A Presentation by: JOMAR P.

RONQUILLO, RN, MANc

(1)Gas exchange (2)Regulation of blood pH (3)Voice production (4)Olfaction (5)Innate immunity

FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

2 Divisions:

Upper Respiratory tract Lower respiratory tract

 Upper respiratory tract:

Nose Nasal cavity Pharynx and; Associated structures Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs

ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Lower respiratory tract:

Upper Respiratory System

ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

NOSE External nose Nasal cavity

The External Nose

The Nasal Cavity

Nasal Cavity and Associated structures:

Nares Nasal Septum Hard palate Conchae Paranasal sinuses

The Paranasal Sinuses

SINUSITIS
The inflammation of one or more paranasal sinuses Viral infections can cause mucous membranes to become inflammed, to swell and produce excess mucus.

SINUSITIS

Nasal Cavity and Associated structures cont d:

Nasolacrimal ducts Oropharynx Tonsils Laryngopharynx

Nasolacrimal Duct

The Pathway of Air

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

PREDICT:
What happens to your throat when you sleep with your mouth open?

Upper Respiratory System:

PHARYNX

The common passageway of

both the respiratory and digestive systems. Is divided into three portions: Leads to the larynx and to the esophagus

Pharynx

Soft Palate

Uvula

Pharynx
(1) Nasopharynx Located superior to the choanae and superior to the soft palate Is where the auditory tubes opens into from the middle ear Contains the pharyngeal tonsil

Pharyngeal Tonsil

PHARYNX
(1) Nasopharynx cont d:

The soft palate is elevated

during swallowing

AS A MATTER OF FACT:
The sneeze reflex functions to dislofge foreign substances from the nasal cavity.

Pharynx
(2) OROPHARYNX:

Extends from the uvula to the epiglottis Opens into the oral cavity Lined with stratified squamous epithelium Two sets of tonsils are located
near the opening between the mouth and the oropharynx:

Palatine and Lingual Tonsils

Pharynx
(3) LARYNGOPHARYNX:

Passes posterior to the larynx

and extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the esophagus Lined with stratified squamous epithelium and ciliated columnar epithelium

Laryngopharynx

Lower Respiratory Tract

Larynx

Is located in the anterior throat It is continuous superiorly

with the pharynx and inferiorly with the trachea

Larynx

Consists of 9 cartilages

Larynx

Swallowing

Larynx
Two pairs of ligaments extend from the posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage to the paired cartilages:

Vocal Cords

Vocal Cords

Vocal Cords

Vocal Cords

As a Matter of Fact:
The Cough Reflex: The function of the cough reflex is to dislodge foreign substances from the trachea.

Upper Respiratory Tract

Trachea

Is a membranous tube that

consists of connective tissue and smooth muscle, reinforced with 16-20 Cshaped pieces of cartilage.\ Divides into the right and left primary bronchi The cartilages (function):

Trachea

The Trachea and the Esophagus

Trachea
Cont d: Is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium which is important for its clearing mechanisms Chronic irritation of the trachea by cigarrette smoke can cause a change in its epithelium

Relevant Concepts:
(1) Heimlich maneuver: An emergency action that expels foreign object out of the airway by applying pressure to the abdomen

Relevant Concepts:
(2) Intubation

Relevant Concepts:
(3) Cricothyrotomy (4) Tracheostomy (5) Tracheotomy

The Lower Respiratory Tract

BRONCHI

The branches of the trachea Foreign objects usually

Left main bronchus Right main bronchus
lodge in the right main bronchus Lined with ciliated columnar epithelium

LUNGS
The principal organs of respiration POSITION: LOBES AND SEGMENTS:

The Lungs

The Lungs

Lungs

As the air passagways of the

lungs become smaller, the structure of their walls changes.

Lungs

As the air passageways of

the lungs become smaller, their walls also changes. As the air passages beyond the terminal bronchioles become smaller, their walls become thinner.

Alveolus

Lungs

The RESPIRATORY

MEMBRANE of the lungs is where gas exchange between the air and blood takes place.

Lungs

The Resiratory Membrane

Lungs

The elastic fibers

surrounding the alveoli allow them to expand during expiration and recoil during expiration. Specialized secretory cells within the walls of the alveoli secrete a chemical called surfactant.

Lower Respiratory Tract

Pleural Cavities

The lungs are contained

within the thoracic cavity. In addition, each lung is surrounded by a separate PLEURAL CAVITY. Parietal and visceral pleura

Pleural Cavity and the Pleural Membranes

Ventilation

Ventilation is the process of

moving air into and out of the lungs.

Changes in thoracic volume

are responsible for ventilation

Inspiration Expiration

Changing Thoracic Volumes

Muscles associated with the

ribs are responsible for ventilation.

Muscles of inspiration Muscles of expiration

Internal intercostals

Diaphragm External Intercostals

Diaphragm

External Intercostal Muscles

Thoracic Expansion

Changing Thoracic Volumes

At the end of quiet, normal

expiration, the respiratory muscles are relaxed. Contraction of the diaphragm and the external intercostals increases the thoracic volume.

Changing Thoracic Volumes

Expiration during quiet

breathing occurs when the diaphragm and external intercostals relax and; The elastic properties of the thorax and the lungs cause a passive decrease in the thoracic volume

Ventilation

Changing Thoracic Volumes

There are several differences between normal, quiet breathing and labored breathing.

Two Principles governing airflow into and out of the Lungs

1.) Changes in volume result

in changes in pressure.

2.) Air flows from areas of

higher to lower pressure

1. End of expiration: Alveolar

pressure = Atmospheric pressure

SUMMARY:

2. During inspiration: Alveolar

pressure < Atmospheric pressure
(AIR FLOW? From the external environment into the lungs)

(AIR FLOW? NONE)

SUMMARY
3. End of expiration: Alveolar pressure = Atmospheric pressure (AIR FLOW? NONE) 4. During expiration: Alveolar pressure > Atmospheric pressure (AIR FLOW? From the lungs to the external environment)

LUNG RECOIL

Lung recoil is the tendency for an expanded lungs to decrease in size. Results from:
1. The elasticity of the lungs 2. Surface tension in the alveoli

SURFACTANT

Is a mixture of lipoprotein

molecules produced by secretory cells of the alveolar epithelium. Function: TO REDUCE SURFACE TENSION

Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A respiratory condition in premature infants caused by too little surfactant.

Lung collapse Inadequate ventilation Respiratory muscle fatigue Early death

 Spirometry is the process of

PULMONARY VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES

measuring volumes of air that move into and out of the respiratory system. Spirometer: Device The measurement can provide information about the health of the lungs.

Spirometry

1.Tidal volume

PULMONARY VOLUMES

2. Inspiratory reserve volume 3. Expiratory reserve volume 4. Residual volume

is the volume of air inspired or expired with each breath. is the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of the resting tidal volume Is the amount of air that can be expired forcefully after expiration of the resting tidal volume

is the amount of air still remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration

1. Functional Residual Capacity: 2. Inspiratory capacity 3. Vital Capacity

PULMONARY CAPACITIES

Is the Expiratory Reserve Volume plus the Residual Volume

Is the Tidal Volume plus the Inspiratory Reserve Volume Is the sum of the Inspiratory Reserve Volume, the Tidal Volume, and the Expiratory Reserve Volume

4. Total Lung Capacity

Is the sum of the Inspiratory and Expiratory Reserves and the tidal and residual volumes

GAS EXCHANGE

Gas exchange is the process of

respiration which involves the diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

GAS EXCHANGE

Gas exchange occurs in the respiratory membrane. Several factors influence the

exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane.

1. Respiratory Membrane Thickness

Factors Influencing the Exchange of Gases

2. Surface Area

Factors Influencing the Exchange of Gases

3. Partial Pressure

Factors Influencing the Exchange of Gases

Diffusion of Gases in the Lungs

Diffusion of Gases in the Tissues

Oxygen Transport

About 98.5% of the oxygen

transported into the blood from the lungs combines reversibly with hemoglobin. The ability of hemoglobin to bind to oxygen depend on the P0 . The amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin is influenced by several factors.

 Carbon dioxide enters the blood

Carbon Dioxide Transport and Blood pH

from the tissues and is transported in three ways: Carbon dioxide has an important effect on the pH of blood.

Rhythmic Ventilation

The normal respiration in adults is

between 12 and 20 respirations per minute. The generation of the basic rhythm of ventilation is controlled by the neurons within the medulla oblongata that stimulate the muscles of respiration.

Respiratory Areas of the Brain

The Medullary center consists of: The Pontine Respiratory Group

1. Two dorsal respiratory groups 2. Two ventral respiratory groups

Respiratory Areas of the Brain

 The medullary respiratory center

1. Starting Inspiration 2. Increasing Inspiration 3. Stopping Inspiration

Generation of Rhythmic Ventilation

generates the basic pattern of spontaneous , rhythmic ventilation.

Nervous Control of Ventilation

Higher brain centers can modify the activity of the respiratory center. The Hering-Breuer reflex functions

to support respiratory movements by limiting the extent of ventilation.

Chemical Control of Ventilation

For the respiratory system to

maintain O and CO at homeostatic levels, there must be someway to monitor the levels of these gases. Chemoreceptors Carbon dioxide levels in the blood are the major driving force for regulating respiration.

 Almost all aspects of the respiratory

systems are affected by aging.

Effects of Aging on the Respiratory System

Changes in mucocilliary escillator Decreased vital capacity Increased residual volume

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