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Table of contents
Acknoledgements Preface Project motivation Design specification 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 11 11
Ch 3. PUMP SIZING
3.1.PUMP SELECTION 3.2.Design parametres 3.3.Rated speed
Ch 4. SHAFT DESIGN
4.1.Diametre selection 4.2.Material selection 4.3.Result
Ch 5. Belt Drive
5.1.Bicycle speed : 5.2.Selection of belt type 5.3.Material of belt 5.4.Belt thickness and widths 5.5.Velocity ratio of belt drive 5.6.Slip of the belt 5.7.Length of pulley 5.8.Power transmitted by belt 5.9.Ratio of Driving Tensions for Flat Belt Drivivive 5.11.Maximum tention 5.12.Result
Appendix References
ACKNOLEDGEMENTS
First of all I thank to Allah almighty who make me able to complete this task and than to sir Dr.Javed Hyder who guided me during whole period of this research oriented project.I am also thankful to him to provide us an opportunity to apply our knowledge in engineering systems which is the ultimate responsibily of good practising engineer.
Preface
To facilitate the reader project has been divided into 5 chapters.1st chapter consists of rough sketche of the whole system,drawings of individual segments of the system,detailed drawing of all parts and free hand drawings.2nd chapter deals with the head loss calculations,in this chapter technical data used in calculations was taken form different books has been cited and presented at the end of this report. Chapter 3 is about which pump will be used for pumping water?.Chapter 4 deals with selection of shaft used to transmit power from smaller pulley to the centrifugal pump. 5TH chapter helps in calculation and selectin of belt size,length and material used. I am thankful to Dr.Javed hyder and with whom sincere guidlines i was able to complete this project.
Project Motivation
Human power if used effectivelly can be used for pumping water without any greater stress on human body.The idea is especially useful in third world countries where electricity is costly or is scarce.This project is a predecessor for drawing underground water without electricity.This project was especially chosen to meet the water need of Pakistan people which are seriouly affected by power shortage.By using this system not only water can be lifted for household purposes but also for irrigation needs. There are some facts which could be actuating factors for using this system
Irrigation critically lacking in third world countries. Current pumps do not meet economic and ergonomic requirements of farmers. Bicycles are prevalent and relatively ergonomic mode of transportation. Bicycle powered pump answers irrigation need.
Variability ........................................................................................19
Design Specification
To design a System which is able to pump water from one reservoir to another reservoir located at 25 feet horizontal and 15 feet vertical distance. To provide a flow rate of 20 litres/minute. To make a system with power input wihtin a range a human can easily delivere i,e 75 watts. To make a system which can even work with a centrifugal pump which is 33% efficient. System should also act as predecessor for a system capable of drawing underground water especially for use in irrigation. System should be capable of working at temperatre 200C. System is designed to make use of bicyle which is of easily avaible in standard size of 22. To make system working its intended function with speed 21km/h with wheel size 22. System is provided with valves to regulate and control the flow of water. System is designed to make it economical as compered to electrically driven water pumps.
SYSTEM DRAWINGS
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1.1.Paddle powered water pump
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1.8.Centrifugal pump
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WATER HEAD
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2.1.HEAD
Pressure is not as convenient a term because the amount of pressure that the pump will deliver depends upon the weight (specific gravity) of the liquid being pumped and the specific gravity changes with changes with temperature, type of fluid, and fluid concentration. head" is a very convenient term in the pumping business. Capacity is measured in gallons per minute, and each gallon of liquid has weight, so we can easily calculate the pounds per minute being pumped. Head or height is measured in feet, so if we multiply these two together we get foot- pounds per minute which converts directly to work at the rate of 33,000 foot pounds per minute equals one horsepower.temperature, type of fluid, and fluid concentration. To calculate head accurately we must calculate the total head on both the suction and discharge sides of the pump. In addition to the static head we must calculate that is a head caused by resistance in the piping, fittings and valves called friction head, and a head caused by any pressure that might be acting on the liquid in the tanks including atmospheric pressure, called " surface pressure head". Once we know these heads, we will then subtract the suction head from the discharge head and the amount remaining will be the amount of head that the pump must be able to generate at the rated flow. Here is how it looks in a formula:
2.2.System head
The head provided by the pump is the difference between the discharge and suction head i.e, System head = total discharge head - total suction head.
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2.4.Flow rate
In the section of project specification it was specified that system must provide a flow rate of 20 Lit/mim.hence Flow rate = Q = 20 Lit/min Q = flow rate of the system=VA Where V=Velocity A=Cross section of pipe Also A= d2/4 (2.1)
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2.5.Reynold number
To calculate Reynold number we use Re = Vd/ Where Re=Reynold number =density of fluid =absolute viscosity of fluid (2.3)
2.6.Entrance length
For turbulent flow Entrance length = Le=4.4Red1\6 Le = Entrance length (2.4)
2.7.Frictional head
Head loss in the system due to pipe friction is given by hf = fLV2/2gd where hf = Head loss due to friction Since V=Q/ d2/4 (2.5)
Putting this expression for V in Eq (2.5) hf = 8fLQ2/2gd5 Where f= frictional parametre g= Acceleration of gravity
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(2.6)
For smooth pipes (Can also be calculated from moody chart given in appendix A2) f = 0.25 \ [log 10(5.74/Re0.9)]2 (2.7)
1/2
.0228
3/4'
22106
1.17
1.45
9.71%
.025
1.34
16580
.65
1.85
12.3
.027
.34
2.9.Results
Hence a dia of 3/4 is suitable so that entrance effects are less than 10 % and friction head is also not too much.
2.10.Discharge head
Now we calculate total discharge head The total discharge head is made from three separate heads:
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It is the head pump must provide to the fluid,we can also calculate power required to pump this fluid WHP = QHtotal/3960 (hp) =.0254 hp = 19 watts
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PUMP SIZING
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3.1.PUMP SELECTION
A centrifugal pump will be used in this project due to following reasons. Variability Centrifugal pumps can pump a wide variety of substances at variable rates of speed and volume.
Construction
Centrifugal pump is simple in construction and can be made from variety of materials
Steady delivery
Centrifugal pump provides steady delivery of fluid.
Scale
Centrifugal pump is smaller than other pumps of equal capacity.Centrifugal pumps can be almost any size
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3.2.Design parametres
We calculated that 19 watts power is required to provide required head so we describe different parametres and there design value to achieve this much power we proceed as follows. Let fluid enters the blade with velocity V1 as shown in figure
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3.3.Rated speed
Due to limitation of power delivering capancity of human and diametre of easily available bicyle it will be shown the 490 RPM are available to the driving shaft.We have calculated in previous chapter that inlet speed is 1.17 m/s so we can calculate inlet radius r1 using relation u1=r1 r1=v1/ =1.17 /51 = 0.022 m = 0.90 Similalry u 2 = r 2 if we choose r2=6 u2= 51.3 * 0.153 = 7.83 m/sec form figure we can calculate Vn2 = normal compnent of velocity at axit to the blade = Q\2r2b2 Selecting b2 = 0.5 Vn2 = .027 m\s (3.2) (3.1)
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SHAFT DESIGN
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4.1.Diametre selection
Driving shaft of the pump must have enough strenth to transmit power withour failure.So we must calculate required dia of the shaft to avoid failure.
B.P = 61watts = T Hence considering that shaft transmits 90 % power torque Power = 61 /0.9 =68 watts T = 68 / 51 =1.32 Nm For shafts subjected to twist only we know that =Tc/J (4.1)
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4.2.Material selection
Shaft of carbon steel of grade 40 C 8 Can be used which has yield strength of 320 Mpa If we apply factor of safety of 10 then working =320 / 10 = Tc/J In which c= radius of shaft J= Polar moment of inertia of shaft = d4/32 Here d3=16T/ = 16(1.33)/(32*106) d= 5.95mm = 6 mm
4.3.Result
Shaft of carbon steel of grade 40 C 8 having diametre greater than 6 mm and yield strength 320 MPa must be used.
(Taken from A textbook of machine design by R.S.Khurmi and J.K Gupta from page 510)
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Belt Drive
5.1.Bicycle speed :
Typical speeds for bicycles are 15 to 30 km/h (10 to 20 mph).So to make design suitable for average speed riders we take speed 21km/h.Moreover The typical average continuous power that can be generated by pedaling is about one-sixth horsepower or 125 watts, more or less, depending on the weight, strength, and endurance of the person pedaling."We take 75 watts for our calculation whill will fullfill the purpose.Also easily avaiable bicycle has wheel dia 22 and we will use this dia in calculation. We can calculate RPM of larger dia given by VC=dcN/60 Where Vc=velocity of cycle wheel NC=number of rpm of the larger wheel (5.1)
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5.3.Material of belt
The most important material for flat belt is leather. The best leather belts are made from 1.2 metres to 1.5 metres long strips cut from either side of the back bone of the top grade steer hides. Hair side gives a more intimate contact between belt and pulley and places the greatest tensile strength of the belt section on the outside, where the tension is maximum as the belt passes over the pulley. The leather may be either oak-tanned or mineral salt-tanned e.g. chrome-tanned.One more reason why leather oak tanned belst is selected is that it has less variation in coefficient friction in dry and wet environment.
(Taken from A textbook of machine design by R.S.Khurmi and J.K Gupta from page 681)
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Lenth of open drive belt is given by L = /2(d1+d2)+2x+(d1-d2)2/4x Where x=distance between drive and driven pulley For best performance x= 3.5 to 10 times the dia of larger pulley So we takw x = 3.5*22=1.95 m Putting values for length in 1 L= /2(0.56+0.216)+2x+(0.56-0.216)2/4(1.95) =1.21+3.9+.01517 = 5.12 m (5.4)
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Fig.5.3 shows the driving pulley (or driver) A and the driven pulley (or follower) B. As already discussed, the driving pulley pulls the belt from one side and delivers it to the other side. It is thus obvious that the tension on the former side (i.e. tight side) will be greater than the latter side (i.e. slack side) as shown in Fig. 5.3. Let T1 = Tension in the tight side and T2 = TenSion in the slack side of the belt respectively in newtons, r1 = Radius of the driving pulley r2 = Radii of the driven pulley and = Velocity of the belt in m/s. The effective turning (driving) force at the circumference of the driven pulley or follower is the difference between the two tensions (i.e. T1 T2) Work done per second = (T1 T2)v N-m/s and power transmitted = (T1 T2)v Watts A little consideration will show that torque exerted on the driving pulley is (T1 T2) r1. Similarly, the torque exerted on the driven pulley is (T1 T2) r2. (5.5) (5.6)
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It can be shown that 2.3 log (T2/T1)= From Figure 5.4 Sin =r1-r2/x =(11-4.25)/6.38 Which gives =1.540 = (180 - 2)(/180) radian Now for oak tanned leather belt = 0.25 Here putting these values in (5.7) T2/T1= Anti.log(/2.3)=2.17 Also P=(T2-T1).V1 V=5.83 power transmitted to the 2nd Pulley must be 68 watts so 68 = (2.17T1-T1).5.83 T1=9.96N=10N T2=21.7=22 N width of belt=w = 35mm,thickness t = 5mm Cross section area = A = wt = 175 mm2 (5.7)
Here
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5.12.Result
If we use belt of efficiency of 90 % then belt with allowable maximum stress .13 Mpa will serve the purpose with 75 watts input power.
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Appendix A2 Moody chart (Fluid mechanics by frank white 4th edition Page 771)
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Table A3
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