:

44


-1
-3
-5
-7

-2
-4
-6
-8

ATP

45

.
.
) :(1 .

46

Eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells

Golgi apparatus

) :(2 .

47

 ) :(3 .

ATP

48

) (

)(

(Totipotency (Schleiden and Schwann, 1883

49

) ) genome

Differentiation

)(
/ /
)(differeniaed

Dedifferentiation

Redifferentiation

)( /
/

( (

Regeneration

50

))Plant regeneration

)(
tnalpxE

) (

sullaC

arenegeR
)steltnalP

sisenegoyrbme citamoS

51

sisenegonagrO

Plant tissue culture

) (explants )
(culture medium ) (in vitro )
(aseptic ).(controlled environment

52

Explant :

) (
:Culture medium
- - - - -

pH -
" ":In vitro


Aseptic conditions :


Controlled environment :

. :
.

Plant Biotechnology

)(

53

-1
-2
-3

-4
-5

-6
-7

-8
-9
-10

-11
-12

54

) (somatic Hybridization
) (
Cryopreservation

1902
1907

(Haberlandt

) (

1922
1925
1934
1939
1941
1946
1952
1952
1955
1957
1958
1960
1962
1964
1969
1970

55

) (

)(White

) (

))Miller

)(

(MS (Murashige & Skoog

)(1n

1974

1976
1977
1981
1984
1985
19902000

56

)(Ti plasmid

Ti

Samaclonal variation

DNA Genetic

Transformation Ti

( Biolistic bombardment

)) Bioreactor

) /(


) (
) (

)(
) (

) (
) (

57

/ /
/
/
/
/ /

)(