8

5 amv 2012 Xn

tI{w ssk-\y-s hn-v A-{I-aw A-Sn--a-n. ]n-m-se tI{wv A-h-cp-sS cm-jv-{So-b kw-L-S-\bm-b \m-Km-ln Xp-km-Mv G-cn-b ( N H T A ) In-bp-am-bn N-\-S-n-b-Xn-s ^-e-am-bn \m-KmemUn-s\ A-k-an\n-p th-s]-Sp-n H-cp tI{`-c-W {]-tZ-i-am-n. F-m, kw-m-\]-Z-hnbn I-hn- a-sm-pw N HTA sN-hn-sm-n-. As\ C-y-bp-sS 16ma-s kw-m-\-am-bn 1963 \m-Km-emUv {]-Jym-]nsp.-

`q-an-im-kv-{Xw
a-e\n-cI \n-dXm-Wo a-v. \m-Km]-hX- \n-c-I-fm-Wv A-Xn {]-[m-\-s--Xv. Cu a-e-\n-c _-asb th-Xn-cn-p- A-Xn-hcm-Wv. Cu \n- c-bn-se D-b- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-bm-Wv _-cm-a-Xn-p-v. 3840 ao- D-bcap-n-Xn-\v. ]-hX \n-dXn- - \m \-Zn-I \m-Km-em-Uns `m-K-am-Wv. sUmbm-Mv,- Zn-]p F-n-h h-S \m-Km-emUn-s\ kPo-h-am-p-tm _-cm-v, -Nn-zn F-n-h sX \m-Km-emUn-s Po-h-\m-Un-bm-bn H-gp-Ipp.-

`m-j Cw-o-jm-n-b-Xv. hn-Zyme-b--fn-se-mw am-[y-aw Cwo-jm-Wv. F-m, P-\ Iq-Sp-X-epw ssI-Imcyw sN--p-Xv \m-Km-an `mj-bm-Wv. H-cp-X-cw A-k-an `m-j. c-k-I-c-am-b h-kv-XpX, Cu \m-Km-an `m-j Gs-Xn-epw H-cp tKm-{X-n-s amXr-`m-j-b-s-Xp am-{X-a-, A-Xn\p en-]n-bp-an-s-p--Xm-Wv.

5 amv 2012 Xn

ap-kv-X-^ hn. Sn.

Im-em-h-
th-\-m-ew c-p-am-kw am-{X-ta C-hn-sS A-\p-`-h-s-Sp-p-q. -a-g-m-ew sa-bv ap-X k]vXw-_ h-sc \o-fp-tm, H-Iv-tSm-_ ap-X G{]n h-sc X-Wp-p-Im-e-am-Wv. X-Wp-n Xm-]-\n-e 4 Un-{Kn h-sc Xm-gp-tm th-\m-e-v A-Xv 38 Un-{Kn h-sc D-b-cp-p. P-\-Po-hn-X-s h-m-sX _m-

16m
N-cn-{Xw

-a-s kw-m-\-hpw h-ep--n 25mw m-\-hpw P-\-kw-Jym-Sn-m-\-n 24mw m-\-hp-ap- \mKm-emUv F h-S-pIn-gn-s kp--cn kzm-X-{ kw-m-\-am-b-Xv 1963 Unkw-_ H-n-\m-Wv.-

kw-kv-Im-cw A-Sn-m-\-Im-cy-
X-e-m-\w -sIm-ln-a h-en-b ]--Ww -Zo-am-]q km--c-X 80 P-\-kw-Jy 19 e-w Pn--I 11 \n-b-a-k-`m-ko-p-I 60 cm-Py-k-`m,tem-I-vk-`m ko-p-I -Hm-tcm-p ho-Xw A-Xn-n h-SvAcp-Wm-N{]-tZ-iv - - - sX-v- a-Wn-q In-g-v--aym-a ]-Sn-m-dv--Akw
[n-p--Xv X-Wp-p-Im-e-s a-p-ho-gv-N-bm-Wv. ag [m-cm-fw e-`n-p-p. \m-Km-emUn- {]-[m-\-am-bpw ]-Xn-\m-dv {]-[m-\ tKm-{X-hK-m-cp-v. A-m-an, B-thm, Nm-v, temX, t^mw F-n-h A-h-bn Nn-e-Xp-am-{X-am-Wv. Hmtcm tKm-{X-h-K-n\pw kz--am-bn {]-tXy-I th-j-fpw h-W--fpw Nn---fpw B-Nm-c--fp-ap-v. \m-tSm-Sn\r--hpw kw-Ko-X-hpw \m-Km-kw-kv-Im-cn-s {]u-Vn-bm-Wv. A-Xn-\p N-cn-{X-]-c-am-b ]n_-e-hp-ap-v. C--cw \r- kw-Ko-X]-cn-]m-Sn-I Hm-tcm tKm-{X-n-s-bpw a-ln-a- Im-n--cp-p.]m-c--cy tKm-{X\r- B-tLm-j-n-\p ]p-d-sa hn-f-sh-Sp-p-am-bn _-s- B-tLm-j-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw [m-cm-f-ap-v. C-Xn-\p ]p-d-sa-bm-Wv tlm-Wn-_ s^-nh. K-h--sa v kv-t]m-tk-Uv ]-cn-]m-Snbm-Wn-Xv. sh-dp-sam-cp B-tLm-jw F--Xn-\-p-dw F-m tKm-{X-h-K-s-bpw H-cp Ip-S-bvp Io-gn sIm-p-h-cp-I F--Xm-Wv C-Xn-s e-yw. F-m h-j-hpw Un-kw-_ B-Zy-hm-c-am-Wv Cu B-tLmjw \-S-p--Xv. hn-hn-[-bn-\w N--I, Im-jn-I hn-]-W-\tI-{- I-c-Iu-i-eh-kv-Xp--fp-sS {]Z-i-\-hpw hn--\-bpw hn-hn-[-bn-\w I-em Im-bn-I ak-c- Fn-h C-Xn-s `m-K-am-bn \-S-pp. K-h-san\p \-sm-cp h-cp-am-\am-K-hp-am-WnXv.

B-Zy-Im-ev, hn-h-kv-{X-cm-b B-Zn-hm-knk-aq-ls I-v {_n-njp-Im A-h-sc ln-n-bn \-am F-p hn-fn-p. \- F- ln-nhm-n-\v \- F--Yw. A-Xn\n-m-Wp \m-Km-emUv A-[-hm \--cp-sS `q-an F- t]-cph--Xv. -A-kw, aym-a F-n-hn-S--fn-se tKm-{X-h-Km-cm-Wv C--s \m-Km-P-\-X-bp-sS ap-X-e-ap-dm. 1892 {_n-n-jp-Im A-kw Io-g-S-n `-cn-tm kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw A-h-cp-sS km-{am-Pyhn-I-k\w \m-Km {]-tZ-i-t-p-sa-n.]n-o-Sv H-mw- tem-I-bp- k-a-b-v (19141918) \m-Km-tKm-{X-hK-m-cp-sS I-cp-pw- ss[-cy-hpw a-\n-em-n-b {_n-n-jp-Im \q-dp-IW-n-\p \m-K-msc X--fp-sS bp--tm-cm-fn-I-fm-bn bq-tdm-n-te-p sIm-pt]m-bn. F-m, {_n-n-jp-Im-cp-sS Ip-X-{w Xn-cn--dn Cu t]m-cm-fn-I bp-m-\--cw \m-n-te-p a-Sp-I-bpw X--fp-sS I-cp-v kz-w a-n-\p th-n sN-e-h-gn-m Xo-cp-am-\n-p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. XZv-^-

2012 tZiob K-Wn-X-im-kv-{Xhjw

-Fw.Fw. {ip-Xn-em

CMYK

{io-\nhm-k cm-am-\p-P
tZio-b KWn-Xim-kv-{Xh-j-am-bn cmjv{Sw B-Ncn-pp. I-gn- Un-kw-_ 26 \v sNss-bn h-v {][m-\a{n tUm- a-tam-lkn-MmWv Cmcyw {]Jym-]n-Xv. cmPyw I- G-hpw {]-Xn`m-[-\\m-b K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X- {io-\nhm-k cm-am-\p-P-t\m-Sp- B-Z-ckq-N-I-am-bmWv Cu \-S-]Sn. Un-kw_ 22\v A-t-l-n-s 125mw P--Zn-\am-Wv. Fm h-jhpw Un-kw-_ 22 K-Wn-X-im-kv-{XZn-\-am-b B-N-cnm\pw Xo-cp-am-\-am-bn-p-v. ""C-{X Xn-f--ap- {]-Xn-`bpw B-gap- [n-j-Wbpw A-]q-hw'' F-mWp cm-am-\pP-s\p-dn-v a-tam-l kn-Mv ]-d-Xv. cm-am-\pP-\p Kp-cp-Xpey\pw A-tl-s K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X tem-I-n-\p ]-cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbv-X {_n-njv K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X Pn.F-v. lm-Un {]-Xn-`-bp-sS Im-cy-n Hm-bn-epw Kp-kn\pw Hw\n-p- hy-n-bm-sW-m-Wv cm-am-\pP-s\p-dn-p ]-d--Xv.

2012

Ir-jn
anI coXn-bn ChnsS Ir-jn hn-f-bp-p-v. s\-v, tNm-fw, I-cn-v, ]p-I-bn-e, D-cp-f-n-g-v, ]--dn-I F-n-h A-Xn F-Sp-p]-d-tb--h-bmWv. Pq-an-Mv Ir-jn-co-Xn-v t]-cptI- \m-Sm-Wv \m-KmemUv. H-cp h-\-`m-Kw sh-n-s-fn-v H-cph-jw Ahn-sS Ir-jnbn-dn, ]n--s h-jw th-sdm-cp `m-Kw sh-n-s-fn-v Ir-jn-bn-d-p- co-Xn-bm-Wv Pq-an-Mv Ir-jn-co-Xn. C-Xp aq-ew a-n-s KpWw \-jv-S-s-Spn-. X-s-bp-a-, hn-f-hp Iq-Sp-I-bpw sN-p-p.-

a-X-hn-`m-K-n ss{IkvX-hcm-Wp Iq-Sp-X. 90 i-X-am-\w. C-y-bn G--hpw Iq-Sp-X {In-kv-Xpa-X D- kw-m-\-am-Wn-Xv. _m-nh-cp- P-\-hn`m-K-n G-gpi-X-am-\w ln-p--fpw c-pi-X-am\w ap-kven-wI-fp-am-Wv.

a-Xw

P-\-\w: 1887 Un-kw-_ 22 Cu-tdmUv, X-an-gv-\mSv a-c-Ww: 1920 G-{]n 26 sN-ss _n-cpZw: Imw-{_n-Pv k-h-I-emim-e B-[p\n-ICy-bnse G-hpw an-Sp-\m-b K-WnX-im-kv-{X-{]-Xn-`-bm-Wp {io-\nhm-k cm-am\pP A--m F- cm-am-\pP. ip--K-Wn-Xn hn-ZKv-[in-Ww e-`n-m-Xn-cp-npw kz-{]-b-Xv-\-n-eq-sS KWn-Xhn-i-I-e-\w, kwJymkn-mw, A-\-t{iWn, Xp-S-m-`n-I- Xp-Sn-b K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X ta-J-eI-p hn-e-s- kw-`m-h-\-I \In-b hyn-bm-Wp cm-am-\pP. X-an-gv-\m-nse Cu-tdm-Un-se H-cp Z-cn-{Z Ip-Spw-_n-em-Wp cm-am-\pP-s P-\\w. A- {io\nhm-k A--m Xp-Wn--S-bn-se I-W-sgp-p-Im-c-\m-bn-cpp. A tIm-a-f--m. kv-Iq Im-e-L--n-te K-Wn-X-tm-Sm-bn-cp-

Sq-dn-kw
K-h-sans ap-Jy h-cp-am-\am-K--fn Hm-Wp Sq-dn-kw. Sq-dn-kw {]-tZ-i--fn {]-map-Jyw X-e-m-\-am-b sIm-ln-abv-m-Wv. c-mw tem-I bp-n-s A-h-in-jv-S-, ayq-kn-bw, k-ky-h-K-fp-sS h-k--v F-n-h k-m-cn-I-sf B-Ijn-p-p. Zo-am-]q-cm-Wv a-s-mcp B-I-j-Ww.- \mKm-emUn-se G-I hn-am-\-m-h-fw F--Xn-ep-]-cn hm-Wn-Py-kn-cm-tI-{w Iq-Sn-bm-Wn-Xv. ]u-cm-Wn-I Ah-in-jv-S--fpw C-hn-sS Im-Wmw. C-h-Iq-Sm-sX h-\yPo-hnk-t-Xhpw B-Zn-hm-kn tI-{-hpw ]-gam-pw A-S-n-b ta-m-v-N-Mv F-n-h-bpw k-m-cn-Isf B-I-jn-p-p.-

km--n-Iw
e-am-bn H-cp kz-X-{ \m-Km-emUn-\p th-n hn-hn[ {]-tm-`]-cn-]m-Sn-I A-h Bkq-{X-Ww sN-bvXp. F-n-epw kzm-X-{ym-\--cw \m-Km-emUv Akan-s `-mK-am-bn-s \n-e-\n-p. ]-t, X--fpsS B-h-iy-n\n-p ]n-n-cn-bp-I F--Xv A-hp Nn-n-m-t\ -I-gn-n-. XZv-^-e-am-bn A-{I-a am-K-n-te-m-Wp ]n-o-S-h Xn-cn--Xv. K-hsa v D-tZym-K--sc-bpw \m-K-m-c-m- A-\y-kwm-\ \n-hm-kn-I-sf-bpw Xn-c-p]n-Sn-v a-n-p.h-In-S hy-h-km-b--sfm-pan-m- {]-tZ-i-v {]-[m-\ h-cp-am-\w Ir-jn-bpw I-c-Iu-i-e, -Ip-Sn hyh-km-b--fp-am-Wv. I-c-Iu-i-ecw-K-v A-XnImbcmWv \m-K-.- -h-\-k--n-\m A-\p-Kr-lo-X-am-Wo -\m-Sv.- hn-e-]n-Sn-p- X-Sn-I-fpw ap-f-I-fpw [m-cm-f-apn-hn-sS. \m-Km-emUn- Hm-tcm tKm-{X-n-\pw A-h-cp-tSXm-b `m-j-I-fm-Wp--Xv. C--s\ A-dp-]-tXm-fw `mj-Ifpv. A-Xn-\mem-Wv K-h-sa v Hu-tZym-Kn-I

p cm-am-\pP-\p {]n-bw. 1904 KWnX ssh-ZKv[yw aq-ew e-`n- kv-tIm-f-jn-tm-sS Ipw-`tIm-Ww k-m tIm-f-Pn tNp. K-WnX-n am{Xw {i-sN-ep-n-bn-cp- cm-am\p-P a-p hn-j-b--fn-semw tXmp. A-tXmsS kv-tIm-f-jn-v \--am-bn. Xp-S-v, 1906 a-{Zm-kv ]---m-kv tIm-f-Pn tNp. A-hnsSbpw ap A-h-X-s Xp-S-p. a-p hn-jb--fn tXm-hn G-p-hm-n-b-tXm-sS a-{Zmkv k-h-I-em-im-e-bn tN-cp-I-sb- A-tl-n-s kz-]v-\w X-I-p. ]n-o-S,v 1909 Pqss-e 14\v cm-am-\p-P hn-hm-ln-X-\mbn `mcy Pm-\In. hn-hm-l-tm-sS tPm-en Cm-sX Po-hn-m \n-hr-n-bnm-Xm-bn. Xp-S-v 30 cq-] -i--f-n A-t-lw Kp-a-kv-X--Wn-p tN-p. K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X-n-se 6000 k-o-W {]-iv-\ A-Sn-b Pn.F-v. Im-dn-s F knt\m]vknkv Hm^v Fe-sadn dnkv C ]yph- am--am-n-Iv-kv F- {K-w kv-Iq Im-epX-s cm-am-\p-Ps ssI-h-i-ap-m-bncpp. K-Wn-X-im-kv-{Xta-J-e-bn-se koWam-b {]-iv-\ ]pkv-X-I-n-s k-lm-btmsS cm-am-\p-P- h-f-sc- F-fp--n ]-cnl-cnp-t]mp.

`m-j

CMYK

CMYK CMYK

CMYK CMYK

2 5 amv 2012 Xn
Pn.Fv. Im-dns Cu ]p-kvX-Iw {]-ikv-Xn-bp-sS N-hn-p]-Sn I-b-dn-bXpw cm-am-\p-P-\n-eq-sS-bmWv. tImf-Pv ]T\w ap-Sn-b ka-bpw A-t-lw ]p-kv-X-I-n-se {]-iv-\--fp-am-bn a-k-cn-p-I-bm-bn-cpp. C-Xn-\n-sSbm-Wp ]pXn-b K-Wn-X-t{i-Wn-I A-t-lw I-s-n-bXv. ss]-bp-sS aqeyw F-p Z-imw-i-m-\w h-sc IrXy-am-bn \n-W-bn-m-\p- am-Kw B-hn-jv-I-cn-Xv CXn-sem-mWv. ss]-bp-sS aqeyw A-Xn-th-Kw \n-Wbn-p- Iw-]yq- A--KcnX-n-\v A-Sn-m-\-am-bXpw Cu I-s-em-Wv. sN-ss-bn Xm-a-kn-n-cp- Imep Xm I-sn-b kn-m- cm-am-\p-P t\m-p_p-n Ipdn-np. t]-Pv em-`n-m-\m-bn t-n sNbv-X sU-dn-th-j-\p-I-fp-sS ^-ew am-{X-am-Wp _p-n-se-gp-Xn-bn-cp-Xv. K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X--p cm-am\p-P Ip-dn-n- ^-e--fn\n-v sU-dn-th-j-\pI Du-ln-s-Spm H-cp \q-m-p th-n-h-p-shp ]-d-bp-tm B {]-Xn-`-bp-sS Xnf-w a-\-n-em-hpw. C-tm an-hmdpw ^-e-fpw K-WnXtem-Iw a\-n-em-n--gnp. F-gp\q-tdm-fw t]-Pp Cu t\m-p-_p-p-I Sm-m C-kv-n-yqv Hm-^v ^--sa dnk-v- A-Sp-n-sS ]p-\-{]-kn-o-Icnp. cm-am-\p-P-s ssI--S-bn At-lw D-]-tbm-Kn-n-cp- hnhn-[ \n-d-fns-bm-Wv C-h ]p-kv-X-Icq-]-n-em-n-bn-cnp--Xv. t\mv_pIv Hm-^v {io-\n-hm-k cm-am-\pP F-m-Wp ]p-kv-X-I-n-s t]cv. p Xp-Sn. A-Xn-\n-sS A-Snm\hn-Zym-`ymk tbmKy-X Cm-Xn-cpnpw {]-th-i-\--fn Cf-hp \-In 1916 am-v 16\v Imw-{_n--Pv kh-I-em-im-e A-t-l-n-\p _mne Hm-^v k-b-kv ss_ dn-k-v _n-cp-Zw \In. B-tcm-Kyn-Xn IqSp-X tam-i-am-b-Xn-s\ Xp-S-v Aph-j-s hn-tZ-iPo-hn-Xw A-hkm-\n-n-v A-t-lw 1919 \m-n Xn-cn-s-n. 1918 s^-{_p-h-cn 18\v A-t-l-s tXSn tdm-b skm-ssk-n s^-tem-jnp-san. Cu _-lp-a-Xn-v A--l\m-hp- c-ma-s C-y-m-c-\mWp cm-am-\pP. A-tX h-jw H-tm_-dn Imw-{_n-Pn-se {Sn-\n-n tImfPv s^-tem-bm-bn A-t-lw Xn-c-sSp--sp. B-Zy-am-bm-Wv H-cp C-ymc Cu m-\-s-n-b-Xv.

5 amv 2012 Xn

B-cy-`-S
n-I- K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X-\pw tPym-Xn-m-kv{X- \ p- a m- b n- c p- p B-cy-`-S. C-y-bp-sS B-Zys Ir-{Xn-tam-]-{K-l-n-\v- Bcy-`- F-m-Wp- \m-a-I-c-Ww sNbv-X-Xv. {-- In-. ti. 476- A-iv-a-Iw F- -e-m-Wv- B-cy-`-S P\n--Xv-. {]m-Y-an-I ]T-\--p ti-jw \-f- k-h-I-em-im-ebn D-]-cn-]T-\-n-\m-bn _nlm-dn-se Ip-kp-a-]p-c-t-p bm-{X-bm-bn. Ip-kp-a-]p-c-p-hv {In.-ti. 499 23mw h-b-n-emWv A-t-lw B-cy-`-So-bw c-Nn-Xv. B-cy-`-So-b-n-eq-sS A-tlw tPym-Xn-m-kv-{X-n-s-bpw K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X-n-s-bpw H-cp ]p-Xn-b im-J A-\m-h-c-Ww sNbv-Xp. B-cy-`-So-b-w \m-ep-`m-K-fm-bn hn-`-Pn--s-n-cn-p-p. Ko-Xn-Im-]m-Zw, K-Wn-X-]m-Zw, Ime-{In-bm-]m-Zw, tKm-f-]m-Zw F-nh-bm-W-h. Ko-Xn-Im-]m-Zw: 13 tm-I- am{Xw D-s-Sp- Ko-Xn-Im-]m-Zw Hm-a-Xm-bn k-a-b-n-s h-en-b am-{X-I-fm-b I-ev-]w, a-\z--cw, bp-Kw ap-X-em-b-h ]-cn-N-b-s-Spp-p. c-m-a-Xm-bn Un-{Kn, an\n-v Xp-S-n-b A-f-hp-I-p Xpey-am-b A-f-hp-I-sf {]-Xn-]m-Znp-p. aq-m-a-Xm-bn \o-f-ns am-{X-I-fm-b tbm-P-\, l-kvXw, Aw-Kp-ew F-n-h-sb ]-cn-Nb-s-Sp-p-p.K-Wn-X-]m-Zw-: 33 tm-I--fp- KWn-X-]m-Z-n km-am-\y-K-WnX-a-S--ap- K-l-\--fm-b hnj-b--fm-Wv A-S-n-bn-cn-p-Xv. Pym-an-Xo-bcq-]--fp-sS hn-kvXo-Ww(t-{X-hy-h-lm-cw), \ng-e-f-hp-I F-n-h-bm-Wn-hbn {]-[m-\w.Im-e-{In-bm-]m-Zw-: 25 tm-I--fmWp Im-e-{In-bm-]m-Z-n-ep-Xv. Im-e-\n-W-b-am-Wp- hn-j-bw. Im-e-N-{Iw, ku-c-h-jw, N-{am-kw, \--{X-Zn-\w, Nm-{-Zn-\, {K-l--fp-sS N-e-\{I-a, `q-an-bn\n-v a-p -{K-l-fn-te-p- Zq-cw F-n-h hni-Z-am-p-p.tKm-f-]m-Zw-: B-cy-`-So-b-n-s Ah-km-\-`m-K-am-b 50 tm-I- J- t Km- f (B- I m- i - t Km- f w- ) sp-dn-pw J-tKm-f-n-eq-sS \-{X--fp-sS-bqw {K-l--fp-sSbpw k-m-c]m-X-sb-p-dn-pw A-Xn-\m-h-iy-a-b tKm-f-{Xn-tImW-an-Xn-sb-p-dn-p-am-Wp {]-Xn]m-Zn-p--Xv.-

1 2 3

cm-am-\p-P kw-Jy
-b-tcm-K-_m-[n-X-\m-bn B-ip-]-{Xnbn I-gn- k-ab-v {]-^. lmUn A-tl-s k--in-m-s\n. Xm h- Sm-Iv-kn-bp-sS \- 1729 B-bn-cpp. H-cp c-k-hp-anm- kw-Jy F-v lm-Un ]-d-p. ""c-p Iyq-_p-I-fp-sS Xp-I-bm-bn c-p hy-Xy-kv-X co-Xn-bn F-gp-Xm-hp- G-hpw sNdn-b kw-Jyb-t AXv?'' cm-am-\p-P a-dp]-Sn ]-d-p. A-Xn-s\: 103+ 93= 1729 AXp-t]m-se 12 +123 = 1729 a-c-W-tm-Sp an-Sp-tmgpw ]pXn-b KWn-X-im-kv-{Xc-l-ky- t\Sn-b cm-am-\p-P B k-ab-p hn-I-knn- {]-ta-b- lm-Un-v AbpsIm-Sp-n-cp-p. A-t-l-n-s kv-a-c-W-bv-m-bn sNss-bn-se dm-b-]pc-v cm-am-\p-P ayq-kn-bw {]-h-n-p-p-v. 1993em-Wv C-Xp m-]n--s--Xv. cm-am-\pPs\ Hm-an-m\pw K-Wn-X-imkv-{X-ta-Je-sb ]p-\-cp-o-hn-nm-\p-ap- \-S-]-Sn-bp-sS `m-K-am-bmWp tZio-b K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X h-jam-bn 2012s\ ]-cn-K-Wn-p--sX-v 99mw im-kv-{X tIm-{K-kn-s D-ZvLmS-\th-f-bn {]-[m-\-a{n atam-l-kn-Mv ]-d-bp-I-bp-mbn. Hcp P-\-X-bp-sS im-kv{X-t_m-[hpw im-kv-{Xm-`n-cp-Nnbpw h-[n-np-I, im-kv-{Xhn-j-b--fn-se ]p-tcm-K-Xn Xp-S-n-b-h-bv-sm-s Xp-S--amhs Cu tZio-b K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X hjw.

4 5

6 7 8 9

e--\n-te-v
1912 P-\p-h-cn 12\p cm-am-\pP-\v a-{Zm-kv A-u-vkv P-\d Hm-^n-kn Kpa-kv-X-\m-bn tPm-en Inn. am-n t]m-v {S-kvv Hm-^n-kn-te-p amdn. t]m-v{S-kv-v sN-b-am- k {^mkn-kv kv-{]nMv cm-am-\pP-s I-gn-hp a-\-n-em-p-Ibpw Im-emh-m hIp-v ta-[m-hn tUm. Kn-_-v hmdpambn tN-v cm-am-\pP-\v D-X ]T-\-k-lm-bw hm-Kv-Zm-\w sNpI-bp-ap-m-bn. C-h-cp-sS t{]-c-Wbm, {]-ikv-X K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X\m-b Imw-{_n-Pn-se Pn.F-v. lm-Un-v 1913 P-\p-h-cn 16\v cm-am\p-P H-Xp t]-Pv h-cp- H-cp Iv A-b-p. ]-e In-dp--m-cn \npw I-p-I e-`n-p--Xn\m A--cn-sem-m-bn-cnpw C-sXv lm-Un I-cpXn. ]t, {i-n-phm-bn--tm cm-am-\p-P-\n-se A]q-h{]Xn-` A-t-lw Xn-cn-dnp. `m-h-\-bn\n-v H-cm krn--X, C-h k-Xy-am-bn-cn-Ww A-t-lw I-cp-Xn. ]n-o-Sp lmUn cm-am-\pP-s\ \n-_n-v Cw--n-se-n-p. 1914 G{]n 14\m-Wv A-t-lw Cw--n-sen-bXv. lm-Un X-s-bm-bn-cp-p A-hn-sS A-t-l-n-s Kp-cphpw hgn-Im-n-bp-samw. Cw--n-se Im-em-h-bpw `--Whp-samw A-tl-s _p-n-ap-n-

sIm- mWv- cm-hpw ]- I - e p- a pm- h p- sX-pw B-Zy-ambn A-`n{]m- b - s tPym-Xnm- k v - { X B-cy-`-S-\m-sW-p I-cpXp-p. N-{ {]-Im-iw ]-c-p tKm-f-a-s-pw ]-I-cw kq-cy{]-Im-i-am-Wp- N-{-s tim-`-bvp \n-Zm-\-sa-pw B-Zy-am-bn A`n-{]m-b-s--Xv B-cy-`-S-\m-Wv. ap kw`m-h-\-I: ss]bp-sS aq-eyw 3.-1416 B-hpp. {Xn-tIm-W-an-Xn-bn-se ssk ]n-I X-m-dm-m-\p- am-Kw-. Pym-an-Xn-bn-epw tPym-Xn-m-kv-{Xn-epw _o-P-K-Wn-Xw D-]-tbmKn-m th- am-K-\n-tZ-iw. im-kv-{Xo-b-hpw e-fn-X-hp-am-b Im-e-hn-`-P-\w. `q-an-bp-sS {`-a-W-s-bpw {K-l-sf-bpw ]-n-bp- hn-i-I-e\w. -{K-l-W--sf-p-dn-p- im-kv{Xo-b-hn-i-Zo-I-c-Ww. L-\-aq-e-hpw h-K-aq-e-hpw Is-m-\p- am-K-. `q-tKm-f-n-s Np--f-hv- 25,080 ssa B-sW-p I-W-p-Iq-n.100,000,000,000 t]m-ep- h-en-b kw-Jy-I-p ]-I-cw B-Zy-ambn H-hm-p-I D-]-tbm-Kn-p.-

{]-i-kv-X-am-b Ir-Xn. {_--kn-m--sa- ]-g-b tPym-Xn-j-Ir-Xn-bp-sS sX-p-Xn-cp-n ]-cn-jv-I-cn- cq-]-am-bn-cp-p {_--Kp-]v-X-s Ir-Xn. A-d_n-bp-s-sS H-t-sd hn-tZ-i-`m-j-I-fn-te-v- C-Xp- hn-h--\w sN-s-n-p-v-. {_--kv-^p-Skn-m--n-\p ]r-Yp-I-kzm-an F-gp-Xn-b hymJym-\-n-em-Wv Ip--Iw F- ]-Z-n-\p-]-cn-bm-bn _o-P-K-Wn-Xw F- hm-v B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn--Xv.kw-`m-h-\-I * tKm-f-n-s hym-]v-Xw I-p]n-Sn-p--Xn-\p- k-a-hm-Iyw I-sn.* H-cp t{i-Wn-bn-se B-Zy n ]-Z--fp-sS Xp-I I-s-p--Xn-\p- k-ahm-Iyw I-s-n.* h-i--fp-sS \o-f--fp-am-bn _--s-Sp-n k-a-{Xn-`p-Pw, k-a-Zzn-`p-Pw, hn-j-a-{Xn-`p-Pw F-n--s\ {Xn-tIm-W--sf h-Ko-I-cn-p. c-p-h-i-

* * * * * *

-fpw A-h Iq-Sn-t-cp- _n-p-hn-eq-sS FXnh-i-t-p- ew-_hpw ]-cn-ta-b kw-Jy-I B-sW-n A--cw {Xn-tIm-W- h-c-bvt- co-Xn B-Zy-am-bn hn-i-Zo-I-cn--Xv {_--Kp-]v-X-\m-Wv. h-i--fp-sS \o-f- a, b, c, B-bn-p- {Xn-tIm-W--fp-sS hn-kv-XoWw Im-Wm-\p- cq-]-h--cn--Xpw {_--Kp-]v-X-\m-Wv-. ]q-Pyw sIm-p- l-c-Ww \n-h-Nn--s-n-n---Xv B-Zy-am-b-h-X-cnn-p. "ss]'bp-sS aq-eyw 22/7 B-sW-pw {]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-bn 3 F-s-Sp-m-sapw A-t-lw ]-d-p.K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X-n B-Zy-am-bn C--s]m-tf-j k-{-Zm-bw A-h-Xcn-n-p. ]q-Pyw F- kw-Jy-sb-n B-Zy-am-bn ]T-\w \-S-n-b Cy K-WnX-im-kv-{X--\m-Wv C-t-lw.I-c-Wn-I-sf ]-n ]T-\w \-S-n.-.-

Fkv.F-k.F.kn. v
H. a-lv-dq-^v
Total Score: 40 1. 273k Xm-]-\n-e-bn-epw 1 a+m a-Z-nepw

A+ ]-co--bv-v H-cp am-KtcJ

ckX{w
A
a b t_-cn-bw tm-ssd-Uv kn-h ss\-t{S-v s_-\-Un-Iv em-b\n

n-XnsN-p 1 tam ssl-{U-P hm-X-I-n-s hym-]v-Xw 22.4 L B-Wv. C-tX A-fhv hym-]v-X-ap 1 tam ss\-{S-P hm-X-Iw 273 k Xm-]-\n-ebn-s F-Sp-n-cn-pp.

c)

n s\-K-o-hv Ce-t{m-Un \-S-p- cm-k-{]h--\-sa-gp-Xp-I. (2) Cu aq-p tem-l--fn G-sXm-s X-In-Sp-I tN-ph-m-em-Wv Iq-Sp-X thm-t-Pv e-`np-I? (1)

B
I-dn-bp-v q-tm-kv

C
ssl-{UP sh-fp- ]p-I

a)

ss\-{S-P hm-X-I-n A-\p-`-h-s-Sp- a-Zw F-{X? (1) b) \n- D-]-tbm-K-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p- hm-X-I \nb-aw {]-kv-Xm-hn-p-I? (1) 2.
A, B F-o c-v sS-vSyq-_p-I-fn Xp-ey Afhv H2 O2 F-Sp-pp. 'A' sS-kv-vSyq-_n Aw MnO2 tN-pp. 'B'bn H3 PO4 Dw tN-p-p.

6. A-eq-an-\-bp-sS ssh-Zyp-Xhnt-j-W-n-s Nn{Xw \-In-bn-cn-p-p.

{_--Kp-]v-X
]q-Py-ap-]-tbm-Kn-p- {In-b-Iv- B-Zy-am-bn \n-b-a--fp-mn-b K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X--\mWp {_--Kp-]v-X. \yq-a-dn- A-\m-en-kn-kv- F--dn-b-s-Sp- K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X-im-J-bp-sS Xp-Sw {_--Kp-]v-X-\n\n-msW-p I-cp-X-s-Sp-p. K-W-IN-{I-Nq-Vm-a-Wn F- hn-ti-jW-hpw A-t-l-n-\p-m-bn-cpp. Kp-P-dm-n-se `n-m-a-e-bn {In.-ti. 598-em-Wp P-\-\w. ]qPyw H-cp A-f-hn-t\m-Sv- (A-Xv- s\K-o-thm t]m-kn-o-thm B-h-s) Iq-n-t-p-I-tbm In-gn-p-Itbm sN-bv-X-XpsIm-v- B A-fhn-\p- am--sam-pw kw-`-hn-ns-p kn-m-n--Xp {_--Kp]v-X-\m-Wv. ]q-Py-s G-Xp kwJy-sIm-p- Kp-Wn-m-epw ]q-Pyta In-q F-pw A-t-lw I-sn. ]q-Pyw sIm-v- G-Xp kwJy-sb `m-Kn-m-epw A-\--am-bncn-pw D--c-sa-v A-t-lw hy-am-n. A-Xp-t]m-se ]q-Pys ]q-Pyw sIm-p l-cn-m-epw ]q-Py-am-bn-cn-pw F-pw A-tlw [-cn-p. {_--kv-^p-S-kn-m-am-Wv- A-t-l-n-s G--hpw

A-tam-Wnb A-sh-fp- w h-n-]vX k-^yqc-n-Iv {_u d s]m-m-kyw B-kn-Uv dn-Mv sS-v ssl-t{Um-tm- ss\-{Sn-Iv {]-ta-l-tcm-Kw e dn-m-knUv B-knUv s^d-kv kn-h P-ew f k-t^v tm-ssd-Uv c

a) H2 O2 hn-L-Sn-p-tm e-`n-p- hm-X-Iw?(1) b) {]-h--\th-K-w Iq-Snb-Xv G-Xp sS-vSyq-_n-

emWv? Fp-sIm-v?

(2)

3. tkm-Un-bw tm-ssd-Un-s tam-fn-Iyp-em am-kv 58.5 g BWv. cm-Pp-hn-\v 2 tam-fm (2M) Km-V-X-bp emb-\n X-m-dm--Ww. a) tam-fm emb-\n F-m-se-v? (2) b) 2M Km-V-X-bp- 1L emb-\n e-`n-m F-{X Afhv Nacl -th-Ww? (1) aq-e-I--fp-sS ({]-Xo-I- b-YmY-a) A-tman-I\- b-Ym-{I-aw 22, 14, 19 Fn--s\-bm-Wv. a) C-Xn \n-d-ap- kw-bp-- \-Ip- aq-eI-taXv? (1) b) {In-bmio-ew IqSnb tem-l-ta-Xv? (1) c) aq-e-I-sf A-tbm-WoI-cW Du-Pw Iq-Sn h-cp {I-a-n F-gp-Xp-I. (2) 5. {In-bmio-e t{i-Wn-bp-sS {I-a-n G-Xm\pw tem-l--In-Sp-I X-n-cn-p-p.
a)

10. CH3-CH2-O-CH3, CH3-CH2-CH2-OH F-o kw-bp sF-tkm-sa-dp-I-fm-Wv. a) C-h G-Xn-\w sF-tkm-sa-dp-I-fmWv? (1)
b) Cu a)

kw-bp--n-s G-sX-nepw a-sm-cn\w sF-tkm-sa F-gp-Xp-I. (2)

(a)

B-t\mUv, Im-tYm-Uv C-h G-Xm-sW-v F-gpXp-I. (1) (1) k-a(2)

P, Q,R F-o

b) B-t\m-Un D-m-hp- D---ta-Xv? c) Im-tYm-Un \-S-p- {]-h--\-n-s

(b) 11. CH4+O2 ------- + ----------i) a, b Fn-h ]q-n-bm-p-I. (2) ii) Cu {]-h-\w G-Xp t]-cn-e-dn-b-s-Sp-p? (1)

hmIyw F-gp-Xp-I.

Pn.F-.v lm-Un
{]ap-J {_n-n-jv K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X-. K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X-n-\p Xm \-In-b G-hpw hen-b kw-`m-h-\ cm-am\pP-s\ I-s-n-b-Xm-sW-m-Wv H-cp A-`-n-ap-J-n A-t-lw ]-dXv. \- Xn-b-dn-bnepw am--an- A-\m-en-kn-kn-ep-am-bn-cp-p lm-Un-bp-sS {][m-\ kw-`m-h\I. km-[m-c-W-m-p a-\-nem-m-hp- co-Xn-bn A-t-lw cNn- {]-kn- {K--am-Wv F am--an-jy-kv A-t]mf-Pn.

7. k-^yq-dn-Iv B-kn-Uv \n-am-W-n-s H-cp Lw \-In-bn-cn-p-p. 2 SO2+O2 2 SO3+ Xm]w a) Xm-]-\n-e-bn-ep-m-hp- h-[\hv Cu {]-h\-s F-s\ kzm-[o-\n-p-p? (1) b) SO3-sb H-en-b-am-n am-p--sX--s\? (1)
8. CH3 CH2 - CH2 - CH3

12. "F-Y-t\m a-Zy-]m-\-n-\m-bn Zp-cp-]-tbm-Kw sN-p-p' C-Xv H-gn-hm-m C-Xn hn-j-]-ZmY- tN-pp. a) tN-p- H-cp hn-j]-Zm-Y-n-s t]-sc-gp-XpI. (1) b) Cu B--tlm G-Xp t]-cn-e-dn-b-s-Sp-p? (1) 13. t]m-fn-o, t_--ssev, ss\-tem \-Inbn-cn-p--Xn Iq--n s]-Sm--tX-Xv? \n-fp-sS D--c-n-s \ym-bo-I-c-W-sa-v? (2)

{]-[m-\ kw-`m-h-\-I
`q-an D-cp-m-Xm-sW-pw kz-w Ap-X-n A-Xp- I-d-p--Xp

H-cp Km-h-\n-Iv sk X-m-dmp-tm C-Xn t]m-kn-o-hv Ce-t{m-Um-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-mhp tem-l-ta-Xv?

CH3 CH CH - CH2 - CH3 Mg , Zn, Fe

(1)

a)im-J-I-fp-sS m-\-kw-Jy I-spI. b) Cu kw-bp--ns IUPAC \m-asa-v?

(1) (2) (3)

b) Zn, Fe

D-]-tbm-Kn-v sk X-m-dm-p-I-bm-sW-

9. tbm-Pn- co-Xn-bn tN-s-gpXpI.

14. "Io-S-\m-in-\n-I ]q-W-ambpw \n-tcm-[n-Ww' H-cp sk-an-\m-dn ap-tm-ph- \n-tZ-i-am-WnX.v C-Xn-s\ A-\p-Iq-enpw {]-Xn-Iq-en-p-ap- Hmtcm hm-Z- F-gp-XpI. (2)

4 5 amv 2012 Xn

+2
Chapter-1

SMILE AT EXAM

MACRO ECONOMICS
National Income Concepts GDP = GNP - Net factor income from abroad GNP = GDP + Net factor income from abroad NDP = GDP - Depreciation NNP = GNP - Depreciation *These can be estimated at FC or at MP FC = MP - Net Indirect Tax MP = FC + Net Indirect Tax Net indirect tax = Indirect tax - Subsidy Personal disposable Income = Personal Income - Direct tax Net Factor Income from Abroad = Factor Income from abroad - FYto abroad change in stock = Closing stock - opening stock Value of output = Qty of output x Market price -OR sales + change in stock Value added = Value of output - value of intermediate goods. Net value added FC = Net value added MP - NIT Symbolically : GDP1 = .j =1GVA; j = GVA - j =1D1 NDP j =1NVA + .j =1D1 GDP = NDP + Depreciation, GDP = Net export = Export - Imports
.N N
1

+2

SMILE AT EXAM
Chapter-III

MUHAMMED ASHRAF ILLIKKAL, (S.S.H.S.S MOORKANAD)

KEY POINTS AT A GLANCE

Introduction to Macro Economics According to Shapiro Macro economics deal with the functioning of the economy as a whole Father of Macro economics - J.M. Keynes - Famous book General theory of employment interest and money in 1936. Difference between Micro & Macro POINTS OF DIFFERENCE MICRO Unit Individual Units Methodology Partial equilibrium analysis Scope Narrow Name Price theory MACRO Aqqregate or mass General equilibrium analysis wide Income or employment Theory

Money & Banking Barter System (C.C Economy) Commodity for Commodity In the words of R.P. Kent Barter is the direct exchange of goods without the use of money as a medium of exchange . Drawbacks of the Barter System 1. Lack of Double coincidence of wants 2. Lack of common measure of value 3. Problem of future payments 4. Lack of store of value 5. Indivisibility of commodities Money According to Geoffry Crowther Money is anything that is generally accepted as a means of exchange and at the same time act as a measure and as a store of value According to walker Money is what money does * Modern Money consists of currency and deposit or bank money. Functions of Money Primary functions : Secondary function:

CMYK

.N

.N

Chapter-II National Income Accounting STOCK Measured at particular point of time Static concept No time dimension Eg: Distance, capital, amount of money water in a tank

Methos of National Income Measurement Three methods

FLOW
Measured over a period of time Dynamic model Has time dimension Eg: Speed, spending, import, Export, NI, GDP

Expenditure method C GDP = GVA1+GVA2+ Total wage + rent + + .............GVA n Interest + Profit (W + 1 Therefore r+In+P) In an economy + G j GVA GDP= + X-M
Product method
N
1

Income Method

Contingent function:

1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Medium of exchange Measure of value Standard of future payments Store of value Transfer of value Maximisation of utility Distribution of NI Basis of credit Liquidity Guarantor of Solvancy

Circular flow of Income and Expenditure

t = Expenditure on final goods f outpu and s [Money Flows] lue o ervic va es ey on M Final goods and services

Real flows

FIRMS
Fa
cto r

HOUSE HOLDS
on

Real flows sati servi Organi ces: Land, Labour, Capital,

[Mone y Flows] Profits = Rent+ Wages+ Interest+

Total income

Two Flows 1. Real flow : In the form of goods and services 2. Money flow : In the form of factor payment and process of goods and services.

= Nominal GNP X 100 Real GNP Eg: 2500 Eg: =83.33% 3000 X 100 = 83.33% Over base year and current year price level declined by 16.67% GDP and Welfare : When GDP increases toal volume of goods services also increases : GDP may increases due to increase in price level. So Increase in Nominal GDP is not a good index of welfare. Real GDP is the indicator of welfare. Limitation of using GDP as an Index of welfare 1. It ignores the distribution GDP 2. It ignore the non monetary transaction 3. Growth of population is not taken in to account 4. It ignores mode of products 5. It ignores pollution caused by production. * Double Counting: It is the problem of estimating the value of goods and services more than once. GNP Deflator

Classification of Money 1. Full bodied money. Face value is equal to its intrinsic value Eg: gold, silver coin of olden days. 2. Representative full bodied money Paper notes of no value but commanding full value they represent. 3. Legal tender money Money which has legal sanction 4. Fiat money Inconvertibel paper money having no reserve of any type Demand for money: Why do people hold cash? Money is the most liquid asset people hold prefer to hold money because of two motives.

To total demand for money in an economy =Transaction dd + Speculat ion dd. d d Md= M T +M S or Md= KPY + rmax-r r-r min Supply of Money Total amount of money available in an economy. a-Notes and Coin b-Net demand deposits in the bank c-Net time deposits with the bank d-Deposits with post office e-Other deposits with RBI Measurement of Money Supply M1 M2 M3 M4 C+DD=OD M1+Post office saving deposits M1+Net time deposit M3+Total deposit with the post offices

M1 and M2 are narrow measures of money M3 and M4 are broad measures of money

continue to Page7

CMYK

The Great Depression In the period there was a huge fall in the levels of output and employment in the countries of Europe and America. Demand of goods was low, factors production were lyng idle and workers were thrown out of job.

CMYK
5 amv 2012 Xn

CMYK

CMYK CMYK

MACRO ECONOMICS
A- Transaction Motive for day today transaction M d = K.T T B- Speculative motives is the motive for speculation

here M d = Transacton demand for money T T = Total volume of transaction K = is a positive fraction Eg: T = 100 = 100,so 200 d = 100 = 1 K= M T 200 2 As velocity of circulation increases more transaction can be done with the same quantity of money. V. M d =T V= velocity circulation of money T When GDP increases the total value of transaction demand for money also increases. M d = KPY P = price level y= Real GDP T By this equation transaction is a function of real income and price level in the economy. B. Specialtive motive Mds Speculators need money for speculation. It isa function of interest rate. At low rates of interest,speculative demand for money is high and at high rate of interest, speculative demand for money is low it is inversely related with rate of interest. When r = r maximum,Msd curve (liquity preference Y curve)launches Y axis,showMax. ing Msd= O.-When r = r miniInterast Rate mum .Liquidity preference % R min. curve become horizontal straight line paralel to x Msd O X axix,showingMsd =%

6 5 amv 2012 Xn

5 amv 2012 Xn

SMILE AT EXAM
]n.]n. djoZv
Unit-9

JOURNALISM
What is news? Unit-10 Newspaper organization. Unit-11 Organization of Radio station Unit-12 Organization of TV station Unit-13 Freedom and Responsibilities of Mass media. Unit-3: Unit-4: Unit-5: Unit-6: Unit-7 : Unit-8: Unit-9 : Unit-10: Unit-11: Unit-12 : Unit-13: Essentials of Good writing. Writing for print media Writing for Radio Writing for TV Editing Malayalam Journalism and Translation Photo Journalism Elements of Radio production. Elements of TV production New media Introduction to public Relations and advertising

a) Scoop c)Soap

b) Cutline d)opera

(3 scores)

him to become a successful journalist? (5 scores) 15. Gokul is a Plus One student. Recently he got Amrita TV Citizen Journalism Award in student journalist category. What do you mean by Citizen Journalism and how is it different from Yellow Journalism? (4 scores) 16. Journalists are voice for voiceless. Write a short note based on the role of mass media in the society (5 scores) 17. In a Defamation case, Supreme Court of India recently asked Times Now channel to pay Rs.100 crore as compensation to the victim. The award of such a huge amount as compensation raises many serious questions about the freedom of the press in the country. On the other side, the Govt. of India also prepares to control online media. On account of these incidents, prepare a speech about the freedom of the press and reasonable

restrictions in the constitution. (6 scores) 19. From the hints given below, write a news story and give a suitable headline. (8 scores) a. at least three policemen killed b. It happened in the tribal belt of North West Afganisthan c. 3 militants also dead d. All the militants were hiding in a house in the street e. As per the information, force started encounter f. Militants started to shell bombs & grenades g. Encounter lasts about 24 hrs h. 8 policemen were injured i. Police officer Sattar Khan declared that all the militants were killed j. Force recovered guns and laptops 20. It is said that Editorial is the mouthpiece of a news paper. Do you agree with this view? Substantiate your answer. (4 scores)

b-sk-U-dn lypam-\n-o-kv {Kq-n A-Sp-Ime-p am-{Xw D-s-Sp--s- hn-j-b-am-Wp tP-W-enkw. G-sd km-[y-X-I-fp- Cu hn-j-b-s-p-dn-p a-\-n-em-m ap-v hnZym-Yn-I-v _n-cp-Z, _n-cp-Zm\-c tIm-gv-kpI-sf B-{i-bn-t-n-bn-cp-p-sh-n, C-tm am-[ya{]-h--\-n-s {]-tXy-I-X-I-sf-p-dn-v {]m-YanIhn-h-c- \-Im -kv-Sp-hn-se tPW-en-kw kn-e_-kvX-s ]-cym-]v-X-amWv. hn-j-b-n-s hym-]v-Xn hf-sc h-ep-Xmb-Xn\m tPW-enkw ]-co-bp-sS tNm-Zy- hm-b-\-io-ew Xm-c-X-tay-\ Ipd-hp- hn-Zym-YnI-sf _p-n-ap-n-t-mw. Hpw cpw h-j--fn-se tP-W-en-kw Xnb-dn ]-co-bpsS B-sI kv-tIm 60 B-Wv. 40 kvtImdn \nc-c aq-ey-\n-W-b-n-eq-sS 20 Dw {]m-n- ]co h-gn 20Dw. C-Xn {]m-n- ]co- Hmw hj-n--te-Xpw H-cp-an-v c-mw hjamWv \-S-pI. c-p h-j--fn-ep-am-bn 13 ho-Xw 26 bq-\n-p-I-fm-Wv ]Tn-m-\p-Xv. Hmw h-j-n D-s-Sp- {][m-\ bq-\n-p-I Xm-sg ]-d-bp--h-bm-Wv:
Unit-1

ap-I-fn ]-d- bq-\n-p-I-fn hn-Zym-Yn-I {]tXy-Iw {i-n-t- ]mT-`m-K- Xm-sg sIm-Spn-cn-p-p: 1. I-yq-Wn-tj-s DZv-`hw, h-f-, kzm-[o\w 2. hnhn-[ co-Xn-bn-ep- I-yq-Wn-t-j, A-h-bpsS {]-tXy-I-XI
(DZm: Intra personal, Inter personal etc.) 3. Functions of Communication 4. Role of Mass media in society

Mass communication as a Discipline Unit-2 Introduction to Mass Communication Unit-3 The role of Mass media in society Unit4 Evolution of Communication Technology Unit-5 Characteristics of Media Unit-6 Glossary of terms related to media Unit-7 History of journalism in India Unit-8 Media organizations in India

5.

A-SnZr-iy{i-hyam-[y-a- X-n-ep- hyXym-k-fpw {]-tXy-I-X-I-fpw 6. Cy-bn-se ]-{X-{]-h--\-n-s N-cn-{Xw 7. a-lm-mKm-nbpw A-t-l-n-s ]-{X-{]-h\ ssi-en-bpw 8. cm-Pmdmw tam-l- dmbv, sP-bnw-kv kn-Iv _-nMv-lmw, sP-bnw-kv A-K-kv-kv lnn, B-X aq Xp-S-n-b-h-sc-p-dn-p- e-Lp-hn-hc-Ww, A-h-cp-sS {]-kn-o-I-c-W-. 9. bq-\n-v 6 ]Tn-p- hnhn-[ am[y-a km-tXn-I ]-Z-fpw A-h-bp-sS \n-h-N-\--fpw a) hm-m G-P-kn-I-sfbpw am[y-ata-J-ebp-am-bn _--s- m-]-\--sfbpw Ip-dn-p- tNm-Zy-- G-sd km-[y-X-bphbmWv. 10. Media ethics and press freedom. 11. hm-, 5sw and H, Inverted pyramid. cmw h--j-n-se {]-[m-\ bq-\n-p-I
Unit-1: Unit-2: Glossary of Technical terms News Gathering/Reporting

{]-Xo-n-m-hp- ]mT-`m-K- Hmw h-jw ]Tn-m-\p-Xp- t]m-se c-mw hj-nepw am[y-atem-I-hp-am-bn _--s- \nch-[n km-tXn-I]-Z--fp-v. C-h-sb-p-dn-v A-dn-n-cn-p--Xv kvtIm \-s-Sp-Xv H-gn-hm-m-\m-hpw. 1. hnhn-[ hm-m D-d-hn-S-, A-h-bp-sS {]-tXyI-X-I 2. A-Sn Zr-iy{i-hyam-[y-a--fn-se F-gp-n-s ssi-enbpw hy-Xym-k-hpw, ]-{X--fn-se X-e-spI, A-h-bpsS- {]-tXy-I-X-I. 3. F-Un, \yq-kv F-Un, k-_v-F-Un- F-n-hcp-sS {]-h--\. 4. Advertisements Dw Public Relations Dw X-n-ep- ASnm-\hy-Xym-kw. 5. hnhn-[ co-Xn-bn-ep- ]-c-ky-, ]-n-Iv dn-tej-kn-s B-h-iyI-X, PRObp-sS {]-h-\w F-n-hbpw tNm-Zn-m km-[y-X-bp--Xm-Wv. 6. Difference between new media and old media, writing style 7. tPW-en-kw ]-co--bv-p X-m-sd-Sp-p-tm hnZym-Yn-I {]-tXy-Iw {i-n--W-sa-p kq-Nnn-m th-n am-{X-am-Wp ap-I-fn Nn-e ]mT`mK- sIm-Sp-n-cn-p-Xv. A-tXka-bw C-Xns\mw ]pd-sa s]m-Xphn-m-\w, {]-tXy-In-pw hnhn-[ am-[y-am-]-\--fpsS ]-{Xm-[n-], D-Sa, k-m-cn-\p Io-gn-ep- am[y-a G-P-knI-fp-sS ta-[m-hn-I, hmm G-P-kn-I XpS-n-b-h-sb-p-dnpw hn-Zym-Yn-I A-dn-n-cnWw. ]-c- hm-b-\-bm-Wv tP-W-en-kw ]-co- kp-K-a-am-p-I. X-e-s-v F-gp-Xp-I, hm- FUn-v sN-p-I, t^m-tm-bp-sS A-Sn-p-dn-v FgpXp-I Xp-Snb tNm-Zy-pw km-[y-X-bpsv Hm-pI.
in new media, qualities of photo journalist. Script for an advertisement or public relations activity

9. Match the following a) David Berlo - Kesari b) Bal Gngadhar Tilak - Tehelka c) Tarun Tejpal - Press Commision d) Justice G.S Rajyadhyaksha - SMCR e) Sidharth Varadarajan - Press council -The Hindu (5 scores) 12. Explain the following. a) Prasarbharathi b) Raja Ram Mohan Roy c) Official Secrets Act d) CBFC e)RNI (10 scores) 13. What is Defamation? Write its different names called both in print and TV (3 scores) 14. Arjun is a journalism student and he aspires to become a good journalist. How do you guide
continuation from 7

Indian Monetary System * The RBI is monetary authority of india. * All paper currencies except one rupee notes are issued by RBI * All coins and one rupee notes are issued by the finance ministry. * The monetary standard of india is managed paper currency. * The system governing notes issue is the minimum reserve system of 200 crores. In it 115 crores in gold and 85 crores in foreign security. High Powered Money Total liability of monetary authority of a country (RBI) it includes - Cash (coins and notes) in the people - Cash reserve with the banks Money multiplier Is the ratio between supply of money (M) and high powered money(H) Money multiplier = M or M = 1+cdr H H (cdr+rdr) ratio that affect money multiplier cdr and rdr cdr=CU DD rdr= R R= Reverse DD Eg: In an economy cdr 1 , rdr = .3 find out money multiplier? M= 1+cdr = 1+1 = 2 = 1.53 cdr+rdr 1+0.3 1.3

MODEL QUESTION PAPER

TIME: 2 HOURS 1. Red FM is owned by a) Indian Express Group b) Times of India c) Sun Network Pvt. Ltd. d) Reliance Communication 2. RTI Act was passed in the year a) 2007 b) 2004 c) 2008 d) 2005 3. A type of journalism in which journalists openly and intentionally take sides or issues and express their opinions in reporting a) Investigative reporting b) Yellow journalism c) Advocacy journalism d) Cheque Book journalism 4. Free Press of India was one of the first news agencies in India in the preindependence era. It was established by a) Kuldeep Nayyar b) S. Sadanand c) K. C Roy d)Dr. B. C Roy 5. Lionel Fielden is an important figure in the history of Indian a) Newspapers b) Television c) Radio Broadcasting d) Satellite Communication 6. Find the odd man out and state the reason a) Editorial b) Article c) Feature d) Press Release 7. Meljo Thomas is a Trainee Journalist who recently joined in the Indian Express. Identify the journalistic term to call him (7 scores) 8. Define the following media terms.

Money supply Money multiplier

= =

money multiplier x H M H

Commercial Bank Functions : Primary functions a. Accepting deposits b. Lending loans c. Discounting bills of exchange d. Creation of credit e. Investment f. Financing foreign trade

Secondary Functions A. Agency Functions transfer of fund, collecting fund divedents, effecting payments, purchasing and sales executor of wills. B. General utility function a. Providing locker facility b. Purchase and sale of foreign exchange c. Issuing ATM cards, Debit and credit cards Tele banking issuing letter of credit C. Developmental Function a. low interest loan for weaker section b. Self employment loan for the unemployed. c. loans for rural development Central Bank (RBI) According to De kock, A central bank is a bank which consistitutes the apex of the monetary and banking structure of its country In India RBI established in 1935 Functions of RBI * Note issue or currency authority * Banker, Agent and adviser to the govt. * Bankers bank * Custodian of foreign exchange reserve * Lender of last resort * National clearing house * Publication of reports Instruments of Monetary Policy * Bank Rate * Open market operation * Reserve Ratio ( CRR, SLR) * Margin requirement * Moral saution * Direct action

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