windows-1256 - - كودة الاحمال والقوى الاردنية - 2

..
)(/
) (
) ( / //
) ( //
) ( //
//
//
-
/
................................................
................................................
...............................

) (
.....................................
...................................................
.......................................
...................................
...................
.........
/ /
/ /
/
/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
/
/ /
/ /
..................................
.............................
...............
...................................
......
/ /
/ /
/ /
.............................
.......
...........
...........................................
/ /
/ /
/
/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
/
/ /
/ /
/ /
/
/ /
/ /

/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
......................................................
...............................

) (Cpe

/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
/
/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
)(

...............................................
)(
............................
)(
............
)(
..........................
)(:
....................
)(-
......
)(-
............
............................................................
) (SI Units .......................

...........................
................
(-) :
: -
: -
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :

)(Kb
) (C a
) (Sb
) (Cpe
) (C f
) (Cpe

) (Cpe
--) :(
--) :(
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :

(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
) (Cpe
) (Cpe
) (Cpe
) (Cp
) (Cp

)(Cpi
) (Cpi
) (Cpi
) (Cpi
) (Cp

) (Cp

(-) :
--) :(
) (
--) :(

--) :( :

--) :( :

(-) :
)(

(-) :

(-) :

) (90

(-) :

(-) :

(-) :
) (Cr
(-) :
)(a
(-) :

(-) :

(-) :

(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :
(-) :

) (

)(
) (K

/ /
/ /
/ /
) (ISO 1000
.
/ /
:

:
*
*
* .

.
/ /
:
:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

)(Dynamic Excitation

)(BS 2655

) (Gantry Girders
)(BS 2573

.
/ /
):(Dead Loads

.

.
/ /
):(Imposed Loads = Live Loads

:
*
*
*
*
*

) (Partitions
.
.
/ /
):(Snow Loads
.
/ /
):(Roofs
.
/ /
):(Storage Height

.
/ /
):(Wind Forces

) (Pressure )( ).(Suction
/ /
):(Earthquake Forces

.
/ /
) ( ):(Partitions

.
/ /
):(Loads Combination
)(Design Requirements

) ( .

.
/ /
):(Overturning and Slipping Resistance

) (50

.
)(Dead Loads
)(General

) (- ) (- ) (- ) (- ) (-
.
/ /
/ /
) (Actual Weights
.
)(Actual Weights
)(Weights of Other Materials
) (Partitions
/ /
) (Building Frames
/
) (Slabs )
(Beams
. .
) (Floors )(Equivalent Loads
/ /
) (Uniformly Distributed Loads /

:
* ) (Span:
:2 Wp
L
= ) W e (max
)(2 - 1
:
= We )/(
= Wp )/(
= L )( )(.
:1.5 W p
L
= ) W e (min
)(2 - 2
* )( :
Wp
e
= We
:
+ 0.3L + h
hp
1000
=e
hp
+ 0.6L
= ) e (max
1000
)(
hp
L
h
e (min ) = 1.0
= )(
= )( )(
= )) (0.3 L(.
)(2 - 3

)(Weights of Tanks and Other Receptacles
.

) (
) (// .
)(-
: -

)/(
Aluminum
27.50
Antimony
67.00
Barium
35.00
Bronze
85.00
Platinum
214.00
Tungsten
193.00
Titanium
45.00
Wrought Iron
77.00
Cast Iron
72.50
Zinc
72.00
Gold
193.00
Lead
114.00
Zirconium
65.00
Aluminum Alloy
28.00
Vanadium
61.00
Silver
105.00
Steel
78.50
Tin
73.00
Cadmium
86.00
Cobalt
89.00
Magnesium
17.00
Manganese
72.00
Molybdenum
102.00
Cast Copper
89.60
Brass
85.20
Nickel
89.00
Uranium
191.00
)(-
: -

)/(
)(Hardwood
Oak
7.20
Birch
7.00
Sycamore
6.60
Walnut
6.60
Poplar
6.60
Elm & Ash
6.00
Beech
7.20
Teak
6.60
Chestnut
6.60
Mahogany
7.20
)(Softwood
White
4.00
Red
5.20
Cedar
3.90
Douglas Fir
5.30
Yellow Pine
4.50
Hemlock
4.50
Pine
5.30
)(
)(-

)/(
Acetic Acid
10.40
Nitric Acid
15.10
Sulfuric Acid
18.10
Ammonia
8.80
Naphtha
7.40
Benzene, Benzol
8.60
Turpentine
8.50
Loose Drinks
10.00
Drinks in Bottles
4.60
Drinks in Barrels
5.50
Methylated Spirit
8.20
8.60
Alcohol
8.00 - 7.90
)Paraffin (Kerosene
7.90
Linseed Oil
8.80
Fresh Water
9.81
Sea Water
10.05
Milk
10.20
Bitumen
13.70
Tar, Pitch
11.80
Sewage
11.80 - 9.70
)(-

)/(
)Brewer's Grains (Wet
5.50
Flour in Bulk
7.10
Flour in Sacks
6.30
Paper
12.00 - 9.50
)Paper Waste (Pressed
5.50
Salt in Packets
9.40
Loose Salt
14.10
Loose Sugar
7.90
Tea in Chests
4.40
Rice in Sacks
9.30
Wheat in Sacks
6.20
Loose Wheat
7.20
Loose Coffee
6.40
Coffee in Sacks
5.30
Loose Potato
7.20
Potato in Sacks
6.40
Butter in Barrels
5.15
Loose Cheese
4.80
Fats
9.30
Canned Meats
5.95
Fig in Boxes
11.90
Dry Fruits in Sacks
9.60
Fresh Fruits in Sacks
7.20
)Hay (Pressed in Bales
1.30
)(-

)/(

Cotton in Bales
5.50 - 2.40
Cotton Goods (Encased

Pieces) in Bales
5.30
Cotton Goods (Encased

)Pieces
4.80
)(
Hemp (Cannabis) in
Bales
5.60
Whirled Ropes
5.15
Silk Goods in Envelopes
7.20
Wool Pressed in Bales
7.70
Loose Wool
2.10
Wool Goods (Encased

)Pieces
4.35
Leathers in Bales
3.20
Rubber
Stacking Books
Loose Coal
13.00 - 9.60
10.40
12.50 - 8.95
Furniture
3.20
Ice
9.00
Carpets
4.80
Eggs in Cartoons
10.90
Glass
26.00
Acrylic
12.00
Onion in Sacks
5.50
Tinned Pickles
7.00
)(-

)/(
15.00 - 10.00

) (
)(
) (
) (
)(
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (

)(
)(
)(
16.00
14.20
16.40
18.00 - 15.00
13.90
15.90
12.40
14.50
12.90
14.60
12.90
14.50
15.70
18.10
15.00
14.90 - 5.50
30.00
28.00
27.00
23.00
11.00 - 7.00
20.00
10.00
18.25
)(-

)/(
14.40
)(
)(
15.00
70 )(
14.50
100 )(
14.00
150 )(
13.50
200 )(
12.00
140 )
= 130(
11.00
180 )
= 150(
10.00
240 )
= 180(
12.50
320 )
= 300(
20.00
25.00 - 24.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
20.00 - 12.00
16.00 - 5.00
9.00 - 3.00

) (1
) (2
) (5
) (
) (

)(-
)(
120
)/ (
2.440
)/ (
2.880
)/ (
2.320
240
4.840
5.280
5.720
120
1.220
1.660
2.100
240
2.420
2.860
3.300
90
290
140
290
190
290
90
290
190
290
290
70
100
1.730
5.970
2.690
6.020
3.640
5.910
1.260
4.780
2.940
4.450
4.470
1.400
2.000
2.170
6.410
3.130
6.460
4.080
6.350
1.700
5.220
3.380
4.890
4.910
1.840
2.440
2.610
6.850
3.570
6.900
4.520
6.790
2.140
5.660
3.820
5.330
5.350
2.280
2.880
150
3.000
3.440
3.880
200
70
4.000
1.100
4.440
1.540
4.880
1.980
100
150
200
150
1.500
2.200
2.800
3.450
1.940
2.640
3.240
3.890
2.380
3.080
3.680
4.330
200
100
150
200
200
250
300
4.600
2.400
3.600
4.800
5.010
6.210
7.410
5.040
2.840
4.040
5.240
5.450
6.650
7.850
5.480
3.280
4.480
5.680

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

9
9
14
14
19
19
9
9
19
19
29
: ) (20
).(-
)(Live Loads, Imposed Loads
/ /
)(Structural Elements

.

) (Natural Frequency ) (Damping
).(Mode Shape

:
.
/ /

).(Spectators
/ /
)(.
/ /

.
:
* ) (Uniformly Distributed Load
) --(
.
.
* ) (Concentrated Load
) --( ) (/ .
:
) (Slabs .

).(Maximum Deflection
)( ) (Effective Lateral Distribution
.
.
) (Local Effect ) (Crushing )(Punching
.

)
(.
*

.
*
.
/ /
) -(
.
/ /

/

) (0.33
)(1
/ .
/ /
- -
.

)(Forces Due to Temperature Variations

. ) (20
) (30
.
:
= .t
=
=
= t .
)--( :

Assembly Hall
Balcony
Bank Hall
Foundry
Art Gallery
Gymnasium
Bed Room
Hallway
Billiard Room
Kitchen
Boiler Room
Landing
Cat Walk
Laundry
Lounge

)(

Cold Storage
Corridor
Dance Hall
Display & Sale
Hall
Dormitory
Dressing Room
Drill Room
Factory
Fan

) (
Filing Room
Fly Gallery
Foot Bridge
Motor
Museum
Reading Room
Stack Room
)(
Stage
Stairs

) (
Stationery
Theater
)--(

:

.

).(All Usages
2.0
1.4
2.0
1.8
2.0

.
.
2.0
2.7
3.0
4.5
3.0
4.5
)--(

7.5
4.5
1.5

.
).(3
:
.
1.0
2.0
1.8
2.0
2.0
2.7
4.0
4.5
.
.
3.0
4.5
)--(

7.5
5.0
3.6
4.0
5.0
1.5
). (4
4.5

.

.

.
)--(

4.8

.
).(10
7.0
2.4

).(6.5
7.0
4
.
9.0
5.0
4.5
5.0
9.0
5.0
3.0
3.0
3.6
4.5
2.7
)--(

3.0
2.7
2.5
4.5
4.0
4.5
2.0
1.8
2.0
4.5
2.0
1.8
4.5

.

.
.

.
)--(

.
.
4.0
4.5
7.5
4.5
4.0
4.5
)
(.
3.0
2.7
.
.
4

.
9.0
5.0
4.5
3.0
2.5
2.7
.

.
4.0
4.5
)--(

.

.

.
.

.

.

.
.
4.0
4.5
5

).(15
9.0
4
.
9.0
)--(

2.4
.
7.0
4.0
3.6
20.0
5.0

.
).(15
9.0
4.0
.
.
7.0
2.4
..
7.0
12.5
9.0
4.0
4.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
4.5
)--(

.
. .
5.0

).(15
9.0
4.8
.

).(15
7.0
4.0
.
9.0
4.0
.
9.0
2.4
.
7.0
7.5
4.5
)--(

5.0
4.5
1.0

) (1.0.

)(
.

.

)(2500.

)(2500
.
7.5
4.5
5.0
9.0
5.0
9.0
)--(

)(
5.0
4.0
4.0

) (2500.
2.5
9.0
4.5
4.5
9.0
//
)(Other Live Loads
):(Parapets, Balustrades and Railings

) (

).(-
//

):(Ceilings, Skylights and Like Structures
) (Timber Joists
) (Ribs of Skylights ) (Frames
) (Access Hatches
) (1.4
.
) (1.2 )(0.9
.
)(Hangers
) :(-

)/(
)/ (
.
) (
... .
0.36
.
) ( ) ( .
0.74

)(
0.50
0.25
1.00
0.50
.

) ( ) (600.
0.22
) (
.
0.36
0.50
0.25
) (
.
0.74
1.00
0.50
) :(-

)/( )/ ( )(
: .
) ( ) (530
.
1.50
1.50
1.50
) (.
1.50
1.50
1.50
.
) ( .
0.74
1.00
0.50
) ( .
0.74
1.00
0.50
.
) ( ) (3 .
1.50
1.50
1.50
) ( ) (3
.
3.00
1.50
1.50
) ( .
)(-

)/(
)/(
)(
.
) ( } ) ( ) {(
.
1.50
1.50
1.50
.
) (
.
) ( .
1.50
)(/
1.50
1.50
) (Reductions
/ /
:
) (
)( .
)( .
/ /
):(Columns, Walls & Foundations

) (
) (-

) (/

).(//
)( )(
) (//
) (- ).(-
)(

.
/ /
):(Beams
) (
) (-
) (/
).(//
)( )
( .
)(-

) (Number of Floors

)(Reduction
)(
1
2
3
4
10 - 5
0
10
20
30
40
50
10
)(-

)(
)(
0
50
100
150
200
0
5
10
15
20
25
250
//
) (1.5
:
0.5m v 2
c + b
:
m
v
c
b
=
=
=
=
) (.
) /(.
) (.
) (.
=F
/ /
) (//
) (2500:
m
) 1500(.
) 4.5/(.
) 100(.
) (b ) (F
) (150 ) (2500.
/ /
) (//
) (2500:
m
)(.
) 4.5/(.
) 100(.
/ /
)(Bumper

) (2500
) (375 .
//

) (F ) (// ) (//
) (610 .

) (F ) (// ) (//
) (610
) (20.

)(Imposed Loads on Roofs Except Wind Forces
/ /
:
) (
) (Imposed Roof Load :

.

) .(Ponds

) .(/
) (Movement Joints
)(.
)( ):(Accessible Roofs
) (30

.
:
*
*
*
*

) (1.5 /

) (1.8 ) (0.3x 0.3 .

) (/
.
)( ):(Inaccessible Roofs
) (30
.
:
*
*
*
*

) (0.9
:
) (0.3x 0.3
(0.6) - / ) (30
} {0.6 ( 60 ) / 30 / ) (30 ) (60.

)( / ) (60.
) (Fragile
.
) (
):(Small Buildings
) (

) //(
:
* ) (200
* ) (10 .
* ) (1.5
:
.
) (35.
) (
.

.

:
* ) (So
) (// ) (1.25
* ) (0.75 /
* ) (0.9.
) ( ) (30 ) (60

] . [(60 ) / 30
) (60 .
//
:

. ) (1.5 / ) (0.75 /
)//( ) //(

).(/
//
):(Roof Coverings
) (0.9 ) (125

.
.
//
:

.

) (// )
( .

.

)(Occasional Loads on Roof Trusses
/ /
):(Industrial and Commercial Buildings

)(

) (4.5

.
)(
) (4.5

.
)(Frames
/ /
):(Other Buildings
) (//
) (1.3

.
/ /
):(All Buildings

) (1.2
) (// ).(//
)(1.3
)(Snow Loads
//:
) (
):(Site Altitude

.
)( ):So (Site Snow Load

.
)( ) ):(Snow Load Shape Coefficient

.
) (
):Sd (Snow Load on Roof

.
) (
):(Redistributed Snow Load

.
)(
)( ):(Variably Distributed Load

.
/ /
:
:
h
bi
Fs
hoi
= .
= i ...
.
=
.
= =i ...
.
lsi
Sd
So
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=i ...
.
.
.
.
.
.
= i ....
.
/ /
:
:
*
*
* .
/ /
):(Specific Gravity
) (

) (0.25 .
)- 0.1
(0.4
)(
) (50 .
) (1.0 .
/ /
) (Height of Structure :

) (25
) ( - ) (So
. ) (1500
.
)( -

)) (h(
)) (So/(
250 > h
500 > h > 250
(h-250)/800
1500 > h > 500
(h-400)/320
/ /
):(Sd
) / (
) (So :
Sd = i So
:
So
) /(
.

.
.

.
.
.
/ /
):(i
) (
:

.

:
*
.
*
.

.

.
.

. .

.
) (- ) (-
) (Empirical
.
) (b1, ho1, Is1,b2...ck
) /.(
)( )( ):(Single Span Roofs
) (
:
.

) //(.
) (
:

. ) (i
) ( ).(-
.

0 30
30 < < 60
60
1 = 0.8
60
1 = 0.8
30
1 = 0
1
0.8
0.0
60
30
)(-
.
) (
:
* : .
.

.
)(i
* ) -( :
. )--(
.
* ) -( ) :(asymmetric
) (Ridge
) (15
.
.
)--(
.

0 30
30 < < 60
60
1 = 0.8
60
1 = 0.8
30
1 = 0
1
0.8
0.0
30
60
)--(
) (.

0 < 15
15 < 30
30 < < 60
60
1 = 0
15
1 = 0.8 + 0.4
15
60
1 = 1.2
30
1 = 0
1.20
0.8
0.4
60
1
45
30
0.0
15
)--(
.
) (
:
* : .
) (i
) ( :
: ) () (Eaves ) (60

.
: ) (60 .

) (60 .
* - :
) (

) (60 .
)--(.
30 0
60
30
1 = 0.8
60 > > 30
1 = 0.8
60
1 = 0
0.8
0.0
60
30
60
) -( :
.
* - : ) (
)--(
.
15 0
30 > 15
60 > > 30
60
1 = 0
1 = 0.4
1 = 0.4
1 = 0
2 = 0
15
= 0.8+0.4
15
3 = 0
60
= 2
30
60
= 1.2
30
2 = 0
60
= 2
30
3 = 0
i
2
0.8
1
1.2
0.4
0.0
60
45
30
) (30.
30
60
15
) (3
).(
30
) (30 ) (60.
1
: .
) -( :
.
)( ) (:
.

) //(

)( ) (Valley ) //(.
)( :
* :

. )(
.
.

) (Valley

.

.
* ):(Valleys of Multi- span Roofs

).(-
:
.
) (ho2 - ho1 .
b3
)--(
b2
.
ho2
b1
ls2
ho1
ls1
) (15) (bi ) (bi) = (ls1 ) (15) < (bi ) (ls1

) (15.
: ) (i ) (1 ) (2 .
1=5.0
2b3 /(ls1-ls2) >5.0
)1=2b3 /(ls1-ls2
(ho1-ho2) >1m
)1=2b3 /(ls1-hs2
(ho1-ho2)/so
>
)2b3 /(ls1-hs2
(ho1-ho2)/so>5.0
1=3.0
(ho1-ho2) >1m
(ho1-ho2)/so>3.0
1=3.0
1= (ho1-ho2)/so
1= (ho1-ho2)/so
)--( :
(ho1-ho2)/so>0.8
1=0.8
)(-

)(.
* ):(Roofs Abutting or Close to Taller Structures

) (-
)(
) (- .
).(-
) (-

. .
:
.
* ):(T- Intersections) (T

) (- .
* ):(Local Projections and Obstructions

.
) .(Over Loading Bays

.
) .(-
) (Gable

.
:

)(300.
: b3 = b1
(b3/2) ls1
b1
b2
b3
60 <
ls1
ho1
.
b2
b2
b1
b1
ls1
ls1
ho1
ho1
.
b2
b1
b2
ls1
b1
ls1
ho1
ho1
.
)(-
.

ls1 = 15 m
5ho1 > 15
b1 > ho1
b1 > 15 m
ls1 > 5ho1
b1 > 5 m
ls1 = 15 m
ls1 = b1
ls1 > 5ho1
b1 > 5ho1
ls1 = b1
)--( : .
1 = 8
(2b / ls1) > 8
(2ho1 / so) > 8
)1 = (2b / ls1
)1 = (2b / ls1
)(2ho1 / so
>
)(2b / ls1
)1 = (2ho1 / so
(2ho1 / so) > 0.8
1 = 0.8
: ) (b ) (b1 ).(b2
)--(: .
)(-
ls1
:
= = 1 )(-
= 4 = 5
= ls1 ).(-

)(
15 0
30 > 15
60> > 30
60
1 = 4
]4 =1 [(30-)/15
4 = 0
4 = 0
1 = 5
1 = 5
]5 =1 [(60-)/30
5 = 0
)(-

) (90.
ho1
ls1
ls2
b2
b1
):(
1
.
):(

.B
ls2
ls1
)(-
.

lsi = 7.5 m
5ho1 > 7.5 m
bi > 5ho1
lsi > 5ho1
lsi = 15 m
bi > 7.5 m
lsi > 5ho1
lsi = bi
b1 > 5ho1
lsi = bi
)--( : .
bi > 5 m
1 = 0
> 60
> 30
}1 = 5{(60-) / 30
1 = 0
(2ho1 / so) > 5
1 = 5
> 60
> 30
so) > 0.8
}1 = (2ho1 / so) {(60-) / 30
1 = 0
(2ho1 /
)1 = (2ho1 / so
> 60
}1 = 0.8{(60-) / 30
)--(: .
> 30
1 = 0.8
b1
b1
ls1
ls1
o1
ho1
1
1
b3
b1
b2
b2
ls2
b1
ls2
ls1
ls1
ho
ho2
ho2
ho
2
1
b2
} ) (b3 ) (b2
{.
b2
b1
ls1
b1
ho1
ls1
ho1
} ) (b2 ) (b1
{.
.
} ) (b2 ) (b1

).{(b1) < (b2
)(-
)(
):(Snow Sliding Down Roofs

) (Fs :
Fs = Sd b sin
:
= Sd ) /.(
= b )( ) (.
= .
Sd ) (// ) (Onerous

.

.
.
//
:

.
) ...(
.

/ /
)(100
:
.

)( .
.
.
/ /
:
) (
:
) (
:

) (2
) (10

.

) (11

) (Sa ) ( ) //( .
) (25 .
) (
:

) ( .
) (
:

.
)( :
) ( :
) (Potential .
) (
:
.
) (
:
.
) (
:

)( .
) (
:

) (.
)( :
) (
):(Altitude

)(
.
) (
)(:
)( .
) (
:

.
) (
:

.
) (
:

.
) (
:
) (
)(:
.
.
) (
)( )(:
.

.
) (
:
) (Extent
.
.
) (
:
) (Extent
.
.
) (
:

.
) (
):(Scaling Length

.
)(
):(Fetch

.
//
A
As
=
= )( ) //(
) / /(
=
= )(-
=
=
Ca
Cf
Cp
Cpe
C pi
Cr
= ) (Ridge ) (eaves ) (Inset

)(Lower Storey
=
=
He
Hr
Ho
=
)(Signboard
=
Kb
)Wall
(Free-standing
LD
= )(
Le
= )(
Cl
d
=
= ) //(
Fr
Fw
P
p
q
Sa
Sb
Sp
Sd
Vb
Vs
W
/ /
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

/
/

/
/

:
) (
)(
) (-
.
)( )
( .
.
/ /
:
) (
:

) (
) (susceptible ) .(Dynamic Exitation

) (Mildy Dynamic Structures

) . (Cr ) (Dynamic Augmentation Factor

) ( K b ).(-
W1
L1
W
H1
W2
H2
L2
)( : .

D
B
)( :
.
X
H
Ho
)( .
) :(- .
) :(-
)(Kb
)(Kb

.
.
1
0.5
) (- ) (Cr .
).(-
) (
0.4
0.2
1
Kb=8
0.5
)(Cr
0.1
0.3
0
1000
100
10
) (H
) :(- ) (Cr .
/ /
:
) (
:
:
* :
.
* : .
* : ) (5.
)( :
) ( ) (Hr

)( .
) (
) (He
).(Hr
) (
) (He

) (Ho ) (X ).(-
) (He :
)(He

) (Hr - 0.8Ho )(0.4Hr
)(Hr

) (Hr - 1.2Ho+ 0.2X )(0.4Hr
2Ho X
6Ho X
2Ho < X < 6Ho
) (
) (He
.
//
:
) (
:
) (
)) -(( .

.

.
.
) (
)( ) (o 45
.
) (o 0 = ) ( o180 =
.
)( :
) (
) (qs
:
qs = 0.613 Ve2
qs
Ve
)( 4 1
=
) / (.
= ) /(
) // (
) (
) ( qs

) (550 / .
)( :
) ( :

) (p e
p e = qs Cpe Ca
)( 4 2
:
qs
Cpe
Ca
= ) / (.
=
) ( // ).(//
=
) ( .
) ( :
) (pi :
pi = qs Cpi Ca
:
qs
Cpi
Ca
)( 4 3
= ) / (.
= )( //
=
) ( .
) ( :
) (p :
p = pe pi
)(4 4
)(
:
p = qs C p C a
)( 4 5
:
pe
pi
qs
Cp
Ca
) (
=
=
=
=
) / (.
) / (.
) / (.

)( ) //(
).(//

) ( .
:

.
) (- ) (a
) (a ) .(-
) .(//
) 5 = a(
.
) (
:
:
P =p A
:
p
A
= ) / (.
= ) (.
)( 4 6
) :(-
)) (a(
) (C a
5
10
20
60
125
300
400
1000
) (C a
1.0
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
a
a
a
)(
.
)(
.
a
a
) ( ) (
.

.
a
)( )(
.
.
) (- ). (a
) (
:
) (P ) (4 - 7
) ( Pfront Prear ): (0.85
) P = 0.85 ( Pfront Prear ) (1 + Cr
)( 4 7
Pfront
Prear
Cr
) (
=
.
=
.
= ) //(.
:
) (
) ( :
* ) (60
) (100 .
*
) (60
.
) (
:
) (Pf )
( .
)( ) (
. :
Pf = qs C f A s Ca
)( 4 8
:
As
Cf
//
= )(
) //( ) //(.
= ).(-
:
) (
:

)(
) (Vb )
( .
) (Vb
) (Ve ) (120 / : ) (33.33/
)(10 . ) (33.33/
) (1.62 = Sb ) (10 ) (-
) (Sb
) (Ve.
)( ):(Vs
) (
:
) (Vs :
Vs = Vb S a S d S s Sp
)(4 - 9
:
Vb
Sa
=
=
=
=
Sd
Ss
Sp
) //(
)/(.
) ( .
) ( .
) ( .
) ( .
) (
) : (Sa
) (Vb
. )(4 - 10
.
(4 - 10) Sa = 1 + 0.001 s
:
s
= )(.

) (4 - 11 ) .(4 - 12 ).(-
Sa = 1 + 0.001 s
)(4 - 11
Sa = 1 + 0.001 T + 1.2 e s
)(4 - 12
:
s
T
e
s
=
=
=
=
)(.
)(
)(.
) ( .
) ( )(.
) (-) (- ) (
) (e ) (Le :
) (0.30 > U > 0.05 ) (U = e ) . (LU = L e

) (0.30 U
) (0.30 = e = L e
0.3
) (s )(.
)( )( ) (-
) (s .
) (
:
) (1.0 = S d
.
0.5
1.6
0.3 > U
0.3

0.05 < D
=
= Z
= =

0.05 < D
=
LU
)(
1.5
5
0.3 > U
0.3 U

= T
0.05 < U
= =
)(

0.05 > D
LU
) (- .
) ( :
) (Ss
(
)
.
) (6
) . (1.0 = Ss )(
) (0.02 .
) (
:
) (Sp
) (0.02 = Q .
) (1.0 = Sp

) (0.02 = Q )(.
X>0
X<0
U
Lu
LD
D T
)(
X>0
X<0
U
D
Lu
)(
:
LD
= = s
)(.
.
LU
= = T )(

.
)(.
=
.
= .
=
) .( Z
LU
) (- .
Z
)
LD
(.
) (
) (
) (Ve
:
(4 - 13) Ve = Vs Sb
:
Vs
Sb
) (
= ) (o 45

.
= ) ( .

) (-
) (Hr .
) (a .
B
B
Hr = H
Hr = H
Hr = B
)( ). (B H
)( ). (B < H 2B
B
Hr = H-B
Hr = B
Hr = Z
Hr = H
)( ). (2B < H
) (- .
) (
) (S b ).(-
) :(-
) (He
) (Sb
) 2
2
5
10
15
20
30
50
100
1.07
1.36
1.58
1.71
1.77
1.85
1.95
2.07
1.26
1.45
1.62
1.71
1.77
1.85
1.95
2.07
:
) ( .
) ( ) 5 = a(.
) ( ) 100 < He(
.
//
:
) //(
.

. ) (// ) (//
.
//
:
) (
:
) (
) (- ) (Cpe
).(-
) (windward
) (Leeward
H 1
D 4 ) (D
.
) (- ) (H
) (- ) ( o 15
) (/// ).(BS 6399: Part 2:1997
) (- ) (Cpe

/
)(Span
)
(
D
H
D
H
0.8 +
0.6 +
0.3 -
0.1 -
)(A
1.6 -
1.3 -
)(B
0.8 -
0.9 -
)(C
0.4 -
0.9 -
: 1 < D < 4
) (// .
) (

) (- ) (b
) (B = b ) (2H = b ) (B
.
) -( ) (H
) (
)(
) (b
) (Cpe .
.
:
* ) (b 4
) (
* ) (b 4 ) (b ) (Cpe
: ) (
) (b 2
) ( ) (b 4 ) (b

) (b 4 ) (b 2 ) (b 2 ).(b
)(b
)(Cpe
W=D
L=D
W=B
L=B
)( .
D
0.2b

H=Hr
b
0.2b
A
H=Hr
)(b D
A
)(b < D
)( .
) (- .
)( :
)
(o 90 ) (/// ).(BS 6399: Part 2:1997
)(-
) (23 ) (//// ).(BS 6399: Part 2:1997
) (
) (Re-entrant ):(Recessed
) (
)(-

):(-
*
) )( )( )( (

) (B ) (B1 ) (B3 ) (H .
*
) (B ) (B2 ) (H .
*
.

B1
B1
B2
B1
B2
B3
B2
) (
)(
)(
)(
) (- .
) (
)
( )(
)} (b ) -({ :
* ) (Cpe
).(//
* ) (Cpe
.

) (Cpe

.
) ( ) ( )(
)} (b ) -({
) (Cpe ) (///
).(BS 6399: Part 2:1997
) (
:
) ( :
)
( . ) (- .
) (Cpe ) (-
) ( :
* ) ( :
) (A ) (B ) (C
) - ( .
) (b )( ) (H
) (B .
* ) ( :
) (A) (B) (C
) - ( .
) (b ) (H
)( ) (B1H1 ) . (B 2H2
) (Hr )(
) .(-
) //(.
)(B
Hr = H
)( ) ( .
H1
H2 = Hr
B
C
Hr = H
)( ) ( .
H1
Hr
H2 = Hr
A B
C
B A
B A
Hr
H1
)( ) ( ) .( ) ( .
)(-
.
) ( :
* :
) -( . ) (0.2 b1

) ( b1 .
) (Cpe ) (A) (B) (C ).(-
>0.2 b1
B1
H1
Hr
)( .
A
b2/3
B
E
Hr
)( .
)(-

* :
) -( . ) (0.2 b1

.
) (Cpe ) (A) (B) (C ) (-
) (E :
) (Hr ) (E .
b
2 ) ( b 2
3
) (A
)(E
) (A ) (2.0 = C pe
).(E
)(E
)(
:
)( )(
) (b < D ) (C f
) (C ) .(- ) (
) //(.
) :(-
) (C f

)(
0.01
0.02
0.04
) ( :
) (- ) (C pe
) ( ) ( o 0 =
) ( o 180 = .
.
) ( o 40 = ) (0 = C pe
) (0.7 = C pe
.
/ /

) (
) (C pe
) (:

) ( o 5
)( ) (45+=
) ( ) //( ).( -
) :( - ) (Cpe

)(
H
d
1.0 +
0.9+
0.7+
0.4+
0
0.5 0.95 1.25 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.50 0.40 0.400.40 -
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
) (

H
d
1.0 +
0.9+
0.7+
0.4+
0
0.4 0.8 1.10 1.05 0.85 0.65 0.35 0.30 0.300.30 -
2.5

H
d
1.00 +
0.90 +
0.70 +
0.35 +
0
0.70 1.20 1.40 1.45 1.40 1.10 0.60 0.35 0.35 0.35 10
H
d
1.0 +
0.9 +
0.7 +
0.35+
0
0.50 1.05 1.25 1.30 1.20 0.85 0.40 0.25 0.250.25 -
2.5
:

) ( -
)(b
) (B=b)(2H=b
) (B ) (W
) (H )( )(.
)(L
) (
)(:
) (Cpe ) ( -
) .( -
.
)(
) //( . ) //( .
W=D
L=D

L=B
W=B
)( .
b/2
A
b/10
b/4
)( .
) :( - .
) :( - ) (Cpe

2.0 -
1.4 -
0.7 -
0.2
= 0.05
1.8 -
1.25 -
0.7 -
0.2
= 0.10
1.75 -
1.2 -
0.7 -
0.2
0.20
1.4 -
1.0 -
0.7 -
0.2
= 0.05
1.0 -
1.2 -
0.4 -
0.2
= 0.10
0.75 -
0.8 -
0.3 -
0.2
= 0.20
0.55 -
0.55 -
0.3 -
0.2
0.951.2 -
1.01.3 -
0.30.4 -
0.2
0.2
1.3 -
1.25 -
0.6 -
0.2

Eave with Parapet

Curved Eave
h
b
h
b
h
b
r
b
r
b
r
b
30 =
45 =
Mansard Eave
60 =
:
)(
.
)( ) (30 =
) (60 = ) (60 =
).(60 <
)( ) (D .
)( ) (// ). (BS 6399: Part 2: 1997
. .
b/10
h
Hr
Hr=H
Hr=H
) :( - .
) (
:
) (C pe
) ( - :
* :
) ( ) //( )(Hr
) (H
) (b
.
* :
) (Hr

) (b/2 ) (b
. ) (Cpe
).(//

b/2
b/2
b/2
b/2

) :( - .
)( :
) (
:
)(
) ( - ) ( -

) (bL ) (bw ) L = bL (2H ) W = bw (2H
) (W ) (L ) (H
.
) (
:
) (Cpe ).( -

)( ) (0 =

) ( 90 =
) (
) ( 180 = ) .( -

Hr=H
=180
= 0
)(
L
bL/10
C
A
bL/2
bL/2

)( ) (0 =
)(180 =

bw/10
AU
W
bw/4
B
AL
bw/4
bw/2
)(
)(90=
) :( - .
) :( - ) (Cpe

)( 0 =
)( 90 =
)( 180 =
)(
15
30
45
AU
AL
1.8 -
1.2 -
0.6 -
2.2 -
2.1 -
1.7 -
0.6 -
0.5 -
2.3 -
1.2 -
0.8 -
1.3 -
0.8 -
0.3 -
2.8 -
1.6 -
1.6 -
0.8 -
0.7 -
2.6 -
1.0 -
0.9 -
0.2 +
0.2 +
0.2 +
1.1 -
0.5 -
0.2 -
0.8 +
0.5 +
0.4 +
1.1 -
0.3 -
0.7 +
0.8 +
0.6 +
1.7 -
1.5 -
1.3 -
1.3 -
1.2 -
1.2 -
60
0.8 +
0.8 +
0.8 +
1.2 -
1.2 -
1.2 -
75
0.8 +
0.8 +
0.8 +
1.2 -
1.2 -
1.2 -
1.0 -
1.0 -
0.4 -
0.8 -
0.9 -
0.4 -
2.3 -
1.3 -
1.0 -
1.2 -
1.0 -
0.7 -
0.8 -
0.8 -
0.7 -
0.4+
0.4 -
0.2 -
0.5+
0.4+
1.1 -
0.7 -
0.7 -
:
)( )( 0 =
) (30 > > 15 .
)(90 =
) (75 > > 60 .
)( ) (
) (.
) (
:
* ) (Cpe ).( -

)( ) (0 =
) .(90 =
).( -
) ( -

) (5 ] [5 .
* ) (0 = ) ( 7 > ) (bL > W

bL
) (C
2
) (E) (F ).(G
) :( - ) (Cpe

)(0 =
= (90
)(
45 -
1.0 -
1.0 -
0.8 -
1.0 -
0.7 -
0.7 -
1.5 -
1.3 -
1.0 -
0.2 -
30 -
1.2 -
2.6 -
1555+
1.21.0 -
0.80.9 -
0.90.7 -
0.70.5 -
0.70.5 -
1.72.7 -
1.31.4 -
1.00.8 -
0.20.3 -
2.3 -
1.2 -
0.8 -
0.3 -
0.3 -
0.3 -
2.2 -
1.5 -
0.7 -
0.4 -
1.8 -
1.2 -
0.6 -
0.5 -
0.3 -
0.3 -
2.0 -
1.1 -
0.6 -
0.4 -
1.3 -
0.8 -
0.3 -
1.1-
0.9 -
0.5 -
1.6 -
1.5 -
0.6 -
0.3 -
0.2+
0.2+
0.2+
1.1 -
0.5 -
0.2 -
0.8+
0.5+
0.4+
1.1 -
0.3 -
0.7+
0.8+
0.6+
0.8+
15 +
30 +
45 +
60 +
0.8+
75 +
0.8+
0.8+
0.8+
0.8+
0.70.4 -
0.4 0.30.7-
0.7-
0.7-
0.7-
0.4 0.30.30.3-
1.2 1.21.21.2-
1.1 1.21.21.2-
0.6 0.60.70.7-
0.2 0.20.20.2-
:
) (
) ( 0 =
) ( 30+ > > 15+

.
)( )(
.
) :( - ) (Cpe

) (0 =
)(
)(90 =
1.3 -
0.6 -
0.8 -
0.7 -
0.7 -
0.7 -
0.8 -
0.8 -
0.2 -
2.3 -
0.8 -
0.8 -
0.7 -
0.7 -
0.7 -
0.8 -
0.8 -
0.2 -
2.6 -
1.0 -
0.9 -
0.5 -
0.5 -
0.5 -
0.6 -
0.6 -
0.3 -
2.3 -
1.2 -
0.8 -
0.3 -
0.3 -
0.3 -
0.6 -
0.6 -
0.4 -
1.8 -
1.2 -
0.6 -
0.6 -
0.6 -
0.3 -
1.2 -
0.6 -
0.4 -
1.3 -
0.8 -
0.3 -
1.0 -
1.2 -
0.5 -
1.4 -
0.6 -
0.3 -
0.2+
0.2+
0.2+
1.1 -
0.5 -
0.2 -
0.8+
0.5+
0.4+
1.1 -
0.3 -
0.7+
0.8+
0.6+
45 30 155-
5+
15 +
30 +
45 +
0.7-
0.6 -
0.5 -
0.3 -
0.4 -
0.3 -
1.4 -
1.3 -
0.8 -
0.8 -
0.2 -
0.2 -
0.8+
0.8+
0.8+
0.6 -
0.3 -
0.3 -
1.2 -
0.4 -
0.2 -
0.8+
0.8+
0.8+
0.6 -
0.3 -
0.3 -
1.2 -
0.4 -
0.2 -
60 +
75 +
:
) (
)=
(0

.
)( )(
.
)+ > >15+
(30

= 0
Hr=H
> 0
Hr=H
< 0
)(
L
G
bL/10
A
bL/2
bL/10
C
B
A
bL/2

)(
) ( 0 =
bw/10
=
=
bw/2
)(
)(90 =
) :( -
) (
:

. ) ( - .
) ( - )
(
) .(75 + - 45
) (
).( -
.
) (Skewed ] [5
.
) (
(:

)
.
) //( ) (
) //( ) (
.
).( -
Hr=H
> 0
> 0

= 90
= 0
< 0
Hr=H
< 0

= 90
= 0
)( .
bL/10
E
I
F
C
bL/10
bL/10
A
bL/2
A
bL/2

)( ).( 0 =
bw/10
E
W
G
E
A B B A
H C H

)( ).( 90 =
) :( - .
b/4
= =
bw/10
)( .
)( .
(.

) :( - )
)(
:
) (Cpe ) ( - )( -
)( -
:

.
:
* ) - (
) ( -
).(0.4 - = Cpe
* ) ( ) - (

.
.

) ( ).(10
180
Hr
)( .

Hr
)( .

Hr
)( .

Hr
)( .
) :( - .
* ) - ( ) - (
.
:
) ( 0 = ) :( 180 =
) (0.8 ) (0.6 .
)(
:
) //(
) //( ) //(.
)(
:
)(
. ) ( 30 >
) (/// ).(BS 6399:part 2:1997
) (
:
)(
b
10
) //(
.
) //( ) //( .
) (//
.
)(
)( :
) (:
* ) (Cp )(-
*
*
) (- ) (-
. ) (Cp
)(
) (Cp )(.
) (
) ( )(
) (h1
) .(h2 ) (0 =
) (1 = .
) (0 =
) (1 =
) (1 =
.
).(0 =
.
) (.
.
) (0.3 W .
.

.

) (Fascia )
( ) (
)(1.3+ = Cp
) (0.6 - = Cp
)( .
) :( - ) (Cp

)(

)(+
)(-
)(
)(
0.2+
0.5+
1.8+
1.1+
)(0 =
0.5 -
0.6 -
1.3 -
1.4 -
)(1 =
1.2 -
1.3 -
1.8 -
2.2 -
)(
0.4+
0.8+
2.1+
1.3+
0=
0.7 -
1.1 -
1.7 -
1=
(1.2 -) 1.4 -
(1.2 -) 1.4 -
2.6 -
(2.1 -) 2.6 -
0.5+
1.2 +
2.4+
1.6+
0=
0.9 -
1.5 -
2.0 -
2.1 -
1=
(1.1 -) 1.4 -
(1.1 -) 1.4 -
2.6 -
(1.8 -) 2.7 -
0.7+
1.4+
2.7+
1.8+
0=
1.1 -
1.8 -
2.4-
2.5 -
1=
(1.0 -) 1.5 -
(1.0 -) 1.5 -
2.9 -
(1.6 -) 2.8 -
0.8+
1.7+
2.9+
2.1+
0=
1.3 -
2.2 -
2.8-
2.9 -
1=
(0.9 -) 1.5 -
(0.9 -) 1.5 -
2.9-
(1.5 -) 2.7 -
1.0+
2.0+
3.1+
2.3+
0=
1.6 -
2.6 -
3.2-
3.2 -
1=
(0.8 -) 1.4 -
(0.8 -) 1.4 -
2.5 -
(1.4 -) 2.5 -
1.2+
2.2+
3.2+
2.4+
0=
1.8 -
3.0 -
3.8-
3.6 -
1=
(0.8 -) 1.4 -
(0.8 -) 1.4 -
2.0 -
(1.2 -) 2.3 -
10
15
20
25
30
1.8 -
:
)(
).(1 > > 0
)( .
) ( :

.
] [5 .
) ( :
).( -
) ( )( :
) (// ) (//
) //( .
)(
) (
Hr
Hr
Hr
Cp > 0
Cp > 0
Cp > 0
)( .
= h1/ h2
=1
h2
h1

)(
.
)(
)( ) /( ) /
(.....
W/ 10
W/ 10
W/ 10
B
A C
C A
L/ 10
B
W
)( .
) :( - )(.
L/ 10
) :( - ) (Cp

)(
20 -
15 -
10 -
5-
5+
10 +
15 +
20 +
)(+
)(-
)(
)(
0.7 +
0.8 +
1.6 +
0.6 +
1.7 +
0=
0.7 -
0.9 -
1.3 -
1.6 -
0.6 -
1=
1.5 -
1.5 -
2.4 -
2.4 -
1.2 -
)(
0.5 +
0.6 +
1.5 +
0.7 +
1.4 +
0=
0.6 -
0.8 -
1.3 -
1.6 -
0.6 -
1=
1.5 -
1.5 -
2.7 -
2.6 -
1.2 -
)(
0.4+
0.6 +
1.4 +
0.8 +
1.1 +
0=
0.6 -
0.8-
1.3 -
1.5 -
0.6 -
1=
1.4 -
1.4 -
2.5 -
2.5 -
1.2 -
)(
0.3+
0.5 +
1.5 +
0.8 +
0.8 +
0=
0.5 -
0.7 -
1.3 -
1.6 -
0.6 -
1=
1.4 -
1.4 -
2.3 -
2.4 -
1.2 -
)(
0.3+
0.6+
1.8 +
1.3 +
0.4 +
0=
0.6 -
0.6 -
1.4 -
1.4 -
1.1 -
1=
1.2 -
1.2 -
2.0 -
1.8 -
1.5 -
)(
0.4+
0.7+
1.8 +
1.4 +
0.4 +
0=
0.7 -
0.7 -
1.5 -
1.4 -
1.4 -
1=
1.2 -
1.2 -
1.8 -
1.6 -
1.6 -
)(
0.4+
0.9+
1.9 +
1.4 +
0.4 +
0=
0.8 -
0.9 -
1.7 -
1.4 -
1.8 -
1=
1.2 -
1.2 -
1.6 -
1.3 -
)(
0.6+
1.1+
1.9 +
1.5 +
0.4 +
0=
0.9 -
1.2-
1.8 -
1.4 -
2.0 -
1=
1.2 -
1.2 -
1.5 -
1.2 -
1.7 -
1.7 -
) :( - ) (Cp

)(
)(+
0.7+
1.2+
1.9 +
1.6 +
0.5 +
0=
1.0 -
1.4 -
1.9 -
1.4 -
2.0 -
1=
1.2 -
1.2 -
1.4 -
1.1 -
1.6 -
)(
0.9+
1.3+
1.9 +
1.6 +
0.7 +
0=
1.0 -
1.4 -
1.9 -
1.4 -
2.0 -
1=
1.2 -
1.2 -
1.3 -
1.1 -
1.6 -
25 +
30 +

)(
)(
)(-
)( ).(1 > > 0

)( .
) :( -

0=
1.00
0.81
0.87
0.64
0.68
0.63
)( :
) ( :

) (D ) ( -
) (D ) (J
) (90 = ) (- ) (-
) .( -
) ( -
) //(.
) (
:

) (0 =
) .(1 =
) (-
) //( .

.
/ /
:
) (
:
) (

.

) (Cpi ) .(-
) (a :
X 10 = a
) (
)(4-14
.
) (5
. )(
) (
).(Cp
) (0.3 - = Cpi ) (0.2 - = Cpi
).(0.5 = Cp
) (a :
X 10 = a
) :(-
)(

:

)(4-15
)(Cpi

) (C pi
0 .2 +
0 .3
0 .3
(
) ( )
.
)( :

.
)(a
. ) (Cpi
) (- ) (Cpe
) (// ) (// .
) (4-16) (4-17 ) (a
:
= a
)(4-16
0.2 = a
)(4-17
.
) :(- ) (Cpi

) (
)(Cpi
Cpe X 0.75
Cpe X 0.9
:
) ( ) (- ) (Cpi
. ) (a
. ) (0 =
) (-

.
) (
) .(45 =
) (2.2 = Cp
. ] [5
.
) :(- ) (Cpi

1
0=
90 =
180 =

5
0.60 +
0.85 +
0.68 +
0.77 +
0.60 -
0.40 -
0.16 -
0.16 -
0.77 +
0.38 -
0.000.39 -
0.30 -
:
)(
.
)( ) 5 ( .
).(-
)=
) (
(90 4
:
) (- ) (Cpi
) ( .
) :(- ) (Cpi

H
d
H
> 0.3
d
0.3

0.80.5 -
)(Cpi
//
:
) (

) ) (200( .
) (200.
)( )(:
)(
) (- ) (Cp

.
.
) :(-
)(Cp
) (
1.20
2.00
)(Cp
) (Hr
.
) (L
) (2B < L ) (Hr
.
)( :
) ( -
) (L
)( ) (2L
) ( = L ).(1 = K
1.1
1.9
0.9
0.6
)(K
0.7
0.8
0.5
0.4
100
10
0.1
L

B
) (- ) (K .
) (
:
) ( - -
)(
) //( ) //( )//
( . ) (L .

) (.
) (

) .(30 = ] [5 ] [6
.
/ /
:
) (
:
) ( ) ( - ) (Cp

) (1.0 = ) (0.8 =
) (80 )(20
) .(-
) (0.8 < <1
. ) (0.8 =

) //(.
) (
) (h
) ( )(Cp
. ) (- .
) :(-
)(Cp

1=
0.8 =
3.4
2.1
1.7
1.2
2.1
1.8
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
)( :

h
) (-
h
) (1.8 = Cp >
2
) //( .
) (0.25B + .
).(-
4h
2h
0.3h
h =Hr
)( )(
> h/3
A B
)( .
h
H
Hr
)(
) (- .
A B
1.0
) (0.3
0.8
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.2
0.8
0.9
0.0
50
20
10
0.5
0.0
X

h
) (- .
B
B/4
B/4

Hr
h/2
) (-.
)(

/

.
:
* ) - (
.
)(8.4
) (4.0
.
*

.
) (Lightweight ) (
) (Public Spaces
) (Concourses
) (Dynamic Excitation
.

.

.

.
)(

/
)(Snow Drift Load Calculation

.
.
.
.

.
) ( hoi / So
= } ) (2/.{(
= hoi ) (.
= So ) /(

. ) (2bi/Isi
= bi ) (.
= lsi ) (.
) (Arbitrarily

. ) (8-5
.
)(

/

:
*
:
.
)( .
*

:
) (3 . .*
.

) (/
:
.
)(

/

)
( 10
) ( .

)) (Gumbel Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF
) (P ) (Probability
. ) (Q = 1 P

) ( .
1
Q

) (.
/ /
:
) (5/
) (10 . )(Vb
) (0.02 = Q .
) (Vs
)) (P
(
) (Method of Order Statistics
) (m ) (1 = m ) (N = m
) (P
m
N + 1
= ) . P(v s
.
) (Fisher-Tippet Type 1
) (FT1 ) (V
) (P .
) (Extreme-value Theory ) (FT1

1
) Vs2
2
= (q
)(Vs
) ( ) (1.226 /
) ( 20 .
) (Isotach
) (0.02 = Q
)( .
)
( .
.
/

) (Sd
) ( o 30

.

) (Sd
.
) . (1.0 = Sd

) (Ss
.
) (
.
) . (1.0 = Ss

) (//
) (11
.
)(
)(s
) ( - ) (s ) (Hills & Ridges ) - -(.

H/Le
0.100
0.126
0.158
0.200
0.251
0.316
0.398
0.501
0.631
0.794
1.000
1.259
1.585
1.995
X/Lu
-1.5
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.017
0.017
0.016
0.015
0.014
0.013
0.012
0.010
0.006
0.004
-1.4
0.024
0.024
0.023
0.023
0.022
0.021
0.020
0.019
0.017
0.016
0.014
0.011
0.008
0.004
-1.3
0.031
0.030
0.030
0.029
0.028
0.027
0.025
0.023
0.021
0.019
0.017
0.014
0.009
0.005
-1.2
0.040
0.039
0.038
0.037
0.035
0.034
0.032
0.029
0.027
0.024
0.021
0.017
0.011
0.006
-1.1
0.051
0.050
0.049
0.047
0.045
0.043
0.040
0.036
0.033
0.029
0.025
0.020
0.013
0.008
-1
0.066
0.064
0.063
0.060
0.057
0.054
0.050
0.045
0.041
0.036
0.030
0.024
0.016
0.009
-0.9
0.085
0.083
0.080
0.077
0.073
0.068
0.063
0.057
0.050
0.044
0.037
0.029
0.019
0.011
-0.8
0.110
0.107
0.103
0.098
0.093
0.086
0.079
0.071
0.062
0.053
0.045
0.035
0.023
0.014
-0.7
0.141
0.137
0.132
0.125
0.118
0.109
0.099
0.088
0.077
0.065
0.054
0.043
0.028
0.017
-0.6
0.182
0.176
0.169
0.160
0.150
0.138
0.124
0.110
0.095
0.080
0.066
0.052
0.034
0.020
-0.5
0.235
0.227
0.217
0.205
0.191
0.174
0.156
0.137
0.117
0.098
0.080
0.062
0.041
0.025
-0.4
0.303
0.292
0.278
0.262
0.242
0.220
0.196
0.170
0.145
0.120
0.097
0.075
0.049
0.030
-0.3
-0.2
X/Lu
-0.1
X/LD
0.1
X/LD
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.4
) ( -
0.308
0.279
0.246
0.213
0.179
0.147
0.118
0.090
0.059
0.37
0.392
0.353
0.310
0.265
0.221
0.180
0.144
0.109
0.071
0.045
0.498
0.446
0.389
0.330
0.273
0.221
0.174
0.132
0.086
0.054
0.634
0.564
0.489
0.412
0.337
0.270
0.212
0.159
0.103
0.066
0.544
0.487
0.425
0.360
0.298
0.241
0.191
0.144
0.094
0.060
0.467
0.420
0.369
0.316
0.263
0.215
0.172
0.131
0.086
0.054
0.401
0.363
0.320
0.276
0.233
0.192
0.155
0.119
0.078
0.050
0.344
0.313
0.278
0.242
0.205
0.171
0.139
0.108
0.072
0.045
0.295
0.270
0.242
0.212
0.181
0.152
0.125
0.098
0.065
0.041
)( ) ( - ) (s .
H/Le
0.100
0.126
0.158
0.200
0.251
0.316
0.398
0.501
0.631
0.794
1.000
1.259
1.585
1.995
X/LD
0.6
0.309
0.299
0.286
0.271
0.254
0.233
0.210
0.186
0.160
0.136
0.113
0.089
0.060
0.037
0.7
0.261
0.253
0.244
0.232
0.218
0.201
0.183
0.162
0.142
0.121
0.102
0.081
0.054
0.034
0.8
0.221
0.215
0.207
0.198
0.187
0.174
0.159
0.142
0.125
0.108
0.092
0.074
0.050
0.031
0.9
0.187
0.183
0.177
0.169
0.160
0.150
0.138
0.125
0.110
0.096
0.083
0.067
0.045
0.028
1
0.159
0.155
0.150
0.145
0.138
0.129
0.120
0.109
0.098
0.086
0.074
0.061
0.041
0.026
1.1
0.134
0.132
0.128
0.124
0.118
0.112
0.104
0.095
0.086
0.077
0.067
0.055
0.038
0.023
1.2
0.114
0.112
0.109
0.106
0.101
0.096
0.090
0.084
0.076
0.068
0.060
0.050
0.034
0.021
1.3
0.096
0.095
0.093
0.090
0.087
0.083
0.079
0.073
0.067
0.061
0.054
0.045
0.031
0.019
1.4
0.082
0.80
0.079
0.077
0.075
0.072
0.068
0.064
0.059
0.054
0.049
0.041
0.029
0.018
1.5
0.069
0.068
0.067
0.066
0.064
0.062
0.059
0.056
0.052
0.048
0.427
0.037
0.026
0.016
1.6
0.058
0.058
0.057
0.056
0.055
0.054
0.052
0.049
0.046
0.043
0.040
0.034
0.024
0.015
1.7
00.49
0.049
0.049
0.048
0.047
0.046
0.045
0.043
0.041
0.039
0.036
0.031
0.022
0.013
1.8
0.042
0.042
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.040
0.039
0.038
0.036
0.034
0.032
0.028
0.020
0.012
1.9
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.034
0.034
0.033
0.032
0.031
0.029
0.026
0.018
0.011
2
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.029
0.029
0.028
0.027
0.026
0.023
0.017
0.010
2.1
0.025
0.026
0.026
0.026
0.026
0.026
0.026
0.025
0.025
0.024
0.023
0.021
0.015
0.009
2.2
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.021
0.019
0.014
0.008
2.3
0.018
0.018
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.017
0.013
0.008
2.4
0.015
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.016
0.012
0.007
X/LD
2.5
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.014
0.011
0.006
) ( - ) (s ) - -(.
H/Le
X/lu
-0.3
-0.28
-0.26
0.24
-0.22
-0.2
-0.18
-0.16
-0.14
-0.12
-0.1
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
X/Lu
-0.02
0.010
0.451
0.475
0.501
0.528
0.556
0.587
0.618
0.652
0.687
0.724
0.763
0.805
0.848
0.894
0.942
0.993
0.013
0.016
0.020
0.025
0.032
0.040
0.050
0.063
0.079
0.100
0.126
0.158
0.200
0.449
0.447
0.444
0.440
0.436
0.430
0.423
0.414
0.404
0.391
0.375
0.356
0.334
0.473
0.471
0.468
0.464
0.459
0.453
0.446
0.436
0.425
0.411
0.395
0.375
0.351
0.499
0.496
0.493
0.489
0.484
0.477
0.469
0.460
0.448
0.433
0.415
0.394
0.369
0.526
0.523
0.519
0.515
0.509
0.503
0.494
0.484
0.471
0.455
0.437
0.414
0.387
0.554
0.551
0.547
0.543
0.537
0.530
0.521
0.509
0.496
0.479
0.459
0.435
0.406
0.584
0.581
0.577
0.572
0.566
0.558
0.548
0.536
0.522
0.504
0.483
0.457
0.427
0.616
0.612
0.608
0.603
0.596
0.588
0.577
0.565
0.549
0.531
0.508
0.480
0.448
0.649
0.645
0.641
0.635
0.628
0.619
0.608
0.595
0.578
0.558
0.534
0.505
0.471
0.684
0.680
0.675
0.669
0.662
0.652
0.641
0.626
0.609
0.587
0.562
0.531
0.494
0.721
0.717
0.712
0.705
0.697
0.687
0.675
0.659
0.641
0.618
0.591
0.558
0.519
0.760
0.755
0.750
0.743
0.734
0.724
0.711
0.694
0.674
0.650
0.621
0.586
0.545
0.801
0.796
0.790
0.783
0.774
0.763
0.748
0.731
0.710
0.684
0.653
0.616
0.573
0.844
0.839
0.833
0.825
0.815
0.803
0.788
0.770
0.747
0.720
0.687
0.647
0.601
0.890
0.884
0.878
0.869
0.859
0.846
0.830
0.811
0.787
0.757
0.722
0.681
0.632
0.938
0.932
0.925
0.916
0.905
0.891
0.874
0.854
0.828
0.797
0.760
0.715
0.663
0.989
0.983
0.975
0.966
0.954
0.939
0.921
0.899
0.872
0.839
0.799
0.752
0.697
X/LD
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
X/LD
0.1
0.959
0.926
0.894
0.863
0.834
0.955
0.949
0.942
0.933
0.921
0.907
0.890
0.869
0.843
0.811
0.773
0.728
0.675
0.922
0.916
0.909
0.901
0.890
0.877
0.860
0.840
0.815
0.785
0.748
0.705
0.654
0.890
0.885
0.878
0.870
0.860
0.847
0.831
0.812
0.788
0.759
0.724
0.682
0.634
0.859
0.854
0.848
0.840
0.830
0.818
0.803
0.784
0.762
0.734
0.701
0.661
0.614
0.830
0.825
0.819
0.811
0.802
0.790
0.776
0.758
0.736
0.710
0.678
0.640
0.595
)( ) ( - ) (s .
H/Le
0.010
0.013
0.016
0.020
0.025
0.032
0.040
0.050
0.063
0.079
0.100
0.126
0.158
0.200
X/LD
0.12
0.805
0.801
0.797
0.791
0.784
0.775
0.764
0.750
0.733
0.712
0.687
0.656
0.620
0.577
0.14
0.777
0.774
0.769
0.764
0.757
0.748
0.738
0.725
0.708
0.688
0.664
0.635
0.600
0.599
0.16
0.750
0.747
0.743
0.738
0.731
0.723
0.713
0.700
0.685
0.666
0.642
0.614
0581
0.542
0.18
0.725
0.721
0.717
0.712
0.706
0.698
0.689
0.677
0.662
0.644
0.621
0.595
0.563
0.525
0.2
0.700
0.697
0.693
0.688
0.682
0.675
0.665
0.654
0.640
0.622
0.601
0.575
0.545
0.509
0.22
0.675
0.673
0.669
0.664
0.659
0.652
0.643
0.632
0.618
0.602
0.581
0.557
0.528
0.493
0.24
0.652
0.649
0.646
0.642
0.636
0.629
0.621
0.611
0.598
0.582
0.562
0.539
0.511
0.478
0.26
0.630
0.627
0.624
0.620
0.614
0.608
0.600
0.590
0.578
0.562
0.544
0.522
0.495
0.463
0.28
0.608
0.606
0.602
0.598
0.593
0.587
0.580
0.570
0.558
0.544
0.526
0.505
0.479
0.449
0.3
0.587
0.585
0.582
0.578
0.573
0.567
0.560
0.551
0.540
0.526
0.509
0.488
0.464
0.435
0.32
0.567
0.565
0.562
0.558
0.554
0.548
0.541
0.532
0.522
0.508
0.492
0.473
0.449
0.421
0.34
0.547
0.545
0.542
0.539
0.535
0.529
0.523
0.514
0.504
0.492
0.476
0.457
0.435
0.408
0.36
0.528
0.526
0.524
0.520
0.516
0.511
0.505
0.497
0.487
0.475
0.461
0.443
0.421
0.396
0.38
0.510
0.508
0.506
0.503
0.499
0.494
0.488
0.480
0.471
0.460
0.445
0.428
0.408
0.383
0.4
0.493
0.491
0.488
0.485
0.482
0.477
0.471
0.464
0.455
0.444
0.431
0.415
0.395
0.371
0.42
0.476
0.474
0.472
0.469
0.465
0.461
0.455
0.449
0.440
0.430
0.417
0.401
0.382
0.360
0.44
0.459
0.458
0.455
0.453
0.449
0.445
0.440
0.433
0.425
0.415
0.403
0.388
0.370
0.349
0.46
0.443
0.442
0.440
0.437
0.434
0.430
0.425
0.419
0.411
0.402
0.390
0.376
0.358
0.338
0.48
0.428
0.427
0.425
0.422
0.419
0.415
0.411
0.405
0.397
0.388
0.377
0.364
0.347
0.328
X/LD
0.5
0.413
0.412
0.410
0.408
0.405
0.401
0.397
0.391
0.384
0.375
0.365
0.352
0.336
0.317
2.00
1.58
) H/Le (
1.26
1.00
S = 0.05
S = 0.05
0.79
0.63
0.1
0.1
0.15
0.50
0.40
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.25
0.20
0.3

) - -(
0.16
0.13
0.10
0.4
0.3
0.32
0.15
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.1
1.3
0.9
0.5
0.1
0.3
X/LD
-0.1
-0.7
-0.3
-0.7
-0.5
-0.9
-1.3
-1.1
-1.5
X/LU
) - -( : ) (s
0.200
) H/Le (
0.158
0.126
0.100
0.079
0.063
0.35
0.050
0.040
0.032
0.025
0.020
0.016
0.013
0.010
0.50
S = 0.40
0.40
0.45
0.45
0.50
0.50
0.55
0.55
0.85
0.85
0.60
0.65
0.60
0.90
0.90
0.65
0.70
0.70
0.75
0.95
0.80
1.00
0.02 0.06 0.10 0.14 0.18 0.22 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.46
X/LD
0.75
0.80
-0.30 -0.26 -0.22 -0.18 -0.14 -0.10 -0.06 -0.02
X/LU
) - -( : ) (s
) ( - ) (s ) - -(.
H/Le
0.100
0.126
0.158
0.200
0.251
0.316
0.398
0.501
0.631
0.794
1.000
1.259
1.585
1.995
X/Le
0
X/Le
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.5
) ( -
0.337
0.270
0.212
0.159
0.103
0.066
0.342
0.266
0.197
0.138
0.091
0.060
0.366
0.281
0.203
0.138
0.091
0.067
0.364
0.278
0.199
0.134
0.088
0.067
0.335
0.271
0.194
0.130
0.085
0.065
0.344
0.263
0.188
0.126
0.082
0.063
0.6
0.470
0.553
0.597
0.605
0.585
0.542
0.481
0.410
0.332
0.254
0.182
0.122
0.079
0.060
0.7
0.435
0.519
0.564
0.575
0.558
0.519
0.462
0.394
0.320
0.246
0.177
0.118
0.077
0.057
0.8
0.405
0.489
0.534
0.547
0.533
0.496
0.443
0.379
0.308
0.237
0.171
0.115
0.074
0.054
0.9
0.379
0.461
0.506
0.520
0.508
0.474
0.424
0.364
0.297
0.229
0.166
0.111
0.072
0.051
1
0.355
0.435
0.480
0.494
0.484
0.453
0.407
0.349
0.286
0.221
0.161
0108
0.069
0.048
1.1
0.333
0.411
0.455
0.470
0.461
0.433
0.389
0.335
0.275
0.214
0.156
0.105
0.067
0.046
1.2
0.314
0.388
0.431
0.447
0.439
0.413
0.372
0.322
0.265
0.207
0.151
0.102
0.065
0.043
1.3
0.295
0.367
0.409
0.424
0.418
0.394
0.356
0.308
0.255
0.200
0.146
0.099
0.063
0.040
1.4
0.278
0.347
0.387
0.403
0.398
0.376
0.340
0.296
0.245
0.193
0.142
0.097
0.061
0038
1.5
0.263
0.328
0.367
0.382
0.378
0.358
0.325
0.283
0.236
0.186
0.138
0.094
0.059
0.036
1.6
0.248
0.310
0.347
0.362
0.359
0.341
0.311
0.271
0.227
0.180
0.134
0.092
0.057
0.033
1.7
0.234
0.293
0.328
0.343
0.341
0.324
0.296
0.260
0.218
0.174
0.130
0.089
0.055
0.031
) ( - ) (s ) - -(.
H/Le
0.100
0.126
0.158
0.200
0.251
0.316
0.398
0.501
0.631
0.794
1.000
1.259
1.585
1.995
X/Le
2.2
0.174
0.217
0.244
0.257
0.258
0.249
0.231
0.207
0.178
0.145
0.112
0.079
0.048
0.021
2.3
0.164
0.203
0.228
0.241
0.242
0.235
0219
0.197
0.170
0.140
0.108
0.077
0.046
0.019
2.4
0.154
0.190
0.213
0.225
0.228
0.221
0.207
0.187
0.163
0.135
0.105
0.075
0.045
0.017
2.5
0.144
0.177
0.199
0.210
0.213
0.208
0.196
0.178
0.156
0.130
0.102
0.073
0.043
0.015
2.6
0.135
0.165
0.185
0.196
0.199
0.195
0.185
0.169
0.149
0.125
0.099
0.071
0.042
0.013
2.7
0.126
0.153
0.171
0.182
0.185
0.182
0.174
0.160
0.142
0.121
0.096
0.069
0.041
0.012
2.8
0.118
0.141
0.158
0.168
0.172
0.170
0.163
0.151
0.135
0.116
0.093
0.068
0.040
0.010
2.9
0.110
0.130
0.145
0.154
0.158
0.158
0.152
0.143
0.129
0.111
0.090
0.066
0.038
0.008
3
0.102
0.119
0.132
0.141
0.146
0.146
0.142
0.134
0.123
0.107
0.087
0.064
0.037
0.007
3.1
0.094
0.108
0.120
0.128
0.133
0.134
0.132
0.126
0.116
0.103
0.085
0.063
0.036
0.005
3.2
0.087
0.098
0.108
0.115
0.120
0.123
0.122
0.118
0.110
0.098
0.082
0.061
0.035
0.003
3.3
0.079
0.088
0.096
0.103
0. 108
0.112
0.113
0.110
0.104
0.094
0.079
0.059
0.034
0.002
3.4
0.072
0.078
0.084
0.091
0.096
0.101
0.103
0.102
0.098
0.090
0.077
0.058
0.033
0.000
X/Le
3.5
0.065
0.068
0.073
0.079
0.085
0.090
0.094
0.095
0.093
0.086
0.074
0.056
0.032
-0.001
1.8
0.221
0.276
0.310
0.325
0.323
0.308
0.283
0.249
0.209
0.168
0.126
0.087
0.054
0.029
1.9
0.208
0.260
0.293
0.307
0.306
0.293
0.269
0.238
0.201
0.162
0.122
0.085
0.052
0.027
2
0.196
0.245
0.276
0.290
0.290
0.278
0.256
0.227
0.193
0.156
0.119
0.083
0.051
0.025
2.1
0.185
0.231
0.259
0.273
0.273
0.263
0.243
0.217
0.185
0.151
0.115
0.081
0.049
0.023
) ( - ) (s ) - -(.
H/Le
0.050
0.063
0.079
0.100
0.126
0.158
0.200
0.251
0.316
0.398
0.501
X/Le
0
0.921
0.899
0.872
0.839
0.799
0.752
0.697
0.634
0.564
0.489
0.412
0.02
0.908
0.890
0.868
0.842
0.805
0.758
0.703
0.639
0.568
0.492
0.414
0.04
0.895
0.882
0.865
0.846
0.811
0.765
0.709
0.644
0.572
0.495
0.416
0.06
0.882
0.873
0.862
0.849
0.816
0.771
0.715
0.649
0.576
0.498
0.418
0.08
0.869
0.865
0.859
0.853
0.822
0.777
0.721
0.654
0.580
0.501
0.420
0.1
0.856
0.856
0.856
0.856
0.828
0.784
0.727
0.659
0.584
0.504
0.423
0.12
0.818
0.818
0.818
0.818
0.810
0.781
0.733
0.671
0.599
0.519
0.435
0.14
0.785
0.785
0.785
0.785
0.793
0.775
0.736
0.678
0.608
0.528
0.444
0.16
0.757
0.757
0.757
0.757
0.777
0.768
0.735
0.682
0.613
0.534
0.449
0.18
0.732
0.732
0.732
0.732
0.762
0.761
0.733
0.683
0.616
0.538
0.452
0.2
0.710
.710
0.710
0.710
0.748
0.753
0.729
0.682
0.617
0.540
0.454
0.22
0.689
0.689
0.689
0.689
0.734
0.744
0.725
0.680
0.617
0.540
0.455
0.24
0.670
0.670
0.670
0.670
0.721
0.736
0.719
0.678
0.616
0.540
0.455
0.26
0.653
0.653
0.653
0.653
0.709
0.727
0.714
0.674
0.614
0.539
0.454
0.28
0.637
0.637
0.637
0.637
0.697
0.719
0.708
0.670
0.611
0.537
0.453
0.3
0.622
0.622
0.622
0.622
0.686
0.710
0.702
0.666
0.608
0.535
0.451
0.32
0.608
0.608
0.608
0.608
0.675
0.702
0.695
0.661
0.605
0.532
0.449
) ( - ) (s
) - -(.
H/Le
0.050
0.063
0.079
0.100
0.126
0.158
0.200
0.251
0.316
0.398
0.501
X/Le
0.44
0.538
0.538
0.538
0.538
0.617
0.654
0.656
0.629
0.579
0.512
0.434
0.46
0.529
0.529
0.529
0.529
0.608
0.646
0.650
0.624
0.575
0.508
0.431
0.48
0.519
0.519
0.519
0.519
0.600
0.639
0.643
0.618
0.570
0.505
0.428
X/Le
0.5
0.510
0.510
0.510
0.510
0.591
0.632
0.637
0.613
0.565
0.501
0.425
0.34
0.595
0.595
0.595
0.595
0.664
0.694
0.689
0.656
0.601
0.529
0.447
0.36
0.582
0.582
0.582
0.582
0.654
0.685
0.682
0.651
0.597
0.526
0.445
0.38
0.570
0.570
0.570
0.570
0.644
0.677
0.676
0.646
0.593
0.523
0.442
0.4
0.559
0.559
0.559
0.599
0.635
0.669
0.669
0.640
0.588
0.519
0.440
X/Le
0.42
0.549
0.549
0.549
0.549
0.626
0.662
0.663
0.635
0.584
0.516
0.437
2.00
1.58
s=0.05
) H/Le (
0.79
0.63
0.15
0.2
0.50
0.40
0.25
0.32
0.3
0.35
0.25
0.20
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.16
0.13
0.10
3.4
3.2
2.8
3.0
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.6
0.55
0.8
0.6
) -(
0.4
0.2
) -(
0.1
1.26
1.00
0.0
X/Le
) -( : ) (s
0.50
0.45
) H/Le (
0.60
0.65
0.25
S = 0.70
0.20
0.75
0.16
0.80
0.13
0.10
0.85
0.08
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.06
0.70
0.75
0.80
) - -(
0.32
0.55
0.85
0.90
0.05
0.04
0.32
0.08
0.28
0.36
0.44
0.48
0.20
0.12
0.40
0.16
0.24
0.06
0.02
0.10
0.14
0.46
0.34
0.26
0.30
0.38
0.18
0.50
0.42
0.22
X/Le
) - -( : ) (s
0.00
0.40
0.50
)(-

)(
Width
Furniture
Snow Loads
Live Loads, Imposed Loads
Dynamic Loads
Impact Loads
Equivalent Loads
Uniformly Distributed Loads
Height
Storage Height
Rice in Sacks
Floor
Frames
Acrylic
Ammonia
Dynamic Excitation
) (

Span
)Paraffin (Kerosene
Landing
Onion in Sacks

) (

)Wool Goods (Encased Pieces

Cotton Goods (Encased Pieces) in Bales
)Cotton Goods (Encased Pieces
Potato in Sacks
Potato, Loose
Benzene, Benzol
Bitumen
Eggs in Cartoons
) (

Loads Combination
Turpentine
Parapet
Fig in Boxes
)(
Beam
Girder
Cheese, Loose
Rigidity
Leathers in Bales
Ice
Gymnasium

)(
)(
Hemp (Cannabis) in Bales
)(

Guard Rail
Acetic Acid
Sulfuric Acid
Nitric Acid
Whirled Ropes
Milk
Dead Load
Wheat in Sacks
Wheat, Loose
Panic Barriers
)(

Ground Roughness
Amplitude Line
)(
Balustrade
Stairs
Fats
)(
Joist
Crane

)(

Overhead Crane
Lounge
)(

Butter in Barrels
Glass
Linseed Oil
)(
Carpets
Suction
Frictional Drag
Design Wind Speed
Basic Wind Speed
Ceiling
Roof
Inaccessible Roofs
Pitched Roofs
Sloping Roofs
Accessible Roofs
Curved Roofs
Sugar, Loose
)(

Tea in Chests
Balcony

)(

Display & Sale Hall
Art Galley
Wool, Loose
) (

Dynamic Pressure
)(

Flour in Sacks
Flour in Bulk
Length
Longitudinal
) (

Height Factor
Soil Factor
Dynamic Factor
Breadth
Lateral
Overturning Moment
Torsional Moment
Gust
Bracing Element
Depth
Structural Members

) (

Billiard Room
Dressing Room
Drill Room
Stack Room
Filing Room
Laundry
Boiler Room
Reading Room
Bed Room
)(

Coal, Loose
Dry Fruits in Sacks
)(
Tar, Pitch
Bank Hall
Assembly Hall
Dance Hall
)(
Dormitory
Base of Structure
Partitions
Stiffness
Cotton in Bales

)(

Coffee in Sacks
Coffee, Loose
Drag Force
Wind Forces
Earthquake Forces
)(

Stacking Books
Alcohol
Methylated Spirit
Roof Cladding
Access Hatches
)(

Canned Meats
)(

Sea Water
Fresh Water
Museum
Design Requirements
Motor
Tinned Pickles
Hallway
Garage
Fan

)(

Effective Frontal Area
Foundry
Warehouse
Cold Storage
) (
Stationery
Theater
Workshops
Drinks, Loose
Drinks in Barrels
Drinks in Bottles
Lift
Factory
Rubber
Kitchen
Drag Coefficient
Pressure Coefficient
Force Coefficient
Plastic Hinge
Slipping Resistance
Fly Gallery
Reciprocating Machinery
Salt in Packets
Salt, Loose
Corridor

)(

Cat Walk
) (
Foot Bridge
Footpath
Special Structure
)(
Stage
Skylight
)(

Aspect Ratio
)Paper Wastes (Pressed
Sewage
Naphtha
) (

Ductile Frame
Space Frame
Braced Frame
)(
Paper
)(-

)(A
Acetic Acid
Access Hatches
Accessible Roofs
Acrylic
Alcohol
Ammonia
Amplitude Line
Art Gallery
Aspect Ratio
Assembly Hall
)(B
Balcony
Balustrade
Bank Hall
Base of Structure
Basic Wind Speed
Beam
Bed Room
Benzene, Benzol
Billiard Room
Bitumen
Boiler Room
Braced Frame

)(B
Bracing Element
Breadth
Butter in Barrels
)(C
Canned Meats
Carpets
Cat Walk
Ceiling
Cheese, Loose
Coal, Loose
Coffee in Sacks
Coffee, Loose
Cold Storage
Corridor
)Cotton Goods (Encased Pieces
Cotton Goods (Encased Pieces) in Bales
Cotton in Bales
Crane
Curved Roofs
)(D
Dance Hall
Dead Load
Depth
Design Requirements

)(D
Design Wind Speed
Display & Sale Hall
)(
Dormitory
Drag Coefficient
Drag Force
Dressing Room
Drill Room
Drinks in Barrels
Drinks in Bottles
Drinks, Loose
Dry Fruits in Sacks
Ductile Frame
Dynamic Excitation
Dynamic Factor
Dynamic Loads
Dynamic Pressure
)(E
Earthquake Forces
Effective Frontal Area
Eggs in Cartoons
Equivalent Loads
)(F
Factory
Fan
Fats

)(F
Fig in Boxes
Filing Room
Floor
Flour in Bulk
Flour in Sacks
Fly Gallery
) (
Foot Bridge
Footpath
Force Coefficient
Foundry
Frames
Fresh Water
Frictional Drag
Furniture
)(G
Garage
Girder
Glass
Ground Roughness
Guard Rail
Gust
Gymnasium
)(H
Hallway

)(H
Height
Height Factor
)(
Hemp (Cannabis) in Bales

)(I
Ice
Impact Loads
Imposed Loads
Inaccessible Roofs
)(J
Joist
)(K
Kitchen
)(L
Landing
Lateral
Laundry
Leathers in Bales
Length
Lift
Linseed Oil
Live Loads
Loads Combination
Longitudinal
Lounge

)(M
Methylated Spirit
Milk
Motor
Museum
)(N
Naphtha
Nitric Acid
)(O
Onion in Sacks
Overhead Crane
Overturning Moment
)(P
Panic Barriers
Paper
)Paper Waste (Pressed
)Paraffin (Kerosene
Parapet
Partitions
Pitched Roofs
Plastic Hinge
Potato in Sacks
Potato, Loose
Pressure Coefficient
)(R
Reading Room

)(R
Reciprocating Machinery
Rice in Sacks
Rigidity
Rolling Loads
Roof
Roof Cladding
Rubber
)(S
Salt in Packets
Salt, Loose
Sea Water
Sewage
Skylight
Slipping Resistance
Sloping Roofs
Snow Loads
Soil Factor
Space Frame
Span
Special Structure
Stack Room
Stacking Books
)(
Stage

)(S
Stairs
) (
Stationery
Stiffness
Storage Height
Structural Members
Suction
Sugar, Loose
Sulfuric Acid
)(T
Tar, Pitch
Tea in Chests
Theater
Tinned Pickles
Torsional Moment
Turpentine
)(U
Uniformly Distributed Loads

)(W
Warehouse
Wheat in Sacks
Wheat, Loose
Whirled Ropes
Width
Wind Forces
)Wool Goods (Encased Pieces

)(W
Wool, Loose
Workshops
3.
DESIGN LOADING FOR BUILDINGS,

Part 1. Code of Practice For Dead & Imposed Loads,
BS 6399:Part 1:1996,
British Standards Institution.
4.
LOADING FOR BUILDINGS,

Part 2. Code of Practice For wind Loads,
BS 6399:Part 2:1997,
5.
COOK, N.J, The Designers Guide to Wind Loading of Building

Structures. Part2: Static structures. London: Butterworth Scientific, 1985,
6.
WILLFORD,M.R. and ALLSOP,A.C., Design Guide for Wind Loads on

Unclad Framed Building Structures During Construction (Suplement 3 to
Designers Guide to Wind Loading of Building Structures [5,7]). Garston:
Building Research Establishment, 1990.
7.
COOK, N.J., The Designers Guide to Wind Loading of Building

Structures. Part1: Background, Damage Survey, Wind Data and
Structural Dassification. London : Butterworth Scientific, 1985,
8.
Lattice Towers and Masts,

Part 4. Code of Practice For Loading of Guyed Masts,
BS 8100:Part 4:1995,
) (SI-Units .
cm
km
mm
kg
mg
min
m3
mm2
/
/
mL
m2
N
kN
N/mm2
kN/m2
9.81
9.81
9.81
0.0981
9.81
9.81
0.102
0.102
0.102
10.20
0.102
0.102
.
/

.
.
.
- - :
) ( /

:
/
) ( /

:
//

:
//
)(

:
//
)(

) (
)*(

:
//
)(

) (
*

windows-1256 - - كودة الاحمال والقوى الاردنية - 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

windows-1256 - - كودة الاحمال والقوى الاردنية - 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

..

) (SI Units .......................

):(Imposed Loads = Live Loads

):(Overturning and Slipping Resistance

)(Weights of Other Materials

) (Uniformly Distributed Loads /

Elm & Ash

)Brewer's Grains (Wet

)Paper Waste (Pressed

Dry Fruits in Sacks

Fresh Fruits in Sacks

)Hay (Pressed in Bales

Cotton Goods (Encased

Cotton Goods (Encased

Silk Goods in Envelopes

Wool Pressed in Bales

Wool Goods (Encased

)(Live Loads, Imposed Loads

)(Other Live Loads

):(Parapets, Balustrades and Railings

):(Columns, Walls & Foundations

) (Imposed Roof Load :

} {0.6 ( 60 ) / 30 / ) (30 ) (60.

):(Industrial and Commercial Buildings

)( ):So (Site Snow Load

):Sd (Snow Load on Roof

):(Redistributed Snow Load

)( ):(Variably Distributed Load

500 > h > 250

1500 > h > 500

) (15) (bi ) (bi) = (ls1 ) (15) < (bi ) (ls1

2b3 /(ls1-ls2) >5.0

* ):(Roofs Abutting or Close to Taller Structures

ls1 > 5ho1

ls1 > 5ho1

(2b / ls1) > 8

(2ho1 / so) > 8

(2ho1 / so) > 0.8

5ho1 > 7.5 m

lsi > 5ho1

lsi > 5ho1

(2ho1 / so) > 5

so) > 0.8

}1 = (2ho1 / so) {(60-) / 30

):(Snow Sliding Down Roofs

= ) (Ridge ) (eaves ) (Inset

) (Mildy Dynamic Structures

) ( 30+ > > 15+

).(1 > > 0

)( ).(1 > > 0

)(Snow Drift Load Calculation

) ( - ) (s ) (Hills & Ridges ) - -(.

-0.30 -0.26 -0.22 -0.18 -0.14 -0.10 -0.06 -0.02

Live Loads, Imposed Loads

Uniformly Distributed Loads

Silk Goods in Envelopes

)Wool Goods (Encased Pieces

)Cotton Goods (Encased Pieces

)Hay (Pressed in Bales

Hemp (Cannabis) in Bales

)Brewer's Grains (Wet

Design Wind Speed

Basic Wind Speed