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Edition 7 Test Bank on Word

What characteristics do all fungi have in common? absorption of nutrients What is the environmental significance of saprobic fungi? Which group of organisms should benefit if they were to disappear? the prokaryotes would benefit If all saprobic fungi in an environment were to suddenly die, which group of organisms should benefit as a whole a. plants d. animals b. protists e. mutualistic fungi c. prokaryotes

Be able to describe the mechanism of fungal digestion and absorption of nutrients. o 4) When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter? A) haustoria B) soredia C) exoenzymes D) increased oxygen levels E) larger bacterial populations

Characteristic of hyphate fungi (fungi featuring hyphae)? 3. Which of the following is not a characteristic of hyphate fungi (fungi featuring hyphae)? a. They acquire their nutrients by absorption. b. Their body plan is a netlike mass of filaments called a mycelium. c. Their cell walls consist mainly of cellulose microfibrils. d. They may be saprobes, parasites, or mutualistic symbionts. e. The nuclei of the mycelia are typically haploid.

Primary role of a mushroom's underground mycelium? absorbing nutrients What do fungi and arthropods have in common? 8) What do fungi and arthropods have in common? A) Both groups are commonly coenocytic. B) The haploid state is dominant in both groups. C) Both groups are predominantly saprobic in nutrition.

D) The protective coats of both groups are made of chitin. E) Both groups have cell walls.

Function and mechanism of cytoplasmic streaming? the pores in the septal walls allow it to happen 9) In septate fungi, what structures allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout the hyphae? A) chitinous layers in cell walls B) pores in septal walls C) complex microtubular cytoskeletons D) two nuclei E) tight junctions that form in septal walls between cells

Mechanism behind the extremely fast growth of a fungal mycelium? fast distribuiton of synthesized protiens from cytoplastmic streaming 10) What best accounts for the extremely fast growth of a fungal mycelium? A) a rapid distribution of synthesized proteins by cytoplasmic streaming B) their lack of motility that requires rapid spread of hyphae C) a long tubular body shape D) the readily available nutrients from their predatory mode of nutrition E) a dikaryotic condition that supplies greater amounts of proteins and nutrients

Vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi? composed of hyphae considered mycelium typically underground 11) The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are A) composed of hyphae. B) referred to as a mycelium. C) usually underground. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

Comparative morphology of hyphae? 13) Consider two hyphae having equal dimensions: one from a septate species and the other from a coenocytic species. Compared with the septate species, the coenocytic species should have A) fewer nuclei. B) more pores. C) less chitin. D) less cytoplasm. E) reduced cytoplasmic streaming.

Compare/contrast karyogamy and plasmogamy (2) Actually chelsea, I was just about to put that. DOUBT IT. CHELSEA YOU COULDNT FIND THAT ONE?....shut up. noob.. In fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which a. means that sexual reproduction can occur in specialized structures. b. results in more genetic variation during sexual reproduction. c. allows fungi to reproduce asexually most of the time. d. results in heterokaryotic cells. e. is strong support for the claim that fungi are not truly eukaryotic. 22) Cytokinesis is to nuclear division as ________ is to karyogamy (fusion of nuclei) A) syngamy B) plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm) C) gametogenesis D) endosymbiosis E) parasitism

Heterokaryotic vs. dikaryotic condition

17) If all of their nuclei are equally active transcriptionally, then the cells of both dikaryotic and heterokaryotic fungi are essentially like ________ cells in terms of the gene products they can make. A) haploid B) diploid C) alloploid D) completely homozygous E) completely hemizygous

What is an opisthokont? 28) If the choanoflagellate protist from which animals are thought to have evolved were classified as an opisthokont, then what should be true of these choanoflagellates? A) They should also have given rise to the chytrids. B) They should be the common ancestor of the chytrids and the zygomycetes. C) The end of the cell from which the flagellum emerges should be homologous to the posterior ends of animal sperm cells and chytrid zoospores. D) They should perform heterotrophy by secretion of exoenzymes. E) Like diplomonads and parabasalids, they should bear multiple flagella.

Chytrid zoospore? o Which of the following characteristics is not shared by both chytrids and other kinds of fungi? o a. presence of hyphae o b. flagellated zoospores

o o o o

c. absorptive mode of nutrition d. chitinous cell walls e. amino acid base sequences of some enzymes

Evolutionary similarities of plants and fungi? Fossil fungi date back to the origin and early evolution of plants. What combination of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and plants? A) presence of "coal forests" and change in mode of nutrition B) periods of drought and presence of filamentous body shape C) predominance in swamps and presence of cellulose in cell walls D) colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells E) continental drift and mode of spore dispersal

Characteristics/features of Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Glomeromycota, and Chytridiomycota. (5) o This phylum contains organisms that most closely resemble the common ancestor of fungi and animals. (Chytridiomycota) o This phylum formerly included the members of the new phylum Glomeromycota, and may also contain the Microsporidia. (Zygomycota) o Members of this phylum produce two kinds of haploid spores, one kind being asexually produced conidia. (Ascomycota) o This phylum contains the mushrooms, shelf fungi, and puffballs. (basidiomycota) o Members of this phylum form arbuscular mycorrhizae. (Glomeromycota) Characteristics/features of Deuteromycetes? Which of the following statements is true of deuteromycetes?
o o o o o

a. They are the second of five fungal phyla to have evolved. b. They represent the phylum in which all the fungal components of lichens are classified. c. They are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage. d. They are the group that includes molds, yeasts, and lichens. e. They include the imperfect fungi that lack hyphae.

Habitats of the 5 fungal clades? 39) You have been given the assignment of locating living members of the phylum Glomeromycota. Where is the best place to look for these fungi? A) between the toes of a person with "athlete's foot" B) in stagnant freshwater ponds C) the roots of vascular plants D) growing on rocks and tree bark E) the kidneys of cattle

Functions of the following structures: zoospores, soredia, gills, mycelia, sporangia, haustoria, conidia, basidiocarps, arbuscles, hyphae. 43) Which of these fungal structures are structurally and functionally

most alike? A) conidia and basidiocarps B) sporangia and hyphae C) soredia and gills D) haustoria and arbuscles E) zoospores and mycelia

Be able to physically describe the 5 fungal clades. (2) 43) Which of these fungal structures are structurally and functionally most alike? A) conidia and basidiocarps B) sporangia and hyphae C) soredia and gills D) haustoria and arbuscles E) zoospores and mycelia 44) You are given an organism to identify. It has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. What kind of a fungus is this? A) zygomycete B) ascomycete C) deuteromycete D) chytrid E) basidiomycete 47) How are mushrooms and toadstools classified? A) basidiomycetes B) ascomycetes C) deuteromycetes D) zygomycetes E) chytrids 48) Arrange the following from largest to smallest, assuming that they all come from the same fungus. 1. basidiocarp 2. basidium 3. basidiospore 4. mycelium 5. gill A) 4, 5, 1, 2, 3 B) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3 C) 5, 1, 4, 3, 2 D) 5, 1, 3, 2, 4 E) 4, 1, 5, 2, 3 49) Mushrooms with gills, typically available in supermarkets, have meiotically

produced spores located in or on ________ and belong to the phylum ________. A) asci; Basidiomycota B) hyphae; Zygomycota C) basidia; Basidiomycota D) asci; Ascomycota E) hyphae; Ascomycota

Fungal structures is associated with asexual reproduction? o 25. Which of these fungal structures is associated with asexual reproduction? o a. zygospore o d. ascus o b. basidium o e. antheridium o c. conidium What is a fairy ring? What is happening in and around the location of this phenomenon? o a fairy ring is a ring of mushrooms that may appear on a lwan overnight. expands outward at about 30 cm/yr, decomposing organic matter in the soil as it grows. some giant fairy rings may be centuries old
o

50) A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. What process best accounts for the observation that, upon reaching sexual maturity, this fungus produces a nearly circular fairy ring despite the fact that organic nutrients are not evenly distributed in the soil? A) karyogamy B) plasmogamy C) alternation of generations D) fermentation E) cytoplasmic streaming

Description and importance of symbiotic associations that fungi are involved with? (4) Examples?

54) Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and A) mosses. B) cyanobacteria. C) green algae. D) either A or B E) either B or C 56) The symbiotic associations involving roots and soil fungi are considered A) parasitic. B) mutualistic.

C) commensal. D) harmful to the plant partner. E) the beginning stages of the formation of lichens. 62) The terms below all refer to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi except A) pathogens. B) mycoses. C) spore production. D) lichens. E) mycorrhizae. 61) When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of viticulturists who engage in this practice should be that the A) fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes. B) fungicide isn't also harmful to insect pests. C) lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed. D) fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae. E) sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue. 63) If Penicillium secreted penicillin while involved in a lichen relationship, what must have been true about its partner? A) It should have lacked peptidoglycan in its cell wall. B) It was probably a green alga. C) It was probably not a member of the domain Bacteria. D) It was probably not a heterotrophic prokaryote. E) All of these are true

Function and importance of mycorrhizae? If there were no mycorrhizae, then which of the following would be true? A) There would be fewer infectious diseases. B) We wouldn't have any antibiotics. C) There would be no mushrooms for pizza. D) Most vascular plants would be stunted in their growth. E) Cheeses like blue cheese or Roquefort would not exist.

Facts about the sexual/asexual stages of fungal life cycle? 64) Sexual reproduction has never been observed among the fungi that produce the blue-green marbling of blue cheeses. What is true of these fungi and others that do not have a a sexual stage? A) They are currently classified among the deuteromycetes. B) They do not form heterokaryons. C) Their spores are produced by mitosis. D) Only A and B are correct. E) A, B, and C are correct.

Human diseases/disorders caused by fungi? The following conditions are all caused by a fungus except a. AIDS. d. candidiasis (Candida yeast infection). b. athlete's foot. e. coccidioidomycosis. c. ringworm.

Agricultural importance of fungi? Fungi are beneficial to agriculture in all of the following ways except in that they A) recycle nutrients that are tied up in dead organic matter. B) increase the ability of most vascular plants to absorb minerals from the soil. C) contribute to the initial stages of soil formation from rock. D) form mycoses on leaves and stems. E) may harbor photosynthetic partners that add nitrogenous compounds to the soil.

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