v qun l tng vt l PLME (physical layer management). Dch v d liu PHY iu khin vic thu v pht ca khi d liu PPDU (PHY protocol data unit) thng qua knh sng v tuyn vt l. Cc tnh nng ca tng PHY l s kch hot hoc gim kch hot ca b phn nhn sng, pht hin nng lng, chn knh, ch s ng truyn, gii phng knh truyn, thu v pht cc gi d liu qua mi trng truyn. Chun IEEE 802.15.4 nh ngha ba di tn s khc nhau theo khuyn ngh ca Chu u, Nht Bn, M.

PHY (MHz)

Bng tn (MHz)

Tc chip (kchips/s) 300 600 2000

iu ch

Tc bit (kb/s) 20 40 250

Tc k t (ksymbol/s)

K t

868 915 2450

868-868.6 902-928 2400-2486.5

BPSK BPSK O-QPSK

20 40 62.5

Nh phn Nh phn H 16

Bng 2.1 Bng tn v tc d liu.

15 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

C tt c 27 knh truyn trn cc di tn s khc nhau c m t nh bng di y

Tn s trung tm (MHz) 868 915 2450

S lng knh (N) 1 10 16

Knh

Tn s knh trung tm (MHz)

0 1 10 11 26

868.3 906+2(k-1) 2405+5(k-11)

Bng2.2 Knh truyn v tn s

Hnh2.2 Bng tn h thng ca ZigBee

16 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 2.2.1 M hnh iu ch tn hiu ca tng vt l. 2.2.1.1iu ch tn hiu ca tng PHY ti di s 2.4 GHz Tc truyn d liu ca PHY 2405MHz c th t ti 250 kb/s 2.2.1.1.1 S iu ch Vic iu ch t bt d liu nh phn sang dng tn hiu trong di tn 2,4GHz c m t theo s di y. Mt chui s nh phn 0000b c bin i sang chui di tn c s vi nh dng xung.

Hnh2.3 S iu ch 2.2.1.1.2 B chuyn bit thnh k t : Theo nh s trn th y l bc u tin m ha tt c d liu trong PPDU t m nh phn sang dng k t. Mi byte c chia thnh k t v k t c ngha nh nht c pht u tin. i vi trng a byte th byte c ngha nh nht c pht u tin ngoi tr trng hp trng byte lin quan n bo mt th trong trng byte c ngha ln nht s c pht trc. 2.2.1.1.3 B chuyn k t thnh chip: Theo nh s th y l bc th hai trong qu trnh m ha. Mi k t d liu c sp xp trong mt chui gi ngu nhin (Pseudo-random) 32-chip. Chui chip ny c truyn i vi tc 2Mchip/s vi chip c ngha nh nht (c0) c truyn trc mi k t.

17 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

K t d liu (h thp phn) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Gi tr Chip ( c0 c1 c30 c31 ) 11011001110000110101001000101110 11101101100111000011010100100010 00101110110110011100001101010010 00100010111011011001110000110101 01010010001011101101100111000011 00110101001000101110110110011100 11000011010100100010111011011001 10011100001101010010001011101101 10001100100101100000011101111011 10111000110010010110000001110111 01111011100011001001011000000111 01110111101110001100100101100000 00000111011110111000110010010110 01100000011101111011100011001001 10010110000001110111101110001100 11001001011000000111011110111000 Bng2.3 S bin i symbol to chip 18 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 2.2.1.1.4 B iu ch O-QPSK : Phng php iu ch c dng y l phng php iu ch kha dch pha gc c chn gc dch pha ban u O-QPSK (Offset-Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) tng ng vi phng php iu ch kha dch pha ti thiu MSK (Minimum Shift Keying). QPSK l phng php hiu qu i vi di tn hn ch. Mi phn t tn hiu biu din cho 2 bit. Bng vic s dng dch offset trong O-QPSK, thay i pha trong tn hiu tng hp ti a l 90 0 , cng trong trng hp ny m dng QPSK th lch pha ti a l 180 0 .

Hnh 2.4 Pha ca sng mang Nh vy O-QPSK cung cp mt phng php tt hn QPSK khi knh truyn c cc thnh phn khng tuyn tnh. Biu thc sau y ch ra cch m O-QPSK c th din t:
s(t) =

1 2

I(t) cos 2f c t -

1 2

Q(t-Tc ) sin 2f c t

(1)

f c : l tn s trung tm. Tc : l thi gian m Q tr t ti thay i pha 90 o

Q : sng mang vung pha. I : sng mang cng pha. Vic s dng dng xung na sin kh i nhng bin thin bin . Cng thc sau m t dng xung na sin.

p(t) = { 0

sin (

t ) , 0 t 2Tc 2Te , ngoi ra

(2)

19 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 2.2.1.2 iu ch tn hiu ca tng PHY ti di tn 868/915MHz Tc truyn d liu ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 PHY ti bng tn 868 MHz c th t ti 20kb/s, v c th t ti 40 kb/s bng tn 915MHz. 2.2.1.2.1 S iu ch

Hinh2.5 S iu ch 2.2.1.2.2 B ma ha vi phn M ha vi phn hay cn gi l m ha trc. Khi cho tn hiu nh phn vo b m ha ny th bit c gi tr 0 s c chuyn tip, c ngha l s c tch l s 1 nu s lin trc n l s 0 v ngc li. Nu mt s c tch xung sai, li ny s c xu hng lan truyn i , v loi tr vic ny th Lender ngh vic m ha trc s cc d liu. C ngh l nu chui s d liu th l Rn th ta s pht i chui s E n theo qui tc:
E n = Rn E n 1

(3)

Trong : 1 1 = 0 0 = 0 0 1 = 1 0 = 1
E n l chui bit sau khi m ha Rn l chui bt th E n 1 l chui bit m ha lin trc

20 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 2.2.1.2.3 B nh x bit thnh chip. Mi bt u vo c th nh x sang chui gi ngu nhin (PN) 15-chip theo nh bng di y. Trong khong thi gian mi symbol th k t c0 c truyn u tin, k t c14 c truyn sau cng. Bit u vo Gi tr chip ( c0 c1 c14 ) 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 Bng 2.4 Bin i bit to chip 2.2.1.2.4 B iu ch kha dch pha nh phn BPSK Chui chip c iu ch trn sng mang s dng phng php iu ch BPSK c dng xung l xung cosin nng (raised cosine). Tc chip l 300kchip/s trong di tn 868 MHz v t c 600 kchip/s trong di tn 915MHz. Cng thc sau m t dng xng ny:

) Tc Tc p(t) = t Tc .(1 (4t 2 Tc2 ))

sin(

). cos(

(4)

2.2.2 Cc thng s k thut trng tng vt l ca IEEE 802.15.4 2.2.2.1Ch s ED (energy detection) Ch s ED o c c bi b thu ED. Ch s ny s c tng mng s dng nh l mt bc trong thut ton chn knh. ED l kt qu ca s c lng cng sut nng lng ca tn hiu nhn c trong bng thng ca knh trong IEEE 802.15.4. N khng c vai tr trong vic gii m hay nhn dng tn hiu truyn trong knh ny. Thi gian pht hin v xl ED tng ng khong thi gian 8 symbol. Kt qu pht hin nng lng s c thng bo bng 8 bit s nguyn trong khong t 0x00 ti 0xff. Gi tr nh nht ca ED (=0) khi m cng sut nhn c t hn mc +10dB so vi l 21 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 thuyt. ln ca khong cng sut nhn c hin th ch s ED ti thiu l 40dB v sai s l 6dB . 2.2.2.2Ch s cht lng ng truyn (LQI) Ch s cht lng ong truyn LQI l c trng cht lng gi tin nhn c. S o ny c th b sung vo ED thu c, nh gi t s tn trn tp SNR, hoc mt s kt hp ca nhng phng php ny. Gi tr kt qu LQI c giao cho tng mng v tng ng dng x l. 2.2.2.3Ch s nh gi knh truyn (CCA) CCA c s dng xem xem khi no mt knh truyn c coi l ri hay bn. C ba phng php thc hin vic kim tra ny: CCA 1 : Nng lng vt ngng. CCA s thng bo knh truyn bn trong khi d ra bt k nng lng no vt ngng ED. CCA 2 : Cm bin sng mang. CCA thng bo knh truyn bn ch khi nhn ra tn hiu c c tnh tri ph v iu ch ca IEEE802.15.4. Tn hiu ny c th thp hoc cao hn ngng ED. CCA 3 : Cm bin sng mang kt hp vi nng lng vt ngng. CCA s bo knh truyn bn ch khi d ra tn hiu c c tnh tri ph v iu ch ca IEEE 802.15.4 vi nng lng vt ngng ED. 2.2.3 nh dng khung tin PPDU. Mi khung tin PPDU bao gm cc trng thng tin. SHR (synchronization header) : ng b thit b thu v cht chui bit PHR (PHY header): cha thng tin di khung PHY payload: cha khung tin ca tng MAC

22 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

Octets: 4

1 SFD (bt u phn nh khung) di khung (7 bits) PHR

1 Phn ginh ring (1 bit)

variable

u khung SHR

PSDU PHY payload

Bng 2.5 nh dng khung PPDU

2.3 Tng iu khin d liu ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Tng iu khin mi trng truy cp MAC (media access control) cung cp 2 dch v l dch v d liu MAC v qun l MAC, n c giao din vi im truy cp dch v ca thc th qun l tng MAC (MLMESAP). Dch v d liu MAC c nhim v qun l vic thu pht ca khi MPDU (giao thc d liu MAC) thng qua dch v d liu PHY. Nhim v ca tng MAC l qun l vic pht thng tin bo hiu beacon, nh dng khung tin truyn i trong mng, iu khin truy nhp knh, qun l khe thi gian GTS, iu khin kt ni v gii phng kt ni, pht khung Ack. 2.3.1 Cu trc siu khung. LR-WPAN cho php s dng theo nhu cu cu trc siu khung. nh dng ca siu khung c nh r bi PAN coordinator. Mi siu khung c gii hn bi tng mng v c chia thnh 16 khe nh nhau. Ct mc bo hiu d ng beacon c gi i trong khe u tin ca mi siu khung. Nu mt PAN coordinator khng mun s dng siu khung th n phi dng vic pht mc beacon. Mc ny c nhim ng b cc thit b nh km, nhn dng PAN v cha ni dung m t cu trc ca siu khung.

23 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

Hinh2.6 Cu trc siu khung

Siu khung c 2 phn hot ng v ngh. Trong trng thi ngh th PAN coordinator khng giao tip vi cc thit b trong mng PAN, v lm vic mode cng sut thp. Phn hot ng gm 2 giai on: giai on tranh chp truy cp (CAP) v giai on tranh chp t do(CFP), giai on tranh chp trong mng chnh l khong thi gian tranh chp gia cc trm c c hi dng mt knh truyn hoc ti nguyn trn mng). Bt k thit b no mun lin lc trong thi gian CAP u phi cnh tranh vi cc thit b khc bng cch s dng k thut CSMA-CA. Ngc li CFD gm c cc GTSs, cc khe thi gian GTS ny thng xut hin cui ca siu khung tch cc m siu khung ny c bt u khe st ngay sau CAP. PAN cooridinator c th nh v c by trong s cc GTSs, v mi mt GTS chim nhiu hn mt khe thi gian. Khong thi gian tn ti ca cc phn khc nhau ca siu khung c nh ngha bi gi tr ca macBeaconOrder v macSuperFrameOrder. macBeaconOrder m t khong thi gian m b iu phi coordinator truyn khung bo hiu tm ng. Khong thi gian gia hai mc beacon BI(beacon interval) c quan h ti macBeaconOrder (BO) theo biu thc sau: 24 Created by Ngo Quang Anh BI = aBaseSuperFrameDuration* 2 BO symbol, vi 0 BO 14. Lu rng siu khung c b qua nu BO=15.

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Gi tr ca macSuperFrameOrder cho bit di ca phn tch cc ca siu khung. Khong thi gian siu khung_SD (superframe duration) c quan h macSuperFrameOrder_ SO theo biu thc sau: SD = aBaseSuperFrameDuration* 2 SO symbol. Nu SO=15 th siu khung vn c th phn ngh sau mc beacon ca khung. Phn tch cc ca mi siu khung c chia thnh 3 phn CAP,CFP v beacon. Mc beacon c pht vo u khe s 0 m khng cn s dng CSMA. 2.3.1.1Khung CAP CAP c pht ngay sau mc beacon v kt thc trc khi pht CFP. Nu di ca phn CFP = 0 th CAP s kt thc ti cui ca siu khung. CAP s c ti thiu aMinCAPLength symbols tr trng hp phn khng gian thm vo c dng iu chnh vic tng di ca khung beacon vn c th duy tr c GTS v iu chnh linh ng tng hay gim kch thc ca CFP. Tt c cc khung tin ngoi tr khung Ack v cc khung d liu pht ngay sau khung Ack trong lnh yu cu, m chng c pht trong CAP s s dng thut ton CSMA-CA truy nhp knh. Mt thit b pht trong khong thi gian phn CAP kt thc s khong thi gian IFS trc khi ht phn CAP. Nu khng th kt thc c th thit b ny s tr hon vic pht cho n khi CAP ca khung tip theo c pht. Khung cha lnh iu khin MAC s c pht trong phn CAP. 2.3.1.2Khung CFP Phn CFP s c pht ngay sau phn CAP v kt thc trc khi pht beacon ca khung k tip. Nu bt k mt GTSs no c cp pht bi b iu phi mng PAN , chng s c t bn trong phn CFP v lp y mt lot cc khe lin nhau. Bi vy nn kch thc ca phn CFP s do tng di cc khe GTSs ny quyt nh. CFP khng s dng thut ton CSMA-CA truy nhp knh. Mt thit b pht trong CFP s kt thc trong khong mt IFS trc khi kt thc GTS. 2.3.1.3Khong cch gia hai khung (IFS) Khong thi gian IFS l thi gian cn thit tng PHY x l mt gi tin nhn c. Khung tin c truyn theo ch k IFS, trong di ca chu k IFS ph thuc vo kch thc ca khung va c truyn i. Khung c di ph thuc vo 25 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 aMaxSIFSFrameSize s tun theo chu k SIFS (l khong thi gian ti thiu aMinSIFSPeriod symbols), v cc khung c di ln hn aMaxSIFSFrameSize s tun theo chu k LIFS(l khong thi gian ti thiu aMinLIFSPeriod symbols).

Hnh2.7

2.3.2 Thut ton trnh xung t a truy cp s dng cm bin sng mang CSMA-CA. CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access-Collision Avoidance). Phng php trnh xung t a truy cp nh vo cm bin sng. Thc cht y l phng php truy cp mng dng cho chun mng khng dy IEEE 802.15.4. Cc thit b trong mng (cc nt mng) s lin tc lng nghe tn hiu thng bo trc khi truyn. a truy cp (multiple access) ch ra rng nhiu thit b c th cng kt ni v chia s ti nguyn ca mt mng ( y l mng khng dy). Tt c cc thit bi u c quyn truy cp nh nhau khi ng truyn ri. Ngay c khi thit b tm cch nhn bit mng ang s dng hay khng, vn c kh nng l c hai trm tm cch truy cp mng ng thi. Trn cc mng ln, thi gian truyn t u cp ny n u kia l mt trm c th truy cp n cp ngay c khi c mt trm khc va truy cp n. N trnh xung t bng cch l mi nt s pht tn hiu v yu cu truyn trc ri mi truyn tht s.

26 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

27 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Hnh2.8 Lu thut ton Thut ton truy nhp knh CSMA-CA c s dng trc khi pht d liu hoc trc khi pht khung tin MAC trong phn CAP. Thut ton ny s khng s dng pht khung tin thng bo beacon, khung tin Ack, hoc l khung tin d liu trong phn CFP. Nu bn tin bo hiu c s dng trong mng PAN th thut ton CSMA-CA gn khe thi gian c dng, ngc li thut ton CSMA-CA khng gn khe thi gian s c s dng. Tuy nhin trong c hai trng hp thut ton u c b xung bng cch s dng khi thi gian backoff bng vi thi gian ca tham s aUnitBackoffPeriod. Trong thut ton truy nhp knh CSMA-CA gn khe thi gian, bin ca khong thi gian backoff ca mi thit b trong mng PAN c sp thng hng vi bin ca khe siu khung ca thit b iu phi mng PAN. Trong thut tan ny, mi ln thit b mun truyn d liu trong CAP th n phi xc nh bin thi gian backoff k tip. Trong thut ton CSMA-CA khng gn khe thi gian th khong thi gian backoff ca mt thit b trong mng khng cn phi ng b vi khong thi gian backoff ca thit b khc. Mi thit b cha 3 bin s:NB, BW, BE. Trong NB l s ln m thut ton ny b yu cu rt li trong khi ang c gng truyn. Gi tr ban u ca n l 0 trc khi truyn. Bin CW l di ca s tranh chp, n cho bit khong thi gian cn thit lm sch knh truyn trc khi pht, gi tr ban u ca n l 2 trc khi c gng pht v quay tr li 2 khi knh truy nhp b bn. Bin s CW ch s dng cho thut ton gn khe thi gian CSMA-CA. Bin s BE (backoff_exponent) cho bit mt thit b phi ch bao lu c th truy nhp vo mt knh. Cho d b thu ca thit b lm vic trong sut khong thi gian CAP ca thut tan nhng n vn b qua bt k khung tin no nhn c trong khong thi gian ny. Trong thut ton CSMA-CA gn khe thi gian, NB, CW, BE c thit lp trc, bin ca khong thi gian backoff k tip cng c xc nh trc. Trong thut ton CSMA-CA khng gn khe thi gian th NB v BE c thit lp trc (bc 1). Tng MAC s tr ngu nhin trong phm vi 0 n 2*BE -1(bc2) sau yu cu tng PHY thc hin nh gi truy knh truy nhp xem l ri hay bn.(bc3). Nu knh truyn bn(bc4), tng MAC s tng NB v BE ln 1, nhng cng lun m bo rng gi tr ny nh hn aMaxBE. Trong CSMA-CA gn khe thi gian th vic truyn khung tin, Ack phi c thc hin trc khi kt thc phn CAP trong siu khung, nu khng 28 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 s phi ch n CAP ca siu khung k tip, trong thut ton ny th CW c th cng reset li thnh gi tr 2. Nu gi tr ca NB nh hn hoc bng gi tr tham s macMaxCSMABackoffs, th s quay li bc2 ng thi thng bo li truy nhp knh. Nu knh truyn l ri (bc5) , trong CSMA-CA gn khe thi gian, tng MAC phi gim CW i 1. nu CW 0 quay tr li bc 3. Nu CW=0 th thgn bo truy nhp knh thnh cng. Cn trong CSMA-CA khng gn khe thi gian th tng MAC bt u pht ngay nu knh truyn ri. 2.3.3 Cc m hnh truyn d liu. Da trn cu trc mng WPAN th ta c th phn ra lm ba kiu, ba m hnh truyn d liu: t thit b iu phi mng PAN coordinator ti thit b thng, t thit b thng ti thit b iu phi mng PAN coordinator, v gia cc thit b cng loi. Nhng nhn chung th mi c ch truyn u ph thuc vo vic l kiu mng c h tr vic pht thng tin thng bo beacon hay khng. Khi mt thit b mun truyn d liu trong mt mng khng h tr vic pht beacon, khi th n ch n gin l truyn khung d liu ti thit b iu phi bng cch s dng thut ton khng gn khe thi gian. Thit b iu phi Coordinator tr li bng khung Ack nh hnh2.9

. Hnh 2.9Lin lc trong mng khng h tr beacon Khi mt thit b mun truyn d liu ti thit b iu phi trong mng c h tr beacon. Lc u n s ch bo hiu beacon ca mng. Khi thit b nhn c bo hiu beacon, n s s dng tn hiu ny ng b cc siu khung. ng thi, n cng pht

29 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 d liu s dng phng php CSMA-CA gn khe thi gian v kt thc qu trnh truyn tin bng khung tin xc nhn Ack.

Hnh 2.10 lin lc trong mng c h tr beacon. Cc ng dng truyn d liu c iu khin hon ton bi cc thit b trong mng PAN hn l c iu khin bi thit b iu phi mng. Chnh kh nng ny cung cp tnh nng bo ton nng lng trong mng ZigBee. Khi thit b iu phi mun truyn d liu n mt thit b khc trong loi mng c h tr pht beacon, khi n s ch th trong thng tin bo hiu beacon l ang truyn d liu. Cc thit b trong mng lun lun lng nghe cc thng tin bo hiu beacon mt cch nh k, khi pht hin ra c d liu lin quan ti n ang c truyn, n s pht lnh yu cu d liu ny, cng vic ny s dng slotted CSMA-CA. Cng vic ny c m t bng hnh2.11 , trong hnh ny th khung tin Ack ca thit b iu phi cho bit rng gi tin c truyn thnh cng, vic truyn gi tin s dng k thut gn khe thi gian CSMA-CA, khung Ack thit b thng tr li l nhn gi tin thnh cng. Vo lc nhn khung tin Ack t thit b thng th bn tin s c xa khi danh sch bn tin trong thng tin bo hiu beacon.

30 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

Hnh2.11Kt ni trong mng h tr beacon Trong trng hp mng khng h tr pht beacon (hnh2.8)thit b iu phi mun truyn d liu ti cc thit b khc, n s phi lu tr d liu cho thit b lin quan c th yu cu v tip xc vi d liu . Thit b c th tip xc c vi d liu lin quan n n bng cch pht i lnh yu cu d liu ti thit b iu phi, s dng thut ton khng gn khe thi CSMA-CA. Nu d liu ang c truyn, th thit b iu phi s pht khung tin bng cch s dng thut ton khng gn khe thi gian CSMA-CA, nu d liu khng c truyn th thit b iu phi s pht i khung tin khng c ni dung ch ra rng d liu khng c pht.

Hnh 2.12 kt ni trong mng khng h tr pht beacon Ni chung trong mng mt li, tt c cc thit b u bnh ng v c kh nng kt ni n bt k thit b no trong mng min l thit b nm trong bn knh ph 31 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 sng ca n. C hai cch thc hin vic kt ni. Cch th nht l nt trong mng lin tc lng nghe v pht d liu ca n i bng cch s dng thut tan khng gn khe thi gian CSMA-CA. Cch th hai l cc nt t ng b vi cc nt khc c th tit kim c nng lng. 2.3.4 Pht thng tin bo hiu beacon Mt thit b FFD hot ng trong ch khng pht thng tin bo hiu hoc c th pht thng tin bo hiu ging nh l thit b iu phi mng. Mt thit b FFD khng phi l thit b iu phi mng PAN c th bt u pht thng tin bo hiu beacon ch khi n kt ni vi thit b iu phi PAN. Cc tham s macBeaconOrder v macSuperFrameOrder cho bit khong thi gian gia hai thng tin bo hiu v khong thi gian ca phn hot ng v phn ngh. Thi gian pht bo hiu lin trc c ghi li trong tham s macBeaconTxTime v c tnh ton gi tr ca tham s ny ging nh gi tr trong khung thng tin bo hiu beacon. 2.3.5 Qun l v phn phi khe thi gian m bo GTS. Khe thi gian m bo GTS cho php mt thit b c th hot ng trong mt knh truyn bn trong mt phn ca siu khung dnh ring cho thit b . Mt thit b ch c th chim v s dng mt khe thi gian khi m thit b lin quan n thng tin bo hiu beacon hin thi lc . Thit b iu phi mng PAN c th chim hu khe thi gian GTS v s dng khe thi gian ny lin lc vi cc thit b khc trong mng. Mt khe thi gian n c th ko di hn thi gian ca siu khung. Thit b iu phi mng PAN c th chim hu ti by khe thi gian GTS cng mt lc min l n c thm quyn trong siu khung. Mt khe thi gian c th c chim hu trc khi s dng nu c s yu cu ca thit b iu phi mng PAN. Tt c cc khe thi gian GTS u c t lin nhau cui ca siu khung sau phn CAP, v hot ng theo c ch FCFS (first-come-firstserve) n trc dng trc. Mi khe thi gian GTS c th c gii phng nu khng c yu cu no, v mt khe thi gian GTS c th c gii phng vo bt k lc no khi thit b chim hu n khng dng na.

32 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Ch duy nht thit b iu phi PAN mi c quyn qun ly khe thi gian. qun ly mi khe thi gian m bo, thit b iu phi c th lu tr khe bt u, di, phng hng (thu hay pht) v a ch thit b kt ni. Mi thit b trong mng c th yu cu mt khe thi gian pht hay mt khe thi gian thu. chim hu c mt khe thi gian th thit b phi lu tr thng tin khe bt u, di v phng hng. Nu mt thit b c cp pht mt khe thi gian GTS thu, n s c ton quyn s dng trn vn khe thi gian nhn d liu. Tng t nh vy thit b iu phi mng PAN cng c th c ton quyn s dng trn vn khe thi gian nhn liu khi c mt thit b khc chim khe thi gian pht. Mt thit b yu cu chim hu khe thi gian mi thng qua lnh yu cu GTS vi cc tnh cht ( di, thu hay pht?,) thit lp theo yu cu ng dng. xc nhn lnh ny th thit b iu phi s gi mt khung tin Ack. Sau khi pht khung tin Ack th thit b iu phi s kim tra kh nng hin thi ca siu khung da trn di ca phn CAP v di khe thi gian GTS c yu cu. Siu khung s sn sng nu di khe thi gian GTS khng lm gim di ca phn CAP i qu di nh nht ca CAP c qui inh trong tham s aMinCAPLength. Thit b iu phi mng PAN thc hin quyt nh ca n bn trong siu khung aGTSDescPersistenceTime. Trong khi xc nhn gi tin Ack t thit b iu phi th thit b ny vn tip tc theo di thng tin bo hiu v ch siu khung aGTSDescPersistenceTime. Khi thit b iu phi quyt nh xem xem n c sn sng cho yu cu GTS khng, n s pht i m t v GTS vi chi tit yu cu v on ngn a ch ca thit b yu cu. N s ch ra di v khe GTS u tin trong siu khung ri thng bo cho tng trn v vic cp pht khe GTS mi ny. Nu sau khi kim tra m thy kh nng ca siu khung l khng cp pht theo yu cu v GTS, th khe u tin s c nh s 0 ti di khe GTS ln nht c th cung cp c hin thi. Nhng m t v GTS s c gi trong khung tin bo hiu beacon cho aGTSPersistenceTime. Trong khi xc nhn khung tin bo hiu beacon, thit b s x ly v thng bo ln tng trn. Tng t nh khi yu cu cp pht GTS, mt thit b cho bit n yu cu c gii phng s chim hu GTS thng qua lnh yu cu gii phng vi cc thng s ca GTS ang tn ti. Sau th khe thi gian ny s c t do. Thit b iu phi PAN phi m bo rng khng c khong trng no xut hin trong CFP khi gii phng khe 33 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 thi gian GTS, di maximum CAP nh th m c tng ln ( tng ng bng di ca khe thi gian oc gii phng). Thc th qun l tng MAC (MLME) ca thit b iu phi mng PAN c nhim v pht hin khi mt thit b dng s dng khe thi gian GTS. Cng vic thc hin bng nguyn tc sau. i vi khe GTS pht, MLME s cng nhn mt khe thi gian GTS c gii phng nu khung d liu khng c nhn trong ti thiu 2*n siu khung. i vi khe GTS thu, MLME s cng nhn thit b khng cn s dng GTS na nu khung tin xc nhn Ack khng c nhn trong ti thiu 2*n siu khung. n= 2 n= 1
8 macBeaconO rder

, nu 0 macBeaconOrder 8; , nu 9 macBeaconOrder 14;

2.3.6 nh dng khung tin MAC. Mi khung bao gm cc thnh phn sau: u khung MHR(MAC header): gm cc trng thng tin v iu khin khung tin, s chui, v trng a ch Ti trng khung (MAC payload) : cha cc thng tin chi tit v kiu khung. Khung tin ca bn tin xc nhn Ack khng c phn ny. Cui khung MFR(MAC footer) cha chui kim tra khung FCS (frame check sequence)

Bng2.6 nh dng khung MAC 34 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 2.4 Tng mng ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 2.4.1 Dch v mng Tng vt l trong m hnh ca giao thc ZigBee c xy dng trn nn ca tng iu khin d liu, nh nhng c im ca tng MAC m tng vt l c th ko di vic a tin, c th m rng c qui m mng d dng, mt mng c th hot ng cng cc mng khc hoc ring bit. Tng vt l phi m nhn cc chc nng nh l: Thit lp mt mng mi. Tham gia lm thnh vin ca mt mng ang hot hoc l tch ra khi mng khi ang l thnh vin ca mt mng no . Cu hnh thit b mi nh h thng yu cu, gn a ch cho thit b mi tham gia vo mng. ng b ha cc thit b trong mng c th truyn tin m khng b tranh chp, n thc hin ng b ha ny bng gi tin thng bo beacon. Bo mt: gn cc thng tin bo mt vo gi tin v gi xung tng di nh tuyn, gip gi tin c th n c ng ch mong mun. C th ni rng thut ton ca ZigBee l thut ton nh tuyn phn cp s dng bng nh tuyn phn cp ti u c p dng tng trng hp thch hp. 2.4.2 Dch v bo mt Khi khung tin tng MAC cn c bo mt, th ZigBee s dng dch v bo mt ca tng MAC bo v cc khung lnh MAC, cc thng tin bo hiu beacon, v cc khung tin xc nhn Ack. i vi cc bn tin ch phi chuyn qua mt bc nhy n, tc l truyn trc tip t nt mng ny n nt mng ln cn ca n, th ZigBee ch cn s dng khung tin bo mt MAC m ha bo v thng tin. Nhng i vi cc bn tin phi chuyn gin tip qua nhiu nt mng mi ti c ch th n cn phi nh vo tng mng lm cng vic bo mt ny. Tng iu khin d liu MAC s dng thut tan AES (chun m ha cao cp). Ni chung th tng MAC l mt qu trnh m ha, nhng cng vic thit lp cc kha key, ch ra mc bo mt, v iu khin qu trnh m ha th li thuc v cc tng trn. Khi tng MAC pht hoc nhn mt khung tin no c bo mt, u tin n s kim tra a ch ch hoc ngun ca khung tin , tm 35 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 ra ci kha kt hp vi a ch ch hoc a ch ngun, sau s dng ci kha ny x l khung tin theo qui trnh bo mt m ci kha qui nh. Mi kha key c kt hp vi mt qui trnh bo mt n l. u mi khung tin ca MAC lun c 1 bit ch r khung tin ny c c bo mt hay khng. Khi pht mt khung tin, m khung tin ny yu cu cn c bo ton nguyn vn. Khi phn u khung v phn ti trng khung MAC s tnh tan cn nhc to ra mt trng m ha tin nguyn vn (MIC- Message Integrity) ph hp, MIC gm khong 4,8 hoc 16 octets. MIC s c gn thm vo bn phi phn ti trng ca MAC.

Hnh2.13Khung tin m ha tng MAC Khi khung tin pht i i hi phi c tin cy cao, th bin php c s dng m ha thng tin l s chui v s khung s c gn thm vo bn tri phn ti trng khung tin MAC. Trong khi nhn gi tin, nu pht hin thy MIC th lp tc n s kim tra xem khung tin no b m ha gii m. C mi khi c mt bn tin gi i th thit b pht s tng s m khung ln v thit b nhn s theo di cn c vo s ny. Nh vy nu nh c mt bn tin no c s m khung tin b nhn dng mt ln th thit b nhn s bt c bo li bo mt. B m ha ca tng MAC da trn ba trng thi ca h thng. bo m tnh nguyn vn: M ha s dng AES vi b m CTR bo m tnh tinh cy : M ha s dng AES vi chui khi m CBCMAC m bo tnh tin cy cng nh nguyn vn ca bn tin th kt hp c hai trng thi CTR v CBC-MAC trn thnh trng thi CCM.

36 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Tng mng cng s dng chun m ha AES. Tuy nhin khc vi tng iu khin d liu MAC, b m ha ca tng mng lm vic da trn trng thi CCM* ca h thng. Trng thi ny thc cht l s ci bin t CCM ca tng MAC, n thm vo chun m ha ny cc chc nng l ch m ha tnh tin cy v ch m ha tnh nguyn vn. S dng CCM* gip lm n gin ha qu trnh m ha d liu ca tng mng, cc chui m ha ny c th dng li kha key ca chui m ha khc. Nh vy th kha key ny khng hon ton cn l ranh gii ca cc chui m ha na. Khi tng mng pht hoc nhn mt gi tin c m ha theo qui c bi nh cung cp dch v, n s kim tra a ch ngun hoc ch ca khung tin tm ra kha key lin quan ti a ch , sau s p dng b m ha ny gii m hoc m ha cho khung tin. Tng t nh qu trnh m ha tng MAC, vic iu khin qu trnh m ha ny c thc hin bi cc tng cao hn, cc s m khung v MIC cng c thm vo m ha khung tin.

Hnh 2.14 Khung tin m ha tng mng

2.5 Tng ng dng ca ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Lp ng dng ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 thc cht gm cc ba tng nh hnh v trn, cc tng ny tng ng vi cc tng phin, trnh din v ng dng trong m hnh2.1 OSI 7 tng. Trong ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 th chc nng ca tng Application Framework l: D tm ra xem c nt hoc thit b no khc ang hot ng trong vng ph sng ca thit b ang hot ng hay khng. Duy tr kt ni, chuyn tip thng tin gia cc nt mng. Chc nng ca tng Application Profiles l: 37 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Xc nh vai tr ca cc thit b trong mng. (thit b iu phi mng, hay thit b u cui, FFD hay RFD.) Thit lp hoc tr li yu cu kt ni. Thnh lp cc mi quan h gia cc thit b mng. Chc nng ca tng Application l thc hin cc chc nng do nh sn xut qui nh (giao din) b sung thm vo cc chc nng do ZigBee qui nh

38 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

CHNG 3 CC THUT TON NH TUYN CA ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4.

Trong ZigBee/ IEEE802.15.4 s dng thut ton chn ng c phn cp nh xt cc phng n ti u. Khi im ca thut tan nh tuyn ny chnh l thut ton min cng cng c nghin cu rt k c tn l AODV (Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector) dng cho nhng mng c tnh cht t t chc v thut ton hnh cy ca Motorola. 3.1 Thut ton nh tuyn theo yu cu AODV (Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector) AODV (Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector) n thun ch l thut ton tm ng theo yu cu trong mng ad hoc (mt mng t t chc). C th hiu nh sau, nhng nt trong mng khi m khng nm trong tuyn ng truyn tin th khng duy tr thng tin no v tuyn ng truyn v cng khng tham gia vo qu trnh nh tuyn theo chu k. Ni k hn na, mt nt mng khng c chc nng t nh tuyn v lu tr tuyn ng ti mt nt mng khc cho n khi c hai nt mng trn lin lc vi nhau, tr trng hp nhng nt mng c ngh dich v nh l mt trm chuyn tip gi lin lc gia hai nt mng khc. Mc ch u tin ca thut ton l ch pht qung b cc gi tin d ng khi cn thit hoc khi c yu cu, vic lm ny phn bit gia vic qun l lin lc cc b vi vic bo qun giao thc lin lc chung v pht qung b thng tin v s thay i trong lin kt cc b ti nhng nt di ng ln cn (l nhng nt cn thng tin cp nht). Khi mt nt ngun cn kt ni ti nt khc, m nt ngun khng cha thng tin v thng tin tuyn ng ti nt , nh vy mt qu trnh tm ng c thit lp. thit lp qu trnh tm ng ny th mi nt mng u lu hai b m c lp: sequence number v broadcast id. bt u qu trnh tm ng, nt ngun s khi to mt gi tin tm ng (RREQ) v pht qung b gi tin ny ti tt c cc nt mng ln cn, gi tin RREQ ny cha cc thng tin v a ch ngun (source addr), s chui ngun(source sequence number), s id qung b (broadcast id), a ch ch (dest addr), s chui ch (dest sequence number), s m bc truyn (hop cnt). 39 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Bi mi khi nt mng ngun pht ra mt gi tn RREQ mi th s id qung b s tng ln, nn trong mi gi tin RREQ th cp a ch ngun v s id qung b lun lun l duy nht. Khi nt mng trung gian nhn c mt gi tin RREQ mi, n s em so snh a ch ngun v s id qung b vi gi tin RREQ trc , nu ging nhau nt mng trung gian ny s t ng xa RREQ d tha ny v dng vic pht gi tin ny li. Nhng nu so snh thy khc nhau th nt mng ny s t ng tng s m bc truyn (hop cnt) ln v tip tc pht qung b gi tin RREQ ny ti cc nt ln cn tip tc qu trnh tm ng. Trong mi mt nt mng u lu tr cc thng tin v a ch IP ch, a ch IP ngun, s id qung b, s chui nt ngun, v thi gian thi gian hn nh cho php gi tin mang thng tin xc nhn c gi tr li ni pht Khi gi tin RREQ c truyn trn mng t ngun ti ch, n s t ng thit lp con ng ngc li t cc nt mng ny quay tr li nt ngun. thit lp tuyn ng ngc chiu, mi nt phi lu gi bng a ch ca cc nt bn cnh m n sao chp c trong gi tin RREQ u tin. Tuyn ng ngc chiu c lu gi trong thi gian ti thiu gi tin RREQ ny vt qua mng v tr v ni xut pht ban u. Khi RREQ ti mt nt no y m c th nt mng ny l ch n ca n, hoc nt ny nm trn tyn ng truyn t ngun ti ch, nt nhn tin ny u tin s kim tra xem gi tin RREQ va nhn qua kt ni hai chiu. Nu nt mng ny cha phi l nt mng ch nhng c lu gi tuyn ng ti nt ch, khi n s quyt nh xem xem tuyn ng ny c chnh xc khng bng cch so snh s chui ngun cha bn trong gi tin RREQ ny vi s chui ngun trong bng nh tuyn ca nt mng . Nu s chui ch ca RREQ ln hn s chui ch trong cc nt trung gian, th nt trung gian khng khng nm trn tuyn ng truyn ng vi gi tin RREQ ny. Nu tuyn ng ny c s chui ch ln hn hoc bng vi s chui ch trong RREQ nhng c s bc truyn nh hn, th n c th pht mt gi tin RREP (route reply packet) tr li nt mng pht RREQ cho n. Mt gi tin RREP gm c cc trng thng tin sau: trng a ch ngun, trng a ch ch, s chui ch, s m bc truyn v thi gian sng. Khi m gi tin RREP quay tr li c nt ngun, cc nt mng dc theo tuyn ng ca RREP s thit lp con ch hng ti nt mng RREP va n, cp nht thng tin timeout (timeout l khong thi gian m mt nt khng cn hot ng na v nm trong trng thi ch) ca n cho bng nh tuyn 40 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 ng ti ngun v ch, ng thi sao lu li s chui ch cui ca nt ch cn ti. Nhng nt mng nm dc theo tuyn ng xc nh bi RREP s cht sau khi ht thi gian yu cu inh tuyn v con ch o b xa khi chng khng cn nm trn tuyn ng truyn t ngun ti ch. Thi gian cht ny ph thuc vo kch c ca mng.

Hnh 3.1 nh dng tuyn ng trong giao thc AODV

Nt ngun c th pht d liu ngay khi n nhn c gi tin RREP u tin, ng thi cng lun cp nht thng tin v tuyn ng nu pht hin ra tuyn ng ti u hn. Mi bng nh tuyn gm cc trng thng tin sau: trng thng tin v ch n, bc truyn k tip, s bc truyn, s chui ch, nt ln cn tch cc thuc tu yn ng, thi gian cht cho nhp liu vo bng nh tuyn. duy tr ng truyn, mi nt mng lun phi c a ch ca cc nt mng tch cc ln cn (mt nt mng c coi l tch cc nu n c chc nng khi pht hoc chuyn tip ti thiu mt gi tin n ch trong thi gian cho php). Khi m bc truyn k tip nm trong tuyn ng t ngun ti ch ny khng thc hin c (tc l thng tin yu cu khng c nhn trong mt khong thi gian no , thng tin yu cu ny m bo rng ch c nhng nt mng no lin lc hai chiu mi c coi l nt mng ln cn). Qu trnh ny c tip din n khi tt c cc nt ngun tch cc c thng bo. Nh vo vic nhn nhng thng bo v gin on ng truyn, m cc nt 41 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 ngun c th khi ng li qu trnh tm ng nu chng vn cn mt tuyn ng ti ch c. Nu nt ngun la chn vic xy dng li tuyn ng mi t ngun ti ch, n cn phi phn pht mt gi tin RREQ mi vi s chui ch mi ln hn s chui ch c.

3.2 Thut ton hnh cy Giao thc hnh cy l giao thc ca tng mng v tng datalink, giao thc ny s dng gi tin trng thi kt ni nh dng mt mng hnh cy n, cng nh mt mng hnh cy m rng. Loi mng ny c bn l mt loi mng c tnh cht t t chc v t h tr hn ch li mng mt mc li cho php, c bit hn do y l mt loi mng c tnh cht t t chc nn n cng c th t sa cha khi gp s c mt nt mng no . Cc nt mng chn mt nt lm gc cy v to cc nhnh cy mt cch t do. Sau cch nhnh cy t pht trin kt ni ti nhng nhnh cy khc nh vo thit b gc (DD- Designated Deviece). 3.2.1 Thut tan hnh cy n nhnh Qu trnh hnh thnh nhnh cy bt u bng vic chn gc cy. Sau khi mt nt gc c chn, n s m rng kt ni vi cc nt khc to thnh mt nhm. Sau khi mt nt c kch hot n s d tm HELLO message t cc nt khc (HELLO message tng t nh beacon trong tng MAC theo chun IEEE 802.15.4). Nu trong mt thi gian nht nh no n khng nhn c bt k mt HELLO message no, th nt ny s t tr thnh nt gc v li gi HELLO message ti cc nt ln cn. Nt gc mi ny s ch gi tin yu cu kt ni t cc nt ln cn trong mt khong thi gian no , nu n vn khng nhn c bt k yu cu kt ni no t cc nt ln cn th n s tr li thnh mt nt bnh thng v li tip tc d tm HELLO_MESSAGE. Nt gc cng c th c chn la da trn tham s ca mi nt mng (v d nh phm vi truyn, cng sut, v tr, kh nng tnh ton ).

42 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

Hnh 3.2 Qu trnh chn nt gc (CH) Sau khi tr thnh nt gc, n s pht qung b gi tin HELLO_MESSAGE theo chu k, gi tin HELLO_MESSAGE ny gm mt phn a ch MAC v a ch ID ca nt gc. Nhng nt mng nhn c gi tin ny s gi tr li li bng gi tin yu cu kt ni (REQ) ti nt gc (ni va pht i). Khi nt gc nhn c gi tin yu cu kt ni, n s ngay lp tc gi tr li gi tin va a ra yu cu bng mt gi tin khc CONNECTION_RESPONSE., gi tin ny cha a ch ID cho nt thnh vin (nt B), a ch ID ny do nt gc qui nh. xc nhn thng tin th nt thnh vin B ny s gi li nt gc gi tin Ack. Qu trnh trao i tin ny oc m t qua hnh3.3

43 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

Hnh3.3 Thit lp kt ni gia CH v nt thnh vin Nu tt c cc nt u trong phm vi ph song ca nt gc th kin trc mng l kin trc hnh sao, tt c cc nt thnh vin s lin lc trc tip vi nt gc qua mt bc truyn (onehop). Mt nhnh c th pht trin thnh cu trc mng lin lc qua nhiu bc truyn (multihop).

Hnh 3.4 Qu trnh hnh thnh nhnh nhiu bc 44 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Tt nhin nt gc ch c th qun l c mt s hu hn cc nt, v cc nhnh ca mng cng ch c th vn ti nhng khong cch hn ch chnh v th m c lc nt mng cng cn phi t chi kt ni ca nhng nt mi. Vic t chi ny c thc hin nh vo vic ch nh mt ID c bit cho nt ny. Bng danh sch cc nt ln cn v tuyn ng lun lun c cp nht mi thng qua gi tin HELLO_MESSAGE. Trong mt thi gian nht nh, nu v mt l do no m mt nt khng c cp nht cc thng tin trn th n s b loi b. Tt nhin trong mt mng c tnh cht t do, t t chc nh loi mng ny th khng th trnh khi vic mt nt mng thuc nhnh ny li nhn c gi tin HELLO_MESSAGE ca nhnh khc. Vy trong trng hp ny nt mng ny s t ng thm a ch ID ca nhnh mi ny (CID) vo danh sch cc nt ln cn v gi n ti nt gc (CH) thng qua gi tin bo co tnh trng ng truyn, t nt gc (CH) c th bit c nhnh mng no tranh chp x l. Bn tin bo co tnh trng kt ni cng cha danh sch ID nt ln cn ca nt , iu ny gip cho nt gc bit c trn vn cu trc mng c th a ra cu trc ti u. Khi cu trc mng cn thay i, nt gc (CH) s pht i bn tin cp nht ti cc nt thnh vin. Nt thnh vin no nhn c bn tin cp nht ny lp tc thay i cc thng tin v nt gc nh trong bn tin ny, ng thi cng tip tc gi n cc nt cp thp hn trong nhnh cy ti thi im . Khi mt nt thnh vin c vn , khng th kt ni c th nt gc phi nh dng li tuyn ng. Thng qua bn tin bo co tnh trng ng truyn c gi theo chu k th nt gc c th bit c vn ca nt mng . Nhng khi nt gc gp phi vn trong lin lc th vic pht bn tin HELLO_MESSAGE theo chu k s b gin on, khi cc nt thnh vin s mt i nt gc, v nhnh s phi t nh dng li t u theo cch tng t nh qu trnh nh dng nhnh cy 3.2.2 Thut ton hnh cy a nhnh. to nh dng ln loi mng ny th cn phi s dng thit b gc (DD). Thit b ny c trch nhim gn a ch ID nhm (a ch ny l duy nht) cho cc nt gc(CH). a ch ID nhm ny kt hp vi a ch ID nt (l a ch NID m nt gc gn cho cc nt thnh vin trong nhnh ca mnh) to ra a ch logic v c s dng 45 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 trong cc gi tin tm ng. Mt vai tr quan trng na ca thit b gc DD l tnh ton qung ng ngn nht t nhnh mng ti DD v thng bo n ti tt c cc nt mng.

Hnh3.5 Gn a ch nhm trc tip Khi thit b gc DD tham gia vo mng, n s hot ng nh mt nt gc ca nhnh s 0 (CID 0) v bt u pht qung b HELLO_MESSAGE ti cc nt ln cn. Nu mt nt gc (CH) nhn c bn tin ny, n s gi bn tin yu cu kt ni ti DD tham gia vo CID 0, sau nt gc ny s yu cu DD gn cho n mt ID nhnh (CID). Nh vy th nt gc ny c hai a ch logic, mt l thnh vin ca CID 0, th hai l a ch ca nt gc. Khi nt gc to ra mt nhnh mi, (mt CID mi), n s thng bo n cc nt thnh vin ca n bng bn tin HELLO_MESSAGE.

46 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

Hnh3.6 Gn a ch nhm qua nt trung gian Khi mt thnh vin nhn c bn tin HELLO_MESSAGE t thit b DD, n s thm a ch ID ca CID 0 vo danh sch thnh vin ri thng bo cho nt gc. Nt gc c thng bo ny s chn nt thnh vin ny nh l mt nt trung gian gia n vi nt gc ca n, ri gi bn tin yu cu kt ni mng ti cc nt thnh vin thit lp kt ni vi thit b DD. Nt trung gian ny yu cu mt kt ni v tham gia vo thnh vin ca nhm s 0. Sau n s gi bn tin yu cu CID ti thit b DD. n khi nhn c p ng CID, nt trung gian ny gi bn tin p ng lin kt mng ny ti nt CH, bn tin ny cha cc thng tin v a ch ID nhnh mi cho nt gc CH. Sau khi nt gc c c CID mi, th cch thnh vin trong nhnh ca nt gc cng s nhn c thng qua HELLO_MESSAGE

47 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

Hnh 3.7 Gn a ch nhm qua nt gc

Hnh3.8 Gn a ch nhm qua nt gc v nt trung gian

48 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Trong mng ny th vic t t chc mng l mt tnh cht kh mnh m, v mm do. C nhnh mng lin trc s c nhim v gn CID cho nhnh mng sau. Qu trnh ny c m t r nt hn hnh 3.5,3.6,3.7,3.8. Mi mt nt thnh vin ca nhnh phi ghi li thng tin v nhnh gc v cc nhnh con ca n, hoc c ID ca nt trung gian nu c. Thit b gc phi c trch nhim lu gi ton b thng tin v cu trc cy mng ca cc nhnh. Cng ging nh cc nt thnh vin ca nhnh th cc nt gc CH cng l thnh vin ca thit b gc v nh vy chng cng phi c trch nhim thng bo tnh trng ng truyn n DD. thc hin th nt gc phi gi nh k bn tin thng bo tnh trng ng truyn trong mng ti DD, bn tin ny cha danh sch CID ln cn. DD sau khi x l thng tin s tnh ton, chn la ra ng truyn ti u nht ri thng bo nh k ti cc nhnh ca n thng qua bn tin cp nht. Nh trn ta c th thy vai tr ca thit b gc ny l rt quan trng, chnh v th lun cn c nhng thit b gc d phng (BDD) sn sang thay th thit b chnh khi gp s c. Hnh 3.9 m t vic lin lc trong nhnh. Cc nt trung gian va lin kt cc nhnh mng, va chuyn tip cc gi tin gia cc nhnh mng. Khi nt trung gian nhn c mt gi tin, n s kim tra a ch ch ca gi tin , sau s chuyn ti a ch ch ca n nu a ch ch nm trong nhnh ny hoc l chuyn tip ti nt trung gian tip theo ca nhnh lin k nu a ch ch khng nm trong nhnh ca n.

49 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

Hnh3.9Mng cy a nhnh v cc nt trung gian Ch duy nht thit b gc mi c th gi bn tin ti tt c cc nt trong mng, bn tin ny c chuyn dc theo tuyn ng ca cc nhnh. Cc nt trung gian th chuyn tip cc gi tin qung b t nhnh gc n cc nhnh con.

50 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

CHNG 4 M phng thut ton nh tuyn trong mng mesh ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 bng phn mm MatLab v Visual C.
c th hiu c r thut ton nh tuyn Zigbee, em xy dng mt chng trinh phm mm m phng qu trnh nh tyn a ra mt bn nh tuyn ca mt node trong mng n tt c cc nt khc trong mng ca n. Chng trnh ny da trn thut ton tm ng ADOV v thut ton b cm hnh cy ca Motorola. thun tin cho vic xy dng c chng trnh, u tin em tin hnh xy dng mt l thut ton cho chng trnh nh hnh 4.1. Lu ny c c th ho bng mt chng trnh vit bng ngn ng Visual C x l qu trnh tnh ton, kt qu ca chng trnh c xut ra file c nh dng MatLab chy m phng. 4.1 S thut ton.

Hnh4.1 S chc nng ca chng trnh. Chng trnh chnh main() gm c cc chng trnh con nh hnh4.1 thc hin qu trnh tnh ton v x l. Chng trnh con randGaussian() c tc dng to ra cc bin ngu nhin Gauss vi tham s u vo t hm rand(). Kt qu ca hm ny cho ra mt s nt ( y l 30 v 100) c phn b ngu nhin trn mt vng hnh qut t mt nt cho trc.. T 51 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 ta c th s dng hm distant() tnh khong cch gia cc nt bt k vi nhau trong vng hnh qut ny. Chng trnh con pathloss() c nhn tham s u vo l kt qu ca hm distant(), v nng lng gia cc nt ln cn tch cc trong mng. Hm ny s da vo kt qu ca hm tnh khong cch tnh ra nng lng nhiu c ch gia cc nt ln cn vi nhau, gi tr nng lng ny ch c tnh khi gi tri khong cch vi nt ln cn nm trong mt khong xc nh [dmin, dmax]. Sau s a ra gi tr nng lng tht m mt nt nhn c bng vic cng cc gi tr nng lng ny vi nhau. Chng trnh con routing() l hm nhn tham s u vo l khong cch v nng lng (nng lng ca mt nt nhn c tnh thng qua nng lng truyn t nt ngun ti v nng lng nhiu c ch nhn c t cc nt ln cn) sp xp theo thut ton bt x phng v thut ton sp xp Dijkstra chn ra tuyn ng ti u nht (ngn nht v nng lng truyn tin nh nht) t mt nt ti tt c cc nt cn li. C sau mi ln lp, kt qu s c lu v b nh cho n khi n c ch cn n. Chng trnh con filedump() hm ny nhn tham s u vo l cc kt qu ca hm routing() v b nh t v ng t nt ngun ti nt ch vo file c nh dng MatLab. 4.2 Kt qu v nh gi Sau khi xy dng chng trnh t cc chng trnh con em thu c kt qu nh hnh 4.2. v 4.3. Chng trnh ny c th m rng x l qu trnh nh tuyn cho trn 100 nt mng m khng nh hng n kt qu. Theo kt qu nh hnh 4.2 ta c th lp ra c mt bng nh tuyn t nt ngun n nt ch nh bng 4.1.

52 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

Nt gc 1

Bc truyn th 2

Bc truyn th 3

2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 8, 16, 23, 21, 13, 28, 29, 17, 5, 18, 20, 11 , 30, 6, 27, 25, 7, 19, 14, 15, 22, 24 12, 26 Bng 4.1 Bng nh tuyn

Hinh4.2 Kt qu vi 30 nt mng.

53 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

Hnh4.3Kt qu vi 100 nt mng.

T kt qu m phng ca chong trnh nh c thy hnh 4.2 v 4.3, em thy rng kt qu ny l t c mc tiu ca thut ton nh tuyn ca tng mng Zigbee ra l xy dng c mt bng nh tuyn cho mt thnh vin bt k trong mng. Chng trnh m phng ch xin php a ra mt v d tm ng ti u cho mt nt c th trong mng n tt c cc thnh vin khc trong mng, v tnh ton c nhiu xuyn knh gia cc thnh vin ln cn. Vic tm ng ti u l mt yu cu rt quan trng trong cng ngh Zigbee v n gii quyt c vn hiu qu nng lng trong truyn tin v vn chng xung t ca mng. Thi gian thc ca chng trnh kh nhanh v kch thc chng trnh nh (208 kb) nn c th nhng c vo trong chip ca thit b Zigbee. 54 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 4.3 Kt lun Thng qua ti ny em c th hiu mt cch r hn v cng ngh truyn dn khng dy ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4, t m hnh giao thc n thut ton truyn tin. V t c th thy c tnh u vit ni tri ca cng ngh ZigBee vi cc cng ngh hin nay. Tuy nhin do thi gian hn ch nn chng trnh vn cn nhiu thiu xt. l cha m phng c tnh t cu hnh mng mng ca thut ton nh tuyn ZigBee trong mng mesh. Hy vng trong thi gian ti nu c iu kin em c th tip tc hon thin, pht trin v m rng chng trnh c th tip cn su hn vi cc ng dng ca cng ngh hin hng cn rt mi m ny.

55 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

PH LC M ngun ca chng trnh:

#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <math.h> #include <time.h> #include <limits.h> #include <memory.h> #include <string.h> //#include "mesh.h" #define RCV_TN -108.0 +10*log10(BW/1000000.0) #define C 29800000 #define DOUBLE_MAX (double)INT_MAX #define DOUBLE_MIN (double)INT_MIN #define EPS 0.0000001 #define FALSE 0 #define TRUE 1 #define DESIRED 0 #define INTERFERENCE 1 #define MAXHOPS 10 #ifndef M_PI #define M_PI 3.1415926535897931160E0 # endif #ifndef M_PI_2 #define M_PI_2 1.5707963267948965580E0 # endif typedef struct location { double x,y; } Location; 56 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 #define MINIMIZE_HOPS 1 #define MINIMIZE_EPB 2 static double RCVSENS[] = RECEIVER_SENSITIVITY; static double PL_EXP_D[] = PATHLOSS_EXPONENT_DESIRED; static double PL_EXP_I[] = PATHLOSS_EXPONENT_INTERFERENCE; static double PL_DIST_D[] = PATHLOSS_DISTANCE_DESIRED; static double PL_DIST_I[] = PATHLOSS_DISTANCE_INTERFERENCE; static double INR = INTERFERENCE_TO_NOISE_RATIO; static int BPS[] = BYTES_PER_SYMBOL; double RefPathLoss; double dmax(double x, double y) { return (x>y)?x:y;} double dmin(double x, double y) { return (x>y)?y:x;} static int newGap(int gap) { /* Chuong trinh sap xep theo thuat toan combsorting */ gap = (gap * 10) / 13; if (gap == 9 || gap == 10) gap = 11; if (gap < 1) gap = 1; return gap; } static void combsort(double a[], int aSize) { int i,j; double tmp; int gap, swapped; gap = aSize; for (;;) { gap = newGap(gap); swapped = FALSE; for (i = 0; i < aSize - gap; i++) { 57 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 j = i + gap; if (a[i] > a[j]) { tmp = a[i]; a[i] = a[j]; a[j] = tmp; swapped = TRUE; } } if (gap == 1 && !swapped) break; } } double randGaussian() { double x1,x2,w; do { x1= 2.0*((double)rand()/RAND_MAX) -1.0; x2= 2.0*((double)rand()/RAND_MAX) -1.0; w = x1*x1+x2*x2; } while (w >= 1.0); w = sqrt( (-2.0*log(w) ) / w); return x1*w; } Location randLocInCircle() { Location newLoc; double a,r; a = SECTOR*((double)rand()/RAND_MAX); r = CELLRADIUS*((double)rand()/RAND_MAX); newLoc.x = r*sin(a); newLoc.y = r*cos(a); return newLoc; 58 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 } double distance(Location x, Location y) { /* Khoang cach giu hai not mang */ return sqrt( (x.x-y.x)*(x.x-y.x)+(x.y-y.y)*(x.y-y.y) ); } double pathloss_dB(double Distance, int dORi) { /* Multi-component pathloss calculation */ int i; double pl; pl = RefPathLoss; if (dORi== DESIRED) { for ( i=0;i<sizeof(PL_EXP_D)/8; i++ ) { if( Distance >= PL_DIST_D[i] ) pl += 10*PL_EXP_D[i]*log10( dmin(PL_DIST_D[i+1],Distance)/PL_DIST_D[i] ); } } else { for ( i=0;i<sizeof(PL_EXP_I)/8; i++ ) { if( Distance >= PL_DIST_I[i] ) pl += 10*PL_EXP_I[i]*log10( dmin(PL_DIST_I[i+1],Distance)/PL_DIST_I[i] ); } } return pl + PL_STD_DEV*randGaussian(); } int dijkstraIteration(int Picked[], int Route[], int Hops[], int Links[][NODES]) { int i,j; int bestNode; int bestHops; bestHops = INT_MAX; for ( i=0; i<NODES; i++ ) { if (( !Picked[i] ) && (Hops[i] < bestHops )) { 59 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 bestNode = i; bestHops = Hops[i]; } } if ( bestHops == INT_MAX) { return 0; } i = bestNode; Picked[i] = 1; /* Cap nhat cac not lan can hoat dong cua mot not */ for ( j=0; j<NODES; j++ ) { if ( i!=j && Links[i][j] && Hops[j]>Hops[i]+1 ) { Hops[j] = Hops[i]+1; Route[j] = i; } } return 1; } void powercontrol(double pathLoss[][NODES], int links[][NODES], double xmtPwr[][NODES] ) { /* Minimizes the power on each link given the selected modulation for that link*/ int i,j; for ( i=0;i<NODES; ++i ) { for ( j=0;j<NODES; ++j ) { xmtPwr[i][j] = DOUBLE_MIN; if(i!=j && links[i][j]) xmtPwr[i][j] = pathLoss[i][j] - 2*ANTGAIN + RCVSENS[links[i][j]-1] + FM; } } } 60 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 double modulation_avg( int route[],int links[][NODES] ) { int i,j,k,l; int modulation[sizeof(RCVSENS)/8]; memset(modulation,0,sizeof(RCVSENS)/8*sizeof(int)); for( l=0,j=0,i=0;i<NODES;++i ) { k = i; do { j = route[k]; if(j!=k) { modulation[links[k][j]-1]++; l++; } } while(k=j); } for ( j=0,i=0;i<sizeof(RCVSENS)/8;++i) j += modulation[i]*BPS[i]; return ((double)j)/((double)l); } double avgNumberOfHops(int hops[]) { /* tinh toan buoc nhay trung binh tren 1 tuyen duong */ int hopCnt[MAXHOPS]; int i; double avgNrHops; memset(hopCnt,0,MAXHOPS*sizeof(int)); for ( i=1; i<NODES; i++ ) { if ( hops[i] < MAXHOPS ) hopCnt[hops[i]]++; else hopCnt[0]++; } 61 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 for ( avgNrHops=0.0,i=1;i<MAXHOPS; i++ ) avgNrHops += hopCnt[i]*i; avgNrHops /= (double) NODES; return avgNrHops; } double txActivity(int hops[],double avgMod,double avgNrHops) { double avgBurstSize,OFDMsymbols; avgBurstSize = (0.15*1500+0.22*560+0.5*48+0.13*400)/avgMod; OFDMsymbols = USER_DATA*1024.0*1024.0/avgBurstSize*(avgBurstSize+PREAMBLE_SIZE); OFDMsymbols *= avgNrHops*USER_ACTIVE_TIME/avgMod; OFDMsymbols += MSH_CTRL_SLOTS*MSH_CTRL_SLOT_SIZE/NODES*3600000/ FRAME_DURATION; return OFDMsymbols/(BW*OVERSAMPLING/FFT_SIZE*(1+CP))/3600; } long intercell_interference( int route[], double xmtPwr[][NODES], Location pos[], Location posI, double intLevel[],long intLevel_index ) { int i,j,k; double pl; for( j=0,i=0;i<NODES;++i ) { k = i; do { j = route[k]; if(j!=k) { pl = pathloss_dB(distance(pos[i],posI),INTERFERENCE); intLevel[intLevel_index++]= xmtPwr[k][j] + 2*ANTGAIN - pl CHANNEL_REJECTION; } } while(k=j); } 62 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 return intLevel_index; } void routing(int route[],int hops[],int links[][NODES],double xmtPwr[][NODES],int type) { /* thuat toan nay dua ra chon lua giua buoc nhay nho nhat va nang luong truyen*/ int picked[NODES]; int i,j; int changes; double xmtEpB[NODES]; double t; if ( type == MINIMIZE_HOPS ) { /* tim duong dua tren quang duong ngan nhat.*/ memset(picked,0,NODES*sizeof(int)); i =1; while (i) i = dijkstraIteration(picked,route,hops,links); for (i=0; i<NODES; i++ ) { for ( j=0; j< NODES; j++ ) { if (hops[j] == hops[route[i]] && links[i][j] > links[i][route[i]]) route[i] = j; } } } if (type == MINIMIZE_EPB) { /* thuat toan tim duong dua tren muc nang luong la nho nhat.*/ memset(xmtEpB,0,NODES*sizeof(double)); for (i=0; i<NODES; ++i) xmtEpB[i] = DOUBLE_MAX; xmtEpB[0] = 0; /* Mesh Gateway */ for (;;) { 63 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 changes = FALSE; for( i=0;i<NODES;i++ ) { for( j=1;j<NODES;j++ ) { if( i!=j && links[i][j]) { t= pow(10.0,xmtPwr[j][i]/10.0)/BPS[links[j][i]-1]; if(xmtEpB[i] + t + EPS< xmtEpB[j] ) { hops[j] = hops[i]+1; route[j] = i; xmtEpB[j] = xmtEpB[i] + t; changes = TRUE; } } } } if (changes == FALSE) break; } } } void filedump(double intLevel[],int intLevel_index,double TxActivity,double avgNrHops) { FILE *fp; int i; char fn[20]; double t; #if (ROUTING_TYPE == MINIMIZE_HOPS) sprintf(fn,"%s\0","meshHops.m"); #elif (ROUTING_TYPE == MINIMIZE_EPB) sprintf(fn,"%s\0","meshEpB.m"); #endif 64 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 if((fp = fopen(fn,"wr"))== NULL) { printf("Failed to open file: %s.\n",FILENAME); exit(-1); } else { #if (ROUTING_TYPE == MINIMIZE_HOPS) sprintf(fn,"%s\0","Hops"); #elif (ROUTING_TYPE == MINIMIZE_EPB) sprintf(fn,"%s\0","EpB"); #endif fprintf(fp,"Iv%s = [\n",fn); for (i=0;i<intLevel_index;i++) fprintf(fp,"% 4.3f\n",intLevel[i]); fprintf(fp,"];\nTxActivity%s = % 2.5f;\n",fn,TxActivity); fprintf(fp,"Realizations%s = %d;\n",fn,REALIZE_INTERFERENCE); fprintf(fp,"Cells%s = %d;\n",fn,REALIZE_CELL); fprintf(fp,"AvgNrHops%s = % 2.5f;\n",fn,avgNrHops); t = TxActivity/REALIZE_CELL/REALIZE_INTERFERENCE/avgNrHops; fprintf(fp,"semilogy(Iv%s,fliplr([1:size(Iv%s,1)])*% 2.8e)\n",fn,fn,t); fprintf(fp,"axis([-140 -90 0.0001 1]);\n"); fprintf(fp,"hold on;\n"); fprintf(fp,"line([% 2.3f % 2.3f],[0.0001 1]);\n",RCV_TN+INR,RCV_TN+INR); fclose(fp); } } void filedumpcell(Location pos[],Location posI,int links[][NODES],int route[], int cell) { FILE *fp; int i; char fn[20]; #if (ROUTING_TYPE == MINIMIZE_HOPS) 65 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 sprintf(fn,"mang_meshzigbee_Hops%d%s\0",cell,FILENAME); #elif (ROUTING_TYPE == MINIMIZE_EPB) sprintf(fn,"mang_meshzigbee_EbP%d%s\0",cell,FILENAME); #endif if((fp = fopen(fn,"wr")) == NULL) { printf("Failed to open file: %s.\n",fn); exit(-1); } else { fprintf(fp,"figure;\n"); fprintf(fp,"axis([0 % 2.3f 0 %d]);\n",dmax(CELLRADIUS,INT_DIST),CELLRADIUS); fprintf(fp,"hold on;\n"); for(i=0;i<NODES;i++) { fprintf(fp,"plot(% 2.3f, % 2.3f,'o');\n",pos[i].x,pos[i].y); if(i!=route[i]) { fprintf(fp,"line([% 2.3f % 2.3f],[% 2.3f % 2.3f],'LineWidth',% 1.2f);\n", pos[i].x,pos[route[i]].x,pos[i].y,pos[route[i]].y,(double)links[i][route[i]]/4.0); } } fprintf(fp,"plot(% 2.3f, % 2.3f,'x');\n",posI.x,posI.y); fprintf(fp,"Coverage = ["); for(i=0;i<CELLRADIUS;i++) fprintf(fp,"% 2.3f ",sqrt((double)(CELLRADIUS*CELLRADIUS-i*i))); fprintf(fp,"];\nplot([0:%d],Coverage,'-.');\n",CELLRADIUS-1); fclose(fp); } } main() { int hops[NODES]; 66 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 int links[NODES][NODES]; double pathLoss[NODES][NODES]; int route[NODES]; Location pos[NODES]; double xmtPwr[NODES][NODES]; double intLevel[MAXHOPS*NODES*REALIZE_INTERFERENCE*REALIZE_CELL]; double avgMod,avgNrHops,TxActivity; Location posI; int i,j,k,cell; long intLevel_index,changes; srand( (unsigned) time(NULL)); memset(intLevel,0,MAXHOPS*NODES*REALIZE_INTERFERENCE*REALIZE_C ELL*sizeof(double)); posI.x = INT_DIST; posI.y = 0.0; intLevel_index = 0; RefPathLoss = 20*log10(4*M_PI*FC/C); for ( cell=0;cell<REALIZE_CELL;cell++ ) { memset(pos,0,NODES*sizeof(Location)); memset(hops,0,NODES*sizeof(int)); memset(route,0,NODES*sizeof(int)); memset(xmtPwr,0,NODES*NODES*sizeof(double)); memset(links,0,NODES*NODES*sizeof(int)); memset(pathLoss,0,NODES*NODES*sizeof(double)); for (i=0; i<NODES; ++i) { pos[i] = randLocInCircle(); hops[i] = INT_MAX; } hops[0] = 0; /* Mesh Gateway */ for (i=0; i<NODES; i++) { 67 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 pathLoss[i][i] = DOUBLE_MAX; for ( j=0; j<i; j++ ) { pathLoss[i][j] = pathloss_dB( distance(pos[i],pos[j]),DESIRED ); for ( k=0;k<sizeof(RCVSENS)/8;k++ ) { if ( XMTPWR + 2*ANTGAIN - RCVSENS[k] - FM > pathLoss[i][j] ) links[i][j] = k+1; } pathLoss[j][i] = pathLoss[i][j]; links[j][i] = links[i][j]; } } powercontrol(pathLoss,links,xmtPwr); routing(route,hops,links,xmtPwr,ROUTING_TYPE); avgNrHops = avgNumberOfHops( hops ); avgMod = modulation_avg( route,links ); TxActivity = txActivity( hops,avgMod,avgNrHops ); for (i=0; i< REALIZE_INTERFERENCE; i++) { intLevel_index = intercell_interference(route,xmtPwr,pos,posI, intLevel,intLevel_index); } filedumpcell(pos,posI,links,route,cell); } combsort(intLevel,intLevel_index); filedump(intLevel,intLevel_index,TxActivity,avgNrHops); return 1; }

68 Created by Ngo Quang Anh

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

Ti liu tham kho [1] Le Tuan Khanh, Implementation of Zigbee Ready IEEE 802.15.4-RFIC http://www.chipcon.com , 2005-04

[2] Nilesh Rajbharti, AN965, http://www.microchip.com [3] Samir R. Das, Charles E. Perkins, Elizabeth M. Royer, Performance Comparison of Two On-demand Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Networks- 2005 [4] Heikki N. Koivo, Basics using MATLABNeural Network Toolbox, 2005 [5] Wendi Rabiner Heinzelman, Anantha Chandrakasan, and Hari Balakrishnan Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol forWireless Microsensor Networks [6] Chipcon, http://www.chipcon.com , 2005-03

[7] IEEE Standards 802.15.4, IEEE 2003, ISBN 0-7381-3677-5 SS95127,2004 [8] IEEE 802.15.4 Standard Specification, http://www.standards.ieee.org [9] Figure 8 Wireless, http://www._gure8wireless.com , 2005-03 [10] ZigBee Alliance, http://www.zigbee.org [11] Zigbee technical documents, www.zigbee.org [12] MSDN Library Visual Studio 6 , 2003-04 , 2005-03

[13] M ngun m ti trang web http://www.koders.com/ [14] http://www.freescale.com [15] http://www.metrowerks.com

69 Created by Ngo Quang Anh