: Diploid

.1
"
" .
: Haploid
.2
"
" .
: DNA = DNA ligase
.3
DNA .
: DNA = DNA polymerase
.4
" DNA
. " DNA DNA
1000

) 5 ( 3

) 3 ( 5
DNA :
DNA I
DNA II
DNA III
:
DNA III
. DNA

 DNA I . DNA
DNA II
I II
.
: +
.1
.

.2

. D NA
DNA
.3

) (
) ( .
:
.4
.
:
.5
.
) ( % 17 15
.6
:
) ( 100000
) . ( % 17 15
:
.7

RNA
) ( .

 : Dominant
.1
) (
)
(
.
: Recessive
.2


)

( .
: Exon
.3
RNA
) ( .
: Intron
.4
RNA

.
: Expressivity
.5

" " .
: Penetrance
.6


.
:
.7



:
.8

"
)
(

.
: Gene Pool
.9
" "

.
.10 : Genetic Marker
)
(

.
.11 : Genome
.
.12 : Genotype
.
.13 : Phenotype
.



.


.
.14 : Heterozygote
" " Allele
.
.15 : Homozygote

.
.16 : Karyotype
.
.17 : Monosomy
"
: " " 23
23
45 )
. " ( 23
.18 : Trisomy


" . " 47
.19 : Aneuploidy

" Haploid
" "
" . " Set
23 " .
.20 : Autosome
.

) 22
( .
.21 : Acrocentric

) ( Centromere

.
.22 : Centromere
))
(( Chromatid

) Meiosis
( ) . ( Mitosis
.23 : Metacentric

.
.24 )) (( Chromatid



.
.25 : Locus
.
.26 : Mosaics

.
.27 : Sex Linkage
.

.28 : Allele
) (
) ( Locus
.
.29 " " : Gene DNA

" . " Polypeptide
" . " Nucleotides
.30 : Nucleotide
) DNA ( RNA
"
" + " "
+ .
.31 : Bacteriophage

" " Vector
DNA .
.32 : Trait Character

.
.33 : Chromosomal Aberration
.
.34 : Clone

.
.35 : Codon
"
" .

.36 : Concordance
.
.37 : Deletion
.
.38 : Linkage DNA



.
.39 : Linkage disquilibrium


.
.40 : Non disjunction


.
.41 Oncogenes


.
.42 : Plasmid DNA

"
" Vector . DNA
.43 Polymerase
: " chain Reaction " PCR
DNA

 " " Primers

DNA
DNA
DNA .
.44 ) (
: : ( Positioned Clonning ( Reverse Genetics



.
.45
: Pulsed Field gel electrophoresis :
. DNA
RNA.46 :
RNA . DNA
.47 : Splicing
RNA
.
.48 ) ( : Transcription
RNA
DNA
RNA .
.49 : Translation

RNA
.

.50 : Translocation

)
( .
RNA.51 )) : RNA t )) Transfer RNA
RNA
) " " Anti Codin
(

.
.52 ) ( : Vector DNA
)) ((
DNA
.
: Synteny.53
.
: cDNA.54 DNA
) DNA

DNA
( DNA
RNA
" mRNA "
. " Revers Transcriptase
: Hybridization
.1
DNA


D NA . RNA

 DNA

DNA ) ( .

DNA


.
DNA
RNA
DNA )
( 10000 .
DNA


.









) . ( ASO
ASO
) ( 20 15




.


.


. DNA
.1

: Southern Blotting

) . . (
DNA DNA
.

DNA

DNA


DNA

DNA


DNA .
DNA

.


DNA
.

DNA
.

DNA

)
(
DNA

.


DNA
.

DNA

.
Northern
.1
: Blotting

RNA
mRNA
.

.1
: Western Blotting







.



DNA RNA
.

DNA

RNA

:
.1
) ( Restriction
: ( Fragment Length Polymorphism ( RFLP








VNTRs


.

:
.


.
.1 Monoclonal
: Antibody

)
(

.




) ( MHC


.



1982



CD
.
















.


Myeloid
) (


Lymphoid
) ( ) Myeloid ( .


.
CA-125 :

PSA

PSA
.

: .
: .