Mathematical resoning

1. a statement or proposition is a declarative sentence which is either true or false, but not both simultaneously.
2. A paradox is asentence which is both true and false simultaneously
3. a statement is called smple if it cannot be broken into simple statements, otherwise complex.truth value of a compound statement is completely determined by its constituenet elements. 4. Table for basic logical connectives P q P^q Pvq p->q P <-> q ~p T T F T F T T F F T T T T F T T F F F F T

F F F F T T T NB. DO MEMORIZE THE TABLE. (MY ADVICE) 5. DEMORGANS LAWS ~(PVQ) = ~P ^ ~Q ~(P^Q) = ~P V ~Q 6.SOME RESULTS A. NEGATION OF P--->Q IS ~ P ---> ~ Q B. CONTRAPOSITIVE OF P---> Q IS ~Q---> ~P C.CONVERSE OF CONDITIONAL STATEMENT P--->Q IS Q--->P D.P <---> Q === (EQUIVALENT TO) ( P----> Q) ^ ( Q---->P) 7. SOME DEFENITIONS A) A STATEMENT IS SAID TO BE TAUTOLOGY IF IT IS ALWAYS TRUE B) A STATEMENT IS A CONTRADICTION IF IT IS ALWAYS FALSE C)DUAL OF A COMPOUND STATEMENT NOT INVOLVING LOGICAL CONNECTIVE OTHER THAN ^ AND V IS OBTAINED BY REPLACING EACH OCCURANCE OF ^ AND V BY ^ AND V RESPECTIVELY, AND EACH OCCURANCE OF T BY F AND F BY T D)THE PRINCIPLE OF DUALITY : let s and t be statements that contain no logical connectives other than ^ and v . if s<-->t then S (SUPERSCRIPT ) d <--> T( SUPERSCRIPT ) d denotes dual of s etc. E. quantifiers are phrases like there exists and for every. The mathematical reasoning is

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