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140

Chuong 8
THIT BJ VT, TRICH LY, TINH CH CAC SAN PHM
THU NHN TU PHUONG PHAP TNG HOP VI SINH

8.1. MO DU
Nhim vu cua cng ngh vi sinh la dung vi sinh vt san xut ra ba loai san
phm nh sau:
- Cac t bao vi sinh trang thai sng (vi khun Lactobacillus, vi khun c nh
am Rhizobium, Azotobacter, vi khun iu tr tiu chay Bacillis subtilis, vi khun tr
su Bacillis thuringiensis, nm tr su Bauveria bassiana, Metarrhizium anisopliac, vi
khun lam phn vi sinh nh B.megatherium, B.mycoides, nm men lam bt n banh m
Saccharomyces cerevisiae...) hoc trang thai cht lam ngun protein (Candida utilis,
cac loai vi tao...)
- Cac san phm trao i cht s cp axit amin, vitamin, ru, axit hu c... va th
cp (khang sinh).
- Cac loai enzim dung trong cac qua trnh thuy phn, tng hp va chuyn hoa.
lam c vic o cn phai giai quyt hai vn sau:
a) Ky thut ln men: nghin cu iu kin ti u trong qua trnh ln men nh thit
b , cng ngh...nhm at c hiu sut cao cho cac san phm mong mun.
b) Ky thut thu hi san phm sau ln men va ch bin thanh cac dang thng
phm, nghin cu cac iu kin trch ly, tinh ch nhm thu c cac cht co hoat tnh
sinh hoc dang tinh khit. Nhiu ky thut trong cng nghip hoa hoc nh: loc, kt tua, ly
tm, kt tinh , hp phu, chng ct, sy... u c s dung y. iu khac nhau cn
lu y ti la cac cht co hoat tnh sinh hoc thng khng bn vng vi ca c iu kin nhit
, pH va cac yu t vt ly khac.
iu kin va phng phap nui cy vi sinh vt co anh hng n s hnh thanh
thanh phn va tnh cht cua cht long canh trng. Cac ch sinh tng hp cn hng
ti kt qua thu nhn mi trng co cht nn va nhng tap cht khac con lai la ti thiu
va co nng cac san phm mong mun la cc ai.
141



























Hnh 8.1 khao sat s cac phng an c ban gia cng cht long canh trng
va ln men b mt nhm thu nhn cac dang san phm t tng hp vi sinh. T s
chung ta thy phng an gia cng cht long canh trng n gian nht - thu nhn cht
thay th sa nguyn t sa huyt tng bng phng phap vi sinh. Thu nhn c huyn
Cht long canh trng
Loc, ly tm,
phn ly, lng
Kh kh, gan, c
c bng phng
phap tuyn ni
Cht long canh
trng a c
loai bo mt s
cht
Nui cy bng phng phap b m t
Kh du
sinh hoc
Trch
ly
Tinh ch bng
phng phap
sinh hoc hay
c va sy
Cht long
canh trng
c lam
trong
Sinh khi
dang bt nhao
co ham lng
nc n 80%
Huyn phu
co lng
nc trn
85%
Cac phng
phap c va
tinh ch: c
chn khng,
loc thm thu
ngc, siu
loc, lanh ng,
tao tinh th,
sy, tinh luyn
Ph phm Cht
trch ly
Gia cng s b
Cht loc
C chn khng
Gia cng s b
Pha v
Loc, ly tm
Sinh khi Sy
Trch ly
Cht beo sinh hoc Cht c kh Cht c long
Cht c, san phm tng
hp v sinh co mc
tinh ch khac nhau
Hnh 8.1. S cac phng phap gia cng cht long canh trng
va nui cy vi sinh vt bng phng phap b mt
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phu nm men co nng sinh khi n 150 g/l trong qua trnh nui cy nm men trong
sa huyt tng. Sau khi gia cng c bit (lam giau vitamin va cac cu t khac) khng
co cac giai oan trung gian, huyn phu c sy kh bng phng phap sy phun. Khi
nui cy nm men trong cac mi trng hydratcacbon hay mi trng ru, cht long
canh trng co ham lng sinh khi nho hn 25 g/l c em i gia cng. Trong trng
hp nay trc khi sy phai tin hanh cac giai oan tuyn ni, c c nhm tng nng
sinh khi n 20 25% cht kh.
Khi thu nhn nm men trn mi trng co phn ct cua du mo vic c sinh khi
trc khi phn ly c thc hin bng phng phap ga n. Khi nui cy nm men trong
cac mi trng c th cac giai oan tuyn ni, phn ly khng cn thit. C c sinh
khi bun hoat tnh trc khi sy co th thc hin bng phng phap lng va phn li.
Trong cac v du v c sinh khi nu trn (loai tr thu nhn cht thay th sa nguyn
bng phng phap sinh hoc) a tao ra mt lng ln cht long canh trng va a c
s dung, ch con lai mt t cht nn, cac cht chuyn hoa hoa tan (axit amin, vitamin...)
va cac vi sinh vt.
Mt phn cht long canh trng a s dung c a vao san xut, con phn khac
c a i tinh luyn bng phng phap sinh hoc thu nhn sinh khi hay em i c
c va sy.
Trong cng nghip vi sinh a thu nhn mt s ch phm ma nguyn cac cht
chuyn hoa cua chung nh axit amin, khang sinh, vitamin, cac enzim... co trong cht
long canh trng ban u trang thai hoa tan hay trang thai keo. Khi san xut cac ch
phm co ham lng cac cu t khng cao th cac qua trnh c c c thc hin la chu
yu, khng cn phai tach sinh khi bng con ng hp va sy cac mi trng ln men.
Khi thu nhn cac cht chuyn hoa dang tinh th co mc tinh th cao th s tach sinh khi
va tap cht rn khoi dung dch la giai oan u tin gia cng cht long canh trng.
Vic gia cng tip theo lam trong dung dch canh trng co th tin hanh theo nhi u
phng phap. Da vao cac tnh cht cua cac cu t va nhng oi hoi cua san phm ma
la chon phng phap gia cng cho thch hp.
8.2. THIT BJ EP
tach hoan toan phn chit ra khoi ba, ngi ta s dung may ep kiu vt. Hiu
sut cua qua trnh c xac nh bi s tach hoan toan pha long, cung nh cht lng
phn chit c (khng cha cac tiu phn rn). Khi vt cht long t do d dang tach
khoi phn kh. Dung phng phap ep khng th tach hoan toan phn chit. Lun lun
trong ba con lai mt lng cht chit, khng th tach c da ng cn bng tng ng
vi ap ap sut va nhit a cho.
143
May ep c ng dung vt c chia ra lam hai nhom: may ep c hoc tac ng
tun hoan, tac ng thu cng, loai truyn ng c hoc va sc ep bng thuy lc, loai kh
ng hoc; may ep co tac ng lin tuc - vt tai, lch tm, bng tai, ly tm va truc quay.
Nhc im cua cac may ep tac ng tun hoan la nng sut khng cao, kch thc ln,
nn t c ng dung trong cng nghip thc phm.
May ep vt tac ng lin tuc co tin b va hoan hao hn v cho phep c kh hoa va
t hoa qua trnh. Sau khi tach s b phn chit, ba cho vao phu cha va dung vt tai
chuyn vao xilanh t l, vao khoang vt va cui cung thai ra khoi mang. Tr s ti u
ng knh cua b phn t l la 2 mm. Khi ng knh ln hn, cht lng cua cht
loc b giam . Tng tr s tit din thoang cua cac l (b mt thoat nc) chim 5 8%.
Ap sut ep c iu chnh nh cac b phn kt cu khac nhau. Phn chit qua l xilanh
theo ng ng vao thung cha. cho ba chuyn di doc theo truc vt th h s ma sat
doc theo truc vt cn phai nho, con h s ma sat cua tng xilanh phai ln hay noi cach
khac, ba se quay cung vi vt ta i ma khng co chuyn v doc truc. tng h s ma sat
va tng nng sut vt tai, tng bn trong xilanh cn phai co nhng ranh doc.
May ep hai vt. Khi san xut enzim mc cng nghip ngi ta thng dung
may ep hai vt vt ba cu cai, ba du sinh hoc, mm malt...Hnh 8.2 m ta may ep hai
vt T1-BO-10. Hai vt quay ngc chiu va nm bn trong xilanh t l. Hai vt va
lam nhim vu vn chuyn trong xilanh va lam nhim vu ep. Vt ep c gn cht trn
truc. ng knh truc tng ln theo mc gn n khoang ap sut.
Cn iu chnh se chuyn dch theo tang quay c gn trn truc. Mc vt ba
phu thuc vao kch thc khe h gia cn va xilanh. Vt tai chuyn ba t phu cha vao
vt ep ri vao khoang ap sut. Ba sau khi ep c thai ra qua khe h gia cn va xilanh,
cht loc qua cac l trong xilanh vao thung cha theo cac oan ng.






Hnh 8.2. May ep hai vt:
1- iu chnh bng thuy lc; 2- Gia ; 3- Cn iu chnh; 4- Np; 5- Xilanh; 6,8- Vt;
7- Truc; 9- Phu cha; 10-Vo thit b; 11- B truyn ng; 12- ng c; 13- B may;
14, 15, 17, 20 - Cac oan ng; 16- B phn thu gp; 18- ai; 19- Tang quay
144
Kt cu cua may ep truc vt. Loai nay bao am vt ba t 85 90% nhit 58
60
0
C n 60 65% nhit 65 70
0
C. Thit b gm phu thao liu, xilanh loc, vt tai
va cac c cu thao liu. Xilanh loc c hnh thanh bi gian thanh lot thao ri c
gn trn cac vanh. Gia cac thanh oan cui tao thanh bay vung co kch thc khe h
khac nhau: kch thc khe h hai vung u 0,6 mm, vung th ba va th bn 0,4 va
nhng vung con lai 0,2 mm.
Truc vt gm cac ng vt c phn b trn truc. Gia cac ng co vong trung gian
thc hin hanh trnh cua cac dao. Khi m cho qua phu nap liu vao vung hoat
ng. Truc vt lam chuyn di khi m va ep qua ca thao liu di ap su t 1 5 MPa.
Phn chit c tach ra qua khe vo loc, con khi ep co m 60 65% nhit 65
70
0
C c tach ra qua c cu cht liu.
Nng sut cua may tnh theo san phm ban u 4000 kg/h, ng knh vt truc -
320 mm, cng sut ng c -17 kW.

Bang 8.1. c tnh ky thut cua may ep hai vt
Cac ch s -5A -5 B-5 T1-BO-10
Nng sut, tn/h
Ap lc ring cc ai ln ba,
MPa
ng knh ngoai cua vt,
mm
S vong quay cua vt,
vong/ph:
- Cua vt vn chuyn
- Cua vt ep
Bc vt, mm:
- Cua vt vn chuyn
- Cua vt ep
Cng sut dn ng, kW
Cac kch thc c ban, mm

Khi lng, kg
5

0,14

420


5,0
5,0

230
185
10
30001200
1580
2090
5

0,14

420


4,7
4,7

230
185
10
41101445
1685
2000
5

0,14

420


5,0
5,0

246
205
10
3600810
1267
2040
10

0,14

520


3,5
3,5

300
250
10
3935840
1400
2700

145
Tip theo bang 8.1
Cac ch s T1 - BO-20 T1 - BO-30 T1 - BO-50
Nng sut, tn/h
Ap lc ring cc ai ln
ba, MPa
ng knh ngoai cua
vt, mm
S vong quay cua vt,
vong/ph:
- Cua vt vn chuyn
- Cua vt ep
Cng sut dn ng,
kW
Cac kch thc c ban,
mm
Khi lng, kg
20

0,14

557


330
280

13

450010051400
4450
30

0,14

647


380
320

17

510011001450
6500
50

0,14

797


470
400

22

535014812000
8500

8.3. MAY TRICH LY
Qua trnh tach cac cht co thanh phn phc tap cha mt hay nhiu cu t bng
dung mi goi la trch li. Trong cng nghip vi sinh vic trch ly c ng dung tach
enzim ra khoi canh trng nm mc c nui cy bng phng phap b mt, tach
monosaccarit t pha rn sau khi thuy phn polysaccarit, tach lipit t sinh khi nm
men... Khi trch ly xay ra tach tng phn hay tach hoan toan cac cht co hoa tan khac
nhau trong dung dch khac nhau. Do khuch tan khi tip xuc vi hp cht em gia cng,
dung mi nh pha co nng thp hn c bao hoa bi cu t hoa tan trong o.
Qua trnh trch ly xay ra phu hp vi nh lut Fick, lng cac cht G (kg) c
trch ly, khuch tan qua lp loc ty l vi b mt cua lp o F (m
2
), ty l vi h s khuch
tan k
kt
(m
2
/s), vi s bin i nng theo chiu day cua lp (kg/m
3
), vi thi gian
(s) va ty l nghch vi b day cua lp (m):

= F K G
kt

Khi tnh toan qua trnh trch ly K
kt
i vi enzim co tr s bng 1,810

7
cm
2
/s, b
mt ring cua cht tham gia trong qua trnh khuch tan 7 cm
2
/cm
3
.
trch ly cac cht hoat hoa sinh hoc ngi ta ng dung cac b trch ly tac ng
tun hoan va lin tuc. Cac b trch ly va cac b khuch tan tac ng tun hoan co hiu
sut khng cao cho nn ch ng dung trong san xut co quy m nho. Cac ng khuch
tan, cac b khuch tan, may tach dang ct kiu nm ngang hay ng cung nh cac may
tach dang rto u thuc b trch ly tac ng lin tuc.
146
8.3.1. Cac b khuch tan
Cac b khuch tan c ng dung chit enzim t canh trng nm mc. B
khuch tan (hnh 8.3) gm t 8 n 10 ng khuch tan c lp trn mt mt phng
chung. Tt ca cac ng cua b khuch tan c thng nht hoa, co hnh dang xilanh ng
vi cac ca ong kn lt c va co ng ay hnh non.
Phn di non cua ng khuch tan co ng ni nap nc vao khuch tan, nap
hi tit trung thit b, thao nc ra va ba sinh hoc. Phn trn cua xilanh cua ng
khuch tan co kh p ni ly nc chit. Cac khp ni di u co van ba ca
thao phn chit c vao ng khuch tan tip theo hoc vao ng dn xa. Cac van
c phn b sao cho bt ky ng khuch tan nao cung co th ngng hoat ng ma
khng ngng hoat ng cua b khuch tan.
Van khng kh trn np dung ly mu khi chuyn nc chit t ng khuch tan
nay sang ng khuch tan khac. phn trn cua ng khuch tan cach khp rot 150 200
mm phn b lp kep co gn tng cng; li di co mt li t 10 15 mm, li trn-
0,25 0,5 mm. Sau khi nap canh trng vao ng khuch tan t cht cac li theo chu
vi cua phn xilanh.








Hnh 8.3. B khuch tan:
1- ng khuch tan; 2- Dong chay cua nc chit; 3- Vt tai canh trng cua nm
mc; 4- ng cung cp nc khuch tan; 5- ng thu nhn nc chit; 6- Khp thao;
7- Thung cha nc chit; 8- Vt tai; 9- Dn ng vt tai; 10- Dong thai

Cac ng khuch tan c kt hp mt cach lin tuc, dch c trch ly t phn trn
cua ng khuch tan trc o cho vao phn di cua ng tip theo. Nc chit c tach
ra t u ng khu ch ta n a ch a canh tr ng m i, sau o na p n c co nhi t
20 22
0
C vao ng khuch tan cui cung ly dch chit. ng thi dong nc chay
1
8
0
0

147
sang ng khuch tan tip theo, con ng khuch tan c nap canh trng mi va tr
thanh ng u cua b khuch tan.
Thi gian cua qua trnh trong mi ng khuch tan 30 45 phut, thi gian chung
cua qua trnh 4 6 h.
ng lc cua qua trnh khuch tan la gradient nng cua cht trong dung mi,
cho nn tng cng qua trnh cn gi hiu cc ai nng . iu nay c am bao
bng con ng tng th tch tng i cua dung mi, han ch qua trnh chay ri va tng
trao i khi.
thu nhn cac phn chit co nng cao cn s dung phng phap ngm chit
hp ly. Phn cht trch ly c tuyn ban u cho vao ra phn canh trng mi, con
ngm chit canh trng c s dung bi cac phn chit co nng thp va sau o bng
nc.
Trong qua trnh trch ly cac cht trng n, khi lng va th tch chi m ch tng,
do o xay ra hin tng vt dn san phm nm gia cac li.
ngn nga sc can xut hin trong b khuch tan cn phai nap nc di ap
sut 0,2 0,3 MPa.
Thi gian qua trnh trch ly enzim trong b co 8 ng khuch tan la 4h. Th tch
phn chit gp 3 4 ln th tch cua canh trng co ham lng cht kh 6 10%. Trong
b 10 ng, co 8 ng hoat ng, mt ng nap liu va mt ng thai liu.
u im c ban cua phng phap trch ly c nu trn la co kha nng thu nhn
nc chit trong cha enzim co nng cao, hu nh khng khac nng cua chung
trong canh trng ban u, v trch ly nhiu ln se tach hoan toan cac cht hoa tan.
Nhc im cua qua trnh la trong nc chit khng nhng co enzim ma con co
cha cac cht hoa tan khac, chu yu la ng, mui, axit amin va cac cht khng hoat
hoa khac.
8.3.2. Thit b khuch tan tac dung lin tuc
Thit b (hnh 8.4) gm phu nhn 1, c lp trn gian; b nh lng kiu quay
2, c ni vi phu bng ng mm; ng khuch tan dang ct 3, co c cu dn ng;
thung ket un nong nc 10 cho vao khuch tan; C cu nh lng formalin 14;
Thung ket tao ap sut khng i; thung cha lng nc chit 6; tram iu khin trung
tm.
Thit b khuch tan la h dung lng c cu tao bng thep dang ng, c ni
lin tuc vi nhau bng bng cac ng chuyn tip. Trong o co gn cac khung hnh ch
nht loai 250 350 mm vi cac li caprng co chiu day 10 mm. Tc chuyn dch
148
cua c cu vn chuyn c iu chnh t 1,8 n 3,0 mm/s. Cac xch ng ln c
chuyn ng nh ng c co cng sut 1,0 kW qua b bin tc xch va b truyn ng.
Di tac ng cua xung lng rung t may rung in t, canh trng phn nho c nap
u qua b nh lng vao ct u va lin tuc cha y tt ca khng gian gia hai sang
k lin. Khi nap liu vao ct u canh trng nm mc c lam t bng phn chit
enzim quay v vao thit b khuch tan. Bm nc nong 25 27
0
C qua sang 4 vao phn
trn cua ct cui cung va khi gp canh trng nm mc se bao hoa dn enzim.
Canh trng nm mc chuyn ng lin tuc khp cac ct gia cac khung cua sang,
con nc chit di tac ng cua ct ap sut tnh xut hin do chnh lch chiu cao
cua nc a vao va s thoat phn chit ra, chay qua sang. Thu phn chit cha enzim
trong khoang thi gian 100 phut sau khi bt u nap liu. Phn chit c loc qua b loc
7 nm di phn ct u, va sau o cho vao b lng. Mt phn nc chit a c tinh
ch cho vao cac giai oan san xut tip theo, phn con lai quay lai sang vao phn trn
cua ct u mt ln na thm t canh trng










Hnh 8.4. Thit b khuch tan:
1- Phu cha canh trng nm mc; 2- B nh lng; 3- Thit b khuch tan; 4- Sang;
5- Bm y nc chit lam lng va thm t canh trng; 6- B lng nc chit; 7-
B loc; 8- Bm y nc ba ep n khuch tan; 9- B lng nc ba ep; 10-Thung ket
un nong nc; 11- Bm y nc khuch tan; 12- Bm dung dch formalin; 14- B
nh lng dung dch formalin; 15- B dn ng ng khuch tan; 15- May ep truc vt.
Tin hanh tai sinh cac sang bng phng phap ra tun hoan phn trn cua ct
cui cung. Nc ra lai cho vao b khuch tan, con ba du sinh hoc nm gia cac khung
c thao ra va em ep vt.
149
c im ky thut cua thit b khuch tan
Nng sut tnh theo canh trng nm mc, tn/ngay: 3,5
Tc chuyn ng cua xch, mm/s: 1,8 3,0
S khung 93
Khoang cach gia cac khung, mm: 304
Kch thc c ban, mm: 9200 5000 6000
Khi lng, kg: 19400
8.3.3. May trch ly dang vt ng tac ng lin tuc
trch ly enzim, axit amin va cac cht khac t vt liu rn trong iu kin san
xut ln, ngi ta ng dung may trch ly tac ng lin tuc. May trch ly (hnh 8.5) gm 3
ct- nap liu, d liu kiu nng va ct nm ngang. Bn trong mi ct co vt t l, b
truyn ng iu chnh s vong quay trong gii han 0,25 n 2 vong/ph nhm chon
ch trch ly ti u. Cac ct nap va thao liu gm nhng oan ng ni nhau co ng
knh trong 600 mm. Chiu dai cua khoan trch ly 10.000 mm khi tng chiu dai cua ct
12000 mm.
















Hnh 8.5. Thit b trch ly kiu vt tai:
1- Dn ng; 2-Khp ni; 3-Cu
truc kim loai; 4- C cu nap liu; 5-
Vt nap liu; 6-Vo; 7- im nut ta
bi; 8- Khp ni; 9- Dn ng vt tai;
10- Khung ; 11- Np; 12- Vt
trung gian; 13- Vt nng; 14- C cu
thao liu; 15- Np; 16- Gi ta vt
ng; 17- Ngong truc
150
B nap liu kiu vt tai chuyn pha rn cua canh trng nm mc vao phn trn
cua ct nap liu. Vt t l chuyn tip xung pha di va qua phn nm ngang cua ct
vao ct nng. Canh trng nm mc t ct nap liu qua ct chuyn nm ngang vao
ct nng va sau khi vt th thai ra ngoai. Nc dng ln trong ct nap liu c bao hoa
lin tuc va sau khi qua b loc phn trn cua ct nng th a ra ngoai. H s cha y
pha rn cua ct co tnh n s trng n cua san phm bng 0,8. Thi gian trch ly
4060 phut nhit 25
0
C.
S dung b dn ng in iu chnh co cng sut 3,2 kW, s vong quay 1500
150 vong/ph quay vt tai. Truyn ng quay c thc hin qua ai truyn va b
truyn ng.
c tnh ky thut cua may trch ly dang vt:
Nng sut tnh theo pha rn, kg/h: 330
Nng sut trch ly, m
3
/h : 0,8
Ty l gia phn trch ly va pha rn tnh theo khi lng cht kh: 5:1
Th tch hoat ng cua phn trch ly, m
3
: 3,4
Thi gian trch ly, ph: t 40 n 60
Nhit cua phn trch ly,
0
C: 25
H s chit, %: 95
Cng sut thit k cua b dn ng, kW: 9,66
Kch thc c ban, mm: 3940 3055 12020
Khi lng, kg: 13200
8.3.4. Tnh toan may trch ly kiu ng dang vt
Sc cha cua thit b trch ly (m
3
):

2 1
f f Q
V =
trong o: Q - Nng sut cua thit b, kg/h;
- thi gian qua trnh, h;
f
1
- h s cha y thit b (thng ly 0,5);
f
2
- h s trng n;
- ty trong cua san phm, kg/m
3
.
Chiu dai cua vung trch ly (m):

F
V
L =
trong o: F -din tch tit din ngang cua ct trch ly, m
2
:
151
( )
2 2
r R F =
R - ban knh vo boc, m;
r - ban knh truc ct trch ly, m.
Tr s chiu dai tnh toan cua vung trch ly co th tng ln tng ng vi nhng
c im v kt cu, sau o co th tnh lai sc cha hoat ng cua thit b:
F L V
1
=
Nng sut cua vt vn chuyn nm ngang ( m
3
/h):

2 1
60 f f Q = h r
2
1

trong o: r
1
- ban knh vt, m;
h - bc vt, m;
- tc goc, vong/ph;
- ty trong cua vt liu trch ly, kg/m
3
.
Bc vt c tnh theo cng thc: h = 2Dtg
trong o: - goc nghing t nhin cua vt liu trch ly, ;
D - ng knh bn trong cua ng khuch tan, m.
V khi thit b trch ly hoat ng h s cht y co th bin i va xay ra hin
tng trt cua san phm, cung nh co kha nng chon ch cng ngh ti u, trn
vt tai thit lp dn ng co b iu khin s vong quay va ty s truyn ng. Vt ng
quay cung c thc hin nh b dn ng co s vong quay bng s vong quay cua vt
nm ngang.
Cng sut dn ng cua cac vt , kW:

K
d
N N
N
+
=


trong o: N

- cng sut tiu thu vn chuyn san phm, kW;
N
K
- cng sut tiu thu do ma sat cua san phm n vo thit b, kW;
- hiu sut truyn ng chung.
Cng sut (kW) tiu thu vn chuyn san phm cua vt ng:
974
M
N =


M - mmen can cua vt ng do ma sat cua san phm n vt va do nng ln theo vt:
M = Prtg( + )
trong o: P - tai trong doc truc, kg;
r - ban knh trung bnh cua vit, m;
152
- goc nng cua vt, ;
- goc ma sat, .
Tai trong doc truc ln vt tai:
( ) H r R P
1
2 2
=
trong o:
1
- ty trong cua san phm c bao hoa nc, kg/m
3
;
H - chiu cao cht liu cua vt tai, m.
Cng sut (kW) tiu thu do ma sat cua san phm vi tng vo thit b:
30 102
tg
3

=
k R Pf
N
K


trong o: P - tng ap lc cua san phm ln tng vo thit b, kg;
f
3
- h s ma sat san phm (thng ly gia tr bng 0,2);
k - h s lc ep (ly gia tr bng 0,5).
8.3.5. May trch ly tac ng lin tuc
trch ly gluxit trong mm mach nha, cung nh cac cht hoat hoa pectin trong
mixen kh cua nm mc thng ngi ta s dung cac may trch ly ngc dong dang ct.
Cac loai thit b nay cho phep s dung th tch vung hoat ng tng i ln va
tiu thu nng lng khng ang k. Chung dung gia cng nguyn liu co cac tnh
cht khuch tan thp va thi gian trch ly keo dai (n 0,5 1 h).
Thit b trch ly gm khoang tip xuc co dang ct lp ng c ni vi phong
lng trn va phong thao liu pha di. Cac g c phn b theo toan b chiu cao
cua vung tip xuc nhm am bao tao ra cac vung ham pha rn. Cac canh khuy c
gn trn truc vi nhng khoang cach bng nhau tng cng qua trnh.
Truc c gia c phn trn cua thit b va c ni vi b dn ng. iu
chnh s vong quay ta s dung b i tc .
Vung tip xuc cua thit b trch ly c trang b ao un nong nhm bao am nhit
trch ly 40 60
0
C hoc hn. Nh may tip liu kiu gung xon, pha rn c lam
m s b vao phn trn cua thit b trch ly.
Trong qua trnh chuyn ng theo ct xung di, pha rn tip xuc vi dung dch
chuyn ng ngc chiu, lin tuc qua nhiu vung khuy trn va ham va dung may vn
chuyn hai vt thao ra khoi phong di. Dung mi vi ty l 9:1 cho vao phong thao
liu bn di.
Ca khoang thao pha rn nm trn mc dung mi khoang 1500 mm, cho phep
lam giam m cua pha rn c thai ra ngoai. Nap liu cho thit b va thao phn chit
153
ra khoi no c xay ra mt cach lin tuc co kim tra t ng va iu chnh cac thng s
cua qua trnh.
8.3.6. May trch ly hai vt nm ngang tac ng lin tuc
Nhc im c ban cua may trch ly hai vt la tao ra cac vung, cac ranh ong co
sc can thuy lc nho lam cho dung mi tac ng khng u. loai tr cac vung ong
trn truc vt, ngi ta thit lp b lch tm chuyn v nhau khoang 10 20
0
.
Phng phap hu hiu tng nng sut cua cac may trch ly nm ngang la phn
chia chung ra thanh tng oan, do o ch tac ng ngc dong cua cac pha rn va
long se c tng cng va tc truyn khi cung tng ln. Thit b trch ly (hnh 8.6)
la mt mang nghing, bn trong no co hai vt vi nhng c cu trao i nhit va h bm.









Hnh 8.6. Thit b trch ly tac dung lin tuc cua Hang Nir Atomaizer:
1- Mang nghin; 2- Bm nh lng; 3- B trao i nhit; 4- Vt tai; 5- B
nh lng; 6- Dn ng; 7- Bm; 8- B trao nhit; 9- Ao trao i nhit

B nh lng c t trn thit b trch ly nap san phm vao phn di cua
mang. T u khac cua thit b bm nh lng y dung mi qua b trao i nhit vao
u trn cua mang. Phn chit qua b t loc tinh phn cui cua mang c tai ra ngoai.
Qua trnh trch ly c tin hanh hai mc va ngc dong, phng phap tip xuc
pha rn vi pha long nh th se bao am hiu sut chit cao hn. Thi gian trch ly c
iu chnh bi tc quay cua vt tai.
8.3.7. Thit b trch ly dang rto
trch ly enzim mt cach lin tuc t cac canh trng nm mc va vi khun,
ngi ta s dung ph bin cac may trch ly gang rto c san xut Nht Ban.
Dung mi
San phm
San phm a kh
kim ln hai
Phn chit ln hai
San phm a kh
kim ln 1
Phn chit
ln u
Dung mi
5
154
May trch ly nay (hnh 8.7) c san xut t thep cha t cacbon va la mt khi
kn bt ng, bn trong co rto c chia ra thanh 16 hnh quat (hoc hn) lam quay
truc ng.
Mi ngn co ay li vi b su 0,23 0,36 m, canh trng nm mc c nghin
nho, sau khi nh lng cho vao ay li. Khi rto quay chm cac khoang hnh quat trn
lin tuc i qua bn khu vc. khu vc u canh trng c gia cng bng nc, sau
o nh bm chn khng phn chit c loc va chay vao thung cha bm vao khu
vc hai. Tai y canh trng nm mc c trch ly, loc va cho chay vao thung cha th
hai. Cac cng oan nay c lp lai trong cac khu vc 3 va 4.
Sau khi trch ly (thi gian trch ly la 30, 45, 60 va 90 ph), phn chit c lam
giau enzim cho vao gia cng tip theo, con ba sinh hoc c thai ra va cho vao sy. Cho
nn khi hoat ng lin tuc trong mi khoan hnh quat cua may trch ly dang rto, cho
phep tin hanh gia cng canh trng bng nc m t cach lin tuc (s ln gia cng la bi
s cua 4) va gia cng canh trng bng nc chit cho n khi tach hoan toan enzim.
Dn ng cua rto may trch ly c thc hin qua b truyn ng, ng thi cac
banh ai thay i lam thay i s vong quay cua rto.
Hnh 8.7. May trch ly hoat ng
lin tuc dang rto:
1- B nap liu; 2- Khoang hnh
quat; 3- May sy ba sinh hoc; 4-
Cac thung cha; 5- Bm; 6- ng
ng dn dung dch c; 7- Khp ni
nap cht tai nhit; 8- Bng tai
chuyn ba sinh hoc; 9- Thung cha;
10- ng ng dn nc khuch
tan; 11- Bm chn khng; 12- Voi
phun
c tnh ky thut cua may trch ly dang r to tac ng lin tuc:
Nng sut theo phn chit, l/h: 250 1500
S phong hnh quat trong rto: 16 20
Chiu su cua phong hnh quat, mm: 230 360
ng knh cua rto, mm: 6200 7570
Chiu cao cua lp canh trng nm mc, mm: n 300
Tng b mt loc, m
2
: 20
n bm
chn khng
6
8
155
trch ly ba parafin cua du mo t cac canh trng nm men a c nui cy
trn o thng ngi ta s dung cac may trch ly dang rto do Hang Rouzadauns. Kt
cu tng t may hnh 8.7, gm 8 rto quay co cac quay va cac ay li lt c (hnh
8.8). Pha rn (nm men) theo bng tai vao cac c gi lai th bt ng, con cht
trch ly cho vao bn trn pha rn.
Phn chit cho vao thung cha. bao hoa ti a phn chit c tun hoan lin
tuc qua cac . Phn chit co ham lng cac cht trch ly ln c cho vao cac cha vt
liu mi dung mi bao hoa hoan toan. Sau khi tach parafin va trc khi thao nm
men dung mi m i c nap vao cac . Kt thuc qua trnh th ay lt ngc lai va vt
liu a trch ly c thai ra ngoai. Nng sut cua thit b tnh theo sinh khi hn 100
tn/ngay.





















Hnh 8.8. Thit b trch ly lin
tuc cua Hang Rouzdauns:
1- Bng tai nap liu; 2- Truc
rto; 3- C cu keo; 4- Ca
qua bng tai thao liu; 7- ay
lt; 8-Bm; 9- Sang t lam
sach; 10- B phn phi mixen
Hnh 8.9. May kh sonvat hoa cua
Hang Rouzdauns:
1- Bng tai; 2- C cu keo; 3- B loc
kh; 4- Vo thit b; 5- Truc; 6- Cao;
7- a; 8- C cu thai; 9- Dn ng
Vt liu ban u

M
i
x
e
n

Nguyn liu a c trch ly
Hi cua dung mi
Dung mi
Nguyn
liu vi
dung mi
San phm kh
156
tach dung mi ra khoi vt liu a c trch ly (nm men), thit b cn trang b
may kh sonvat hoa (hnh 8.9). Khi vt liu chuyn di trong may theo cac a t trn
xung di, dung mi c bc hi va a ra khoi thit b. Cac tiu phn cua vt liu b
hi cun theo vao thit b loc kh, tai y chung c thu gom khi khuy trn vi
dung mi (xem hnh 8.9).
8.4. MAY LOC
Thit b dung phn chia cac h khng ng nht bng phng phap loc qua lp
ngn (vai, li kim loai, cactng, gm xp, lp cat mn, iatomit...) c goi la may loc.
Theo nguyn tc tac ng cua cac may loc, ngi ta chia ra lam hai loai: tac ng
tun hoan va tac ng lin tuc. Cac may loc co th phn loai theo ap sut c chia ra
cac loai sau: loc theo phng phap trong lc, may loc hoat ng di ap sut cua ct
cht long, may loc chn khng va may loc ep.
Cac may loc hoat ng di ap sut cua ct cht long, loc theo phng phap trong
lc (co lp hat mn, lo c bng mang mong, loc tui, b loc); cac may loc di chn khng
(loc hut) u thuc loai may loc co tac dung tun hoan.
Cac may loc lam vic di chn khng (thit b loc hnh trng, thit b loc kiu
a, kiu bng tai) thuc loai may loc co tac dung lin tuc.
Trong san xut bng phng phap vi sinh, cac may loc c ng dung trong cac
qua trnh tach sinh khi cht long canh trng lam trong dung dch cha cac cht
hoat hoa sinh hoc, loc tit trung, tach cac cht hoat hoa sinh hoc dang kt tua khoi
dung dch...Tt ca cac qua trnh nay co th c chia ra lam ba dang c ban: tach huyn
phu vi muc ch loai pha long khoi pha rn (ham lng cui cung cua pha rn trong
huyn phu thng ln hn 10%); lam trong vi muc ch lam sach cht long khoi nhng
hat bn hay thu hi pha rn co ham lng khng nho trong dung dch; c c huyn phu
vi muc ch tng nng pha rn.
S nguyn tc hoat ng cua bt ky loai may loc nao cung u n gian: huyn
phu c nap vao mang xp, pha long se qua mang xp, con pha rn c gi lai dang
lp kt tua c.
8.4.1. May loc loai tac ng tun hoan
May loc ep kiu phong. May loc ep khac vi may loc khung bi th tch nho hn
cua cac phong kt tua va bi ap sut lam vic ln. iu o cho phep loc c nhng
huyn phu kho tach.
157







Hnh 8.10. May loc ep kiu phong:
1-Ban; 2- B mt gn song cua ban; 3- Phong; 4,5- Cac lp vai loc;
6- Ranh chuyn huyn phu; 7- Ranh thai phn loc
May loc ep kiu phong (hnh 8.10) gm cac ban co b mt gn song tao nn cac
phong. t cac mang loc gia cac ban lam thanh hai lp. Cac mang loc ng thi cung
la nhng vt bt kn khi nen cac tm. Nap huyn phu cung luc vao tt ca cac phong theo
ranh pha trn, con phn loc, khi cho qua tt ca cac mang loc, chay xung di theo cac
mang cua b mt cac tm gn song va c dn ra theo ranh chung phn di. Khi
cn thit cht kt tua trong cac phong may phai ra va kh nc bng phng phap nap
dung dch ra hay khng kh ne n theo ranh trn va thao qua ranh di. Thao cn ra
khoi phong cua may loc ep c tin hanh tng t nh khi thao cn ra khoi may loc
khung ban.
8.4.2. May loc tac ng lin tuc
Thit b ep loc hnh trng co trin vong nht san xut bng phng phap vi sinh
va sau o la may loc dang bng tai.
May loc chn khng dang bng tai. May loc chn khng dang bng tai khac vi
cac loai may loc khac ch: cht kt tua co chiu cao n 120 mm co th tao thanh trn
b mt loc mt lp hoat hoa . Cac tiu cn cng, nng khi qua lp loc c gi lai gn
vai loc, con nhng tiu phn nhe hn nm trn lp loc va khng bt kn cac l vai loc.
Thit b loc chn khng dang bng tai (hnh 8.11) gm ban nm ngang vi cac tang dn
ng va cac tang keo bng tai gn bng vai caosu khep kn, c cu dn ng cua cac
phong chn khng va cac c cu ra bng tai, sy va thao cht kt tu a va thung thu
nhn cht kt tua.
Cac phong chn khng vi cac vach ngn di ng c phn b theo khp chiu
dai cua thit b di dai loc. Dai c lam t m vai c phu cac lp caosu. Trn b
mt cua no co nhng np su doc, ngang. Khi bng tai chuyn dch tang keo n b mt
ngang cua ban, g bng lai c nng ln lam cho bng tai co dang hnh mang.
158









Hnh 8.11. S thit b loc chn khng dang bng tai
vi qua trnh ra cht kt tua ngc dong:
1- Thung ket co may khuy huyn phu; 2- Bm y huyn phu; 3- Bm hut phn chit
ra khoi thit b; 4- Thung cha phn chit; 5- Bm hut phn chit a c ra ln
u; 6-Thung cha phn chit a c ra ln u; 7- Loc chn khng; 8- Thung cha
phn chit a c ra ln hai; 9- Bm hut phn chit a c ra ln hai va y vao
ra ln mt; 10- Thung cha phn chit a c ra ln ba; 11- Bm hut phn chit a
c ra ln ba va y vao ra l n hai; 12-Thung nh lng;
I- Huyn phu; II-Phn chit chnh; III-Khng kh; IV- Phn chit a c ra ln
mt; V- Phn chit a c ra ln hai; VI- Phn chit a c ra ln ba; VII- Nc

Cht long canh trng chay vao nhanh trn cua bng tai va khi chuyn dch trn
cac phong chn khng, phn chit qua l loc cua bng tai vao cac khoang cua phong
chn khng, con cac tiu phn rn cua huyn phu c gi lai trn b mt cua bng tai.
Khi bng tai tip tuc chuyn dch, cht lng c ra nu thy cn thit , khi o phn
chit c ra a vao khoang tip theo cua phong chn khng, con cn rn tip tuc
chuyn dch, sy, dung dao tach khoi vai va cho vao thung cha.
Qua trnh loc c iu chnh d dang nh s bin i chiu cao cua lp kt tua
(cn), nh tc chuy n dch cua bng tai trn cac phong chn khng, nh s bin i
v tr cua mang ngn trong cac phong chn khng. C cu dn ng cua tang quay bao
am iu chnh nhp nhang tc chuyn ng cua bng tai trong gii han rng, iu
o cho phep chon ch loc ti u phu hp vi danh muc phong phu cua cac ging vi
khun.
Khi may loc chn khng dang bng tai hoat ng khng cn ra cht kt tua th
Ti h thng
chn khng
159
sut tiu hao khng kh la 0,8 3 m
3
cho 1 m
2
b mt loc, con khi ra cht kt tua bng
nc - khoang 2 ln nho hn.
Tin trnh tai sinh kha nng loc cua bng tai nh voi phun va cac ng t l, nc
y qua cac voi phun va cac ng ngc dong vi hng chuyn ng cua nhanh bng tai
di. Khi ra tng ngc dong co th tin hanh tai sinh bng tai thm ch khi hnh
thanh cac kt tua nht va dnh.
Nng sut n v cua cac may loc chn khng dang bng tai khi loc canh trng
nm mc t 1000 dn 1500 l/(m
2
.h), con canh trng vi khun- 4 6 ln nho hn.
Tt ca cac b phn cua may ep chn khng dang bng tai co tip xuc vi san phm
t tng hp vi sinh u lam bng thep X18H10T, tang quay va tm ay u boc caosu,
vo may phai boc kn.
c tnh ky thut cua may loc chn khng dang bng tai c nu trn bang 8.2.
Bang 8.2. c tnh ky thut cua may loc chn khng dang bng tai
Cac ch s


1
,
6
-
0
,
5
-
3
,
2
-
1
;

1
,
6
-
0
,
5
-
3
,
2
-
1
1


2
,
5
-
0
,
5
-
4
,
8
-
1
;


2
,
5
-
0
,
5
-
4
,
8
-
1
1


3
,
2
-
0
,
5
-
5
,
6
-
1
;


3
,
2
-
0
,
5
-
5
,
6
-
1
1
1

-
4
0
-
5
,
8
-
1

-
4
0
-
5
,
8
-
1
1


4
-
1
0
-
1
,
2
5
-
8

Din tch b mt loc, m
2

Chiu rng bng tai, mm
Chiu dai cua phong chn
khng, mm
Tc chuyn ng cua
bng tai, m/ph
Cng sut ng c in
dn ng bng tai,kW
S vong quay cua truc,
vong/ph
Kch thc c ban, mm


Khi lng cua b loc vi
c cu dn ng, kg
1,6
50
3200

0,84,8

3,0

1430

5580
1970
1750

3600
2,5
500
4800

0,84,8

3,0

1430

7200
1970
1750

4170
3,2
50
6400

1,06,0

5,5

1450

8790
1970
1750

5060
4
500
6400

1,59,0

5,5

1450

11630
1970
2100

6740
10
1250
3000

4,010

10

970

13360
4650
3500

20360
u im cua cac may loc chn khng dang bng tai la thiu u phn phi huyn
phu; kha nng lng cua cac hat ln di tac ng cua trong lc, nh o ma qua trnh loc
c tng nhanh; tin li cho qua trnh ra cn vi lp kt tua mong cung co th hoat
ng c.
160
Nhc im cua loai nay la kch thc ln, b mt loc tng i nho, thn trong
trong vic nap huyn phu, phn chit thu nhn b uc va phai lam lanh huyn phu loc.
Cac nc a san xut ra cac may loc co b mt loc cho mt bng tai t 0,25 n 40
m
2
va khi hai bng tai, hai phong chn khng - n 80 m
2
.
May loc chn khng thung quay. Loai may loc nay c ng dung tach sinh
khi vi sinh vt khoi dung dch canh trng va loc huyn phu co cu truc khac nhau
cua cac th vn rn (cu truc si, cu truc keo hay cu truc khng nh hnh). Cac th
vn rn thng cha khoang t 50 n 500 g/l.
Nng sut n v cua thit b phu thuc vao cac tnh cht hoa ly cua huyn phu
phn ly, vao vt liu loc, vao cac giai oan xay ra trc khi loc va dao ng trong gii
han rng. May loc chn khng dang thung quay co hiu qua nht khi phn ly huyn phu
co nng pha rn cao hn 2%.









Hnh 8.12. S thit b loc chn khng dang thung quay tac ng lin tuc:
1,8- Thung ket co b khuy trn huyn phu; 2- Bm y huyn phu; 3- Bm y huyn
phu cua cht loc h tr; 4-Thung ket co b khuy cht loc h tr; 5- Bm tun hoan; 6-
Thung ket co b khuy cha huyn phu khi trao ra;7- Loc chn khng; 9- Thung
cha phn loc; 10- Bm hut phn loc; 11- Bnh cha cht loc a c ra; 12- Bm hut
phn loc a c ra; 13- B tach nc; 14- May quat gio; 15- Hp ap k; 16- Bm
chn khng; 17- B ngng tu; 18- B thu hi;
I- Phng an chnh ni thit b phu; II- Phng an kt h p huyn phu lng
nhanh; III- Huyn phu cua cht loc h tr phng an hoat ng co lp bi tch; IV-
Phng an kt hp thu hi; V- Phng an kt hp b ngng tu; VI-Phng an kt hp
b thu hi va b ngng tu
Huyn phu
ng dn
cht long
trao ra
8
Khng nho hn
9000 mm
Huyn phu
161
Tuy nhin khi c s b huyn phu bng phng phap lng hay nh b xoay thuy
lc co th at hiu sut loc cao nht. Khi loc cac cht trung hoa, nng sut n v tnh
theo huyn phu la 2 3 m
3
/(m
2
h), i vi cac chung nm mc - gn 1, con i vi
chung vi khun- n 0,2 m
3
/(m
2
h). iu o co th giai thch ch khi lng mixen
c tach ra mt cach trc tip trong cac phong chn khng dang thung quay, khi o cac
t bao nm men va t bao vi khun cha co lp bi khng c loc, con khi bi p lp
loc va b sung 4 8% peclit, iatomit hay cht tac nhn tng phm cht loc vao cht
long canh trng, nng sut n v loc co th at 0,2 m
3
/(m
2
h).
Thung quay c phn chia ra thanh mt s khoang ma trong mt vong cac
khoang nay trc tip qua bn vung, la nhng vung c ban trong thit b loc chn khng
dang thung quay (hnh 8.13). Cac khoang cua thung quay c bao phu bi tm t l
va b keo cng bi vt liu loc. S vong quay cua thung c thay i nhp nhang trong
gii han t 0,13 n 3 vong/phut. Thung quay c lp trong cac c bit. Tm ay
di thung co mang chay va may khuy lc hoat ng nh b dn ng ring bit co s
vong quay n 0,3 vong/phut.
May loc chn khng dang thung quay c thit k theo ch nap li u n 1/3
va 2/3 ng knh, phu thuc vao cac tnh lng ong cua huyn phu. Goc nap liu ti u
cua thung quay bng 130149
0
.
Hoat ng cua thit b loc chn khng c tin hanh nh sau: Cht long canh
trng t thung cha c y vao tm ay, tai y mc chay long c gi khng i.
Qua trnh loc c thc hin trong bn vung theo chu ky quay cua thung (hnh 8.13).

Hnh 8.13. May loc chn khng
dang thung quay:
1- Thung quay; 2- bi; 3- Thung
cha huyn phu; 4- May khuy lc;
5- Xy lanh c bn trong; 6- Xilanh
ngoai t l; 7- Vai loc; 8- Mang
chn loc; 9- Khoang loc; 10- a
phn mt mut cua ngong truc;
11- Cac ng; 12 - Phn bt ng cua
u c phn b dang vong cung
cac ca; 13- Voi phun; 14- Dao nao
cn; I- Loc qua vai; II- Sy cn; III-
Ra cn; IV- Thi va lam ti cn
Nc

Huyn phu
H
u
y

n

p
h
u

Khng kh
Nc
ra
Cht
loc
b c
Nc
162
Trong vung I (130 149
0
), loc di chn khng xay ra qua lp trn thung va ng
thi cht cn nm trn o. Trong vung II (54 55
0
), cn c sy kh do o b hut vao,
khng kh mang m t cht cn. vung III (90 100
0
) tin hanh ra cht cn bng xi
nc hay dung dch ra khac. vung IV (85 55
0
), khng kh c vao bn trong a
phn tin hanh thi va lam ri cht cn va tin hanh lam sach b loc khoi cht cn
khi phuc lai cac tnh cht loc cua no.
H tao chn khng gm bm chn khng, cac thung cha phn loc, nc ra va b
thu hi. Loai bo cht cn khoi b loc c thc hin bng mt s phng phap, phu
thuc vao cac tnh cht cua lp cn. S dung cao loai khi mixen d boc dang lp
day, i vi cac lp t bao vi khun dang mong va dnh dung truc can va loai ch t
cn co b day trung bnh va ln thng s dung dy cao.
B loc c ch tao bng thep khng r, cht deo va cac vt liu c boc caosu,
cho nn co th ng dung chung loc cac huyn phu co tnh n mon nhit t 0 n
50
0
C.
Chon nng sut cua bm chn khng xut phat t nh mc tiu hao khng kh co
ra hay khng ra cht cn ma co b mt loc tng ng: 0,5 2 va 0,4 1,4 m
3
trn 1
m
2
. Trong trng hp loc cac huyn phu c, d n, v du sau khi lam lng enzim t
dung dch ru hay axeton tt nht la ng dung b loc chn khng dang kh. Vi muc
ch ngn nga s tao ra hn hp d n vi khng kh, nap kh tr di ap sut d 10
kPa vao phn trn cua thit b.
Khng kh di ap sut 50 100 KPa c nap vao thit b thi cht cn va
hoan nguyn vai loc, tiu hao khng kh t 0,1 n 0,5 m
3
/ m
2
.
Bang 8.3. c tnh ky thut cua thit b loc chn khng dang thung quay
Cac ch s -T-1 OK-3-1,75 OK-10-2,6
Din tch b mt loc, m
2

Kch thc thung quay, mm
ng knh
Chiu dai
Th tch cht long trong ay
mang, l
Cng sut ng c, kW
Kch thc c ban, mm

Khi lng, kg
1

1000
345

130
0,6
14151515
1625
835
3

1750
630

1000
1,1
22002400
2550
2176
10

2600
1350

3500
2,2
30003200
3370
2580

163
Tip bang 8.3
Cac ch s OK-20-2,6 TP-30-3,14 TP-45-3,14
Din tch b mt loc, m
2

Kch thc thung quay, mm
ng knh
Chiu dai
Th tch cht long trong ay
mang, l
Cng sut ng c, kW
Kch thc c ban, mm

Khi lng, kg
20

2600
2600
4200

3,0
45703230
3330
4142
30

3140
3070
3500

5,5
53004650
4150
22484
45

3140
4570
4200

5,5
71007770
4070
29960
Bang 8.4. c tnh ky thut cua cac may loc chn khng ghep kn dang thung quay
Cac ch s H-3-1,75 P-10-2,6 X-50-3,0
Din tch b mt loc, m
2

Kch thc thung quay, mm
ng knh
Chiu dai
Goc nap huyn phu cua thung quay,
S vong quay cua thung, vong/ph
Th tch cht long trong ay mang, l
Cng sut ng c dn ng thung
quay va may khuy trn, kW
Kch thc c ban, mm

Khi lng, kg
3

1750
630
135
0,108 2,05
1000

1,1
24602470
2630
3038
10

2600
1315
144
0,42,4
3500

3,0
35503700
3500
10350
50

3002
5404
148
0,38;0,55; 0,75
4200

7,5
93004500
4235
32825
May loc ep t ng dang phong. Loai nay dung tach cac huyn phu phn tan
mn co kch thc cac hat khng ln hn 3 mm va ham lng cua pha rn t 10 n 500
kg/m
3
nhit di 80
0
C. Loai may nay cho phep thc hin tt ca cac cng oan
chnh va phu (loc, ra, ep, ly cn, nng va ha cac bang loc) theo chng trnh nh sn
ch t ng.
May ep loc t ng dang phong co mt s u im so vi cac may loc khac. No
co b mt loc phat trin; din tch b tr khng ang k (v du, thit b co b mt loc
25 m
2
, chim din tch gn 8 m
2
); ep cn tin hanh di ap sut 0,8 1,5 MPa, cho phep
nhn c sinh khi co m trong gii han 60 70% vi s tiu hao nng lng nho
(0,8 1 kWh/m
2
b mt loc); thi gian tin hanh cac cng oan phu khng nhiu, iu
o lam tng nng sut n v cua thit b gp 6 8 ln so vi cac may loc ep khac.
164
iu khin cac cng oan cng ngh c thc hin nh c cu in- thuy lc,
loai tr hoan toan chi ph lao ng thu cng, bao am canh trng san xut co cht
lng cao, cac ban co th chuyn di ln, xung doc theo bn.
May ep loc t ng dang phong (hnh 8.14) gm cac ban loc nm ngang, c
phn b trn, di, gia ban c nh va ban ep tru hng nh s chuyn dch cua ban ep.
ng c in qua h thng c cu lam chuyn ng ban ep. Khi ha cac ban, gia
chung tao ra khe ranh khoang 45 mm, con cac ban gi va ban ep nm trn va d i co
cac oan ng ni bn sn, tao ra cac ng gop cp huyn phu va dn phn chit ra.
Trong cac ranh gia cac khoang co bng tai khep kn c vut vai loc nhan hiu vi
chiu day 1,5 2 mm. Mi ban loc u co li pha trn, trn li la bng vai cha cn
tao thanh, con di li la tm mang thu phn chit. Di tm mang la mang ngn
bng caosu an hi, nh o ma di ap sut cua ct nc lam cho cht cn b nen lai.












Khi lp rap b loc gia cac ban gn nhau trong cac khoang may se tao ra nhng
ranh trn bng tai cp huyn phu, cac ranh di lui thai phn chit, con gia cac
mang va cac tm mang cac ranh nap nc vt va ep cht cn ap sut 1,5 MPa.
Cac khung ban co lp m cht bng caosu.
Trong s ngoai may loc ep con co thung cha 2 thu cn huyn phu va dung
dch ra t ng gop , thung cha dung dch ra 3, tram bm nc 4, thung cha nc t
phong tai sinh 5, thung cha phn chit a c ra 6 , thung cha phn loc 7, tram bm
du 8, thung cha huyn phu 9, tram iu khin 10 va ai iu khin 11.
May ep loc hoat ng nh sau: Cht long canh trng cho vao cac oan ng bn
sn cua ng gop, ng thi n ca c ban, tai y cht long c loc, phn loc cho vao
Hnh 8.14. S thit b loc ep
t ng dang phong:
1- Loc ep; 2- Thung cha thu
cac cht t cac ng gop; 3- Thung
cha dung dch ra; 4- Tram bm
nc; 5-Thung cha nc t phong
tai sinh; 6- Thung cha phn chi t
a c ra; 7- Thung cha phn
chit; 8-Tram bm du; 9- Thung
cha huyn phu; 10- Tram iu
khin; 11- ai iu khin
Cht
lng
Nc
Cht
lng
Khng kh
Huyn phu
Cht lng a
c ra
165
thung cha, con cn c gi lai trn b mt vai loc. Cht long canh trng c tach ra
khoi sinh khi, khi loc va vt cn ap sut 0,4 MPa th thu c phn loc trong. Khi
tng ap sut vt cao hn n 0,8 MPa va gi trong vong 5 6 phut th m con lai cua
cn at 65 70%. ap sut loc 0,4 MPa khng xay ra hin tng phn loc mang theo
pha rn, con khi vt cn di ap sut 0,8 MPa th mt lt phn loc cha mt lng cc
ai 0,09 gam. Khi cn thit, cn trc khi vt co th ra qua va sau o ep bng mang
ngn hoc gia cng bng khng kh nen. Nap cht long ra cn vao may loc ep nh
bm c bit, sau o cht long t chay vao bnh cha phn loc.
Cn c tao ra trn bng tai trong phong, bng tai bt u chuyn ng cung vi
cn thoat ra ngoai theo khe h c tao ra (n 45 mm) gia cac ban khi ngng nap
huyn phu va thai phn loc. Khi bng ta i chuyn ng, cn c chuyn ra t khoang
khng gian gia cac ban va c thao ra t hai hng. Ra vai bng nc lanh dung voi
phun di ap sut 0,3 MPa va cao sach. Sau khi lam sach bng tai, cac ban loc c ep
cht va chu ky c lp lai.
Bang 8.5. c trng ky thut cua cac may loc ep t ng dang phong
Cac ch s 2,5H 5H 10H 25H 50H
Din tch b mt loc, m
2

S cac ban loc
Kch thc vai loc, mm
dai
rng
Cng sut ng c cho c
cu ep cac ban, kW
Cng sut ng c cho c
cu chuyn di bng tai, kW
Cng sut ng c bm
du, kW
Cng sut ng c bm
nc, kW
Kch thc c ban, mm


Khi lng, kg
2,5
6

17000
700 750

3

1,5



17
2660
1760
2750
4800
5
6

20000
845 920

5,5

1,5



17
3375
2000
2780
6900
10
12

35000
845 920

5,5

3

1,5

17
3375
2000
3525
8670
25
16

50000
11001200

7,5

3



22
3780
1250
4240
14300
50
20

70000
1450

10

5,5



22
5000
2930
5550
23300
8.4.3. La chon va tnh toan cac may loc
Khi la chon cac may loc, ngi ta cn c vao tnh cht hoa ly cua huyn phu,
nhng yu cu tinh ch phn loc va cn, m cua cht cn thu c, tnh lin tuc cua
qua trnh va s lng cac cng oan, cac ch s ky thut - kinh t, nng sut... Nh cac
166
ch s trung bnh ma co th chon gn ung dang thit b cn thit loc huyn phu. Cac
ch s trung bnh c nu trong bang 8.6.
Nng sut n v cua may loc ep t ng dang phong khi nng cua pha rn
trong huyn phu 4 7 g/l at gn 1000 l/(m
2
h), ap sut lam vic 1,2 MPa.
S va trnh t tnh toan thit k may loc phu thuc vao dang va nhng c im
kt cu cua may loc, cung nh vao ch lam vic cua chung.
Bang 8.6.Cac ch s hoat ng trung bnh cua may loc.
Cac ch s xac nh phng phap loc
va chon may loc
May loc
bng tai
May loc chn
khng dang
thung quay
May loc ep
t ng
dang phong
Din tch b mt loc, m
2

Nng sut n v theo phn loc khi loc cac
huyn phu khac nhau, m
3
/(m
2
.h)
Co cac cht kt tinh
Co cac cht kt tinh va khng nh hnh
Co cac t bao vi khun hay antinomixet
Co cac mixen nm mc
Cac ch s hoat ng v kinh t, ky thut khi
ham lng pha rn trong huyn phu, g/l
di 5
(1)

di 10
(1)

di 150
cao hn 150
Thu nhn phn loc tinh
Ra cn
Cac cum may loc c ch tao bng thep
chu axit hay bng titan
Boc caosu cac cum ring bit
n 10


-
0,15 0,4
0,15 0,4
0,5 2,0


trung bnh
trung bnh
cao
trung bnh
thp
trung bnh

trung bnh
trung bnh
n 40


2 4
0,1 0,2
0,1 0,2
0,5 1,0


trung bnh
trung bnh
trung bnh
cao
trung bnh
cao

cao
trung bnh
n 50


4 8
0,2 0,5
0,2 0,5
1,0 4,0


trung binh
cao
trung bnh
thp
cao
trung bnh

thp
thp
Ghi chu:
(1)
Khi s dung cac cht loc phu.
Nng sut cua cac may loc hoat ng tun hoan phu thuc vao thi gian cua tt ca
cac cng oan tham gia vao chu trnh loc.
Thi gian cua mt chu ky loc:
T =
l
+
r
+
p

trong o:
l
,
r
,
P
- tng ng vi thi gian loc ring, ra cn, d tai va chun b may
moc loc, s.
Nng sut Q (m
3
/h) cua may loc c tnh xut phat t th tch huyn phu nap vao
loc , ta co:
167

T
V
Q
3600
=
V - lng huyn phu nap vao, m
3
.
Nu tc trung bnh v [m
3
/(m
2
h)] (tc cua phn loc qua lp loc hay qua tm
loc) va din tch b mt loc F (m
2
) u a bit, th nng sut cua b loc:
vF Q =
Tc loc trung bnh dao ng trong gii han 0,25 0,9 m
3
/(m
2
h).
S lng phong cn thit n trong cac may loc kiu phong co th c xac nh
theo cng thc:
n =
f
F

f - din tch b mt loc mt phong, m
2
:
( )
2
2 2 b a f =
y: a - canh vung cua ban hay khung theo kch thc ngoai cung, m.
b - b rng b mt tip xuc cua ban hay khung, m.
B rng cua phong ln hn lp cn, trong trng hp ngc lai cn thit tng s
lng phong. Ap sut loc co th thay i trong pham vi t 0,1 0,2 n 0,7 0,8 MPa
va ln hn, c xac nh bng phng phap thc nghim.
Cac gia tr lc P
1
(MN) cua ap sut cht long ln ban va lc P
2
(MN) cua ap sut
ln din tch tip xuc gia ban va khung se tng ng:
P
1
= F
1
P

va P
2
= F
t
P
t

trong o: F
l
- din tch b mt ban ma cht long c loc trn o, m
2
;
P
d
- ap sut cht long khi loc, P

= 0,1 0,4 MPa ;


F
t
- din tch b mt tip xuc gia ban va khung, m
2
;
P
t
- ap sut ti thiu ln b mt tip xuc, cn thit bt kn ch ni gia ban
va khung, MPa.
ai lng ban u tnh c cu nen la lc
2 1
P P P + .
cho cac mt bch tip xuc theo hai mt phng ging nhau,
d t
P P .
cho may loc chn khng dang thung quay tac dung lin tuc, th thi gian toan
b mt chu ky loc (s) la:
( ) ( )
r l r l
m m m T + + =
trong o:
l
va
r
- thi gian loc ring va thi gian ra cn, s;
168
m, m
l
va m
r
- tng ng vi s khoang chung, s khoang trong vung loc va
trong vung ra. ai lng m, m
l
va m
r
- thng cho hoc nhn c
theo s liu th nghim.
Nu din tch b mt loc c tnh qua F(m
2
) va nng sut n v cua may loc qua
q (m
3
/m
2
), th lng cht loc thu c sau mt chu ky la: qF (m
3
), con nng sut mt gi
cua may loc (m
3
/h) la:
T
qF
Q 3600 =
Co th xa c nh m c ch t li u huy n phu cu a thu ng quay theo th i gian
lo c
l
(s):
T
l

=
S vong quay cua thung may loc chn khng, vong/phut:
T
n
60
=
8.5. THIT BJ TUYN NI
Qua trnh tach cac tiu phn rn, nho cua huyn phu da vao kha nng dnh vao
bot khng kh cua chung va ni ln trn, khi tp trung lai thanh vang c goi la tuyn
ni. Phng phap tach nay co hiu qua nht trong san xut nm men. Khi cac bot khng
kh ni ln tao nn mt lp vang hn hp (gm cac bot khng kh cha nm men va mt
lng nho cht long canh trng) va cht long canh trng ngheo cht dinh dng.
lp trn nng nm men cao hn khoang 4 6 ln so vi nng cht long canh
trng ban u.
ng dung tuyn ni trong san xut nm men cho phep giam lng may phn ly,
giam ang k tiu hao nng lng va bao am tnh lin tuc cua qua trnh cng ngh.
Qua trnh tuyn ni nm men phu thuc vao s tng lng ion kaly trong cht long canh
trng, s a vao cac cht hoat hoa b mt, cung nh vao ham lng lignosunfonat
trong dung dch sunfit. Khi co mt cac axit beo cao phn t trong cht long ban u th
kha nng tuyn ni cua nm men b giam xung ang k.
Ty s gia nng sinh khi trong huyn phu ly ra t may tuyn ni va nng
sinh khi trong mi trng ban u c goi la h s tuyn ni. Gia tr cua h s tuyn
ni phu thuc vao nht cua mi trng va c tng ln khi tng thi gian lng vang.
Trong iu kin san xut, h s tuyn ni thng ly bng 4 6. Tng h s tc lam
giam nng sut cua thit b tuyn ni.
169
B tuyn ni la thit b c nm men co th c phn loai theo phng phap
bao hoa khng kh cua cht long va theo kt cu.
Theo phng phap bao hoa canh trng ban u cua cht long bng khng kh,
cac b tuyn ni c chia ra lam ba nhom. Nhom th nht thuc cac loai thit b ma
cht long cua canh trng trc khi tuyn c bao hoa khng kh s b di ap sut d
gn bng 0,7 MPa trc khi tao thanh cac bot khng kh trong dung dch co ng knh
0,01 0,1 mm va gia cng tip theo ap sut kh quyn hay chn khng khng ln lm.
Nhom th hai thuc cac loai thit b ma s tuyn ni c thc hin bng khng kh
phn tan. Khng kh nap vao cht long nh cac c cu phu, bin thanh bot co ng
knh 1 mm. ng knh bot khng kh ln khng cho phep at c nng sut cao va
lam tn tht nm men trong cht long canh trng. Nhom th ba thuc loai may tuyn
ni chay in. o la nhng thit b co hiu qua nht, v hydro va oxy dang bot nho co
ng knh n 0,05 mm c tach ra trn cac in cc trong may. Nhng phng
phap nay oi hoi nghin cu nhng c cu phu a m bao phong n cua qua trnh,
lam sach bng c hoc cac in cc b nhanh bn...
Theo kt cu, cac b tuyn ni c chia thanh nhng thit b hnh non nm
ngang, xilanh ng, mt mc vi cc trong, hai mc.
lam sach cac dong nc nh tuyn ni bng khng kh phn tan ngi ta s
dung cac thit b c hoc, c - kh nen va tuyn ni bng kh nen.
Chung ta se khao sat kt cu cua mt s dang may tuyn ni. Thit b mt mc
dang xy lanh tuyn ni nm men nh khng kh hoa tan la loai thit b tuyn ni ph
bin va n gian nht.
Thit b tuyn ni mt mc bng kh nen. Thit b tuyn ni la mt b cha dang
xilanh co sc cha 160 m
3
va dung c nm men thu c trn mi trng hydrat
cacbon. Thit b (hnh 8.15) gm vo ngoai 2 vi ay phng va cc trong 1 cung ng
thi la b phn thu gop bot. Khng gian vong xilanh gia vo va b phn thu gop bot
chia ra lam nm l bng cac mang ngn. Khng kh c thi vao cac l qua cac b
thng gio 6 va bot tao thanh b dp tt nh b dp bot c hoc 3. B dn ng 4 lam quay
b dp bot, thai cht long canh trng a c s dung qua ca chn nc 7 cua l IV.
Thit b tuyn ni hoat ng nh sau: cht long canh trng ban u c bao hoa
s b khng kh cho vao l I (chim 2/3 th tch thit b tuyn ni) t thit b nghin
mn nm men. Trong l nay thu c 80% nm men so vi cht long ban u. Sau o
cht long c chuyn vao cac l II-V qua phn di cua l, cac mang ngn cua l
khng tip ay thit b. B thng gio y khng kh b sung vao cac l nay, cho phep
thu c 10,5 va 2% nm men tng ng t cac l trn. Bot c tao ra t tt ca cac l
170
tran vao cc - b phn thu gop bot, tai y b dp bot se dp tt. B dp bot la mt cai
a ng knh 500 mm co cac g hng tm, c phn b trn truc ng quay vi s
vong1460 vong/phut. Nap nhu tng cua cht lam tan bot vao a. Khi phun, nhu tng
se tip xuc tt vi bot. Nm men c c tao thanh va lng xung ay cua cc trong,
dung bm y qua b tach kh n cac may phn ly tip tuc c nm men.























Hnh 8.15. May tuyn ni mt mc bng kh nen:
1- Cc trong; 2- Vo thit b; 3- B dp bot c hoc; 4- Dn ng;
5- Thung cha cht dp bot; 6- B thng gio; 7- Ca chn nc
Cht long canh trng
Phn c c
cht men
Phn c c
cht men
Vao ng thoa t
A-A
D
u
n
g

d

c
h

c
a
n
h

t
r

n
g

6
2
0
0

Cht pha bo t
Khng kh
Dung dch canh trng
a c s dung
Khng kh
Khng kh
4
5
171
Nng sut cua thit b tuyn ni tnh theo huyn phu nm men ban u bng 140
180 m
3
/h; ty trong bot trong vong khng gian -200 250 kg/m
3
; ty trong huyn phu
nm men - 1020 1040 kg/m
3
; nng sut n v 1 m
3
vong khng gian - 2,8 3,2 m
3
/h
(theo huyn phu nm men). Th tch khng kh chim trong huyn phu 55 65%, thi
gian co mt cua mi trng trong thit b - 8 12 ph, chiu cao ct cht long ban u
trong cac l 0,7 0,9 m.
Cac thit b tuyn ni mt mc vi sc cha 100 m
3
co nng sut 105 120 m
3
/h.
Thit b tuyn ni dung c - kh nen. Loai nay c dung lam sach cac dong
nc va cac dung dch cha mt lng ln cac tap cht va cac cht bn trong qua trnh
san xut. So vi cac loai thit b tuyn ni dung c hoc, thit b tuyn ni dung c - kh
nen co kt cu n gian hn, khng kh c phn tan trong thit b nh b thng gio
hnh non, tiu thu nng lng in t hn loai dung c hoc; th tch cua khng kh c
dn vao dung dch lun bin i trong mt gii han ln.
Thit b tuyn ni dung c - khi nen c trnh bay trn hnh 8.16. Cht long cho
vao tinh ch c y vao khng gian gia cac canh cua stato 3 lam quay canh quat 4.
Khng kh vao vung ha a p trn banh quat c khuy trn manh vi cht long. Bot tao
thanh bi cac tiu phn tap cht va khng kh, c thao ra nh dung cu thao bot dang
quay 1 vao mang 2, tai y bot b pha v va c a n cng oan lam trong hay
tuyn ni ln 2. B mt bn trong cua thit b c boc caosu. Nng sut cua thit b t
100 n 200 m
3
/h, thi gian tuyn ni t 3,4 n 1,7 ph.
tng nng sut thit b tuyn ni dung c kh nen va cht lng tuyn, cac
thit b c lp thanh t hp, gm 5 6 may. Bot t cac thit b tuyn ni c a
vao cac b lng nm ngang dp tt. Nng sut cua cac loai thit b trn n 1000
m
3
/h, thi gian tuyn ni khng qua 10 ph, hiu sut lam sach nc khoi nhng phn t
l lng at n 90%.








Hnh 8.16. Thit b tuyn ni dung c - kh nen
Bo t
Nc
trong
Khng kh
Hn hp kh - khng kh
4 3
2
Cht long sach
172
Cac thit b tuyn ni dung kh nen c s dung lam sach nc khoi cac tap
cht hoat hoa b mt (CHHBM) bng khng kh khi phn tan. Thit b tuyn ni dung
nc cha cac cht hoat hoa b mt da trn vic s dung cac tnh cht CHHBM tp
trung trn b mt gii han nc khng kh va trn b mt cua bot khng kh c a
vao nc. Tng ngm kh cua nc lam tng tc qua trnh va lam tp trung CHHBM
trong lp bot. Thit b tuyn ni dung c- kh nen cung ng thi c s dung trong
cac h thng lam sach thm cac dong nc a c lam sach bng phng phap sinh
hoc, loai nhng phn tha cua CHHBM ra khoi chung.
Thit b tuyn ni lam sach thm cac dong nc a c lam sach bng phng
phap sinh hoc c m ta trn hnh 8.17. Tiu hao khng kh 5 m
3
cho 1 m
3
nc a
c lam sach ban u. Thi gian tuyn ni 20 30 ph, cng thi kh 35 40
m
3
/( m
2
h) khi chiu cao cua lp cht long trong phong - 3 m. S dung quat ly tm
tach bot. Quat hoat ng 4 5 ph, con sau o tt 5 6 ph. Trong bot c tach ra cha
500 800 mg/l CHHBM.
Thit b tuyn ni hai phong bng c hoc c trnh bay trn hnh 8.18. Nc
lam sach cho vao bung ngn 1, sau o vao banh quat quay 4 trong stato 3 cua phong
u. Nc sach t phong u c y vao bung ngn tran 2. Mc nc trong phong
c iu chnh nh mang nc. T phong ngn 2, nc c y n banh quat cua
phong th hai, t o nc c lam trong thoat ra.










Thit b tuyn ni bng khng kh phn tan co hiu qua nht khi lam sach cac
dong nc cha nhng phn t l lng dang phn tan th co kha nng tuyn ni tt. Cac
hp cht c hoc cu a nhu tng du mo, m, cht beo nhanh chong mt tnh n nh
thuc cac dong trn.
Nc sach
Khng kh nen
Khng kh
Bo t
N

c

t
r
o
n
g

Khng kh
Hnh 8.17. Thit b tuyn ni
dung kh nen
Hnh 8.18. Thit b tuyn ni
hai phong bng c hoc

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