27-10-2009 02:27 PM

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Widening Superelevation


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....
) )
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) . ) 40
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). ) 16 25
) . )

) . )12 16
Design Classes 1 1



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. ) (1

2-
Design Speed 1 2

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.
Running Speed 2 2

) . )
Average Spot Speed. 3 2

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) (2

) /(
Design Speed
) /(
Average Running Speed
50 45
60 53
70 61
80 68
90 75
100 81
110 88
120 94
130 100
140 106
Design Speed Standards 4 2


.
) (3

/( (
) /(
( LOCAL) 30 50

( COLLECTOR ) 50 60

- 100 80
- 90 70
- 60 50

( Expressway ) 90 120
3
Highway Capacity & Level of Service
1 3

.
2 3


. ) (4
) (4
Two Lanes
- 93/ -
420/ . 90 -
.
88 / . . 0.27
750 / .
70 0.10
0.80 .
84 / 43 .
1200 /
50 . .
.
80/ . 64
1800 / . 40
.

72/ 2800 /
)( )( )( .
33 .
. ) (1.00-0.70 0.95
72/ 2000
. 25 33
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:
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) (5

) ( C
) ( C
) ( D
4
) (Sight Distance 1 4


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) (Stopping Sight Distance 1 1 4

)(6
) . ) 2
) (Passing Sight Distance 1 2 4


. ). (2
) (6
) (7
) / )
369
40 2 4 6
50 3 6 10
60 5 10 18
70 7 15 26
* 80 9 21
* 90 12 29
* 100 16 38
*
: 50/
3
( : ) (6 65 (
. ) (7 = 68 = 3 + 65
. : 60/
( : ) (3 (

. 420 . ) ( 6 420
1 2 4

). (1-4
) (2-4 .

.
1 4 4

. 1.07
15 1.30
.
) (Crest Curve 1 4 1 4
) )1
L = Kc X A ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1

= L
) =Kc )8
=A

 K c ) (8

) ( Kc /( (

40 5 90
50 15 130
60 18 180
70 31 250
80 49 310
90 71 390
100 105 480
110 151 570
120 202 670
( : 40 / 4 - 3 + (

. 40 / Kc 5 ) (8
A = | (3) - (- 4)| = 7
L = 5 x 7 = 35 m
. 10 40
) ( Sag Curve 1 4 2 4
) )2
L = Ks x A ..2

= L
) = Ks )9
= A
) (Ks
40 8
50 12
60 18
70 25
80 32
90 40
100 51
110 62
120 73
( : 40 / 3 - 3 + (
.
40 / K s 8 ) (9
A = | (-3) - (3 ) | = 6
m L = 6 x 8 = 48
. 50
5
Horizontal Alignment
Superelevation 1 5
Superelevation

) . )3

 :
= R
= V /
= f
= e /
( 100 / 4 (

) (11 0.12
) )3
. 492 10 500
) (10
) ) /( ) /
0.10 0.08
0.10 0.08
0.12 0.08
0.12 0.10
) (11

/
0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
40 0.17 55 50 45 45
50 0.16 90 85 75 70
60 0.15 135 125 115 105
70 0.14 195 175 160 150
80 0.14 250 230 210 195
90 0.13 335 305 275 255
100 0.12 440 395 360 330
110 0.11 560 500 455 415
120 0.09 755 655 595 540
130 0.09 885 785 700 635
140 0.08 1100 965 860 770
1 1 5

)) . ) )6


) ) ) (7)( 8
=A
=B ,
=C
=D
Superelevation Development 1 2 5
.
. Transition Curve

). )12
1 3 5

 ) (
.

.



.
) (12

) ( / ( (
40 0.74
50 0.66
60 0.59
70 0.54
80 0.50
90 0.47
100 0.44
110 0.41
120 0.38
130 0.36
140 0.34
) )4
= L
) =e ) /
= w
) = r ) 12
( 80 / 7.30 (
0.10 /
. ) (4 73
( 50 (
. 30
Transition Curves 2 5
) (

.

.

.
:
) L = 0.0702 V3 / ( RXC
= L
) ) / = V
) ) = R
) )/ C = 3-1)( 3
3 5
) ( 10 9
( radians ).

 Curve Widening 4 5
.
) (14 .
) . )11

7 5
.


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:
1.

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2.
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. 3.
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4.
150 5
30 .
. 5.



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6.

1.5.
7.


. 60
) ( 8.




.
500

. 250
.

 . 9.
.
10.

. 500 1000
6
.

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. ) (


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1 6

0.5
.
0.3 .
.
) (15
) . )16
2 6
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.

.
7
Vertical Curves


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.

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Heavy Grades 1 7
) ( Profile
) . (
(( passenger car
.
2 7
) ( Profile 10
.
3 7
5.5

. 10
4 7

 5 7

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. ) (15
6 7
:
1.


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2.

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) ( 3.
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4.



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5.
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. 6.
. 8
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. 1 8

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1.



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2.
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3.



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4.
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5.


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6.
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2 8

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2500 :1 2000: 1 1000:1
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 .


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9
1 9

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3.65 3.35
.
2 9


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.. 1.5

.
3 9


.

.
) ( Shoulder
. 2.50
. 6.50

3.00
.
Frontage Roads 4 9


.
Location Of Frontage Road 4 1 9

. .
Outer Separation 4 2 9

.
.
Terminals 4 3 9
.
5 9



).(17 ) (18
. ) (17

2
3

2.50 2
3
1.25 2.00
..
) (18
) )( )
3.25 2.50
3.65 2.50
3.65 2.00
) ( 22 18

Side Slope 6 9

. ) (19
. ) (1 :2
) (
)(

0 1
1:6
1:6 1:4
6 :1 1:6
4 :1 1:3
4 :1 1:6
4 :1 1:3
4 :1
1-3
1:4
4 :1 1:3
4 :1 1:3
4 :1 1:2
4 :1 1:3
3 :1 1:2
3 :1
3 5
1:3

4 :1 1:2
3 :1 1:3
4 :1 1:2
3 :1 1:3
3 :1 1:2
1.5 : 1
5
1:2
3 :1 1:2
1:2 1:2
1:3 1:2
1:2 1:2
1:2 1:2
1.5 : 1
10
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: 1 10

22.5 15
1 3
2 8


. 50 60
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. 2 10

10 15 1:1 1:2

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. 11
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1.5 .

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. 12


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50
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. 13

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1 13
3 12
) (Through Traffic



12
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. 3

 2 13

7 4
. 7
4 8
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) (
3 1
3 1 2
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3 13

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4 13
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)
(
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. 5


.

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) ( 0.50 0.60
.
14
GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF ROUNDABOUT

.

60 40 60
)
).
FLARE DESIGN AT ENTRY 1 14
) ( Approach Lanes
30 95 . )
24) .
ENTRY WIDTH 2 14

3.65 4.60 .

 .
). . )25
CIRCULATING WIDTH 3 14


.
) ) . ((26
) ( ROUNDABOUT .
15 28
.
INSCRIBED CIRCLE DIAMETER 4 14

WB . 30.5
- 50
) ) ( (27
.
EXITS 5 14
.

.
SPLITTER ISLANDS 6 14
.
) . . )28
DEFLECTION 7 14
.
45 / .
:
.
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) . )29
.
) 2.15( 131 .
) 48/ . )30
.
) (
) . . )31
: 8 14
40 48 /
. ) (20
.
) ( 20

/( (
) (
20.00 18.50
24.00 30.50
32.00 55.00

40.00 88.50
48.00 131.00
SIGHT DISTANCE 9 14
.
)32
) .
) : (1
.
) ( YIELD ) : (2
.
) : (3
. YIELD
INSCRIBED CIRCLE DIAMETER 10 14
29 91.4 .
29 ) ( BUS
40

50
) ... ( . ) (33
.
:
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.
. ) 1 ( 2
.
. 1
.
.
) ( 21 )(

( (
) ) ( )
91.4 5.20 6.60
85.3 5.20 6.60
79.2 5.20 6.90
73.2 5.30 7.00
67.1 5.30 7.30
61.0 5.50 7.60
57.9 5.50 7.80
54.9 5.60 8.10
51.8 5.80 8.40
48.8 5.90 8.70
45.7 6.10 9.10
42.7 6.20 9.60
39.6 6.4 10.20
36.6 6.70 11.1
33.5 7.00 12.3
* 30.5 7.00

* 29.0 7.20
) ( *
15


.

.
Flexible Pavement 1 15
: 15 1 1

.
: 1 1 1 15

.
: 1 1 2 15

.
.
PT SN
) . ( = 2.5 ) ( =2.00
18000 ) 80000 ( ) (22
.


:
x (LF x A ) x T x GF x ADT = 365
:
. = ADT
) . ) = A
. = GF
. = T
) ) = LF
) . )22
C B R 1 1 3 15

) (CBR
3
0.10
)
. ) (CBR ) CBR= 100
. 1 1 4 15


) (
.
) (23

( (

) (
2 50
4 45
6 40
. 1 1 5 15

10 30 15
.
. 1 1 6 15


4 2
) . . )24
1 1 7 15

.



.
: 2 15

(AASHTO) .
) (Mr 2 1 15


.

) (CBR
: ) (CBR ) (Mr
Mr = 1500 x CBR PSI
10
CBR 10

) . )27

) (Hveem ) (Marshall
) . )25
: 2 2 15

. 2.5
2.0 .
. 4.2 4.5
) (a1 ) : (25
20

/ ( 2 (
( (

Hveem
125.000 500 0.22 80
150000 750 0.25 95
200000 975 0.30 120
250000 1200 0.33 130
300000 1400 0.36 155
350000 1600 0.39 175
400000 1900 0.42 190
. m3 , m2 ) ( 26

1.0 1.25 1.15
0.60 1.05 0.80
) ( a2 ) (a3 ) (27
) (Mr
) (CBR
(a3) Mr
(a2) Mr / 2
/ 2
20 0.095 13000 - 25 0.100 13500 - 30 0.11 14500 -40 0.120 16000 0.105 21000
55 0.125 17500 0.120 25000
70 - - 0.130 27000
100 - - 0.140 30000
(SN). 2 3 15


a3 , a2 , a1


: ) (SN
SN = a1 t1 + a2 m2 t2 + a3 m3 t3
m3 , m2 t3 , t2 ,t1
) (a3 ) (a2
) (CBR

) (27
20 .
m3 , m2 ) (25

24
m3 , m2
) )26
. 3 15
) (SN
) (34
AASHTO 95
: 0.45

). )( )1. 1
)( ) (2 ) (2) (Mr 2.
). ) (1 )( )3
) (PSI 3.
) . )
) ( PSI ) (3 4.
) . )4
)( ) (5 5.
(SN3) .
) 1 ( 5 6.
(SN 2) .
) 1 (5 7.
(SN1) .
. 8.
SN1
=t1 ) ( =
a1
SN2 a1 t1
=t ) ( = 2
a 2 m2
SN3 a1 t1 a2 t2 m2
= t 3 ) ( =
a3 m3
) : 1 (
. 3 1 15
) (28
.
) ( 28




< 5 ( 9 (
5 15
5
5 20
5
25

5 (9-5 (
5 15