Murad Sawalmeh

1 English Grammar For All Levels

The English Alphabet

The Alphabet Letters

) (Capital
) (Small :
-1 ) ( Vowelsa, e, i, o, u :
-2 ) ( Consonants:
b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z
:
Meaning

Example

Pronunciation

name
ball
city
door
egg
father
giant
hand
smile
jump
key
lamp
man
nose
open
power
queen
room

Small
letter

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r

Capital
letter

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R

snake

Murad Sawalmeh

teeth
university
valley
woman
mix
year
zero

2 English Grammar For All Levels

t
u
v
w
x
y
z

T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

Digraphs

) ( Sounds
:
Meaning

Example

judge
graduate
telephone
laugh
Ghana
shirt
machine
special
character
clock
queen
child
nature
national
vision
think
there
what
Khalid

Pronunciation

Digraphs

dg
du
ph
gh
gh
sh
ch
ci
ch
ck
qu
ch
tu
tion
sion
th
th
wh
kh

Murad Sawalmeh

3 English Grammar For All Levels

Pronunciation, Dictation and Spelling

Pronunciation

-1 )(A, a

-1

-2
-3
-4

-5

Rule
) ( a
) (

.
) ( a
) (
).(e
) ( a
) (
) .( i
) ( a
)(
:
).(u, w, ll
) ( a
.

Example
large man hand
land dam bad
race pace case
came name cake
maid tail rain
nail air
ball caution law
tall dawn taut
above around
America ago across
acquire accuse
accomplish accept
absurd abrupt

-2 )(B, b

-1

Rule
) ( b
) .( m, u

Example
climb thumb
lamb dumb
womb bomb

Murad Sawalmeh

4 English Grammar For All Levels

-3 )(C, c

-1
-2

Rule
) ( c )(
) .( i, e, y
) ( c ) (
).( i , e, y

Example
cell cylinder
race bicycle
clap clock
car cry cat

-4 )(D, d

-1

Rule

Example

) ( d : edge bridge badge

wedge handsome
judge knowledge

-2
) ( d ) ( ed
:
/d/, /d/, /t/ :
- ) (d /t/

:
) ch, p,k, f, s sh ( th
- ) (d /d/

( d, t ) :
- ) (d /d/

:
) , b, g, m, l , r, n, v, ,z ( th
:
) (d /d/
) (vowel:

stop: stopped/ laugh : laughed

ask :asked/ bath : bathed
pass : passed/ wash : washed
watch : watched/ mix: mixed
advance: advanced.
decide: decided/ want : wanted
rob: robbed/ save : saved
fill : filled/ bathe: bathed
aim : aimed/ pain : pained
beg : begged/ seize : seized
massage: massaged
agree: agreed / play: played
follow: followed

Murad Sawalmeh

5 English Grammar For All Levels

-5 ) (E, e

Rule

Example

-1

) (e
.

net bed men

pen seven ten

-2

) (e
)(
) (a ).(ee
) (e
.

reason read meat

teeth beef
need meet

-3

come lone like

fame safe name

-6 ) (G, g

Rule

-1

) (g
) ( r, o, u, a
:

-2

) ( g )(
(e, i, y) : :

-3

) ( g :

Example
God go guess
green goal good
gain gun gulf
grass garden
ground grow
huge gym
general giant
genetics
germ generous
wage manage
. foreign resign
sign assign
design rein

-7 ) (H, h

-1
-2

Rule
) (h
) (w:
) ( h :

Example
whip why what
white wheel
honest hour
exhilaration
exhibition

Murad Sawalmeh

6 English Grammar For All Levels

-8 ) (I, i

Rule

-1

) ( i
.

-2

) ( i ) (
) .( e

-3

) ( i ) (
) .( gh

-4

) ( i //
) ( r .

Example
this lift milk
if ship thin
pin fill sin
slice size
smile pipe
price nice
high
night
fight light
tightright
birth girl bird
. thirsty third

-9 )(K, k

-1

Rule
) ( k
) ( n:

Example
knife know
knot knit
knight knock
knee kneel

-10 )(L, l

-1

Rule

Example

) ( l :
calm talk walk
calf chalk palm
should yolk
half almond could

Murad Sawalmeh

7 English Grammar For All Levels

-11 )(N, n

-1

Example

Rule
) ( n
) .( m

condemn damn hymn

column autumn

-12 )(Q, q

-1

Rule
) (q
).(u

Example
quite queen quick
quality quantity queue
quilt quit quiet
questionnaire question
quarter quarrel

-13 )(R, r

Rule

-1

) (r
).(u, o, i, e, a, y

-2

) ( r
).(Consonants

-3

) ( r
.

Example
travel bring read
from story true

modern word
first girl heart
teacher doctor
mother near
writer composer
printer miner
center manager
reader listener
seller buyer
letter messenger
hunter sender

8 English Grammar For All Levels

Murad Sawalmeh

(S, s) -14

Example

Rule
( es s)
/s/, /z/,
: /z/

stop : stops/ want : wants/

kick : kicks/ hate: hates
proof : proofs/ month : months
sleep: sleeps/ book: books
laugh: laughs/ hat: hats

-1

/s/ ( s) -

:
: ( th ,p, t, k, f )

describe: describes/ road: roads /z/ ( s ) -

dog: dogs/, breathe: breathes
:
bathe: bathed / car : cars
(
th

ing m l r )
remain: remains, cave: caves
:
arm : arms/, sing : sings

try: tries/ stay: stays

know: knows /agree: agrees
radios: radio / cow: cows
bridge: bridges/ dish: dishes
garage: garages/ bus: buses
catch: catches/ box : boxes
massage: massages.
arrange: arranges
relax: relaxes/ rose: roses
prize: prizes/, finish : finishes
insurance sure
sugar , assure
mansion
reserve resent
disease desert

/z/ ( s)
:
( z) ( s) -

:
: ( z, g, s, ch, sh )

/ / (( )s)
:

-2

( ) ( s)
.

-3

Murad Sawalmeh

9 English Grammar For All Levels

-15 )(T, t

Rule
) ( t
:

-1

Example
hasten castle listen
batch fasten whistle
watch soften often
. fetch butcher ditch

-16 )(W, w

Rule
) ( .
) (w
) .( r
) (w
:

-1
-2
-3

Example
week woman with
wrap wrestle write
wrong writer wrist
who whole sword

whose whom answer

-17 )(X, x

-1
-2
-3

Rule
)( ) (ks :
) ( gz
) (vowels:
) ( :

Example
fix, mix, fixture, mixture
example exam
exact exit
: xylophone
Xerox

-18 )(Y, y

-1
-2
-3

Rule

Example

)( .

.
) ( y ) (
:

yes yellow young

carry ready very
gym bicycle
why, my, by, apply, deny, cry
satisfy, beatify, buy, psychology

10 English Grammar For All Levels

Murad Sawalmeh

-
.

Spelling and Dictation

.1 ) (ing:
drink: drinking

speak: speaking

stand: standing

read: reading

.2 ) (-e ) (ing:
take: taking

come: coming

leave: leaving

write: writing

.3
) (ing:
rub: rubbing
-

run: running

sit: sitting

stop: stopping

) ( w, x, y :
enjoy: enjoying

sew: sewing

fix: fixing

.4 ) (-ie ) (ie ) (y ) (ing:

lie: lying

die: dying

tie: tying

9 ) (he, she, it
.1 ) (s:
return: returns

ride: rides

buy: buys

work: works

. .2 ) (-s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z, -o )(es

:
pass : passes/, wash : washes/, box : boxes/, buzz : buzzes/, go : goes .

.3 ) (-y ) (y ) (i
) (es:
try: tries

dry: dries

hurry: hurries

study: studies

) ( y ) ( s ) ( y:
play: plays
enjoy: enjoys
say: says
pray: prays

11 English Grammar For All Levels

Murad Sawalmeh

9 .
.1 ) (ed :
clean: cleaned

box: boxed

help: helped

return: returned

.2 ) (-e ) (d:
dance: danced

create: created

live: lived

die: died

.3
) (ed:
sum: summed

sun: sunned

rub: rubbed

stop: stopped

) ( w, x, y :bow: bowed
mix: mixed
play: played

.4 ) (-y ) (y ) (i
) (ed :
try: tried

hurry: hurried

dry: dried

study: studied

.5 ) (-y ) (ed
) (y :
pray: prayed

annoy: annoyed

enjoy: enjoyed

play: played

:
say: said

lay: laid

pay: paid

9 ) (er )(est
.1 ) (er
) (est :
cheapest
brightest

cheaper
brighter

cheap
bright

.2 ) (-e ) (r ) (st :
nicest
widest

nicer
wider

nice
wide

12 English Grammar For All Levels

Murad Sawalmeh

.3
) (er ) (est:
biggest

big

bigger

) ( w,y :slowest
coyest

slower
coyer

slow
coy

9 )(ly
.1 ) (-y ) (y ) (i )(ly
:
temporary: temporarily

heavy: heavily

easy: easily

extreme: extremely

nice : nicely

.2 ) (-e ) ( e ) ( ly:
polite: politely

.3 ) (-le ) (e ) (y:
terrible: terribly

simple: simply

possible: possibly

.4 ) (-ic ) (ally :
fantastic: fantastically

basic: basically

9 ) (ie ):(ei
.1 ) (c ) (ei :
deceive ceiling receipt deceit receive

) ( ei ) ( c : neighbor weight vein height leisure

deign rein reign heir neither either
beige being reindeer reinforce

.2 ) (c ) (ie:
chief niece piece believe friend

13 English Grammar For All Levels

Murad Sawalmeh

Definite and Indefinite Articles

The Definite Article
Pronunciation of the definite article

:
-

/a/( ) -
:
The door, the car, the moon, the film.
/i:/( ) -
:
The end, the apple, the idea, the air.
The use of the definite article

-1
:
1- The Jordanian player won the first prize.
.
2- The letter you wrote to me was full of expressive words.
.
3- The water of this well isnt good for drinking.
4- Do you know the people who live next door?
: -2
1- The inhabitants of this town are generous.
.
2- The teachers in this school are experienced.
: -3
1- The book which I bought is written by our neighbor.
2- I like the vegetables that grow in Jordan.

14 English Grammar For All Levels

Murad Sawalmeh

: ( S + V ) -4
1- The man I met yesterday speaks English and German well.
2- The castle Jamal visited in Jordan was built two years ago.
: ( Ving or V3 ) -5
1- The man sitting there is my friend.
2- I like the plays written by Shakespeare.
: -6
1- I like the classical music.
2- The good teacher knows what to teach.
3- The polite student should respect his teachers.
: -7
The earth, the sun, the moon, the world, the sky, the universe
the weather, the rain, the wind, the sea, the north, the west, the east
the south, the environment, the capital, the air, the ground, etc.

: -8
I have two cars: a Ford and an Audi..
The Ford is white and the Audi is black.
. . :
( Ford, Audi) ( a)
. ( the)

-9
:
the poor -the strong - the weak
The rich - the homeless - the youth
The sick - the old - the handicapped
The disabled -the injured -The dead

15 English Grammar For All Levels

Murad Sawalmeh

-10
:
The Red Sea - The Dead Sea
The Pacific Ocean - The Atlantic Ocean
The Nile -The Times
The Suez Canal -The Panama Canal
The Canaries -The Bahamas
The Andes -The Alps
The Sahara

: -11
- It was the worst day of my life!
.
- The more you practice English, the better you will do it.

: -12
The piano - the flute - the guitar- the violin

: -13
The post office - the theatre - the cinema - the stadium- the central bank
the cinema/movies- the circus-the ballet and the opera

: -14
State -union -kingdom - republic
The Syrian Arab Republic

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

The United States of America

( hotel names and currencies ) -15

:
The Holiday Inn, Amman Regency, the U.S. dollar, the yen, the euro.

: ( ) -16
1- The sixteenth of March, nineteen eighty two.
.1982
2- The 13th of April 1990.
1990

Murad Sawalmeh

16 English Grammar For All Levels

-17 :
The Jordan Times - the Star - the Iliad - the Newsweek
the Independent- the Times
-18 :
-the engineers office The students book
- the window of the room The name of the book

-19 ) (Abstract Nouns

:
1- The honesty of the man is good.
.
2- The generosity of this family is endless.
.
-20 :
1- The furniture in this house is beautiful.
.
2- The paper of the book is old.
.
-21 :
1- The supper of the last night was delicious.
.
2- The lunch of yesterday was good.
.
-22 :
1- The winter of the last year was cold.
.
2- The spring of this year is beautiful.
.

17 English Grammar For All Levels

Murad Sawalmeh

-23 ) ( :
1- The flag is a notional symbol.
2- The cat is a tame animal.
?3- Who invented the telephone
4- The violin is more difficult than the piano.

.
.

.

)The Indefinite Articles (a, an

- )(a, an

Pronunciation of the indefinite articles

- ) (a //
:
a car
a letter
a man
a book
- ) (an )( /n/
:
an apple
an umbrella
an eagle
an orange
-

The use of the indefinite articles

-1 ) (an
) ( a, u, e, i, o ) ( h
:
an hour

an egg
an index an oven
an honor an honorable person

an umbrella
an honest man

an article
an heiress

-2 ) (a
) ( b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, z
) (you:
a child
a university
a eulogy

a hand
a man
a useful book

a camel
a uniform

a plane
a European

18 English Grammar For All Levels

Murad Sawalmeh

-3
:
1- A book is a good companion
) ( a )( ) (
) (.

2- A lion is a ferocious animal

) ( a )( ) (
.

-4 :
a million dollars, a dozen eggs, half a dozen, a hundred persons,
a thousand students.
-5 :

1- Khalid is an accountant.
2- Mohammed is a judge

-6 :
1- Banana is 5 dinars a kilo.
2- We drove at 120 miles an hour.
-7 :
!1- What a beautiful car
!
!2- What a pretty girl
!
. ) (the
) ( a, an ) :(Zero Article
-1 ) : .( by
to travel by car, to go by train, to travel by plane, to arrive by boat to travel by
ship, to go by bus, to come by bicycle, to travel by sea

-2 :
to have breakfast, to get lunch, to eat supper/dinner.

- I had a delicious lunch.

19 English Grammar For All Levels

Murad Sawalmeh

.(at, after, before, around, towards ) : -3

at night, at down, around noon, before midnight, at sunrise
after sunset, towards evening.
: ( the) #
in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening.
: ( ) -4
1- Parents are responsible for their children. ()
2- We cant live without water and air.
()
: (the) #
1- The water of this well is cold.
()
2- The books I read last week were useful. ()
.( in, to, at ) : ) : -5
Home
Work
Bed
School

to home, arrive home, come home, at home, from home,

get home.
to work, at work, from work, finish work, start work
to bed, in bed, into bed.
to school, at school, in school, from school, leave school
start school, enter school.

University

at university, to university, from university

leave university, start university, enter university

Prison
Church
Hospital
College

in prison, to prison, into prison.

Class

to church, at church, into church, from church.

in hospital, to hospital, at hospital, into hospital
at college, to college, from college, in college,
leave college, start college, enter college.
to class, in class, from class.

20 English Grammar For All Levels

Murad Sawalmeh

: ( the) : #
)

(
: "the"

1- Every day Ali goes to school.

()
- Alis father went to the school to see his sons teacher.
( "the" )

2- I go to bed at 10 o'clock.
- Ahmed is sitting on the bed.

3- Rami is in class now.

- The class is on your right.

.
.

4- Ahmed is sick in hospital

- Mona is a doctor in the hospital in Amman.

5- I met her at college.
- I'll meet you at the college.

.() .

-6
:
1- Amer usually visits his friends on Fridays.
2- The Arabs regard honor and dignity important.
3- I live in Jordan.
4- Africa is the largest continuant in the world.
5- He speaks English and French fluently.
6- This man was ill with Cancer.
7- April and January are my favorite months.
8- It snows in winter.
9- I like playing tennis.
10- Oxford Street is full of people.
11- Microsoft is a well-known company.

21 English Grammar For All Levels

Murad Sawalmeh

Exercises
- Choose the correct answer in brackets.
:
1- Do you know the largest city in ---- Asia? (a, an, x).
2- I have lived in ---- United States of America for two years. (an, the, x).
3- I bought ---- new house yesterday. (a, an, x).
4- ---- rich are people having a lot of money. (A, The, X).
5- Yesterday we ate ---- meat for dinner. (a, the, x).
6- ---- rain that fell last night caused some problems. (A, The, X).
7- ---- Red Sea is in the Middle East. ( A, An, The).
8- ---- cats are clever animals. ( A, The, X).
9- I like ---- people who live in Jordan. (a, the, x).
10- He usually goes to Amman by ---- bus. (a, an, x).

- Find the mistakes in using the articles in these

sentences, then correct them.
:
1- Time is a money.
2- A Jordan is a lovely country.
3- He is ill with the influenza.
4- My neighbor is in a prison for robbery.
5- I like stars at the night.
6- I will travel to the Syria by a plane.
7- I pity poor who have no enough money.
8- My father is an doctor in Amman.
9- I always have a lunch at 4 oclock.
10- My sister fears the snakes.
11- I dont like the coffee.
12- I play guitar in my free time.
13- Do the Jordanian people work hard?
14- I didn't go to cinema last week.
15- My father is a honest man.