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2,aJ,I :
SPSS ) Statistical package for social sciences (
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SPSS


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SPSS
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Data files

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Output files





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1 . :Data Editor Menus

Variables Cases
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File :
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Edit :

View : .
Data : .
Transform :
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Analyze :

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Graphs : :
..... .
Utilities :
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Window : SPSS
SPSS .
Help : (internet
Home Page )
SPSS
.



) 1 (


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( : Variable View:


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:Name
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Type & Width :

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Labels: 256
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missing value:
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2 . Output :
File : .
Edit:
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View : .
Insert :
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Format : .
Statistics : .
Utilities :
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Window : SPSS SPSS
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Help : ( internet
Home Page )
SPSS ,
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" " Variables
" " Cases
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1 - 34 Enter
1 0000 Var

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22 Enter
23 Enter
24 Enter
3 - : 23
Missing
(.)


) 4 (
:
) ( :
Sex, Subject, Attitude1, Attitude2, etc. :
1 - 00001 Var
Data Define Variable
2 - 00001 Var Age
3 - Ok .
Age )
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:
SPSS .
.

. numeric
string .

1 -
2 - m
3 -
4 - Data ... Define variable
5 - ( variable name) Gender
6 - Type String
7 - Labels Student Gender (
Variable Label )
.
8 - f (Value ) Female
( Value label) Add
9 - m male
Add "Female " =f " Male "
=m
10 - OK
11 - m f
)
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12 - .
13 - View
Value Label .




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: File Save
save .
Missing Values :



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Output and Modifying Data
: Data
Output .


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Data file Output file .
:
file open .
open data .
open
1

2 ) 6 (
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:
SPSS

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1 - Analyze

2 - )
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3 -

4 -
5 - OK )
OK
.
:
SPSS .
Output .
:
SPSS
Utilities Variables .







) 7 (

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:
SPSS

Recoding Computing .

Recoding :
: -
1 - Transform Recode
2 - Into same variables
3 - ) (
4 - ) Old and new
values (
5 - ( Old value)
6 - (New value)
(System-Missing )
7 - Add
8 -
9 - Continue
10 - OK
11 - Range
12 - Range Lowest through
13 - .
. :



1



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2









3 ) 8 (

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SPSS
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1 - Transform Compute
2 - Target variable (
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3 - ) ( Numeric
Expression :
4 - ( (
5 - + * / .
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6 - .
7 - OK .






1









2 ) 9 (


Functions :
SPSS 70

) 9 ( .

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1 : ) (
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In : 2qaIay oIsax Statistics (Analyze)
SPSS
. SPSS


.
.

Report :

.

Summarizing Data :


. :

1 - Frequencies :


.
Summary statistics
histogram
.
Frequencies :

SPSS employee data.sav Analyze
frequencies salary
... ; ..., _.. .. SPSS .,:s ..; ....:: .,.: ....,
19
chart charts
frequencies histogram .
statistics
salary

.
chart
bar
rang midpoints .
frequencies .









1










2 ) 10 (

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) 11 ( Salary

2 - Descriptive :
: ,
.
Descriptive
SPSS
employee data.sav Analyze
Descriptive salary
:






) 12 ( Descriptive
Current Salary
1
3
5
0
0
0
.
0
1
2
5
0
0
0
.
0
1
1
5
0
0
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4
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3
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1
5
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.
0
Current Salary
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Std. Dev = 17075.66
Mean = 34419.6
N = 474.00
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Descriptive Statistics
474 $15,750 $135,000 $34,419.57 $17,075.661
474
Current Salary
Valid N (listwise)
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation


) 13 ( descriptive
3 - Explorer :
.

jobcat

categories
statistics Explorer salary
dependent list jobcat factor
list
descriptive statistics stem _and _leaf plot
) ( job category
job categories median
(th 75 th 25 interquartile rang 0 *
. :









) 14 ( Explore
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Case Processing Summary
363 100.0% 0 .0% 363 100.0%
27 100.0% 0 .0% 27 100.0%
84 100.0% 0 .0% 84 100.0%
Employment Category
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Current Salary
N Percent N Percent N Percent
Valid Missing Total
Cases
Descriptives
$27,838.54 $397.217
$27,057.40
$28,619.68
$27,290.50
$26,550.00
57274548
$7,567.995
$15,750
$80,000
$64,250
$8,400.00
1.905 .128
7.977 .255
$30,938.89 $406.958
$30,102.37
$31,775.40
$31,007.72
$30,750.00
4471602.6
$2,114.616
$24,300
$35,250
$10,950
$1,200.00
-.368 .448
3.652 .872
$63,977.80 $1,990.668
$60,018.44
$67,937.16
$62,728.31
$60,500.00
332871850
$18,244.776
$34,410
$135,000
$100,590
$20,475.00
1.181 .263
2.107 .520
Mean
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
5% Trimmed Mean
Median
Variance
Std. Deviation
Minimum
Maximum
Range
Interquartile Range
Skewness
Kurtosis
Mean
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
5% Trimmed Mean
Median
Variance
Std. Deviation
Minimum
Maximum
Range
Interquartile Range
Skewness
Kurtosis
Mean
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
5% Trimmed Mean
Median
Variance
Std. Deviation
Minimum
Maximum
Range
Interquartile Range
Skewness
Kurtosis
Employment Category
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Current Salary
Statistic Std. Error
1
... ; ..., _.. .. SPSS .,:s ..; ....:: .,.: ....,
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84 27 363 N =
Employment Category
Manager Custodial Clerical
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

S
a
l
a
r
y
160000
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
343 18
32
29
386
126
206 281
303 291
146
310 552
17
447
234 80
161
72
272
218
2


















3

) 15 ( Explore



4 - Cross tabs :
.

SPSS employee data.sav :
id .
, gender m=male,f=female
Minority = 1 = 0
Educ = 12 = 16 ... .
Jobcat 3=manager , 2=custodial ,1=clerical
Salbeqin
Job time .
Prevexp .
:
jobcatogory,gender,minority
corsstabulation
... ; ..., _.. .. SPSS .,:s ..; ....:: .,.: ....,
24
Case Processing Summary
474 100.0% 0 .0% 474 100.0%
Employment Category
* Gender * Minority
Classification
N Percent N Percent N Percent
Valid Missing Total
Cases
Employment Category * Gender * Minority Classification Crosstabulation
Count
166 110 276
14 14
10 70 80
176 194 370
40 47 87
13 13
4 4
40 64 104
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Employment
Category
Total
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Employment
Category
Total
Minority Classification
No
Yes
Female Male
Gender
Total
jobcatogory gender
minority

count expected count
.










) 16 ( corsstabulation











) 17 ( corsstabulation
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5 . :List of Cases
SPSS ) (
.
6 . Comparing
SPSS :
:Means
.

.
1 - : Paired-Sample T Test
.

. ) (

.
:

beginning salary , current salary
(T)

Paired-Sample T Test Compare mean
analyze . beginning salary , current salary
paired variable Ok .
:








) 18 ( paired sample T test
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Paired Samples Statistics
$34,419.57 474 $17,075.661 $784.311
$17,016.09 474 $7,870.638 $361.510
Current Salary
Beginning Salary
Pair
1
Mean N Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
Paired Samples Test
$17,403.48 $10,814.620 $496.732 $16,427.41 $18,379.56 35.036 473 .000
Current Salary -
Beginning Salary
Pair
1
Mean Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Mean Lower Upper
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Paired Differences
t df Sig. (2-tailed)






) 19 ( Paired sample T test


2 - : Independent-Samples T Test
.
...
.

Gender (T)
.
:

Independent-Samples T Test
Compare means Analyze . Test
variable salary group variable
gender 1
2 Define groups
Ok . :

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Group Statistics
258 $41,441.78 $19,499.214 $1,213.968
216 $26,031.92 $7,558.021 $514.258
Gender
1
2
Current Salary
N Mean Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
Independent Samples Test
119.669 .000 10.945 472 .000 $15,409.86 $1,407.906 $12,643.322 *********
11.688 344.262 .000 $15,409.86 $1,318.400 $12,816.728 *********
Equal variances
assumed
Equal variances
not assumed
Current Salary
F Sig.
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances
t df Sig. (2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference Lower Upper
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
t-test for Equality of Means









1








2






) 20 ( Independent-Samples T Test
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ANOVA
Current Salary
8.94E+10 2 4.472E+10 434.481 .000
4.85E+10 471 102925714.5
1.38E+11 473
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
3 - : One-Sample
.

.
4 - : One-Way Anova
) (
.

.
:
Jobcat

. One-Way
Anova Compare means Analyze .
dependent list salary Factor
Jobcat Ok . :







) 21 ( One-Way Anova






) 22 ( One-Way Anova

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Correlations
1 .880**
. .000
474 474
.880** 1
.000 .
474 474
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Current Salary
Beginning Salary
Current Salary
Beginning
Salary
Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
**.
7 - Correlate
.
1 . Bivariate Correlations :
.

.
:

Bivariate Correlate analyze
beginning salary , current salary
Variable Ok . :








) 23 ( Bivariate Correlations









) 23 ( Bivariate Correlations

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30
2 . Correlations Partial :
.

) ( .

jobtime & prevexp , (controlling )
.
:

analyze correlate Partial
. Salbegin
salary . job time prevexp
control variable Ok .

.







) 24 (
_

P A R T I A L C O R R E L A T I O N C O E F F I C I E N T S

Controlling for.. JOBTIME PREVEXP

SALARY SALBEGIN
SALARY 1.0000 .8947
( 0) ( 470)
P= . P= .000

SALBEGIN .8947 1.0000
( 470) ( 0)
P= .000 P= .
(Coefficient / (D.F.) / 2-tailed Significance)

) 25 (
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8 - Regression
.
1 - Linear Regression
) (
) (
) (
education , .
:
analyze
Regression linear
Regression salary
salbegin, jobtime,
prevexp Ok
significance column
.











) 26 (


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Model Summary
.897
a
.804 .803 $7,586.187
Model
1
R R Square
Adjusted
R Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate
Predictors: (Constant), Previous Experience (months),
Months since Hire, Beginning Salary
a.

ANOVA
b
1.11E+11 3 3.696E+10 642.151 .000
a
2.70E+10 470 57550239.51
1.38E+11 473
Regression
Residual
Total
Model
1
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Predictors: (Constant), Previous Experience (months), Months since Hire,
Beginning Salary
a.
Dependent Variable: Current Salary
b.

Coefficients
a
-10266.6 2959.838 -3.469 .001
1.927 .044 .888 43.435 .000
173.203 34.677 .102 4.995 .000
-22.509 3.339 -.138 -6.742 .000
(Constant)
Beginning Salary
Months since Hire
Previous Experience
(months)
Model
1
B Std. Error
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Beta
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
Dependent Variable: Current Salary
a.


) 27 (
9 - Data Reduction
Factor Analysis :
Factors
.
.
40 5
.
10 - Nonparametric Tests
analyze

.
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33
1 - Chi-Square
.
) (

gender ) 50 % 50 % ( .
:
analyze Nonparametric Tests
Chi-Square gender2
test variable Expected values All
categories equal
categories. . :








) 28 (

GENDER2
258 237.0 21.0
216 237.0 -21.0
474
1.00
2.00
Total
Observed N Expected N Residual

Test Statistics
3.722
1
.054
Chi-Square
a
df
Asymp. Sig.
GENDER2
0 cells (.0%) have expected frequencies less than
5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 237.0.
a.


) 29 (
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2 - Binomial:

.
- K-S .
U - K-S .
- Kruskal-Wallis .
Wilcoxon singed-rank .
Friedman, Kindall`s W, and
Cochern`s Q .



:

1 : .
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Iw,Ia : 2qaIqI wI aazJ Creating and Modifying Charts
SPSS

.
:
1 - Graphs Bar
2 -
Summaries for groups of cases
3 - Define
4 - Other summary function
5 - Variable
6 - Category Axis
7 - OK


:
Bar
Graph Define Category Axis
Gender Ok . :








1




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36
Gender
Male Female
C
o
u
n
t
270
260
250
240
230
220
210














2 ) 30 (












) 31 ( Bar ) (

:
1 - Graphs Bar
2 - Summaries of a separate variable
3 - Define
4 - .



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37


Graph Bar Summaries of a
separate variable Define
salary salbegin Ok
:







1










2
) 32 (


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38
Beginning Salary Current Salary
M
e
a
n
40000
30000
20000
10000


) 33 (

Creating a clustered Bar Chart :
.
:
1 - Graphs Bar
2 - Clustered
3 - Summaries for groups of cases
4 - Define
5 - : Category Axis
6 - : Define Clusters by
7 - OK

:
Graph Bar
clustered summaries for groups
cases Define category axis
gender jobcat Ok
:

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39
Gender
Male Female
C
o
u
n
t
300
200
100
0
Employment Category
Clerical
Custodial
Manager








1









2
) 34 (











) 35 (

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40
:
:
1 - Edit Copy
2 -
3 - Edit Past special
4 - Picture Bitmap .



:
1 : .
2 :

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1 :
) (


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2 :
:
) ( ) (
.

4 :

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41
5 :

) ( ) ( .

6 :

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) 1 ( Statistical Functions
CFVAR(numexpr,numexpr[,...])
)
(
.
LAG(variable)
.
MAX(value,value[,...])
.
MIN(value,value[,...])

.
MEAN(numexpr,numexpr[,...]) ]

.
SD(numexpr,numexpr[,...]) ]

.
SUM(numexpr,numexpr[,...])

.
VARIANCE(numexpr,numexpr[,...]) ]

.



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43
) 2 ( Missing Value Functions
NMISS(variable[,...])

.

MISSING(variable)
:
.
SYSMIS(numvar)
:
.
VALUE(variable)

.

) 3 ( Arithmetic Functions
ABS(numexpr)
.
ARSIN(numexpr)
1 + 1 .
ARTAN(numexpr)
.
COS(radians)
.
EXP(numexpr) e
) e (
LN(numexpr)
e .
... ; ..., _.. .. SPSS .,:s ..; ....:: .,.: ....,
44
LG10(numexpr)
10 .
MOD(numexpr,modulus)
5 2
2.5 0.5
.
RND(numexpr)
5 .
SIN(radians) .
SQRT(numexpr)
.
TRUNC(numexpr)
.



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