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The speed
o f l i g ht in vacuum
c is the same The speed of light
fo r a l l fo rc e s in vacuum c is the
including light same for all forces
annd d a l l o ther ther including light and all
e l e c t ro m a g n e t i c other electromagnetic
w a ve s , . . . . . e.g.. . ultraviolet, infrared, waves, e.g. ultraviolet, infrared, radio
radio and TV, and may be also the gravity. and TV, and may be also the gravity.
It is the upper lkimit speed for the forces in the It is the upper limit speed for the forces
physical universe and it can't be reached by any in the physical universe and it can't be
matter due to the infinite energy reached by any matter due to the infinite
energy needed.
Speed of light
needed.
e.g. ultraviolet, infrared,
Therefore, to describe this highest
radio and TV, and may be also the gravity.
speed on the astronomical basis, the
It is the upper lkimit speed for the forces in the distance covered by which in a day as
physical universe and it can't be reached by any the shortest astronomical time is best
matter due to the infinite compared to the astronomical distance
energy needed.
6 Speed of light Speed of light 7
IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY? IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?
The geocentric moon's motion as Based on the naked eye observation from
detected by the earth observers is the earth; the moon is reckoned circling
not made from a motionless earth the motionless eath, in a perfectly
as reckoned by them. But to make a circular orbit, deviod from the variation
constant relation with the universal ratio either in velocity or distance, as
constant of motion c using pure if the motion of the moon around the
parameters; the system of the moon's earth is in isolated system.
motion around earth should be isolated This is because the moon's motion with
as if earth is motionless as reckoned by the earth around the sun can not be
earth observers. detected except by an observer outside
the solar system, and the variation ratio
from the mean values can not be detected
by the naked eye. The exclusion of this
ration achieves the perfectly circular
orbit exactly as it is reckoned.
10 Speed of light
IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?
The s peed
o f l ig ht in va c u u m
c is the s a m e
fo r a l l fo rc es
inc l u ding l ig ht
a nd a l l o ther
e l e c t ro m a g n e t i c
w a ves ,. . . . . e.g.. . ultraviolet, infrared,
The moon is in a synchronous motion around physical universe and it can't be reached by any
Speed of light
needed.
covers an angle Ø around the sun each cycle. e.g. ultraviolet, infrared,
Hence, the moon's direction in space is changed radio and TV, and may be also the gravity.
with respect to the stars from the original one by It is the upper lkimit speed for the forces in the
the same angle Ø each cycle around the earth. physical universe and it can't be reached by any
energy needed.
12 Speed of light Speed of light 13
IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY? IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?
The "Velocity"
has a certain value and a certain direction
The moon covers an angle Ø
(Vector), while the "mass" for example around the sun each cycle and its
has only a certain value (Scalar). direction fo velocity is changed.
In the isolated earth-moon (e-m) system;
the moon's velocity comes again to the
original direction each cycle around
the earth. But, actually its direction is
changed with respect to the stars from
the original one by an angle Ø each
cycle around the earth due to the
simultaneous motion around the sun.
In respect to the starts the moon's
velocity direction is changed
each cycle due to the heliocentric
motion during geocentric one
14 Speed of light Speed of light 15
IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY? IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?
Therefore, the motion of the moon A residual distance exists after the
should be totally around the sun as a complete recession of the moon in the
peripheral point. isolated e-m system which represents the
The angle Ø was in its maximum 90º initial earth mean radius reº therefore,
(cos.Ø:Zero), making a tangential the actual moon's distance R of the
direction of the moon with the sun's initial lunar orbit was 2reº. The lunar
centre confirming that it was a parameters at contact of the moon with
peripheral point of it. the earth are reflections to the initial
lunar orbit; so its parameters can be
Due to Unitarian origin; earth and
defined provided that 2e = rº/R = 0.5,
moon may be viewed as a twin plant.
and Ø = 60º (cos. Ø = 0.5). The angle
The value e = 0.5 reveals the maximum
60º is the equilibrium angle because at
eccentricity at which the earth and
which the sun and earth effects on the
moon were prone to escape. At
moon were equal. The doubling of the
contact of them with the sun; the earth
moon's distance means that the moon's
revolution and the sun rotation periods
mean orbital velocity V should be half of
were similar (Y' = T' 360/Ø = 4t'º).
the rotation velocity of the initial earth
0.5 Veº. Hence, the pure lunar motion
34 Speed of light Speed of light 35
IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY? IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?
that represents the escape velocity of km., and the moon escape velocity was
earth can be defined (V' = V cosine Ø 1.441882483 km. /sec. and its mean radius
=0.5 x 0.5 V eº): 6.245676208 km/ was 9618.756561 km.
sec. Then, the actual moon's revolution Then, the unified mean density of either
period (T') value was 4t'º (V'T' = the sun, earth, or moon (3M/4π r3) was:
4V't'). 19.7170496 kg. /meter3.
Because of the unified origin of the sun,
earth, and moon, the escape velocity of
any of them at contact depends either Realization: Intial mean density of:
on the radius or the mass (r1/r2 = V1/
V2, M1/M2 = V13 /V23). Consider Sun: 3x1.99x1030 / {4x3.1415926535898x(2888290327)3}
the present masses (sun: 1.99 x1030 = 19.71770496 kg./meter3.
kg, earth: 5.9736 x 1024 kg, moon:
Earth: 3x5.9736x1024 /{4x3.1415926535898x(41664726.3)3}
7.35x1022 kg.), so th escape or
= 19.7170496 kg./meter3.
rotation velocity and mean radius of the
sun and moon can be defined; the sun Moon: 3x7.35x1022 /{4x3.1415926535898x(9618756.561)3}
escape velocity was 432.963991 km = 19.7170496 kg./meter3.
/sec. and its radius was 2888290.327
36 Speed of light Speed of light 37
IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY? IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?
Therefore, it had lost a reasonable ratio universe creation, because the age of the
of its original mass about 16.7%. The universe was found to be about 12.5
loss of most of its gases may be due to (10 - 15) billion years and the age of the
its low gravity in comparison with the earth crust and atmosphere was found
sun that has 99.86% of the solar system to be about 4.3 (4 -4.6) billion years.
mass in a gaseous state. So, the age of earth and moon separation
as parts of our galaxy should be about 8.4
The six successive days-like periods of billion years, at which the mechanics of
universe creation in religious books can the earth-moon-sun system was really
be divided into three main stages: one started. The accumulated distance by
for what was happened before the earth the moon's recession is 300934.1569
separation as a part of our galaxy, one km, hence, the annual moon's recession
for the earth interior layers, and the last rate should be about: 3.6 cm / year,
one for the earth crust and atmosphere which is the exact known value today by
that were established since about 0.25 laser telemetry since Apollo 11 mission
billion years (Encyclopedia Britanica). in July 1969 where reflectors were put
The recent data is consistent with the on the surface of the moon.
religious books classification for the The same value of solar nebula age and
42 Speed of light Speed of light 43
IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY? IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?
earth separation (about 8.4 billion years) "Verily, the count of the months (in a
can be obtained if we consider what the year) in the sight of God (according to
last monotheism book has mentioned his design) was twelve of the present
that length of the calender year at the months at the time of (full) creation of
end of our world creation (since 0.25 the heavens and the earth (our visible
billion years) is 12 of the mean length universe)" (9 / 36).
of present calendar months (29.530588
days), because the present length of
In the isolated e-m system; the moon's
calender year is 12.368267 months
distance R' and the day length t', as well
with an acccumulated extra value of
as the moon's recession rate ∆R' and
0.368267 in 0.25 billion years, so total
the day length increase rate ∆ t' should
length of present yeat is accumulated in
have a constant relation: R'/t' = ∆R'/∆t'
a period of 8.4 billion years; the age of
= 3.976120966.
our galaxy . This indicates that dynamics
of earth and moon was formed with our
galaxy before their own formation.
44 Speed of light Speed of light 45
IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY? IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?
The s peed
o f l ig ht in va c u u m
This relation can be expressed by c is the s a m e
the moon's velocity: V't' = constant fo r a l l fo rc es
(78572.6366), and can be expressed by inc l u ding l ig ht
the moon's distance instead of the earth a nd a l l o ther
rotational period: V'R' = constant. To e l e c t ro m a g n e t i c
avoid the mass M changes effect; it may w a ves ,. . . . . e.g.. . ultraviolet, infrared,
be considered, hence the fundamental radio and TV, and may be also the gravity.
law in physics of the circular motion
It is the upper lkimit speed for the forces in the
is achieved which is conservation of
physical universe and it can't be reached by any
angular momentum (MVR = constant)
confirming conserved dynamics of matter due to the infinite energy
Speed of light
needed.
e.g. ultraviolet, infrared,
energy needed.
46 Speed of light Speed of light 47
IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY? IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?
To know the fact don't forget In the Knoran; there are three verses
having the same keywords of the relation;
this One thing
"a day" and "a thousand years", but
In the Bible; the relation is still clear each context is particular.
although there are not details or a definite
One gives the relation making it
indication to the universal upper limit
according to what earth observers
speed, and what is comparable to 1000
reckon, hence the motion of moon
years is not fixed to a day, hence the
around the earth on which the Arabic
interpretation was only a philosophical
(lunar) years are based becomes in
one that the Creator is beyond the time,
isolated system determining correct way
so a thousand years for him may be a day
used in all physical motion equations:
or only an hour; or even the reverse.
"And verily, a day in the sight of your
Lord is as a thousand years according
Ps904/: "For a thousand years in your sight Are but as
to what you reckon" 2247/ (At your
yesterday when it is past, As a watch in the night."
Lord; according to Islamic belief,
doesn't mean except according to the
2Pt3/8: "But don't forget this one thing, beloved that one design in the whole universe that has
day is with the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand been created by the Lord).
50 Speed of light Speed of light 51
IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY? IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?
The Koran second verse in not only indivisible One Great Will beyond
emphasizing that this relation is lasting forever.
constant; but also it gives many details "He (your Lord) manages everything,
indicating by analysis that this implied from the heaven to the earth (to be in
speed is universal and the upper limit order).
for the traveling, space is not empty
Then (accordingly), there is what is
but it is full of what we call forces, all
traveling (forces) in a curved path
have a Unitarian upper limit speed and
(filling the space) until the end; (to
a curved path in the space, these forces
cover) in a day a measure that cannot
and matter are unified in origin and
exeed a thousand years according to
fate (one essential building matter),
what you recknon" 32/5.
the earth with its satellite and sun are
unified in origin and mechanics as well The speed of light in vacuum can not
as all celestial objects in the universe, be exceeded by any mass-bearing object
and the whole universe should have a and the upper-limit speed for the
unified end at which everything will traveling forces in the universe; hence
be vanished again exactly as it was at it is suitable speed by which the huge
the unified beginning reflecting an astronomical distances can be measured
using the suitable unit of time. The
52 Speed of light Speed of light 53
IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY? IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?
moon is about 1 second far, the sun is ("a day" and "a thousand years");
about 8 minutes, the nearest star (Alpha still a keyword (50) in the third verse
Century) is 4.3 years, and the nearest contextually indicative to the maximal
galaxy (Andromeda) is about 2 million astronomically observable distance by
years. To define the upper-limit distance maximal speed and the units of time
or the radius of the universe on the feasible for measure (sun's years).
astronomical basis; the suitable unit of "The (non-physical messengers)
time is the maximal one we can define, Angels and the Spirit are traveling in
which is the sun's year, or the period of (the universe) curved paths until the
a circle covered by the sun around the end (covering a huge expansion); of a
centre of our galaxy (Milky way), it is measure of fifty (feasible units of time);
about 250 million years. The beam of thousand years in a day" 704/.
light covers universe radius in its age
Amazingly; maximal astronomical
which was found to be about 12.5 (10-
distance in last monotheism book is
15) billion years, or 50 by feasible time
definied as "a measure of fifty; thousand
units (Sun's years).
years in a day" that contextually means:
Excluding the keywords indicative "50 (feasible time units) by the 1000
to the universal constant of motion years per day speed". This distance can't
54 Speed of light Speed of light 55
IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY? IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?
Basic Data:
Sidereal Year Y: 365 days, 6 hours, 9
minutes, 9.5 seconds (31558149.5 seconds =
365.25636 days).
Sidereal month T: 27 days, 7 hours, 43
minutes, 11.5 seconds (2360591.5 seconds
= 27.32166088 days): (sidereals year/synodic
month) + 1 = (sidereal year/sidereal month).
Sidereal day t: 86164.09966 seconds:
(sidereal year/synodic day) + 1 = (sidereal
year/sidereal day).
The Deviation angle of the earth-
moon system in relation to vacuum
(due to motion around sun every sidereal
month) Ø: 26.92847817 [Ø = 360T/Y],
Cosine Ø: 0.891572542289913397, 2e =
1- cosine Ø = 0.108427457710086603, e =
0.0542137288550433015 (about 0.055).
π = (3.1415926535898).
58 Speed of light Speed of light 59
IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY? IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?
6. Bhattacharyya, G., and R. Johnson, Statistical 13. E J Atzema, All phenomena of light that
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60 Speed of light Speed of light 61
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68 Speed of light
IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?
The s peed o f
l ig ht in va c u u m c is
and Astrophysics", 1998, Saunders College the s a m e fo r a l l
Publishing, Philadelphia. fo rc es inc l u ding
66. Zeilik and Smith, Introductory Astronomy l ig ht a nd a l l o ther
and Astrophysics, 2nd ed., Saunders College electromagnetic
Publishing-1987 Philadephia, p53. w a ves ,. . . . . . .
67. Encyclopedia Britannica 2003, ultimate refer-
e.g. ultraviolet, infrared,
ence suite, CD-Rom.
radio and TV, and may be also the gravity.
68. Oxford Interactive Encyclopedia, CD-Rom.
It is the upper lkimit speed for the forces in the
69. Compton's Encyclopedia 1998 Deluxe, CD-
Rom. physical universe and it can't be reached by any
70. Encarta Reference Library 2004, CD-Rom. matter due to the infinite energy
needed.
Speed of light
e.g. ultraviolet, infrared,
energy needed.
70 Speed of light
IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?
Contents
5 The speed of light in vacuum c . . . .
56 Basic Data
58 Scientific References