3as Phy 3as Phy Solution Tous Exercices Guezouri

01
GUEZOURI Aek Lyce Maraval - Oran
01
: .
.
>>
<<... !!

. S
:
.
) ( ) (
.
.
- 1 ). (S
- 2 10 .
- 3 .
) . (A
t = 0 .
:
.
.
n t
.
n
:
t
= . v . t
02
.
1
2 :
2 Fe2O3
4 Fe + 3 O2
3 .
03
1 :
I2 / I
/ S2O3
S4O6
I2 + 2 e = 2 I
- 2 :
S4O62 + 2 e
= 2 S2O32
I2 + 2 S2O32 S4O62 + 2 I
- 3 :
- 4 ) ( .
.
04
1 I2 / I : Ox/Rd S2O82 - / SO42-
- 2 :
2I = I2 + 2 e
S2O82 - + 2 e = 2 SO42 - 3 :
)2 I (aq) + S2O82 (aq) I2(aq) + 2 SO42 (aq
4 . I2
05
1 . O2
.
2 .
MnO4 / Mn2+ : O2 / H2O2
:
) )2 ( MnO4 (aq) + 5 e + 8 H+(aq) = Mn2+(aq)+ 4 H2O(l
) )5 ( H2O2 (aq) = O2 (g) + 2 e + 2 H+(aq
2 MnO4 (aq) + 6 H+ (aq) 5 H2O2 2 Mn2+ (aq) + 5 O2 (g) + 8 H2O (l) :
06
1 . H2
.
- 2 Na

3 Na+ / Na : H2O / H2
:
) 2 ( Na = Na+ + e
2 H2O + 2 e = H2 + 2 OH
)+ 2 OH (aq) + H2 (g
)(aq
2 Na (s) + 2 H2O(l) 2 Na+
07
2+
1 Cu / Cu :
2+
Fe / Fe
)Cu2+ (aq) + 2 e = Cu (s
Fe (s) = Fe2+ (aq) + 2 e
)Cu2+ (aq) + Fe (s) Fe2+ (aq) + Cu (s
)
2
( . .
3 ))(Na+ (aq) , OH (aq
) ( Fe(OH)2
). (Fe2+
08
- 1 MnO4 / Mn2+ : O2 / H2O2
- 2 :
) )5 ( H2O2 (aq) = O2 (g) + 2 e + 2 H+(aq
2 MnO4 (aq) + 6 H+ (aq) 5 H2O2 2 Mn2+ (aq) + 5 O2 (g) + 8 H2O (l) :
3
.
) H2O2( ) Mn2+( .
H2O2 .
) : ( .
4
)8 H2O (l
2 Mn2+ (aq) +
5 O2 (g) +
5 H2O2
)+ 6 H+ (aq
)2 MnO4 (aq
)n (H2O2
)n (H+
)n (MnO4
5x
2x
n (H2O2) 5 x
n (H+) 6 x
n (MnO4) - 2 x
5 xE
2 xE
n (H2O2) 5 x E
n (H+) 6 x E
n (MnO4) - 2 x E
xE
5 :
)(mol
n (MnO4) 2 x E = 0
n (H2O2) 5 x E = 0
)(1
)(2
5
x E ) (1 ) (2 n (MnO4) :
2
5
C' V'E
2
= ) n (H2O2 :
= C V V'E .
3
) 6 . ( V'E . V'E = 12,5 mL

'5 C 'VE
= 1,6 10 1 mol / L :
2 V
=C
09
- 1 / Mg (s) :
)Mg2+(aq
)/ H2 (aq
)(aq
. H
Mg (s) = Mg2+ (aq) + 2 e

)2 H+ (aq) + 2 e = H2 (g
:
)Mg (s) + 2 H+ (q) Mg2+ (aq) + H2 (g
2 H+ Mg n (H+) = C1 V1 = 1 10 10 -3 = 1,0 10 2 mol :

36,45 10 3
= 1,5 10 3 mol
24,3
= )n (Mg
: :
)H2 (g
)2 H+ (q
Mg2+ (aq) +
)(mol
Mg (s) +
10 2
1,5 10 3
10 2 2 x
1,5 10 3 x
x .
1,5 10 3 x = 0
10 2 2 x = 0
x 1,5 10 3 mol . x max
n (H2) = x max = 1,5 10 3 mol

15 mn :
31 10 3
= 1,38 10 3 mol
22,4
VH 2
Vm
= )n (H2
x max . 15 mn
10
2 A + B C + D : A + B C + D :
v A vB vC vD
=
=
=
D C B A
= = = 1 = 2
v A vC
=
2
1
0,2
= 0,1mol.L1 .mn 1
2
= vC
11
1 .
) 1 n ( MnO 4
2 :
V
t
v=
)(1
n(MnO4) = C V = 0,01 0,05 = 5 10 4 mol :

) 1 (0 5 10 4
)= 3,6 10 5 mol. L1 . s 1 : (1
0,1
140
v=
12
1 CH3COOC2H5 ] [120 , 360 s :
n 0,54 0,40
=
= 5,8 10 4 mol. s 1
t
240
= vm
) (1
)nester (mol
)nester (mol
0,8
0,54
0,4
0,2
)t (s
360
60
0,2
)t (s
360
2 -
120
2 : t = 0
0,8 0
) nEster = f(t ) = 1,3 10 2 mol. s 1 (2
60 0
3 : x f = 0,6 mol = 0,3 mol
xf
2
=v
. t1 / 2 = 60 s
13
- 1
) : (
- 2
) : (
- 3 t = 40 s
V = V1 + V2 = 0,4 L
1 dx
V dt
=v
)(1
dx 7,5 10 3
=
= 1,17 10 4 mol.mn 1
dt
64
5
): (1
1
1,17 10 4
0,4
) x (mmol
=v
v = 2,92 10 4 mol.L1. .mn 1
.
B
) (
)t (mn
40
) 5,5 . (5,8 .
... 14 29
GUEZOURI Abdelkader Lyce Maraval Oran
http://www.guezouri.org
01
14
1 :
+
)2 H2O (l
2 I
)I2 (aq
2 H+ (aq) +
)H2O2 (aq
)(mol
)n (H+
)n (H2O2
n (H+) 2 x
n (H2O2) - x
x max
n (H+) 2 x max
n (H2O2) - x max
x max
2 n(I2) = x :
n(I2) = [I2] V ]x = 0,2 [I2
.
120
60
40
30
20
16
12
)t (mn
1,74
1,74
1,70
1,64
1,54
1,46
1,32
1,10
0,920
0,74
0,42
0,22
)x (mmol
T10
) : x = f (t .
- 3( .
1 dx
V dt
) x(mmol
T0
=v
: t = 0
T0 . V
= 3,2 10 4 mol.mn 1
dx = 1,6 10

5
dt 0
1
3,2 10 4 = 1,6 10 3 mol. L1 .mn 1
0,2
0,2
)t(mn
= v0
40
3
dx = 0,8 10 = 5,3 10 5 mol.mn 1

15
dt 10
1
5,3 10 5 = 2,6 10 4 mol. L1 .mn 1
0,2
= v10
( t = 60 s x .
) x = f (t . v100 = 0
( .
1
0 5 10
15
1 :
)(aq
2+
/ Mn
)(aq
MnO4 )CO2 (aq) / H2C2O4 (aq
:
)5 (H2C2O4 (aq) = 2 CO2 (aq) + 2 H+ (aq) + 2 e
:
)2 MnO4 (aq) + 5 H2C2O4 (aq) + 6 H+ (aq) 2 Mn2+ (aq) + 10 CO2 (aq) + 8 H2O (l
2 :
n (MnO4 ) = C1 V1 = 10 3 0,05 = 5 10 5 mol
n (H2C2O4 ) = C2 V2 = 10 1 0,05 = 5 10 3 mol :

3 :
)6 H+ (aq) 2 Mn2+ (aq) + 10 CO2 (aq) + 8 H2O (l
5 H2C2O4 (aq) +
)n (MnO4
n (MnO4 ) - 2 x max
)n (H2C2O4
n (H2C2O4) - 5 x max
:
n (MnO4 ) - 2 x max = 0
)(1
n (H2C2O4) - 5 x max = 0
)(2
)2 MnO4 (aq
t=0
x max ) (1 ) (2 :
5
n (MnO4) = 2,5 5 10 5 = 12,5 10 5 mol
2
= ) n (H2C2O4
)(5 10 3 mol
)[Mn2+] (mol. L1
- 4
: t1 = 80 s
d [Mn 2+ ] AB 0,5 10 4
=
=
= 3,38 10 7
dt
CD
40 3,7
v1 = 3,38 10 7 mol .L1 .s 1
: t2 = 200 s
d [Mn 2+ ] HI 3,75 10 4
=
=
= 6,25 10 6
dt
JI
60
A
v2 = 6,25 10 6 mol .L1 .s 1
)t (s
40
10
: t3 = 280 s
d [Mn 2+ ] EF 0,85 10 4
=
=
= 4,72 10 7
40 4,5
dt
GF
v3 = 4,72 10 6 mol .L1 .s 1

: t = 0 .
) . (K . v2
: ) [Cr3+] = f (t

][Cr3+
:

)) . ( Mn2+ (aq) , 2 Cl (aq
.
) 120 ( .

. 200 s
240 s
.
16
1 :
I2 / I : S4O6 2 / S2O32
I2 + 2 e = 2 I
S4O62 + 2 e
:
-2
2 I
S4O62
2 xE
xE
= 2 S2O32
I2 + 2 S2O32 S4O62 + 2 I
2 S2O32
) n (S2O32
)n (I2
n (S2O32 ) - 2 x E
n (I2) - x E
n (S2O32 ) 2 x E = 0
n (I2) - x E = 0
I2
)(1
)(2
t=0
x E ) (1 ) (2 n (I2) = 0,5 n (S2O32) : :
'n (I2) = 0,5 C' V
3 )n (I2) = f (t
)n(I2) 10 4(mol
)t (mn
: t2 = 20 mn
- 4( t1 = 10 mn
t1 3,4 10 5 mol . 10 mL 100 mL

. n1 = 3,4 10 5 10 = 3,4 10 4 mol
t2 5,2 10 5 mol . 10 mL 100 mL
) n2 = 5,2 10 5 10 = 5,2 10 4 mol ( .
) 1 (n 2 n1
1 (5,2 3,4) 10 4
= vm
=
= 1,8 10 4 mol.L1 .mn 1
t
0,1
10
V
( : t = 15 mn
d n( I 2 ) AB 5,3 10 4
=
=
= 1,76 10 5
dt
CB
65
1 d n( I 2 ) 1
=
1,76 10 5 = 1,76 10 4 mol.L1 .mn 1
V dt
0,1
= v15
( I2 / I : S2O82 - / SO42-
-5
= I2 + 2 e
2I
S2O82 - + 2 e = 2 SO42 2 I (aq) + S2O82 (aq) I2(aq) + 2 SO42 (aq) :

(
)2 SO42 (aq
0
2x
)I2(aq
)+ 2 I (aq
t S2O82- :
)S2O82 (aq
)n0 (I
) n0 (S2O82
t=0
n0 (I) - 2 x
n0 (S2O82-) - x
n (S2O82) = n0 (S2O82-) - x
4
:
) d n0 ( S 2 O82
) d n( S 2 O82
d n0 ( S 2 O82 ) dx

=
dt
dt
dt
dt
) d n( S 2 O82
dx

:
=
dt
dt
2-
S2O8 .
( )( ) x = n (I2 ) n (I2) = f (t ). x = f (t
t = 15 mn . 15 mn
) dx d n( I 2
=
= 1,76 10 5 mol.mn 1
dt
dt
=v
17
1 Zn2+ / Zn :
H+ / H2
Zn (s) = Zn2+ (aq) + 2 e :

)2 H+ (aq) + 2 e = H2 (g
Zn (s) + 2 H+ Zn2+ (aq) + H2 (g) :
2 :
)H2 (g
Zn2+ (aq) +
)2 H+ (q
Zn (s) +
)(mol
)n (H+
)n (Zn
n (H+) 2 x
n (Zn) x
x max
x max
n (H+) 2 x max
n (Zn) x max
x max
m
2,3
=
= 3,5 10 2 mol
M 65,4
= )n( Zn
n( H + ) = CA V = 0,2 0,1 = 2,0 10 2 mol

x :
3,5 10 2 x = 0 x = 3,5 10 2 mol

2,0 10 2 2 x = 0 x = 1,0 10 2 mol
) ). ( n(H+) = n(Cl) = n(HCl
n (Zn2+) = x
[Zn2+] V = x
3 .
.
]x = 0,1 [Zn2+
[Zn2+] max = 0,1 mol/L . xmax = 1,010-2 mol
xmax = 0,1 [Zn2+] max
x
0,5 x max 5 10 3
=
. max = 5,00 10 3 mol = 50 10 3 = 50 mmol / L
V
0,1
2
t = 4,5 mn ) t1/ 2 = 4,5 mn (1

:
Zn2+ 2 .
)[Zn2+] (mmol.L-1
4 : t1/ 2 = 4,5 mn
[Zn2+] = 50 10 3 mol/ L :
100
n (Zn2+) = 50 10 3 0,1 = 5,00 10 3 mol

n(Zn2+) = x : :
x = 5 10 3 mol :
50
n(Zn) = 3,5 102 5 10 3 = 3,00 10 -3 mol

n(H+) = 2 102 10 10 3 =1,0 10 -2 mol
: t = tf
)t (mn
4,5
20
. [Zn2+] = 0,1 mol/ L . 100 mL
1 -
n(Zn2+) = [Zn2+] V = 0,1 0,1 = 10 2 mol x = 10 2 mol / L :
n(Zn) = 3,5 10 2 10 2 = 2,5 10 2 mol

n(H+) = 2 10 2 2 10 2 = 0
- 5 .
: t = 0
dx AB 9 10 3
=
=
= 1,2 10 3
dt CB
7,5
1 dx 1,2 10 3
=
= 1,2 10 2 mol.L1 .mn 1
V dt
0,1
) x (mmol
) x (mmol
A
E
10
=v
10
: t1/2
dx EF 8 10 3
=
=
= 8,9 10 4
dt GF
9
1 dx 8,9 10 4
=
= 8,9 10 3 mol.L1 .mn 1
V dt
0,1
=v
)t (mn
10
2 -
6
)t (mn
G
4,5
20
3 -
01
18
]. [Si] > [S
[Si] = 0,2 mol/L :

:
2000
1000
800
600
400
200
)t(mn
3,1
6,2
12,5
25
50
100
200
)S (mmol/L
)Y = [Si] [S] (mmol/L
1 :
)C6H12O6 (aq
C6H12O6 (aq) +
)H2O (l
)C12H22O11 (aq
n0
n0 - x
xmax
xmax
n0 - x max
x max
)(mol
- 2 .
. t
dy

dt
n x
dy d ( S i [S ]) 1 dx
=
=
[S ] = 0 ] y = S i [S :
V
dt
dt
V dt
n0 n0 x x
=
] y = S i [S t :
V
V
V
= .y
3 :
2000
1000
800
600
400
200
)t (mn
196,9
193,8
187,5
175
150
100
)y (mmol/L
=y
)y (mmol/L
) x( t ) = V y( t
- 4
.
40
)t (mn
250
19
5Br + BrO3 + 6 H+ 3 Br2 + 3 H2O :
: BrO3 / Br2 :
Br2 / Br
2 BrO3 (aq) + 12 H+ (aq) + 10 e = Br2 (aq) + 6 H2O (l):

2 Br (aq) = Br2 (aq) + 2 e
- 1
)3 H2O (l
)3 Br2 (aq
+ 6 H+
)BrO3 (aq
5 Br (aq) +
)n0(H+
) n0(BrO3
) n0 (Br
3x
n0(H+)- 6 x
n0(BrO3 ) - x
n0 (Br ) 5 x
3 xmax
n0(H+)- 6 xmax
n0(BrO3 ) - x max
n0 (Br ) 5 xmax
x max
)(mol
) (
t = 0
Br BrO3 H+ Br2 H2O
12
12

)(mol
) t = t1/2 (
. x
x = 2,4 mol
n0 (Br ) 5 x = 0
x = 2 mol
n0(BrO3 ) - x = 0
x = 2 mol
BrO3 : H+ x max = 2 mol

2
n0(H+)- 6 x = 0
x max
xmax = 1 mol :
2
H2O
BrO3
H+
Br2
Br
12 5 = 7 2 1 = 1 12 6 = 6 3 1 = 3 )(mol
t
x = x max :
-2
H2O
Br2
32=6
BrO3 H+
0
Br
12 10 = 2 )(mol
( t n( Br2 ) = 3 x t x = x max : 1 -
)n (Br2) (mol
( )) k(t) h(t) g(t (2
1 -
)n (mol
) n ( Br2
) 1 d n( Br2
3
=
(
dt
3V
dt
12
1 dx 1
=
V dt V
=v
) n(Br2) = f (t 3 V
)n(Br2) (mol
Br
6
H+
2
BrO3
t
) 2(
)t (mn
15
10
1,2
6
t = 0 = 1,2 : = 4 mol.L1 mn 1 :
0,3
5
=v
20
2+
-1 : ) (Mg )(H2
2
n (HCl) = n (H+) = C V = 0,1 0,2 = 2,0 10-2 mol :

m 9 10 2
=
= 3,7 10 3 mol :
M
24,3
= ) n( Mg
3 :
)Mg2+ (aq
)2 H+(aq
)Mg (S
2,0 102
3,7 103
t=0
2 ,0 10 2 2 x
3,7 10 3 x
)H2 (g
t x .
x = 3,7 10 3 mol
3,7 10 3 x = 0
x = 1,0 10 2 mol
2 ,0 10 2 2 x = 0
3,7 103 < 10 103
- 4 : PH 2
PH 2 = P Patm PH 2 V = n RT n t
. x ( P Patm ) V = x RT : V . t
1
RT
x = ( P Patm ) V
)(1
5 ) (1 . V = 500 200 = 300 mL = 3,0 104 m3

x = ( P Patm ) 1,23 10 7
T = 20 + 273 = 293K
P = Patm x = 0
290
266
238
P Patm = 2,5 103 Pa x = 3,1 10 4 mol
212
193
174
160
144
115
90
71
52
18
0 0,31 1,10 1,45 1,84 2,32 2 ,83 3,10 3,24 3,50 3,54 3,54 3,54 3,54
)t (s
) x ( mmol
)x (mmol
3,5
3
3,4
2,5
2
1,8
1,5
1
0,5
)t (s
0
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
140
160
120
x max
= 1,8 mmol
2
6 xmax 3,6 mmol
100
80
40
60
20
87,5
t1/2 = 87,5 s
- 7 : t = 180 s
1 AB
1 2,4 10 3
=
= 5,8 10 5 mol.L1 .s 1
V CB 0,2 206
=v
- 8 t = 180 s x = 3,4 mmol . n (H2) = x

293K . 1 mol
n RT 1 8.31 293
=
= 2413 10 5 m 3 = 24,13L
P
1,009 10 5
VH 2 :
VH 2
V0
= PV0 = n RT V0
= ) n ( H 2 V H 2 = 24,13 3,4 10 3 = 82 10 3 L :
n (Mg2+) = x = 3,4 mmol = 1,7 10 2 mol.L1
[Mg ] = 3,4 10
2+
0,2
21
: ) [I2] (mmol/L . mol/L
- 1 ) (
.
2 S2O82- / SO42- : I2 / I
3 I
: ) (-1 I
) (0 I2
4 . S2O82-
: S2O82- x 2 x 16 = 2 : x = 7 :
SO4-2 ' x x' 8 = 2 : x' = 6 :
5 :
S2O82- + 2 e = 2 SO42-
) (
2 I
= I 2 + 2 e
6 :
n (S2O82-) = n (K2S2O8) = C1 V1 = 1,5 10-2 0,5 = 7,5 10-3 mol

n (I ) = n (KI) = C2 V2 = 0,5 V2
7
)2 SO42 (aq
)S2O82 (aq
)(mol
I2(aq) +
)2 I (aq
)n (S2O82-
) n (I
2x
n (S2O82-) x
n (I ) 2 x
2 x max
x max
n (S2O82-) x max
n (I ) 2 x max
x max
x ] [I2 x ]. [I2
n (I2) = x : [I2] V = x : V 1L
[I 2 ] = x
.
8 T .
1 dx d [I 2 ] 2 3 10 3
=v
=
=
= 8,5 10 5 mol .L1 .mn 1
V dt
dt
7 10
)[I2] (mmol/L
T
)t (mn
25
10
[I2] = 6 10-3 mol/L n (I2) = [I2] . V = 6 10-3 1 = 6 10-3 mol :

S2O82- 7,5 10-3 mol S2O82- .
.
10 ) (
x max
x max = 6 10 3 mol = 3 10 3 mol
2
11
n (I) = 0,5 C2 :
. t1/ 2 = 15mn
n ( I ) 2 x max = 0 n(I) = 2 6 10-3 = 1,2 10-2 mol
C2 = 2,4 10-2 mol/L
22
Cl
-2 2
R C (CH3)3
CH3
. R Cl
CH3 C
CH3
R Cl (aq) + H2O (l) R OH (aq) + Cl (aq) + H+ (aq) :

1 Cl H+
.
2 R Cl S = 4 g/L
S

M
R Cl
=C
S
4
. V = 2 10-3
= 8,6 10-5 mol
M
92,5
95
= 76 mL
100
76
76 g = 4,22 mol
18
= n (R Cl) = [R Cl] . V
. 80 1 g/mL
= ) n( H 2 O R Cl
3 :
Cl (aq
H+ (aq) +
R-OH(aq) +
)2 H2O(l
R-Cl(aq) +
)(mol
0
)x(t
x max
)x(t
x max
)x(t
x max
8,610 5
)x(t
8,6 10 5 -
x max
8,6 10 5 -
)x(t
x max
) n( Cl
= ] [Cl
- 4 ] = Cl [Cl ] + H + [H + :
V
) n ( Cl ) = n ( H + ) = x ( t x( t ) :
) ( Cl + H +
V
= ) (t
)n ( H +
= ] . [H
V
+
)(1
5 t = 0 ) R- Cl
H2O ) H+ (aq ) OH (aq ( 10-7 mol/L
6 x = x max x max :
) ( Cl + H +
V
= f
)(2
7 2 -2- x max = 8,6 10 5 mol
f
x
) (t

8 ) (1 ) (2 = max
) (t ) x(t
f
x ( t ) = x max
)(3
- 9 ) (3 ) f = 298,1 S .cm 1 ( .
) ( t f x max .
90
80
70
60
50
40
20
30
10
15,2 21,5 28,6 34,9 41,2 46,6 49,3 55,5 59,1

315
285
240
220
190
160
120
140
110
)t (s
) x ( t )( mol
100
)t (s
x ( t )( mol ) 61,8 65,4 67,2 71,6 75,2 78,8 80,6 82,4 84,2 85,1
380
450
375
365
)t (s
x ( t )( mol ) 86,0 86,0 86,0 86,0
- 10 :
) x ( mol
1 cm 10 mol:
( 1 mol = 10-6 mol ) :
50
43
)t (s
100
51,5
11 .
x max
x max = 86 mol = 43 mol
2
t1/2 51,5 s
12
) x ( mol
: t = 60 s
1 dx 1 AB
=
V dt V CB
=v
1
66 10 6
82 10 3 140
=v
50
v = 5,7 10 6 mol .L1 .s 1
)t (s
100
: t = 200 s
'1 dx 1 A' B
=
'V dt V C' B
= 'v
1
20 10 6
82 10 3 270
) x ( mol
A
= 'v
v' = 9,0 10 7 mol .L1 .s 1

50
)t (s
200
100
- 13 t = 200 s . t = 60 s
.
.
23
:
)(aq
+ NO3
)(aq
2 NO (g) + H3O
)3 HNO2 (aq
)C (mol/L
1 ) (
0,625
0,6
t :
n ( HNO2 ) 3 x :
n0 ( HNO2 ) 3 x
V
V
3x
V
= ] [HNO2
[HNO2 ] = C 0
)(1
) (NO3 :
n (NO3 ) = x :
[NO ] = Vx
)(2
0,15
0,1
)t (h
100
20
NO3 (aq
H3O+ (aq) +
NO(g) +
)3 HNO2 (aq
)(mol
)n0 (HNO2
n0 (HNO2) 3 x
x max
x max
x max
n0 (HNO2) - 3 max
x max
2 .
1 dx
:
V dt
=v
) f (t HNO2 .
] d [HNO2
dt
dC 0 3 dx 3 dx
+
=
) (1 :
dt V dt V dt
vd
vd = 3vx
vx
vd
3
vx
vd
vd
) (0
)(3
). f (t
) g (t .
d NO3
dt
va
= va
1 dx
) (2 :
V dt
vx
va
va
)(4
). g (t
- 3 ) : ( v0 t = 0 ) f (t )g (t
10
)C (mol/L
)g (t
)C (mol/L
)f (t
0,625
0,6
0,625 C
0,6
0,1
)t (h
): g (t
:
AB 9,6 0,05
=
=
= 8,0 10 3 mol .L1 .h 1
60
OB
) (4
20
100
0,1
)t (h
d NO3
=
dt
100
va
v0 = vx = 8,0 10 3 mol.L1 .h 1
): f (t
:
] d [HNO2
O' C
0 ,625
=
= (
)=+
= 2 ,5 10 2 mol .L1 .h 1
dt
25
O' D
va
2,5 10 2
) (3 = 8,3 10 3 mol.L1 .h 1
3
= v0 = vx
- 4 [HNO2] = [NO3] = 0,15 mol.L-1 :

:
[H3O+] = 0,15 mol.L-1 [NO] = 2 0,15 = 0,3 mol.L-1
AB 4,3 0,05
=
= 2,1 10 3 mol.L1 .h 1 : t1
CB
100
11
= 'v 'x = va
20
- 5 .
6 t = 100 h .
24
A + B C + D :
-1
)C (mol/L
)C (mol/L
0,6
0,3
0,2
100 C
)t (h
0,6
50 C
)t (h
1,1 2
x = [C ]. V
: t
x1

2
0,3
0,2
2,6
A +
nA
nA x
x1 x x 2 :
= x 2
] [C1
2
x 2 = [C 2 ]V x1 = [C1 ]V
= ] . [C 2
C 2 t1/2 .
2 t = 0
) . (
25
- 1( Mn2+ .
.
:
n (MnO4) = [MnO4] V1 = 0,2 0,2 10-3 = 4,0 10-5 mol V1 .
:
n (H2C2O4) = [H2C2O4] V2 = 0,2 0,005 = 1,0 10-3 mol V2 .
:
)2 MnO4(aq) + 6 H+ (aq) + 5 H2C2O4 (aq) 2 Mn2+ (aq) + 10 CO2 (g) + 8 H2O(l
12
)2 MnO4(aq) + 5 H2C2O4 (aq
4 10 5 2 x = 0 x = 2 10 5 mol
10 3 5 x = 0 x = 2 10 4 mol
) (
10-3
4,0 10-5
t=0
10 3 5 x
4 10 5 2 x
) ( 0,2 mL
1 x
( )( :
V t
=v
)(1
n ( MnO4 ) 2 x = 0 n ( MnO4 ) :
2
1
) n ( MnO4
2
= . x ) (1 :
1 0 4 10 5
= 2,2 10 6 mol.L1 s 1
2 0,2
45
=v
) 1 ( MnO 4
2V
t
= x
=v
) 0,2 mL . ( 200 mL
2 x = 2 10 5 mol
n( H 2 C 2 O4 ) 5 x = 10 3 5 2 10 5 = 9,0 10 4 mol : :
9 10 4
= 4,5 10 3 mol / L
0,2
- 3(
= ] [ H 2 C 2 O4
) 1 ( MnO 4
1 0 4 10 5
=
= 3,57 10 6 mol.L1 s 1
2V
2 0,2
28
t
=' v
( v> v
: ) ( Mn2+
) ( .
.
4 ) (
.
26
2 H2O (l) + O2 (g) :
)2 H2O2 (l
1 .
2 )( .

.
) ( .
13
3 ) - (3
:
: ) ( .
4 4
)( .
.
27
2 H2O (l) + O2 (g) :

-1
)2 H2O2 (aq
))n (H2O2) (mol
( t = 10 mn
7,8
n (H2O2) = 4,5 mol

) 2 H2O (l) + O2 (g
) 2 H2O2 (l
)n0 (H2O2
t=0
2x
n 0 ( H 2 O2 ) 2 x
4,5
( t :
n 0 ( H 2 O2 ) 2 x = 4,5
B
x = 1,65 mol :
)t (mn
10
n (H2O) = 2 1,65 = 3,3 mol n (O2) = 1,65 mol

:
n (H2O) = 3,3 mol n (O2) = 1,65 mol n (H2O2) = 4,5 mol
( :
) d n ( H 2 O2
AB
6,3
= (
=)
= 2,5 10 1 mol.mn 1
BC
dt
25
v=
- 2( .
v = 3,3 10 2 mol.mn 1
-1
) v (H2O2) (mol.mn
( 1-
v = 0,25 mol.mn-1
n (MnO2) = 3 10- 4 mol :
(
. t = 0
0,25
0,1
)n (MnO2) (mol
14
3 10-4
3,3 10 -2
10- 4
28
+ I2 (aq) :
2-
2 SO4
)(aq
+ 2I
)(aq
2-
S2O8
- 1 .
1 dx
:
V dt
=v
) 2 SO42- + I2 (aq
)S2O82- (aq) + 2 I (aq
)n0 (S2O82-
t=0
n 0 ( S 2 O8 ) x
( S 2 O8 ) x
2
S2O82- t n 0 ( S 2O8 ) x : :
V
dx
1 dx
=
:
dt
V dt
] = 1 d n (S O
dt
] :
[S O ] = n
2
d S 2 O8
) = (0
dt
d S 2 O8
v=
dt
- 2 :
.
[S2O82-] 10-2 mol/L
t = 0 S2O82-
. [S2O82-] = 2 10-2 mol/L
-3
S2O82- t = 0 3 2 1
15C 23C 32C

4 1
. S2O82-
)t (mn
- 4 :
3
2
1
4
10
: 1
: 2
: 3
2+
: 4 + ) . (Fe
5 S2O82-
.
) (
15
29
2 H2O (l) + I2 (aq):
)(aq
+ 2I
)(aq
H2O2 (l) + 2 H
1(
H2O2
H2O
KI
0,1 mol.L-1 0,1 mol.L-1
-1
) [ I2] (mmol.L
H2SO4
1 mol.L-1
V1
V2
2 mL
18 mL
10 mL
10 mL
10 mL
10 mL
10 mL
9 mL
1 mL
10 mL
10 mL
a
b
a
30 mL
40 mL
c
)t (mn
30
30 mL
. t = 0
)( .
): (a
: [H2O2]0 n (H2O2) = [H2O2] V1 = 0,1 2 10-3 = 2 10-4 mol :
n( H 2 O2 ) 2 10 4
=
= 6,7 10 3 mol.L1 :
3
V
30 10
= [H 2 O2 ]0
: [I ]0 = [KI]0 n (I ) = [I ] V2 = 0,1 18 10-3 = 1,8 10-3 mol :
n( I ) 1,8 10 3
=
= 6,0 10 2 mol.L1 :
V
30 10 3
] [I
): (b
: [H2O2]0 n (H2O2) = [H2O2] V1 = 0,1 10 10-3 = 1,0 10-3 mol :
) n ( H 2 O2
10 3
= [H 2 O2 ]0
=
= 2,5 10 2 mol.L1 :
3
V
40 10
: [I ]0 n (I ) = [I ] V2 = 0,1 10 10-3 = 1,0 10-3 mol :
10 3
) n( I
=
= 2,5 10 2 mol.L1 :
3
V
40 10
] [I
): (c
: [H2O2]0 n (H2O2) = [H2O2] V1 = 0,1 1 10-3 = 1,0 10-4 mol :
) n( H 2 O2
10 4
=
= 3,3 10 3 mol.L1 :
V
30 10 3
= [H 2 O2 ]0
: [I ]0 n (I ) = [I ] V2 = 0,1 10 10-3 = 1,0 10-3 mol :
10 3
) n( I
=
=
= 3,3 10 2 mol.L1
3
V
30 10
] [I
16
( :
)I2 (aq
2 H2O (l) +
+ 2 H+ (aq) +
)2 I (aq
)H2O2 (l
)n (I
)n (H+
)n (H2O2
t=0
n ( I ) 2 x
n ( H +) 2 x
n ( H 2 O2 ) x
n (H+) = 2 n (H2SO4) = 2 1 10 10- 3 = 2 10- 2 mol
)n (H2O2) (mol
)n (H+) (mol
)n (I) (mol
2 10- 4
2 10- 2
18 10- 4
10- 3
2 10- 2
10- 3
10- 4
2 10- 2
10- 3
t x .
: a
2 10 4 x = 0 x = 2,0 10 4 mol
18 10 4 2 x = 0 x = 9,0 10 4 mol
H2O2
2 10 2 2 x = 0 x = 1,0 10 2 mol
: b
10 3 x = 0 x = 10 3 mol
10 3 2 x = 0 x = 5,0 10 4 mol
2 10 2 2 x = 0 x = 10 2 mol
: c
10 4 x = 0 x = 10 4 mol
10 3 2 x = 0 x = 5,0 10 4 mol
H2O2
2 10 2 2 x = 0 x = 10 2 mol
2 : . n ( I 2 ) = x x .
2 10 4
= 6,7 10 3 mol.L1 : a
3
30 10
= [I 2 ] f
5 10 4
= 12,5 10 3 mol.L1 : b
40 10 3
10 4
= 3,3 10 3 mol.L1 : c
30 10 3
= [I 2 ] f
= [I 2 ] f
3 t = 30 mn ) ( .
17
02

01
A
R = r0 r0 r0 = 1,3 fm
R = 1,3 3 64 = 5,2 fm = 5,2 10 15 m

3
R
3,7
-15
= =A
3,7 10 m = 23
1,3
r0
02
:
0,6 m
ZnS .
: ) (0,01%
.
.
.
: .
D = 2 R R = 1,3 3 197 = 1,3 5,82 = 7,56 fm : Au
197
D = 2 7,56 = 15,12 fm
4
R R' 3
3
m 197 1,67 10 24
= =V
= 19,3 g/cm3 = 1,7 10 23 cm 3
19,3
=V
3V 3 3 1,7 10 23
R' = 3
R ) (1 = 1,6 10 8 = 1,6 10 5 fm
=
12,56
4
'D
21164 D = 1,6 105 2 = 3,2 105 fm
D
21164 .
: .
03
1 17 3 K
5 K :
2 X
40
20
39
40
41
34
46
.
A
19
39
40
41
)(1
3 . x1 x2 K
x1
x
+ 41 2
100
100
39
41
M K = 40 ,96 = 39
x1 + x2 = 100
40,96 = 0,39 x1 + 0,41 x2
x1 + x2 = 100
x2 = 98 % K
x1 = 2 %
39
41
04
B Be Li He
X - 1 . Z
2 X
. Z < 20
- 3 .
B -4
e +
10
5
Be
0
1
10
4
05
-1
Rn + 24He
222
86
Ra
226
88
-2
N 126C + 10 e
-3
C 147N +
0
1
12
7
14
6
-4
Hf + 01 e
174
72
Ta
-5
Pb + 42 He
209
82
Po
213
84
-6
170
70
Yb + 42 He
Hf
174
72
174
73
06
Z+2
)(1
Z+1
) (1 2 . 2
)(2
) (2 + 1 1
) (3 1 1
Z-1
- 2
23
( 12
) Mg
)(3
Z-2
. ( 40
) 20 Ca
N
N+2
N+1
N-1
-3
N = f (Z) Segr Yb
Tm + 01 e
152
69
152
70
Yb
152
70
4 ) ( 15269Tm + .....
- 5 Xe
139
54
Sr
98
38
N = f (Z) Segr .
07
.

) (
:
) ( 214 Bi
) ( 210 Ti
) ( 210 Pb

1
.
2
.

4,468 milliards dannes
24,10 jours
6,70 heures
245 500 ans
75 380 ans
1600 ans
3,8235 jours
3,10 minutes
26,8 minutes
19,9 minutes
164,3 microsecondes
22,3 ans
5,013 jours
138,376 jours
Uranium - 238
Thorium - 234
Protactinium - 234
Uranium - 234
Thorium - 230
Radium - 226
Radon - 222
Polonium - 218
Plomb - 214
Bismuth - 214
Polonium - 214
Plomb - 210
Bismuth - 210
Polonium - 210
Plomb - 206
3 ) ( 214 Bi
e
0
1
Po +
214
84
Ti + 24 He
210
81
Bi
214
83
Bi
4 Pb
206
214
83
) (
) (
08
1 N = N0 e t N0 N
t .
N0
2 N
2
t1 / 2

ln 2
= .
N
m
=
- 3 ) (n :
NA M
=n
)( 1
3
N NA m M .
NA
N
) (1 N0 = A m0 t m
M
M
NA
N
N N0 m = A m0 e t :
M
M
m = m 0 e t
: 223
0,69 0 ,69
=
= 3,1 10 2 mn 1
t1 / 2
22
m = m 0 e t = 1,0 10 13 e 0.031 60 = 1,5 10 14

- 4 :
m = 15 f g
NA
6 ,023 10 23 1,5 10 14
=m
= 4 10 7
M
223
0,69
4 10 7 = 2 ,1 10 4 Bq :
22 60
= A = N
=N
=N
02

11
222 Rn
218 Po
Ra
86
84
- 1 t
226
88
m ( t ) = m 0 e t
)(1
) (t + t ) m( t + t ) = m 0 e ( t + t
1
) m ( t
10
)(2
= ) m ( t + t
) (2 ) (1 = e t :
1
)
10
)(3
10
0,69
= 0,18 j1
3,825
0,69
t1/ 2
2,3
ln 0,1 = - t = 12,7 jrs
0,18
= ) (3
2,3
= . t
- 2 P V = n R T : :
3 N0 :
PV
10 4 2 10 6
=
= 7 ,9 10 6 mol
) RT 8,31 ( 30 + 273
N0 = n NA = 7,9 10-6 6,023 1023 = 4,76 1018
4 N0 t = 0 :
0,69
4,78 1018 = 1013 Bq
3,825 24 3600
= A0 = N 0
100 t = 100 jrs :

A = A0 e t = 1013 e 0 ,18 100 = 1,52 10 5 Bq
=n
12
- 1 A t t = 0 t .
:
ln 2
t
t1/ 2
= x :
A
A = A0 t = n t1/2 : = n0
2
1 n
ln
= A0e
n ln
A = A 0e
e ln x
5 t1/2
4 t1/2
3 t1/2
2 t1/2
t1/2
A0
= 10 6
32
A0
= 2 10 6
16
A0
= 4 10 6
8
A0
= 8 10 6
4
A0
= 16 10 6
2
)A (Bq
0,69
A = A0 e t - 2 = 0,086 jrs 1
8
107 = 3, 2 107 e 0,086 t t = 13,5 jrs

)A (MBq
3 )ln A = f (t
32
)A = g (t
ln A :
32
40
24
16
)t (j
ln A 17,3 16,6 15,9 15,2 14,5 13,8

16
lnA
10
14
4
2
)t ( j
40
32
24
)t (j
40
32
24
16
- 4 ln A = ln A0 e t :
ln A = lnA0 - t
y = ax + b : ln A = - t + ln A0 :
16
13,5
CB
3
=
:
BA
32 24 3600
= 1,08 10-6 s-1
13
e .
Ba +
0
1
137
56
Cs
137
55
2 E = m c2 : m c .
E = (mCs mBa - me ) c2 = (136,90707 136,90581 0,0005486) c2 932,5 / c2
0,0005486 u
137 E = 0,66 MeV :
N
- 3 . 99 % 100 = 0,01 :
N0
N0 t = 0 N . t
0,69
N
= 0,345an 1
= e t
2
N0
4, 6
ln 0,01 = t = 13,34 ans
0,345
0,69
t1/ 2
ln 0, 01
= t .
14
Pb + x + y
206
82
238
92
1 Pb + x 24He + y -10 e :
206
82
238
92
92 = 82 + 2 x - y
)(1
238 = 206 + 4 x
)(2
) (2 x = 8 : ) (1 y = 6 :
2 N

ln 2
t1 / 2
t 1 / 2
N0
1
=e
N = N0 e t
2
2
=.
3 N Pb = N U 0 NU :
N Pb = N U 0 N U 0 e t = N U 0 (1 e t ) :
-4
) (3 :
N Pb
= 1 e t
NU0
)(2
)(3
)(4
e 1 + : . 1
e = 1,01 1 + = 1 + 0,01 = 1,01

3
= 0,01 : :
0,7
) (4
t1/ 2
0 ,7
t
N Pb
= 1 e t1 / 2
NU0
t t1/2 :
N Pb
N Pb
0,7
= = 1 (1 ) =
t :
= 1 e
NU0
NU0
t 1/ 2
:
1 N Pb
t 1/ 2
0,7 NU 0
= (5) t
m . NA
10 103 6,023 1023
- 5 :
= N = 29, 2 1018 :
206
M
1 6,023 10 23
t = 25,3 10 20
238
) (2
= N Pb
= . NU
. NU 0 = N Pb + NU = 29, 2 1018 + 25,3 1020 = 25,6 1020 NU
29, 2 1018
1
) (5 = 7, 42 107 ans :
18
0,7
2530 10
t = 4,5 109
15
:
) ( .
e .
1 e :
0
1
Mg * +
24
12
Na
0
1
Y+
90
39
Sr
90
38
24
11
2 :
Na
24
Mg
24
Mg
Na
) m = (mNa mMg me
m = 23,98490 23,97808 0,00091 = 5,91 10-3 u
5,51 Mev
24 :
Mg
24
)(1
) (5,51 MeV e
1,37
0
24
12
0
1
3 2 E = 5,51 5,22 = 0,29 MeV

E = 5,22 MeV ) (
: .
. .
4,12
1,37 Mev
) (
:
5,22
2,75 Mev
Elib = mc 2 = 5,91 103 c 2
24
Mg * 12
Mg +
5,51 Mev
)(3
1,1 Mev
)(2
23,98490 u 23,97808 u
932,5
= 5,51 MeV
c2
24
24
)(MeV
16
-1
e + 139
56 Ba
0
1
Cs
139
55
2 ) (
ln 2 0, 69
=
= 7, 4 102 mn 1
t1/ 2 9, 27
t1/ 2 = 9, 27 s
=
m0 9
= m0
10 10
3 t :
m = m0
m = m0e t m
9
9
= e t
m0 = m0e t
10
10
0,105 = t :
0,105
= 14, 2mn = 1mn 25 s
7, 4 102
=t
4 : (1) A = N

6
m
23 1 10
N = NA
= 6, 023 10
= 43 1014
M
139
0, 69
= 1, 24 103 s
9, 27 60
= ) (1
A = 1, 24 103 43 1014 = 5,3 1010 Bq
17
1 C 147 N + 10 e :
14
6
. .
2 t1/ 2 = 5570 ans

3 A = A0 e t
4 A = 70 Bq A0 = 120 Bq
A = A0 e t
0,69
t
5570
70 = 120 e
4
7
= e 1,23810 t
12
7
ln = 1, 238 104 t
12
t = 3041 ans
18
12
= 0, 2 s 1 = 0, 2 Bq
60
13, 6
= 0, 226 s 1 = 0,226 Bq
60
= A = 12 mn1
= A0 = 12 mn1
1 .
N0
N
t
N = 0 = N 0e 1/ 2
2
2
A0
A
A0
A
A
t = ln

= e t
A0
A0
A
A = A0 e t - 2
ln
ln 2
= . t1/ 2
t = ln
=t
0, 226
0,125 5570
0, 2
=
= 1009 ans
ln 2
0, 69
5570
ln
-3
= t 1983 1009 974
- 4 1000 > 974 > 700
19
N
1
:

6
6 3
) (Ds . N0
:
N0 = 400
) -
6 1 ( 6
50

. 6
.
6 ...
) (1s . N de lanc Ds restants
. t
) ( (1) N = pN t
p 6 .
1
p
6
= p 1 6
) 6 6
( .
1
1
= p ' = 2
6
3
dN
t 0 ) (1 = pN
dt
N = N 0 e pt
1

2
= p . 50%
N0
N
- 2 = pt
ln = pt
N
N0
ln y = ax
14
13
11
12
6,55 7,84 8,89
10
N0
N
1 1,16 1,42 1,74 1,98 2,16 2,51 2,77 3,25 3,92 4,44
N0
N
0 0,15 0,35 0,55 0,68 0,77 0,92 1,02 1,18 1,36 1,49 1,61 1,88 2,06 2,18
25
24
57,14 66,67
4,20
4,04
23
50
3,91
22
21
19
20
21,05 28,57 30,77 36,36 44,44

3,79
3,60
3,42
3,35
3,05
16
2,77
10,52 14,28
2,66
2,35
N0
N
N0
N
ln
N0
N
8 0,5
= 0,167 s 1
12 2
18
17
16
15
ln
ln
= p=
0,5
2
10
1 1,46 2,03 2,83 3,81 5,33 6,89 9,30 14,28 21,05 33,33
3,50
2,66
3,04
0 0,38 0,71 1,04 1,33 1,67 1,93 2,23
N0
N
N0
N
ln
N0
N
6 0,5
= 0,33 s 1
9 1
ln
= ' p' =
- 3 :
ln 2 0, 69
=
= 4,13 s
0,167
p
ln 2 0, 69
=
= 2, 09 s
p ' 0,33
= t1/ 2
0,5
= t '1/ 2
1
t = 0

- 4 137
t1/ 2 = 30, 2 ans

.
50
6
20
-1
40
0
20 Ca + 1 e
40
18
Ar + +10 e : +
-2
A ( t ) t1/ 2
ln 2
) A (t
40
19 K
40
19 K
=N
8
- 3 40 : 40
931,5
= ( 39,964 39,9626 0, 000548 ) 931,5 = 0, 79MeV
c2
Elib(1) = ( mK mCa me ) c 2
- 4 40 : 40
931,5
= ( 39,964 39,9624 0, 000548 ) 931,5 = 0,98MeV
c2
Elib( 2) = ( mK mAr me ) c 2
5 .
70 kg :
A ( t ) t1/ 2 5000 1, 28 109 365, 25 24 3600
=
= 2,93 1011
0, 69
0, 69
=N
89
0, 79 2,93 1011 = 2, 07 1020 MeV :
100
= )E 'lib(1
11
0,98 2,93 1011 = 0,32 1020 MeV :
100
= ) E 'lib( 2
Elib = E 'lib(1) + E 'lib( 2 ) = 2,39 1020 MeV
21
24 He + ZA X
-1
232
90Th
A = 232 4 = 228
Z = 90 2 = 88

A
Z X
228
88 Ra
- 2 ) (M ) (NA m0 N0
:
-3
m0 N 0
=
M NA
m0
103
= 6, 023 1023
= 26 1017
232
NA
N0 = N A
( .
....
.

:

N
N
N = 0 = 0,5
N0
2
0,46 0,56 15 jrs < t1/ 2 < 20 jrs
( :
N
= e t
N0
N
N
ln = t
= t
N0
N0
15
20
10
)t (jrs
N
N0
1 0,82 0,68 0,56 0,46
ln
0 0,20 0,38 0,58 0,77
y = a x : . a
N
N0
N
N0
ln
0,5
)t (jrs
0,5
3,85 102
= = 3,85 102 jrs 1
= 4, 45 107 s 1
13
24 3600
0, 69
= 17,9 jrs
3,85 102
ln 2
- 4 : t = 0
A0 = N 0 = 4, 45 107 26 1017 = 1,16 1012 Bq
22
-
1 Z ) A ( .
-2
-3
11
6C
12
6C
0
15
+1 e + 7 N
(6) Z ) N N = 5 (N = 6
15
8O
-
-1
-2
0
1
4
2 He
me = 9,11031 kg
mHe = 2m p + 2mn = 2 (1, 673 + 1, 675 ) 1027 = 6, 7 1027 kg

)
0
+1 e
10
( 7360 .
= t1/ 2
ln
-
( .
91 - )
1 . N0
2 I
131
400
2 105 Bq . 6 103 Bq
- V
0
60
*
1 e + 28 Ni
-1
- 2(
60
27 Co
60
28 Ni +
m0
1106
= 6, 023 1023
= 1016
60
M
N
( = N
t
60
*
28 Ni
N0 = N A
)(1
( : N : . N
) N = N 0 e t (1 N = t N0 e t
N
( t = A0 e t
t
)(2
= A N ) (2 = A0 e t :
t N 0e t
t
A0 = N 0
( A = A0 e t :
ln A = ln A0 + ln e t
ln A = ln A0 t
( y = ax + b a b . ln A0
lnA
ln A0 .
17, 4 16, 6
(
7 1
17,4
= 0,13 an 1
ln 2
( :
t1/ 2
(
0, 69
= 5, 23 ans = 1, 65 108 s
0,13
= t1/ 2
)t (ans
8,5
23
- 1 ) ( A ) TA ( t1/ 2
0, 69 0, 69
=
= 4, 6 102 jrs 1
15
TA
= A
m0
20
= 6, 023 1023
2 = 53 1021 :
225
M
11
N0 = N A
16,6
4, 6 102
53 1021 = 2,8 1016 Bq
24 3600
= A0 = N 0
3 ) ( :
.
A B C :
mA 3
=

mB 2
t : A
mA
MA
N ( A) = N A
t : B
mB
MB
N( B ) = N A
)(1
)(2
N A .
B A A). M A = M B (
mA 3
=
mB 2
) (1 ) (2 :
)N ( A
) N( B
)(3
B
A
A B ) A N( A) = B N ( B
B 3
=
A 2
3
A = 1,5 4, 6 102 = 6,9 102 jrs 1
2
0, 69
= 10 jrs
6,9 102
ln 2
) N( B
= . B
= TB
- 4 A )= N( A
)N ( A
) (3
)dN( A
dt
B )= N ( B ) + A N( A
) dN( B
dt
B . A
A
A
= ) N( B )N ( A
N
- 5 e B t e A t :
0
A B
A B ( A ) 0
A
= ) N( B .
N ( A ) e A t e B t
0
A B
... : t = t0 NB t0 .
) N( B ) N( B .
= K B e B t + K A e A t :
) dN ( B
dt
12
=K
) dN( B
B e A t
B e B t = A e A t = t
= 0
dt
A e B
B
B e A t ( B A ) t
ln
= ( B A ) t :
=
=e
A
A e B t
B
A
ln B ln A
0, 405
=
=
= 17, 6 jrs
= t0
B A
B A
2,3 102
ln
t0
24
- 1( t = 0 : t = t0
) ( ) (N
dN
= N
dt
dN
+N =
dt
dN
e t + N = e t
dt
e t
dN t
e + Ne t = e t
dt
dN t
e + Ne t
dt
N e t
) ( :
t
t
dt ( N e ) = e
+K
+ Ke t
=N
d
N e t = e t
dt
e t
Ne t =
K .
)(1
: K t = 0 ) N = 0 (
): (1
0 = + K
K ) (1
1 e t
K =
=N
( : t > t0
t0 .
dN
dN
= dt
= N
dt
N
t
dN

) ( = dt :
N
0
K
13
ln N + K = [t ]0
t
ln N + K = t ln N = t K N = e t K
N = e t e K
)(2
: K
t = t0
N = 1 e t ) (2 1 e t0 = e t0 e K
t0
e
t0
=
=
e 1
t0
e K ) (2
t0
e 1 e t
ln 2 0,69
=
2 = 1, 23 104 an 1 :
t1/ 2 5600
=N
1
3
3

4
4
t :
3
3 N
N = N 0 N 0 = N 0 1 = 0
4
4 4
N
1
0 = N 0e t : = e t
4
4
t = ln 4
N0 N0
= 2
4
2
1,38
= 11201ans
1, 23 104
ln 4
=t
= N t = 2 t1/ 2 = 5600 2 = 11200 ans
0,1 % :
A = A0 e t
)(3
A
0,1
A0
1
= e t
= A ) (3 = A 0 e t
A0 = 0
1000
1000
100
1000
6,9
6,9 = t = 56160 ans
1, 23 104
=t
4 : 4
3 107 Bq ) ( .
N ( t ) 14
NA
=m
)(4
A 14
3 107 14
=
A = N ) (4 = 1,8 104 g
12
23
N A 3,9 10 6,023 10
14
=m
1, 23 104
= 3,9 1012 s 1 : s-1
=
365, 25 24 3600
1
7
)

8
8
N0 N0
= 3
8
2
= N t = 3 t1/ 2 = 3 5600 = 16800 ans
15
02

25
1
84 Po
82 Po
:
206
4
82 Pb + 2 He
mHe = 4, 0015 u t1/ 2 = 138, 4 jrs
210
84 Po
2 Elib = mi m f c 2 = ( 209,98286 205,97445 4, 0015 ) 931,5 = 6, 43 MeV :

3 :
Ec = 6,43 MeV
4 Ec = 6,43 2,2 = 4,23 MeV : 2,2 MeV
) ( .
5 3 4 .
0, 69
0, 69
=
= 5, 77 108 s 1 :
t1/ 2 138, 4 24 3600
3 1015
= 52 1021 : A = 3 1015 Bq
8
5, 77 10
=N

.

.
50 %
:
50
50
= E
6, 43 +
4, 23 52 1021 = 2, 77 1023 MeV
100
100
26
1u = 1, 66054 1027 kg = 931,5 MeV / c 2
- 1 I
127
2,106831 1025
= 126,87625 u = 126,87625 931,5 MeV / c 2
1, 66054 1027
= m 127I
El = ( 53 1, 00728 + 74 1, 00866 126,87625 ) 931,5 = 1071 MeV
131
2,17329 1025
= 130,8785 u = 130,8785 931,5 MeV / c 2
1, 66054 1027
= m 131I
E 'l = ( 53 1, 00728 + 74 1, 00866 130,8785 ) 931,5 = 1102 MeV
E 'l 1102
El 1071, 6
=
= 8, 41 MeV
=
2 = 8, 44 MeV :
A
A
127
131
E
- 3 ) l( 127 I .
A
27
1 :
2 24 He
7
1
3 Li + 1 p
2 mi m f = 7, 01435 + 1, 00728 2 4, 0015 = 0, 01863 u :

:
3 :
X 1 + X 2 X 3 + X 4 :
X .
mc 2 .
X 1 X 2 ) ( .

m1c 2 + Ec1 + m2 c 2 + Ec 2 = m3c 2 + Ec 3 + m4 c 2 + Ec 4
2
) ( m1 + m2 ) ( m3 + m4 ) c = ( Ec 3 + Ec 4 ) ( Ec1 + Ec 2
mc 2 = Ec mc 2 = Ec
)(1
m > 0 ) (1 Ec < 0
: .

m < 0 ) (1
Ec > 0
: .

.
Elib = mi m f c 2 :
)(2
mi m f = m mi m f > 0 ) m < 0 ( .
Elib = mc 2
Elib
m .

: Ec1
: Ec2
: Ec3 + Ec3
mLi c 2 + Ec1 + m p c 2 + Ec 2 = Ec 3 + E 'c 3 + 2 mHe c 2 :
Ec2 = 0
( Ec3 + E 'c3 ) = mLi c 2 + m p c 2 + Ec1 2 mHe c 2
Ec1 = 600 keV = 6 105 eV = 0, 6 MeV
( Ec3 + E 'c3 ) = ( mLi + m p 2 mHe) c 2 + Ec1 = ( 7, 01435 + 1, 00728 2 4, 0015) 931,5 + 0, 6 = 17,95 MeV
28
-1
+ 24 He 178 O + 11 p
14
7N
- 2 m = m f mi :
m = mO + m p mN mHe = 16,9947 + 1, 00866 13,9992 4, 0015 = 2, 66 10 3 u

3 : )( .
:
: E1 E1 = Ec1 + mN c 2 + Ec 2 + mHe c 2 :
: E2 :
E2 = Ec 3 + mO c 2 + Ec 4 + mp c 2
E2 E1 = Ec 3 + mO c 2 + Ec 4 + mp c 2 Ec1 mN c 2 Ec 2 mH e c 2
E2 E1 = ( Ec 4 + Ec 3 ) ( Ec 2 + Ec1 ) + mO + mp ( mN + mHe ) c 2 = Ec + 2, 66 10 3 931,5

E2 E1 = 0 Ec = 2, 66 10 3 931,5 = 2, 47 MeV :
4
. m > 0
29
1
0
15
+ 1e + 7 N
15
8O
- 2 El
7 p + 8n + 10 e
- 3 : E1
E2
15
8O
15
8O
E3
E1 = 7 7, 463 = 111,9 MeV
8 p + 7n
E1
15
- 4 : E2 ) (8 p + 7 n )( 7 n + 8 p + 1 e+
01n + +01 e :
1
1p
( )
E2 = 7m p + 8mn + me 8m p + 7 mn c 2 = mn + me m p c 2
E2 = [1, 008665 + 0, 000548 1, 007276] 931,5 = 1,8 MeV . u

- 5 : E
E3 = E E1 E2 : E = E3 + E1 + E2 = 115,5 + 111,9 + 1,8 = 1,8 MeV
30
El
- 1
A
. A
El
E
: l
A
A
) (
M0 . M1
M1
M0
.
. . 8 MeV 2 : .
:
3
2 He
4
2 He
6
3Li
9
4 Be
. 6,46 MeV 5,33 MeV 7,07 MeV 2,56 MeV
El
E
l > 8 MeV < 8 MeV
A
A
.
El
) ( MeV
A
-8
63
29 C u
3 :
10
4 Be
6
3Li
El ( 4 1,00728 + 6 1,00866 10,01133) 931,5

=
= 6, 49 MeV
A
10
El ( 3 1,00728 + 3 1,00866 6,01347 ) 931,5

=
= 5,33 MeV
A
6
20 8
8 2 Pb
El ( 82 1,00728 + 126 1,00866 207,93162 ) 931,5

=
= 7,86 MeV
A
208
60
28 N i
El ( 28 1,00728 + 32 1,00866 59,91547 ) 931,5

=
= 8,78 MeV
A
60
238
92 U
El ( 92 1,00728 + 146 1,00866 238,00018 ) 931,5

=
= 7,57 MeV
A
238
-4
Ni
Pb
Be
Li

31
39
+ 01n 153
I + 9394Y + 3 01n
23 5
9 2U
1 Elib = mi m f c 2 :
mi = 234,99332 + 1, 00866 = 236, 00198 u
m f = 138,897 + 93,89014 + 3 1, 00866 = 235,81312 u

El i b = ( 2 3 6, 0 0 1 9 8 2 3 5,8 1 3 1 2 ) 9 3 1,5 = 1 7 5,8 MeV
2 :
2 3
.
3 85 % . 15 %
) ( .
m
1000
= 6, 023 1023
4 1 kg = 2,56 1024 :
M
235
N = NA
1 kg :
El i b T = El i b N = 2,56 1024 175,8 = 4,5 1026 MeV = 7, 21 1013 J = 72 106 MJ

) (
1MeV = 1, 602 10 13 J :
1MJ = 1 06 J
- 5 1 kg : 42 MJ 72 106 MJ ) ( :
72 106
= 1, 71106 kg = 1771 t
42
=m
32
2
1H
+ 13 H 24 He + 01n
1 Elib = mi m f c 2 = ( 2, 0136 + 3, 0155 4, 0015 1, 00866 ) 931,5 = 17, 64 MeV :

2 .
m 12 H + 13 H = 2, 0136 1, 66 1027 + 3, 0155 1027 = 8,35 1027 kg
-3
8,35 1027 kg 17, 64 MeV

E
1 kg
17, 64
1027 = 2,11 1027 MeV = 2,11 1027 1, 602 1013 = 3,38 1014 J = 3,38 108 MJ
8,35
1 kg
42 MJ
- 4 :
3,38 108 MJ
8,38 108
= 2 107 kg = 20000 t :
42
=E
=m
- 5 31 1 kg 235 72 106 MJ
1 kg + 13 H
2
1H
3, 4 108 MJ 5 .
.
33
:
) = 3, 01493u
3
2 He
1
3
2 He
El ( 2 1,00728 + 1 1,00866 3,01493) 931,5

=
= 2,57 MeV
3
A
4
2 He
El ( 2 1,00728 + 2 1,00866 4,0015 ) 931,5

=
= 7,07 MeV
4
A
4 3 .
:
( 24 He ) 23He 24 He . 23He
- 2 :
24 He + 2 11H
3
3
2 He + 2 He
- 3 Elib = mi m f c 2 = ( 2 3, 01493 4, 0015 2 1, 00728 ) 931,5 = 12,85 MeV :

m
106
= 6, 023 1023
1 t = 2 1029 : 3
M
3
N = NA
2 1029
- 4 1 t 12,85 1,3 1030 MeV :
2
= E 'lib
.
34
+ 13 H 24 He + 01n
2
1H
-1 Elib = mi m f c 2 = ( 2, 0136 + 3, 0155 4, 0015 1, 00866 ) 931,5 = 17, 64 MeV :

17,64 MeV - 2 .

m = 4, 0015 1, 66 1024 = 6, 64 10 24 g
6, 64 1024 g
17, 64 MeV
E 'lib
1g
1 17, 64
= 2, 65 1024 MeV
6, 64 1024
= E 'lib
3 E = P t = 3,9 1026 1 = 3,9 1026 J :

m
E 3,9 1026
=
= 4,3 109 kg
2
16
c
9 10
=m
) (1s m = 4,3 109 kg
4, 6 109 365 24 3600 = 1, 45 1017 s
' m
m ' = 1, 45 1017 4,3 109 = 6, 23 1026 kg

5
100%
2 1030 kg
6, 23 1026 kg
6, 23 1026 100
=x
= 0, 03%
2 1030
35
-1
1
+ 139
54 X e + y 0 n
94
x Sr
+ 01n
235
92U
236 = 94 + 139 + y y = 3
9 2 = x + 54 x = 3 8
2 :
Elib = mi m f c 2 = ( 234,99345 + 1, 00866 93,89451 138,88917 3 1, 00866 ) 931,5 = 179 MeV

3 238 235
. 0,7%
235 .
235 5%
90% ) ( .
.
1 3, 7
235 1 g = 0, 037 g :
100
0, 037
235 = 9,5 1019 :
235
=m
N = 6, 023 1023
E 'l i b = 9,5 1 019 1 7 9 = 1 7 1 021 MeV
4 E = P t = 900 106 365 24 3600 = 2,8 1016 J :

27 106 3, 7
235 27 ) (27 t = 106 g :
100
106
= 2,5 1027 :
235
=m
N = 6, 023 1023
27 t ) 1 t : (235
E ' = 2,56 1027 179 = 4,58 1029 MeV = 7,34 1016 J

E
2,8 1 016
=
= 0,3 8 :
E ' 7,3 4 1 016
38%
36
1 : .
2 ) (0,000548 u .
.
-3
+ 11H 12 H + 10 e 2
1
1H
+ 11H 23He 2
2
1H
24 He + 2 11H
(
(
3
3
2 He + 2 He
3
2 He
12 H . 2
- 4 11H 24 He + 2 10 e :
- Elib = mi m f c 2 = ( 4 1, 0073 4, 0015 2 0, 000548 ) 931,5 = 24,8 MeV
-4
(
13
7N
+ 10 e
13
6C
13
7N
14
7N
+ 11H
13
6C
15
8O
+ 11H
14
7N
15
8O
+ 11H
15
7N
+ 10 e
+ 24 H e
+ 11H
12
6C
12
6C
15
7N
( 4 11H 24 He + 2 10 e :
) ( Bethe von Weizscker
03
- RC
01
Q 3 105
= C1
=
= 0 ,5 105 F :
U1
6
Q 3 105
= U2
=
= 30 V :
C2
106
02
1 :
Q1 = C1U = 2 106 100 = 2 104 C
Q1 .
C = C1 + C2 = 2 + 0,5 = 2,5 F
C1
C2
- 2 :
Q1
2 104
= 'U
=
= 80 V
C 2 ,5 106
03
.
- 1 u : t
t q = I t
q
:
C
=u
)(1
)(2
I
) (1 ) (2 t :
C
=u
:
.
.
- 2 :
I

C
I
20 106
I BD
7
=
= 104 F :
=
=
= 0, 2 V .s 1 :
0,2
0,2
C AD 7 5
=C
)u(V
B
04
)t(s
C1 C2
1 2 2
=
1 = F :
C1 + C2 1 + 2 3
C2
=C
C1
2
Q = C U = 106 300 = 2 104 C
3
2 : Q1 = Q2 = Q
Q
C1
= U1
)(1
Q
C2
U 1 C2
=
=2
U 2 C1
= U2
) . (2 ) (1 ) (2 :
U1 = 2 U2
)(3
)(4
U1 + U2 = 300
) (3 ) (4 U1 = 200 V U2 = 100 V :
-3
Q1 = Q2 = Q = 2 104 C ) (1 )(2
05
- 1 ) ( .
n1 n2 .
:
C' = n1 C1
n2
)(1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+ ..... = n2
'C C' C
'C
)(2
C ) (1
n1
) (2 :
C
C1
n1 = n2 n1 = 50 n2 :
n2 = 1 n1 = 50
n2 = 2 n1 = 100
...
- 2 50 .
- 3( Q = C U = 5 10-3 40 = 0,2 C :
Q 0,2
=
( = 4 103 C :
n1 50
= 'Q
06
1
.
- 2( q = I t ) (
q
dq
==I
dt
t
+
+
+
+
( t = 4 mn = 240 s q = 0,2 10-3 240 = 4,8 10-2 C

q 4 ,8 10 2
=
= 15 V
C 3, 2 10 3
- 3 : q = I t
=u
C u 3, 2 10 3 40
=
C u = I t = 640 s :
I
0, 2 1 0 3
=t
07
- 1 q = C u :
C
A B 4 1 0 3
=
= 2 1 0 4 F
BD
5 4
)q (mC
=C
2 u1 = 15 V
q1 = 3 10-3 C
q1 3 10 3
=
q1 = I t1 = 200 s
I 15 10 6
-3
q1
C
= u1
q2
C
= t1
= u2 :
u1 q1 It1 t1 15
=
=
= =
u2 q2 It2 t2 30
t2 = 2 t1
)u (V
3
08
1 : C2 C3 :
C1
C = C3 + C2 = 0,5 + 1,5 = 2 F
.
3 C :
1 1
1
1
= +
+
'C C1 C4 C
C4
C = 0,8 F
2 Q = C U = 0,8 106 100 = 8 105 C :

3 : C 1 C4 C :
Q1 = Q4 = Q = 8 105 C
C2 C3 C Q2 + Q3 = 8 105 :
Q2 Q3
U2 = U3 :
=
C2 C3
) (1 ) (2 :
1,5
Q2 = 8 10 5
0 ,5
Q2 +
C3
Q2 = 8 10 5
C2
)(1
)(2
Q2 +
. Q2 = 2 105 C ) (1 ) (2 Q3 = 6 105 C
09
uC
- 4 E = uR + uC = R i + uC
du
dq
= uC + RC C
dt
dt
E = uC + R R C
+
+
+
+
i
E
uR
duC
1
E
:
+
= uC
dt RC
RC
dq
1
E
+
=q
:
dt RC
R
3 2 1
5 : )uC = f (t
uc
uc
uc
E
0,63 E
t
-6
= RC
3
= 0,5 10 3 F
6000
= RC
t
=
=C
10
E u
E = R i + u :
R
=i
)(1
i
E
uR
- 2 E = 4 V ) u ( .
u ) (1 .
E 0
4
=
: t = 0 u = 0 = 2 10 4 A :
3
20 10
R
= i ..
:
25
)u (V
20
15
10
)t (s
i 104 (A) 2,00 0,75 0,31 0,12 0,06 0,00
3 u = E
= 5 s
- 4 :
5
= 2,5 10 4 F
3
20 10
)t (s
=C
5 ): i = f (t
)i 104 (A
- 6
I = 2 104 A 0
.
0,25
)t (s
11
1 Q = 0 QA + QB = 0 QB = QA = + 1,2 mC :
- 2 UBA > 0 : UAB < 0
-3
A B5
- ) ( .
- ln uBA = - 50 t +1,61 :
)(1
i
1
t
RC
uBA = uc = E e
)(2
): (2
1
t
RC
l n uBA = l n E
1
t + ln E
RC
l nu BA =
)(3
1
1
= = 50 RC
= 0 ,02 s =
50
RC
) (1 ) (3 :
l n E = 1, 6 1 E = e1,61 = 5 V
12
- 1( : RC
E = uAB + uBD = R i + uBD
duBD
dt
E = uBD + RC
duBD
1
E
+
= uBD
dt
RC
RC
( u BD = E + Ae bt :
)(1
C
B
)(2
)(1
1
E
= E + Aebt
RC
RC
E
1
E
+
= Aebt
RC RC
RC
1

RC
= b
E
E
=
RC RC
Abebt +
Abebt +
) (1 . uBD = E + Aebt :
( t = 0 . uBD = 0 )0 = E + Ae0 A = E : (2
2 : ) :
t = 0 uBD = 0
t = uBD = E (1- e1) = 3,78 V
t = 5 uBD = E (1- e5) 6 V
1
t
RC
u BD = E( 1 e
)t (s
3,78
uBD
)uBD (V
3 )uBD = f (t
= RC = 105 0,1 10-6 = 0,01 s
3,78
)t (mS
50
10
- 4( 2
.
1
( EC = C u 2 :
2
1
E C = 0,1 10 6 62 = 1,8 10 6 J
2
. u = E
13
- 1 uR + uC = 0 :
R i + uC = 0
dq
1
dq q
+
R + = 0 q = 0 :
dt C
dt RC
- 2
q = Ae t + B
)(1
)(2
B A : .
B )q = Ae t + B : (1
1
Ae t + B ) = 0
(
RC
A e t +
1 B
Ae t +
=0
+
RC RC
1
) (3
RC
dq
= A e t
dt
)(3
= B=0
A ) (2 t = 0 . q = Q0
Q0 = Ae0 + B :
. A = Q0
1 t
RC
q = Q0 e
- 3 ) (0 ; CE ) q (t t = 0
OB
CE
:
=
OA
OA
) q (t
t g =
Q0 = CE B
1 t
1
1
Q
dq
C E RC t
E
e
= 0 e RC =
= e RC
dt
RC
RC
R
E
t = 0 :
R
CE
E
=
OA
R
1 0
dq
E RC
=
e
R
dt
OA = RC : A t = :
4 ) = 20 ms (
2 0 1 0 3
= 2 1 0 7 F = 0, 2 F
105
5 :
=C
6 t = 0 q = Q0 = C E = 2 10-7 5 = 10-6 C
t = 5
- 7
1 t
RC
q = Q0 e5 = 106 6,7 10-3 = 6,7 C
dq
E
= e
dt
R
=i
t = 0 i = 50 A
t = 5 i = 0,33 A
14
E
1 uAB
( A E = uAB + uBD : D
du AB
dt
E = u AB + RC
du AB
1
E
= u AB
+
RC :
dt
RC
RC
1 t
RC
u AB = E 1 e
): (1
)(2
1
1 t
E RC t
E
RC = E
e
e
1
+
RC
RC
RC
E RC t
E
E RC t
E
e
e
+
+
=
RC
RC RC
RC
E
E
=
RC RC
)(1
) (1 ). (2
C
B
1 t
RC
uAB = f (t) = E 1 e
uAB
E
( uAB = E
( = RC = 10 103 0,5 10-6 = 5,0 10-3 s
( t = 0 uAB = E (11) = 0 :
t = 5 :
( e1 ) 100 V
u AB = E 1
- 2( :
RC
:
A 0 = uAB + uR : D
du AB
dt
0 = u AB + RC
du AB
1
u AB = 0
+
dt
RC
RC :
uc = Ae t + B :
) (3 ) (4 :
1
( Ae t + B ) = 0
RC
)(4
A e t +
1 B
Ae t +
=0
+
RC RC
1
RC
B=0
t = 0 uc = E ) (4 A = E
t
1
RC
uAB = E e
)uAB (V
)uAB (V
)t (s
E = 100
0,37 E = 37
6 ,7 10-3 E = 0,67
100
37
)t (ms
15
1 :
)(1
Q=CU
1
Ec = QU
2
)(2
1 Q2
U ) (1 ) (2
2 C
= Ec :
Q = 2 Ec C = 2 1,5 2 10 3 = 7 ,7 10 2 C
Q 7 , 7 1 0 2
=
2 = 3 8,5 V :
C
2 1 0 3
=U
16
-1
1
1
Ec = QU = 4 10 3 12 = 24 10 3 J
2
2
Q = C U Q = 2 C U . Q = 2 Q
1
1
E'c = Q' U = 2QU = QU = 2 Ec Ec = 48 10-3 J
2
2
t
3 :
2

2
t
RC
1
RC
1
RC
uc = E e
1
1
Ec = C u 2 = C E e
2
2
Q
1
= Q0 0 e
C
2
2
t
RC
1
Ec = C E 2e
2
1 Q0
2 C
= Ec
4 t = )(
(4 10 ) e 2 = 24 10 3 = 3,25 10 3 J
1 Q0
= Ec
e 2 = 1
2 C
2 4 10 3
e2
12
3 2
17
1
1
2
1 C1U 2 = (3,3 10 6 ) ( 24) = 9,5 10 4 J :
2
2
- 2( : q' E , q'A , q A
EC
C1
q A = q' E + q'A :
( U1 = U2 :
q'A q' E
=
:
C1 C2
C2
10
A
+
E
+
3 qA = C1 U = 3,3 10-6 24 = 7,92 10-5 C :

) (2
q' E + q'A = 7 ,9 2 10 5
)(1
q'A q' E
=
C1
C2
)(2
q' E , q'A
C1
3,3
= q'E
q'E = 1,5q'E
C2
2, 2
= q'A
)(3
)q'E + 1,5 q'E = 7 ,9 2 1 0 5 q'E = 3,1 7 10 5 C : (1
) (3 . q'A = 4 , 71 1 0 5 C
4 ) : (qA
1
q AU
2
= Ec
)(4
q'A 4, 71 10 5
=
= 14,3 V
C1
3,3 10 6
= U1 = U 2
1
)E'c = 7 ,92 10 5 14 ,3 = 5, 66 10 4 J : (4
2
5( E = E c' E c = W .
( E = (9,5 5, 6 6) 1 0 4 = 3,8 4 1 0 4 J :
11
03
- RL
18
1 UL = r I = 6 1,5 = 9 V
2 . ) ( I
.
I
0 1,5
=
= 600V
t
2,5 10 3
e = L
19
6
U
=
1 = 4
I 1,5
di
2 :
dt
)i (A
=r
uL = ri + L
)(1
di
di
3
=
) i = f(t = 2 A.s 1
dt
dt
1,5
)t (s
t = 0,5 s i = 2 A
1,5
)uL = 4 2 0,1 2 = 7,8 V : (1

20
di
: i = 10 t 3 = 10 A.s 1
dt
di
= 8 (10t 3) + 10 L = 80t 24 + 10 L
dt
t = 0,15 s uL = 0 10 L = 24 12
uL = r i + L
L = 1,2 H
21
1 . 20 ms
2
0, 4
] i = f (t) [0,10 s = 40 As 12
10
i = 40 t :
1
= a ) (0 , 0
0, 4
] i = f (t) [10s, 20s = 40 As 12
10
a' = ) (20 s , 0
. i = - 40 t + b t = 20 ms i = 0 0 = - 40 0,02 + b : b = 0,8 A
i = 40 t + 0,8 :
di
3 :
dt
. uL = L
uL = L 40 L = 10 mH
22
E
)(L , r
R=r
YA
YB
-1
) (2 UBM UBM < 0 ) . (i

) (1 UAM UAM > 0 .
2 ) ( .
U R 3 2
=
3 = 0 ,5 A
12
R
=I
4 ) : (E E = (R + r) I = 24 0,5 = 12 V :
23
K
uL
iN
iL
UL < 0
UN < 0
iN
iL
uN
)(L,r
uL
IL > 0
IN < 0
uN
)(L,r
UL > 0
UN > 0
IL > 0
IN > 0
- 1 IL IN UN = UL = E = 12 V
2
- 2 . 220 V
U L 12
=
= 2 A
6
r
= IL
) 0,4 H (
.
) ( .
IN = I L
U N = RN (0) I L ) RN(0
t = 0 ) (
- 3 12 V
. 0 .

L
L

= 1
R0 + r
r
= 2
R0 2 !!!!
1
R
R
t
L
u L = E e R = R0 + r
24
E
'R
E L t
e
= i R = R + r
1 :
'R
) 8
. ( RL
)(L , r
B
- 2( uR = R i
t
'R
E
uR = R e L
'R
E 0
E
e =R
u0 t = 0 :
'R
'R
: t1
: t2
'R
t1
E L
e
'R
t2
'R
u R = 0 ,9 u 0 = R
)(1
E
u'R = 0 ,1 u0 = R e L
'R
)(2
) (1 ) (2 :
'R
) (t2 t1
L
u0 = R
9 = e :
3
L
R' l n 9
'R

) l n 9 = (t2 t1
=
'R
L t2 t1
L
t2 t1 1,65 10 3
=
= 0 ,75 1 0 3 s
2,2
ln 9
( . L = R = (R + 0) = 1000 0,75 103 = 0 ,75 H :

:
.
:

)( ...

.
.
25
1 YB uR = R i
)(L , r
)uR (V
E
R
1
)t (ms
YB
20
3
2 ) ( uR = 3 V = 0 ,0 6 A uR = R I0
50
di
3 E = uR + uL :
dt
4 E = (R + r) I0 :
E = Ri + r i + L
E
3,8
=R
50 = 13,3
0 ,06
I0
=r
) uR = f(t t = :
UR = 0,63 3 2 V . = 20 ms
L = R = (R + r) = 63,3 20 10-3 = 1,27 H
4
= I0
26
1 .
di
RL :
dt
) E = Ri + L (r 0
di R
E
L :
=+ i
dt L
L
2 ) (1 i (t ) = a + be t :
R
E
= ) a + b e t
(
L
L
): (1
)(1
)(2
b e t +
R
R
E
=
a + be t
L
L
L
R
R
= 0 = :
L
L
R
E
E
=a= a
L
L
R
t = 0 . i = 0 )0 = a + b e0 = a + b a = b : (2
E
:
L
= a = b
E 6
=
3 = 0 ,5 A :
R 12
L
4 :
R
= I0
L !
27
1 :
)u1 = (R + R1) i1 : (1
di2
): (2
dt
u2 = ( r + R2 ) i2 + L
R=r
L1
i1
2 ) : (1 L1
) (
)(L , r
L2
i2
) : (2 > <
i1 i1
L2 . L1
3 i1 = i2 = I .
4 : i1 = i2
) ( - .
28
-1 .
E
-2
r+R
=I
)(L , r
)(1
K
)i (A
I0
0,06
)t (ms
20
E
2
'R
12
)= 5 0 : (1
0 , 24
= I 0 i I0 = 0,06 4 = 0,24 A
= R + r r = 50 35 = 15
3 i = I0 t = = 20 ms
)L (H
- 4( L = a :
a .
L
(
R+r
( ) (D
L = 0,2 H = 4 ms :
0, 2
= 50
4 10 3
= R + r
) (ms
29
1 ) i = 1, 2 (1 e 2t i A t s
t = 0 . i = 1 ,2 ( 1 1) = 0
1 2
L i
2
1
t
- 2 i = 1, 2 1 e :
t =
0,2
( 1e ) = 1,2 1 2,17 1 = 1,2 0,6 3 = 0,7 5 A
. i = 1, 2 1
= Eb
1 2
2
L i = 0,5 0,1(0 ,75) = 2,8 10 2 J
2
:
t
:
= Eb
i = 1, 2 (1 e ) = 1, 2 (1 0) = 1, 2 A
1 2
2
L i = 0,5 0,1(1, 2) = 7 , 2 10 2 J
2
- 3 = 2
= 0,5 s
= Eb
0 ,1
. = 0 , 2
0 ,5
=r
30
.
di R
1 + i = 0 :
dt L
i = Ae t + B :
)(2
B )i = Ae t + B : (1
R
Ae t + B ) = 0
(
L
)(1
di
= A e t
dt
A e t +
R BR
Ae t + +
=0
L L
R

L
= B=0
E
A ) (2 t = 0
R
E
= Ae0 + B :
R
E

R
= A
2 :
2R
t
L
R
t
L
= .i
E
E
i = e = I 0
R
R
1
1 t 1
Eb = L i 2 = L I 0e L = L I 02 e
2
2
2
)Eb (J
t
1
Eb = L I 02 e
2
0,2
:
t
Eb = Eb 0 Eb0 = 0,2 J
)t (ms
0,5
Eb
- 3 ) (0 ; Eb0 ) Eb (t t = 0
E
OB
= b 0 :
OA
OA
Eb0 B
t g =
dEb 0
2 Eb 0 2 t
e
=
) Eb (t
dt
2 Eb 0
t = 0 :
Eb 0
2E
= b0
OA
4 = 0 ,5
dEb 0
2E
= b0 e
dt
= OA
A :
=t
= 1 ms
L
) ( R = 100
R
= :
L = R = 100 10-3 = 0,1 H

5 :
1 2
t = 0 L I 0
2
2
1 2 t
L I0 e
2
1 1 2
L I0
2 2
t
1
=e
2
2
l n 2 = t l n 2 :
= Eb
. t
= t = t1/ 2
04
01
H+
)Cu2+ (aq) + 2 OH(aq) = Cu(OH)2 (s
) : CH3NH2(aq) + CH3COOH(aq) = CH3NH3+(aq) + CH3COO(aq H+

.
) : CH3COOH(l) + CH3OH(l) = CH3COO-CH3(l) + H2O(l .
)HCl(g) + NH3(g) = NH4Cl(s
) HCl NH3( :
H+ .
) : C6H5COOH(l) + H2O(l) = C6H5COO(aq) + H3O+(aq H+
.
02
1 pH = Log H 3O + H 3O + = 10 pH :
9,6
1,6
6,8
3,4
4,1
1,3
pH
[H3O+] (mol/L) 5,0 102 4,0 104 7,4 105 1,6 107 2,6 102 2,5 1010
2 ] [H3O+ pH . pH = Log H 3O +
.
03
1 HCl(g) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + Cl(aq) :
pH = Log H 3O + - 2
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
)(1
][H3O+] = [HCl
0 ,1
= 4 , 46 106 mol :
22400
nHCl 4, 46 106
=
= 4, 46 106 mol / L
Vs
1
Vg
Vm
= nHCl
= ] [HCl Vs )(Vs = 1 L
)pH = Log 4, 46 106 = 5,35 : (1
- 3 nHCl = nH O+ nH O+ = H 3O + Vs = 10 pH Vs = 102 1 = 102 mol

3
3
HCl 1 L 102 mol
4
1 :
)HNO3(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + NO3(aq
2 C = [H3O+] = 0,1 mol/ L
. pH = Log H 3O +
102 mol/ L
) (pH
3 nH O+ .
3
[H3O+]1 [H3O+]2 .
H 3O + 1 V1 = H 3O + 2 V2 V2 = 90 + 10 = 100 mL V1 = 10 mL
H 3O + 1 0 ,1
=
= 102 mol / L :
= H 3O 2
10
10
+
pH = Log H 3O + pH = 2
: n ) n = 10 10 mL (100 mL
. n n 10 pH .... 3 2 1
5
1 C H3O+
[H3O+] = C .
[H3O+] < C .
[H3O+] = 10 pH = 103,9 = 1,26 104 mol/ L : .
[H3O+] = 10 pH = 103 mol/ L : .
. NH4Cl NH4+ Cl NH4+ .

pH . 7 pH 6,2
NH4+ NH4+(aq) + H2O(aq) = NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq) :

. [H3O+] = 10 6,2 = 6,3 107 mol/ L ] [H3O+ NH4Cl .
. [H3O+] = 10 pH = 103 mol/ L : . 2 : .
06
HCl(g) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + Cl(aq) - 1
H3O+ / H2O HCl / Cl :
HCl / Cl H3O
+
-2
pH = Log C = Log 103 = 3

2
-3
( ( H3O+ , Cl) + ( Na+ , OH) (Na+ , Cl) + 2 H2O
) 2 H2O(l
)(aq
+ OH
( ]pH = Log [H3O+
)H3O+(aq
)(1
)(2
OH :
n(OH) = Cb Vb = 103 50 103 = 0,5 104 mol

H3O+ :
n(H3O+) = Ca Va = 103 0,1 = 104 mol

) (1 H3O+ . OH H3O+
n (H3O+) = 104 0,5 104 = 0,5 104 mol :
0,5 104
=
= 3,3 104 mol / L
0 ,15
) n' (H 3O +
= H 3O
Va + Vb
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
)pH = Log 3,3 104 = 3,5 : (2
07
1 C6H5COOH(aq) + H2O(l) = C6H5COO(aq) + H3O+(aq) :
2 ] [H3O+ . C
H 3O + = 10 pH = 102 ,95 = 1,12 103 mol / L . C = 2,0 102 mol /L
C .
3 pH : Log C
5,1
4,5
3,75 4,25
2,95
pH
3,6
3,25
3,1
3,00 3,30 4,00 4,30 5,00
2,3
Log C 1,70 1,96
:
pH > Log C ] pH = Log [H3O+ :
Log [H3O+] > Log C Log [H3O+] < Log C . [H3O+] < C
4 pH = Log C
pH
0,5
Log C
0,2
8
)CH2ClCOOH(aq) + H2O(l) = CH2ClCOO(aq) + H3O+(aq
-1
2 :
)H3O+(aq
CH2ClCOO(aq) +
= )CH2ClCOOH(aq) + H2O(l
CV
t=0
CV x
xf
xf
CV xf
CV xmax = 0 :
xmax = CV = 102 20 103 = 2,0 104 mol

- 3 ) pH = 2,4 : . ( pH = 2,37 pH 5
H3O+ :
xf = n (H3O+) = [H3O+] V = 10pH V = 102,4 20 103 = 7,9 105 mol

:
xf
7 ,9 105
=
= 0 ,39
xmax
2 104
09
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
1 100 g ) (S0 28 g .
m
28
=
= 0, 22mol
M 128
= ) n (HI
) 128 g/mol (HI
'm
100 g ) (S0 V
V
= d
): (1
)(1
e = 1 g/ cm3 = d e = 1,26 1 = 1,26 g/ cm3
100
= 79 , 4 cm3 = 7 ,94 102 L
1, 26
'm
=V
) n (HI
0 , 22
=
S0 ] [HI = 2 ,77 mol / L :
V
7 ,94 102
= ] [HI
2 HI n0 (HI) = n (HI) : :
: n0 (HI) = C0V0 : n (HI) = CV .
CV 0 ,05 0 ,5
=
C0V0 = CV 9 103 L = 9mL :
2 ,77
C0
:
= V0
V = 9 mL S0 500 mL 491 mL
. S1

-3
) n1 (HI) = n2 (HI C1V1 = C2V2 : :
( : S2
0 ,05 5
= 1, 25 103 mol / L
200
= C2
( pH : S2 . 2,9 .

H 3O + V2 H 3O +
:
=
=
C2V2
C2
xf
xmax
)(2
) xf = n (H3O+ xmax = C2V2

)H3O+(aq) + F(aq
)H2O(l
xf
xf
)HF(aq
t=0
C2V2
C2V2 xf
10 pH
102,9
=
)= 1 (2
1, 25 103
C2
= .
: ) ( HA
) . ( HI HBr HCl HF HF HI
. 9
I .. ( . 3
10
1
)CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) = CH3COO(aq) + H3O+(aq
xf
2
xmax
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
)(1
) H3O+ CH3COO (
1 = H O = 35 103 S m 2 mol 1
+
1 = CH COO = 4,1 103 S m 2 mol 1
1 = 1 H 3O + + 2 CH 3COO + OH OH ] [OH :
] [H3O+] = [CH3COO :
)H3O+(aq
)CH3COO(aq
xf
xf
) 1 = H 3O + (1 + 2
)H2O(l
)(2
)CH3COOH(aq
CV
CV xf
) xf = n (H3O+ . xmax = CV ) (1 ][H3O+
1
4 ,9 103
=
= 0 ,125 mol / m3 = 1, 25 104 mol / L
= H 3O
3
1 + 2 39,1 10
+
n (H 3O + ) H 3O + V H 3O + 1, 25 104
xf
=
=
=
=
=
= 0 ,125
xmax
CV
CV
C
103
)(1
( ] [CH3COOH ]) . [CH3COO ] [CH3COO pH (
-3
C2V2 = C1V1 : C1V1 C2V2 .
]C2 = [CH3COOH
C1V1 103 10
= C2
=
= 104 mol / L
V2
100
) 2 = 1 H 3O + + 2 CH 3COO = CH 3COO (1 + 2 ][H3O+] = [CH3COO
: 2 1,55 mS. m-1
) 1,2 mS.m-1 (
2
1,55 103
=
= 0 ,038 mol / m3 = 3,8 105 mol / L :
= CH 3COO
3
1 + 2 39,1 10
H 3O + 3,8 105
=
( = 0,38 :
= 2
C2
104
- 4 2 > 1
11
-1
- 2
-3
)+ Cl(aq
)Cl(aq
)Ag+(aq
+
= )AgCl(s
)Ag+(aq
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
)AgCl(s
n0
xf
xf
n0 xf
= Ag + Ag + + Cl Cl .
= Ag + Ag + + Cl ] [Ag+] = [Cl :
0 ,19 103
=
= 0 ,013 mol / m3 = 1,3 105 mol / L
3
,
,
6
2
+
7
6
10
(
)
+ Cl
Ag +
= Ag
5
Ag = Cl = 1,3 10 mol / L
12
1
)NH3(aq) + H2O(l) = NH4+(aq) + OH(aq
2 OH . C1
1014
1014
= 11,1 = 1, 26 103 mol / L
= OH [OH ] < C1 .
+
H 3O 10
1
6
)NH4+(aq) + OH(aq
)H2O(l
xf
xf
)NH3(aq
C1V1
C1V1 xf
OH V1 OH 1, 26 103
=
=
=
= 1, 26 102
C1V1
C1
0 ,1
) n (OH
xmax
xf
xmax
= 1
1 < 1
3 NH3 C1V1 = C2V2 V1 .
C2V2 2 ,5 102 100

= V1
=
= 25 mL
0 ,1
C1
: V1 = 25 mL 100 mL
S2 100 mL . C2 = 2,5 10-2 mol/ L
4
OH(aq) H
)NH4+(aq
)H2O(l
)NH3(aq
C2V2
xf
xf
C2V2 xf
OH V OH

=
=
C2V
C2
) n (OH
C2V
xf
xmax
= 2
6 ,31 104
1014
1014
2
2
52
10
OH
=
=
= 6 ,31 104 mol / L
=
,
2
pH
10 ,8
2 ,5 10
10
10
= 2
1 < 2 .
13
: ) K = 1 cm ( 100 m1
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
) G1 = 4,88 104 S ( 1 = 4,88 105 S.m1

) G2 = 32,5 104 S ( 2 = 2,19 104 S.m1
CH COO = 4,1103 S .m 2 mol 1 F = 5,5 103 S .m 2 mol 1 H O = 35,9 103 S .m 2 mol 1

+
1 CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) = CH3COO(aq) + H3O+(aq) :

HF(aq) + H2O(aq) = F(aq) + H3O+(aq) :
2( ) HA (
)H3O+(l
A(l) +
)H2O(l
HA(aq) +
CV
t=0
CV x
xf
xf
CV xf
( 1 L
xmax = CV = 0,1 1 = 0,1 mol

( :
1 = 1 H 3O + + 2 CH 3COO + OH OH ] [OH :
] [H3O+] = [CH3COO :
1 = H 3O + H O + CH COO
+
)(1
1 2 . G = K
G1 4,88 104
=
= 4,88 102 S .m 1
K
0, 01
G2 32,5 104
=
= 32,5 102 S .m 1
K
0, 01
= 1
= 2
. xf = n (H3O+) = [H3O+] V
1 V
4,88 102 103
=
) (1 = 1, 22 103 :
3
H O + CH COO ( 35,9 + 4,1) 10
= x f1
2 V
32,5 102 103
=
= 7,8 103
H O + F
( 35,9 + 5,5) 103
+
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
= x f2
14
- 1 CH2ClCOOH(aq) + H2O(l) = CH2ClCOO(aq) + H3O+(aq) :
)(1
)CHCl2COOH(aq) + H2O(l) = CHCl2COO(aq) + H3O+(aq
)(2
) 2 = 0,33 S m1 ( 2 = 0,33 mS m1
) 1 = 0,121 S m1 : ( 1 = 0,167 mS m1
CHCl2COOH
2 : CH2ClCOOH
1 = H O + H 3O + + CH ClCOO CH 2ClCOO + OH OH ] [OH :
2
] [CH ClCOO ] = [H O ) :
+
1 = H 3O + H O + CH ClCOO
2
1
0 ,121
=
= 3,08 mol / m3 = 3,08 103 mol / L
= H 3O +
3
H O+ + CH ClCOO 39 , 22 10
3
: CHCl2COOH
2 = H O + H 3O + + CHCl COO CHCl2COO + OH OH ] [OH :
2
] [CHCl COO ] = [H O ) :
+
2 = H 3O + H O + CHCl COO
2
2
0 ,33
=
= 4 ,5 mol / m3 = 4 ,5 103 mol / L
= H 3O +
3
H O+ + CHCl COO 38,83 10
2
3 : CH2ClCOOH
H 3O +
3,08 103
= 1
=
= 0 ,31
102
] [CH 2ClCOOH
H 3O +
8,5 103
=
= 0,85
= 2
102
] [CHCl2COOH
: CHCl2COOH
4 ): (1
H 3O + f CH 2ClCOO f
= K1
[CH 2ClCOOH ] f
): (2
H 3O f CHCl2COO f
= K2
[CHCl2COOH ] f
] [CH2ClCOOH ] [CHCl2COOH
] [H3O+ :
2
2
H 3O + f
) 3,08 103
(
= 2
= 1, 4 103
= K1
+
3
C H 3O f 10 3,08 10
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
2
H 3O + f
) 8,5 103
(
= 2
= 4 ,8 102
= K2
+
3
C H 3O f 10 8,5 10
5
.
.
K KA
:
CH2ClCOOH / CH2ClCOO CHCl2COOH / CHCl2COO
15
H 3O + CH 3COO
= Qr
:
] [CH 3COOH
= H O + H 3O + + CH COO CH 3COO + OH OH - 2 ] [OH :
3
= H O H 3O + + CH COO CH 3COO
)H3O+(aq
0
CH3COO(aq)) +
0
= )CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l
CV
t=0
CV x
xq
xq
CV xq
4 : ] [CH COO ] = [H O )
+
= H 3O + H O + CH COO
+
)(1
) xq = n (H3O+ :
+ CH COO
3
H 3O +
xf
V
) (1 .
1,6 102
=
= 0, 4 mol / m3 = 0 , 4 103 mol / L
3
+ CH COO
(35,9 + 4,1) 10
H 3O +
= H 3O + = CH 3COO
[CH3COOH] = C [H3O+] = 102 4 104 = 9,6 103 mol/L
2
) H 3O + f CH 3COO f (4 104
=K
=
= 1,67 105
3
9,6 10
[CH 3COOH ] f
16
-1
NH = 7 ,35 103 S.m 2 mol 1 OH = 20 103 S.m 2 mol 1

+
- 2 :
.
C = 102 mol/ L = 10,9 mS.m1 . 100,4 S.m1

) (G G = K :
K . ) (
.
: .
:
C (mol/L) 1,0 102 5,0 103 1,0 103

3,44
10,9
7,71
mS.m1
: : pH
(
)
1
)pH = (14 + pK A + Log C
2
C )( pKA
/ ) NH4+ / NH3 pKA = 9,2 . ( 25C
10
pH = 10,6 :
1014
1014
OH
=
=
= 4 ,0 104 mol / L
pH
10 ,6
10
10
103 (20 + 7 ,35) 103 = 10 ,9 103 S :
) = 4 10
= OH OH + NH
. pKA . NH4+ / NH3

0
xf
xf
CV
CV xf
) xf = n (OH ] [OH] = [NH4+ ] [H3O+ .

OH NH4+ :
= OH OH + NH NH 4 + + H O H 3O + = OH OH + NH NH 4 +
+
= OH OH + NH
1
10 ,9 103
=
= 0, 4 mol / m3 = 4,0 104 mol / L
= OH = NH 4 +
3
OH + NH + 27 ,35 10
4
H3O+ [H3O+] [OH] = 1014
1014
= 2 ,5 1011 mol / L
= H 3O +
4
4 10
2
7 ,71 103
=
= 0 , 28 mol / m3 = 2 ,8 104 mol / L
3
27 ,35 10
+ NH
+
= OH = NH 4
OH
1014
= 3,6 1011 mol / L
= H 3O
4
2 ,8 10
+
3
3, 44 103
=
= 0 ,125 mol / m3 = 1, 25 104 mol / L
3
+ NH
27 ,35 10
+
1014
= 8,0 1011 mol / L
= H 3O
4
1, 25 10
+
OH
=
C
xf
xmax
11
= OH = NH 4
OH
4 104
= 0 ,04 :
102
= . 1
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
2 ,8 104
= 0 ,056 :
= 2
5 103
1, 25 104
= 0 ,125 :
103
= 3
17
2 (Ag+ , NO3) + Cu = (Cu2+ , 2 NO3) + 2 Ag :
:
) NO3 (
2 Ag+ + Cu = Cu2+ + 2 Ag
:
.
Cu 2+
= Qr Cu Ag Qr .
- 1 :
2
Ag +
m 6 ,35
=
- 2 = 0 ,1 mol
M 63,5
:
Cu2+ + 2 Ag
= )n (Cu
+
Cu
2 Ag+
n0
CV
xq
xq
n0 xq
CV 2 xq
- 3
Cu 2+ f
2
Ag + f
= K = Qr , f
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
)(1
xq
n (Cu2+) = xq :
= Cu 2+
V
n ( Ag + ) = CV 2 xq
CV 2 xq
xq
xq V
V
=K
): (1
=
2
2
) (CV 2 xq
CV 2 xq
= Ag +
)(2
- 4 xq = 1,0 103 4,8 1011 mol ) (2
K = 2,2 1015) . K = 2,2 1015
) (K = 2,2 g. mol15
(103 4,8 1011) 0,02

2 105 9 ,6 1013
=
=
=K
2
2
2
])(CV 2 xq ) [0,1 0,02 2 (103 4,8 1011
)(9,6 1011
xq V
12
9,6 1013 2 105 . K = 2,17 1015

- 5 ) n (Ag+) = CV 2 xq = 9,6 1011 mol (K :
9 ,6 1011
= 4 ,8 109 mol / L
0 ,02
CV 2 xq
V
+
= Ag
xmax :
n0 x = 0 x = 0,1 mol
CV 0 ,1 0 ,02
=
CV 2 x = 0 = 1,0 103 mol
2
2
=x
x xmax = 103 mol

103 4 ,8 1011
1
103
xf
xmax
= .
18
- 1 (2 Na+ , SO32)(aq) + CH3COOH(aq) = CH3COO(aq) + (Na+ , HSO3)(aq) :
SO32(aq) + CH3COOH(aq) = CH3COO(aq) + HSO3
:
-2
)CH3COO(aq
-3
-4
=0
C2V2
C1V1
t=0
C2V2 x
C1V1 x
xf
xf
C2V2 xf
C1V1 xf
[CH 3COO ][HSO3] = 0 0

[SO32][CH 3COOH ] C1 C2
x 2f
) (C1V1 x f ) (C2V2 x f
HSO3(aq) +
)SO32(aq) + CH3COOH(aq
xf
xmax
= Qr ,i
[CH 3COO ] f [HSO3] f

=
[SO32] f [CH 3COOH ] f
Qr , f
)(1
= ) (
xmax = C1V1 = C2V2 ) (1 :

2
1
=
1
1 1
xf
xmax
x
f
2
x f2
x
f
=
=
=

2
) ( xmax x f
xmax x f x
f
2
(1 )2
= Qr , f
13
Qr , f
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
-5
2
(1 )2
Qr,f = K
) (2 :
= K
=K
)(2
K
251
=
= 0,94
1 + K 1 + 251
19
: )(Na+ , HCO3
)HCO3(aq) + NH3(aq) = NH4+(aq) + CO32(aq
1 :
2 :
-3
C2V2
C1V1
t=0
C2V2 x
C1V1 x
xf
xf
C2V2 xf
C1V1 xf
] NH 4 + ][CO32
[
= Qr
][HCO3][NH 3
=0
-4
)CO32(aq
NH4+(aq) +
)NH3(g
HCO3(aq) +
[NH 4 + ][CO32 ] = 0 0
[HCO3][NH 3] C1 C2
x f2
) (C1V1 x f ) (C2V2 x f
xf
xmax
= Qr ,i
= Qr , f = K
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
)(1
xmax .
C1V1 x = 0 x = C1V1 = 0,15 0,03 = 4,5 103 mol

C2V2 x = 0 x = C2V2 = 0,1 0,02 = 2 103 mol
xmax = C2V2
C1V1 = 2,25 xmax
): (1
) (C1V1 = 2,25 C2V2
x f2
2, 25 xmax xmax
x f x f
1
1
xf
xf
2
) (2, 25 ) (1
2
=
- 5
) (2, 25 )(1
x f2
) (2, 25 xmax x f ) ( xmax x f
)(2,25 1)(1 1
Qr , f .
)2 = Qr,f ( 2,25 3,25 + 2

14
= Qr , f
= Qr , f
Qr,f = K = 7,9 102
(Qr,f 1) 2 3,25 Qr,f + 2,25 Qr,f = 0
) 2 = 0,59 1 = 0,32(
. 32 %
20
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
1 Fe2+(aq) + Ag+(aq) = Fe3+(aq) + Ag(s) :

-2
] Fe3+
[
= Qr
] [Fe2+ ][Ag +
)(1
K = 3,2 .
102
= 100 :
102 102
= Qr
5 103
= 0,5 :
101 101
= Qr
- 3 Qr = 3,2 .
: 1 Qr > K Qr = K Qr
) (1 . ) (x Fe2+ Ag+
Fe3+ .
: 2 Qr < K Qr = K Qr
) (1 . ) (x Fe3+ Fe2+ Ag+

.
4 ) (1 :
1
1
=
= 0,31
K 3, 2
='K
) (2 K = 3,2
5 :
)Ag(s
)Fe3+(aq
101
101 x
102
102 x
)Ag+(aq
102 x = 3,2 (102 + x)2
102
102
102 + x
= 3, 2 :
)Fe2+(aq
102 + x
102 x
2
)(102 + x
=K
3,2 x2 + 1,06 x 9,7 103 = 0
x1 = 8,75 103 : ) x2 = 0,34 (
xf = 8,75 103 mol

:
15
Fe3+
Ag
Fe2+
Ag+
= 102 + 8,75 103 = 102 + 8,75 103 = 102 8,75 103 = 101 8,75 103
1,25 103 mol
9,1 102 mol
1,87 102 mol
1,87 102 mol
)Ag(s
)Fe3+(aq
)Ag+(aq
5 103
5 103 + x
101
101
101 x
101 x
= 3, 2 :
5 102 + x = 3,2 (101 x)2
)Fe2+(aq
5 103 + x
2
)(101 x
=K
3,2 x2 1,64 x + 0,027 = 0
x1 = 1,71 102 : ) x2 = 0,49 (101
xf = 8,75 103 mol

:
Fe3+
Ag
Fe2+
Ag+
= 101 1,71 102 = 101 1,71 102 = 5 103 + 1,71 102 = 101 + 1,71 102
11,7 102 mol
8,3 102 mol
2,21 102 mol
8,3 102 mol
21
- 2 :
)+ H3O+(aq
)CH3COO(aq
)H2O(l
)CH3COOH(aq
C0V0
t=0
C0V0 x
xf
xf
C0V0 xf
) xf = n (H3O+ xmax = C0V0

] n0 ( H 3O + ) [H 3O + ] V0 [H 3O +
=
=
=

C0V0
C0V0
C0
xf
xmax
- 3 ] [CH3COOH ][CH3COO
) [CH 3COOH ] f = C0 [H 3O + ] = C0 C0 = C0 (1
16
= :
[H 3O ] = [CH 3COO ] = C0
H 3O + f CH 3COO f
= KA
[CH 3COOH ] f
- 4
C0 2 2
2
= KA
= C0
) C0 (1
1
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
)(1
- 5( :
5,0 104
1,0 103
5,0 103
1,0 102
)C0 (mol/L
16,0
12,5
5,6
4,0
102
2000
1000
200
100
1
)(L / mol
C0
16,7 104 33,2 104 1,78 102 3,04 102
2
1
= KA
) (1
C0
1
2
1
=X
=Y
Y = a X a = K A
2
0,05
1
)(L / mol
C0
200
KA ). (Y = 16,7 104 X = 100 L/mol

16,7 104
= 1,67 105
100
= KA
22
1 :
V0 = 500 mL
C0 = 0,2 mol/ L
17
S0
C = 2 103 mol/ L S
V=1L
: 50 mL 20 mL 10 mL 5 mL :
) n0 (C2H5COOH CV = C0V0
V0 S1 .
n0 0,1
=
= 0, 2 mol / L
V0 0,5
= C0
CV 2 103 1
=
= 10 mL
C0
0, 2
= ' V0
: 10 mL V0 S0 1 L
. S
2 : ) 2,0 103 mol ( 2,0 103 mol/ L
:
)H3O+(aq
-3
)C2H5COO(aq
)H2O(l
)C2H5COOH(aq
2 103
t=0
2 103 x
xq
xq
2 103 xq
= H O + H 3O + + C H COO C2 H 5COO + OH OH ] [OH :

5
= H O + H 3O + + C H COO C2 H 5COO ] [H3O+] = [C2H5COO :

5
= H 3O + H O + C H COO
5
)(1
n (H3O+) = xq
)+ C H COO : (1
5
H 3O +
xq
V
xq
V
= ] [H 3O +
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
)(1
- 4 ) = 6,2 103 S.m1 : ( = 6,2 105 S.m1

( :
: . . S.m1
: ) . (G ) Ueff
( .
18
I
G
G = eff
K
U eff
K .
( ) 102 mol/L ( 103 mol/L
) ( = C
.
H O+ = 35 103 S .m 2 .mol 1 .
3
V
( ) (1
+ C H COO
5
1103 6, 2 103
= 1, 6 104 mol
38,58 103
H O
= xq V = 1 L = 103 m3
= xq
1, 6 104
= 1, 6 104 mol / L
= = ] [H 3O ] = [C2 H 5COO
1
V
xf
1014
1014
=
= 6, 25 1011 mol / L
= ] [OH
+
4
[H 3O ] 1, 6 10
5 [C2 H 5COOH ] f = C [H 3O + ] f = 2 103 1, 6 104 = 1,84 103 mol / L :

2
- 6 :
= 1, 4 105
) (1, 6 104
1,84 10
[C2 H 5COO ] f [H 3O + ] f
[C2 H 5COOH ] f
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
19
=K
04
23
-1
)CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) = CH3COO(aq) + H3O+(aq

)CH2ClCOOH(aq) + H2O(l) = CH2ClCOO(aq) + H3O+(aq
:
)H3O+(aq
CH3COO(aq)) +
= )H2O(l
CH3COOH(aq) +
103
t=0
103 x
xq
xq
103 xq
:
)H3O+(aq
CH2ClCOO(aq) +
)H2O(l
CH2ClCOOH(aq) +
103
t=0
103 x
xq
xq
103 xq
: 25C Ke = 10-14 pH
pH2 = 2,7 pH1 = 3,55
- 2 :
H 3O + = 10 pH = 103,55 = 2,82 104 mol / L
1014
1014
= OH = pH
= 3,54 1011 mol / L
4
1
10
2,82 10
] [H3O+] = [CH3COO] + [OH ] [OH [CH3COO] [H3O+] = 2,82 104 mol/ L :

C1 = [CH3COO]f + [CH3COOH]f : :
[CH3COOH]f = C1 [CH3COO]f = 5 103 2,82 104 = 4,72 103 mol/L

:
1014
1014
= OH = pH
= 5, 0 1012 mol / L H 3O + = 10 pH = 102,7 = 2, 0 103 mol / L
3
2
10
2, 0 10
] [H3O+] = [CH2ClCOO] + [OH ] [OH [CH2ClCOO] [H3O+] = 2,51 103 mol/ L :

C2 = [CH2ClCOO]f + [CH2ClCOOH]f : :
1
[CH2ClCOOH]f = C2 [CH2ClCOO]f = 5 103 2 103 = 3,0 103 mol/L

H 3O + CH 3COO
) 2,82 104
(
f
f
= K A1
=
= 1, 7 105
3
CH
COOH
4,
72
10
[ 3
]f
2
-3
H 3O + CH 2ClCOO
) 2 103
(
f
f
=
=
= 1,33 103
3
CH
ClCOOH
3
10
[ 2
]f
2
K A2
- 4 ) KA ( .
KA .
H3O+ ) CH3COO (
CH3COOH .
: C1 C2 .
24
1 ): (S
n
V
= Ca
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
)(1
m 0,305
=
= 2,5 103 mol
M
122
= n n ): (1
2,5 103
= Ca
= 5, 0 103 mol / L
0,5
2 Ca Va = Cb VbE
Ca Va 5 103 10
=
= 10 mL
Cb
5 103
pH
= VBE
:
): (
7,8
)(
pH 3,3 :
[H3O+] = 103,3 mol/L . C

20 mL VBE = 10 mL
) ( ) (V
1
10
)VB (mL
pH pH =11 ) 7 (
25
1 ] [HCOO ][HCOOH
HCOO

pH = pK A + Log ] [HCOO ] = [HCOOH
] [ HCOOH
pH = pKA + Log 1 pH = pKA

pH 3,8 pKA = 3,8
- 2 pH = 5 [HCOOH] = 7 % ) [HCOO] = 93 % (
- 3 ] [HCOOH] = 2 [HCOO 100 % :
[HCOOH] + [HCOO] = 100 2 [HCOO] + [HCOO] = 100 : 3[HCOO] = 100 :

[HCOO] = 33,3 % : [HCOOH] = 66,6 %
pH . 3,5
HCOO
HCOO
1
pH = pK A + Log = pK A + Log :
pH = pK A + Log

2
2 HCOO
] [ HCOOH
1
= 3,8 0,3 = 3,5
2
pH = pK A + Log
%
100 %
93 %
HCOO

50 %
HCOOH
7%
pH
26
pH0
3,8
- 1
6,4

4,4
4,8
A pH 4,4 4,8
6,8
8,0
3,1
5,2
6,8

6,8
B pH 6,8
11,6
14,0
8,2
10,0

C
C pH 10 11,6
3
: pH
.
pH .
- 2 . 10
pH C . 11,6
27
1 :
-2
)H3O+(aq
)(aq
HCOOH(aq) + H2O(l) = HCOO
( HCOOH(aq) + (Na+, OH)(aq) = (Na+, HCOO)(aq) + H2O(l) :
)HCOOH(aq) + OH(aq) = HCOO(aq) + H2O(l
) Na+ (
:
= ) (
( . C1 Va = Cb Vb E : :
C1 Va 0,1 80
=
= 32 mL
Cb
0, 25
= Vb
E
( pH = 3,8 H 3O + = 10 pH = 103,8 = 1, 6 104 mol / L

1014
1014
= OH
=
25C = 6, 25 1011 mol / L
4
+
H 3O 1, 6 10
1
OH n ( OH ) = OH VbE + Va = 6, 25 1011 96 103 = 6, 0 1012 mol / L :

2
: t = 0
n (HCOOH) = C1 Va = 0,1 0,08 = 8,0 10-3 mol/ L
1
n OH = Cb VbE = 0, 25 0, 016 = 4 103 mol / L
2
1
V ' = VbE
2
xq
OH xmax = 4 103 mol
)H2O (l
HCOO(aq) +
)OH(aq
HCOOH(aq) +
4 103
8 103
t=0
4 103 x
8 103 x
xq
4 103 xq
8 103 xq
xq :
: n ( OH ) = 6, 0 1012 mol / L
4 103 xq xq = 4 103 6 1012 4 103 mol :

:
4
)xq = n (HCOO
][OH] + [HCOO] = [H3O+] + [Na+
:
C V ' 0, 25 16
Na + = b
=
= 4, 2 102 mol / L
' V +V
96
H 3O + = 1, 6 104 mol / L
OH = 6, 25 1011 mol / L
] [OH [HCOO] [Na+] = 4,2 102 mol /L

xq = n (HCOO) = [HCOO] (Va + V) = 4,2 102 0,096 = 4,0 103 mol
4 103
=
= 1
4 103
xq
xmax
.
:
pH ( .
28

-2
: ) . y = f ( x .
f '' ( x ) = 0 .
) f ' ( x .
) pH = f (VB .
dpH

dVB
) ( .
dpH
: ) pH = f (VB pH VB ) = g (VB
dVB
.
1 VbE = 8 mL :

dpH
dVB
= ) g (VB
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
pH
dpH
dVB
)VB (mL
1 -
2 pHE = 8,4
pH
8,4
2
4,2
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
)VB (mL
- 3 ) n (C6H5COOH) = n (OH :
Ca Va = Cb VbE :
0 ,1 8
= 8,0 102 mol / L
10
Cb VbE
Va
= Ca
4 Vb = 4 mL pH 4,2 [H3O+] = 104,2 = 6,31 105 mol/ L

6
1014
= . OH OH )n (OH) = [OH] (Va + VbE

= 1, 6 1010 mol / L
6 ,31 105
n (OH) = 1,6 1010 (10 + 4) 103 = 2,24 1012 mol/ L
- 5 :
Ca Va = 0,08 10 103 = 8,0 104 mol

Cb VbE = 0,1 4 103 = 4,0 104 mol
)H2O (l
C6H5COO(aq) +
)OH(aq
C6H5COOH(aq) +
4 104
8 104
t=0
4 104 x
8 104 x
xq
4 104 xq
8 104 xq
Vb = 4 mL OH n (OH) = 2,24 1012 mol/ L
4 104 xq xq = 4 104 2,24 1012 4 104 mol :

OH xmax = 4 104 mol
4 104
=
= 1 :
4 104
xq
xmax
= .
) 29 (30
1
) ( ] [H3O+ . C1
H 3O + = 10 pH = 103 ,1 = 7 ,9 104 mol / L C1 = 0,10 mol/ L [H3O+] < C1
.
: C6H5COOH / C6H5COO
H 3O + C6 H 5COO

= KA
] [C6 H 5COOH
- 3 OH H3O+ C6H5COO Na+

C6H5COO .
(1) C6H5COO(aq) + H2O(l) = C6H5COOH(aq) + OH(aq) :
OH- .
: OH . C6H5COOH
. pH pH . H3O+

. OH
7
H 3O + = 10 pH = 108 ,1 = 7 ,9 109 mol / L

1014
1014
6
= OH
H O + = 7 ,9 109 = 1, 26 10 mol / L :
3
C2 = 102 mol/ L ] [OH .

- 4 ) (1
] OH [C6 H 5COOH
f
f
=K
:
C6 H 5COO
-5
C6 H 5COO

pH = pK A + Log
] [C6 H 5COOH
pH = pKA C6H5COOH / C6H5COO

.
C6 H 5COO
pH pK > 0
Log
A
] [C6 H 5COOH
C6 H 5COO
pH = 5,2 C6H5COO
] [C6 H 5COOH
.
pKA = 4,2
pH
C6H5COO
C6H5COOH
pH = 5,2
pH = 3,1
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
6 pKA
pKA
OH
14 H20
14 H20
4,2 C6H5COOH
H20
+
0 H3O
0 H3O+
OH
C6H5COO
H20
S1
- 7 S1 :
)C6H5COOH(aq) + ( Na+, OH)(aq) = (C6H5COO, Na+)(aq) + H2O(l
)C6H5COOH(aq) + OH (aq) = C6H5COO (aq) + H2O(l
C6 H 5COO
=K
[C6 H 5COOH ] OH
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
) 30 (29
) pH = 4,2 (4,18
)HIn (aq) + H2O(l) = H3O+(aq) + In (aq
1 :
-2
H 3O + = 10 pH = 104 ,2 = 6,3 105 mol / L
3 n (HIn) = C0 V = 2,9 104 0,1 = 2,9 105 mol

H3O+(aq) +
)In (aq
)H2O(l
)HIn(aq
2,9 105
xq
xq
2,9 105 xq
t=0

xmax = C0 V : )xf = n (H3O+

H 3O + V H 3O + 6 ,3 105
=
=
=
= 0 , 21
C0 V
C0
2 ,9 104
< 1 ) (
xf
xmax
pKA
H 3O + In
- 4 / ) (HIn / In
= KA
][ HIn
)(1
- 5 . KA = K
HIn In OH H3O+ :
H 3O + = In = 6,3 105 mol / L
1014
10
= OH
6 ,3 105 = 1,6 10 mol / L
[ HIn] = C0 H 3O + = 2,9 104 6,3 105 = 2,27 104 mol / L
) ( 6,3 10
=
5 2
)(1
-6
= 1,75 105
2 , 27 10
pKA = Log KA = Log 1,75 105 = 4,7
KA

.
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
31
1 :
)NH3(aq) + H3O+ (aq) NH4+ (aq) + H2O(l
)NH3(aq) + (H3O+ , Cl)(aq) (NH4+ , Cl)(aq) + H2O(l

) Cl (
NH 4 +
f
1
1
=
= 9 ,2 = 109 ,2 = 1,6 109
=K
+
K A 10
] H 3O [ NH 3
f
pH
3 ) (
- 4 :
9,2
pH = 2

CA = 0,01 mol/ L
pH = Log CA = 2
5,7
) pH = f (VB
pH = 2 .

1
pH = 2

)VA (mL
18,4
9,2

pH . 2
Cl H3O+
10
pH = 5,2
) pH = 5,7 ( . pH = 5,7
.
. NH3 Cl NH4+ OH H3O+ :
[H3O+] = 10pH = 105,7 = 2,0 106 mol/ L
1014
1014
9
= OH
H O + = 2 106 = 5,0 10 mol / L

3
C V
0 ,01 18, 4
= Cl = A AE
= 4,8 103 mol / L
V +V
38, 4
B
AE
[NH4+] + [H3O+] = [OH] + [Cl] :
)(1
] [OH ] [H3O+ ] [Cl [NH4+] [Cl] = 4,8 103 mol/ L
CB VB
NH 4 + :
VB + VA E
CB VB
VB + VA E
= ] [ NH 3
)(2
18,4 mL (
] [NH4+ )[NH4+] = [Cl] [H3O+] : (1
)(3
) ] [H3O+ (
CB VB
] [NH4+ ) (3 ) (2
VB + VAE
C A VAE
VB + VAE
)(
[NH3] = [Cl] ( [Cl] [H3O+] ) = [H3O+] = 2,0 106 mol/ L :

Cl NH4+ .
pH = 9,2
) ( pKA NH4+ / NH3 9,2
][NH3] = [NH4+
[H3O+] = 109,2 = 6,3 1010 mol/ L :
1014
5
= OH
6 ,3 1010 = 1,6 10 mol / L
Ca V ' 0 ,01 9 , 2
=
= 3,15 103 mol / L
' Vb + V
29 , 2
= Cl V .
[NH4+] + [H3O+] = [OH] + [Cl] :
] [H3O+ ] [OH
[NH4+] [Cl] = 3,15 103 mol/ L

. NH3 NH4+ Cl :
: :
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
11
) (
pH

][NH4+] + [H3O+] = [Cl

.
][NH4+] = [OH] + [Cl
)NH3(aq) + H3O+ (aq) NH4+ (aq) + H2O(l
][NH4+] = [Cl
VA
32

. 97 g/ mol
O
H
- 1 :
HA(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + A(aq) HA

- 2(
)(H3O+, A)(aq) + (Na+ , OH)(aq) 2 H2O(l) + (Na+ , A)(aq
)H3O+(aq) OH(aq) 2 H2O(l

pH
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
1
)VB (mL
15,3
12
( ( 15,3 mL , 7) E
( C A VA = CB VBE
) VA = 20 + 80 = 100 mL
( .
CB VBE
VA
= CA
0 ,1 15,3
= 1,53 102 mol / L
100
= CA
5 5 ) 20 mL (100 mL
S CA = 5 CA = 5 1,53 102 = 7,65 102 mol/L
S n = CA V = 7,65 102 0,2 = 1,53 102 mol

S m = n M = 1,53 102 97 = 1,48 g
1, 48
( = 0 ,82
1,8
=p
p = 82 %
( .
) 6,0 7,6 ( 4,4 6,0
33
1 20 % 100 g : 20 g NaOH
100 g .
100
m 20
= 0 ,081L
=
= V = 0 ,5 mol
1230
M 40
n
0 ,5
=
= 6 , 2 mol / L
V 0 ,081
=V
=. n
= . [ NaOH ] = C' B
- 2 :
)( 2
: V = 10 mL 1000 mL
1000
100
10
6,2
= 6, 2 102 mol / L
100
. S :
= CB
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
13
-3
( :
)(H3O+, Cl)(aq) + (Na+ , OH)(aq) 2 H2O(l) + (Na+ , Cl)(aq
)H3O+(aq) OH(aq) 2 H2O(l

pH
( ) pH = f (VA
(
) E (13 mL , 7
7
1
13
)VA (mL
0 ,1 13
( S CB = 0 ,065 mol / L
20
C A VAE
VB
= C' B
100 . CB = 6,5 mol/L

( :
C' B C'' B
6 , 2 6 ,5
=
= 0 ,05
C' B
6,2
CB
CB
5 %
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
14
05
GUEZOURI Aek lyce Maraval - Oran
01
1 .
r
r r
r
r r
r
r ( 4i j 3k ) (3i 2 j k ) 1 r 1 r r
r
=
= i + j k
= vmoy
2
2
2
t
r
r r
r
r1 = 3i 2 j k
) (
vmoy = (0 ,5) + (0 ,5) + ( 1)2 = 1, 22 m / s :

r r r
v v1 v0
r
- 2 :
= amoy
=
t
t
r r
r
r
r
r
r
r (5i + 2k ) v0
r
= 7i + 2 j v0 = 40i 10 j + 2k
5
2
: 02 ... .
03
)v (km/h
1 0 40 s
.
- 2
200
150
] [0 , 5 s
100
) O . (A

.
50
)t (s
60
. v > 0
50
40
30
20
O 5 10
OA a > 0 at :
v . at > 0
- 3 40 s .
)v (km/h
B
)v (km/h
-4
B
250
250
200
200
150
150
100
100
50
50
)t (s
)t (s
60
50
40
30
10 15 20
60
50
40
30
20
10
t .
: t = 15 s
205
BC 3, 6
=
= 1,3 m / s2
= ) a15 km/h m/s (3,6
AC
44
: t = 20 s
150
BC 3,6
= a20
=
= 1,04m / s2
AC
40
04
r
v
r
F
r
a
r
a
r
v
r
F
r
F
r
v
2 -
1 -
3 -
r
a
: 1
: .
r r
v a < 0 :
r r
r r
) v a = v a cos (v ,a 180 cos 180 = 1 (
: 2 .
r
r
r
r
F = m a m > 0 F a .
: 3
r r
a v .
5
r r
r r r
r
r
r
r r
r
F = m a F = F1 + F2 i 2 j 3k + F2 = 2 ( 4i 3 j ) :
r
r
r
r
F2 = 9i 4 j + 3k
06
.
A vA
B .
r
. F
r
r
F = ma : :
3 cm
F = ma
)(1
. ) v 2B vA2 = 2a ( AB
0 ( 400)2
= 2,7 106 m.s 2
2 0 ,03
=a
2
A r
)F = 0 ,01 ( 2, 7 106 ) = 2 ,7 104 N : (1

F 2,7 104
=
= 45 :
P
60 10
45 ) !! (
07
r
FS / A
- 1 :
r r r
r
F + P + FS / A = M a
8,8 105
= 2,93 m / s2 :
5
3 10
. F = Ma
r
F
=a
- 2 ) ( v2 v1 = at v1 = 0
r
P
v2 = 2,93 10 = 29,3 m / s
y
r
RB
08

1 : A
r r
r r
r
F0 + FB / A + PA + RA = mA a
r
FA / B
r
FB / A
r
PB
: Ox
F0 FB / A = mA a
r
RA
r
RL
r
F0
r
PA
)(1
r
PL
r
r r
r
FA / B + PB + RB = mB a : B : Ox
(1) FA / B = mB a
r
r
FA / B FB / A ) ( .
) (1 ) (2
F0 = (mA + mB) a = (1,2 + 0,8) 104 2 = 4 104 N
- 2 .
r
:
R
y
r r r
r
F + P + R = ( mA + mB + mL ) a
r
F
O
x
F = ( mA + mB + mL ) a : Ox
F = (0 ,12 + 0 , 08 + 1) 105 2 = 2 , 4 105 N
r
P
09
- 1 :
r r r
r
F + P + FS / A = M a
F = Ma
)(1
r
FS / A
r
F
250
= 3, 6 = 31,5 m / s2
2, 2
vB vA
tAB
=a
)F = 12500 31,5 = 3,93 105 N : (1
- 2 :
r r r
r
' f + P + FS / A = M a
r
FS / A
'(2) f = Ma
f :
r
f
r
P
)f = 12500 ( 31,5) = 3,9 105 N : (2
180
0
2
2
v vA
3,6 = 31, 2 m / s2
=
a= B
2CD
2 40
10
1 :
M0 M25 : ) (40 ms .
M25 M35 : .
2 :
1 cm 5 cm
3 )( :
.
r
v35
. M1
M1
1 5 10 2
= 0,62 m / s
2 40 10 3
= 3,5 m / s2
(0,62)2
2 , 2 5 10 2
=
=
M0 M 2
2
v21
R
r
v0
r
v1
r
v2
r
v7
M7
M35
M2
M1
= v1
r
an
M0
= . an
r
v2
r
v25
r
v0
M15
r
v1
M25
r
v15
11
1 .
r
FT / C
:
r r r r
r
F + f + P + FT / C = M a Ox
F cos f = 0
) (
= 30
r
f
f = F cos = 70 cos 30 = 60,6 N :

r
r
- 2 F ' F :
r r r r
r
' F ' + f + P + FT / C = M a : Ox
Ma' + f 20 1 + 60 , 6
=
' F ' cos f = M a = 93,7 N
cos
0 ,86
= 'F
r
P
r
F
12
1 :
: T1 ) (A + B
T2 . T2
r r r
T1 + PA + PB = 0 )( : x x
r
T1
T1 PA PB = 0 T1 = PA + PB = ( mA + mB ) g = 0 ,5 10 = 5 N
: T2 B
r r
T2 + PB = 0 x x T2 = PB = mB g = 0,3 10 = 3 N
r
' T2
r
PA
2 : 5 m/s
r
T2
. .
3 : 2 m/s2
: T1 )(A + B
r r r
r
T1 + PA + PB = ( mA + mB ) a : x x
r
PB
T1 PA PB = ( mA + mB ) a
T1 = PA + PB + ( mA + mB ) a = 5 + 0 ,5 2 = 6 N
: T2 B
r r
r
T2 + PB = mB a x x T2 PB = mB a
)(1
T2 = PB + mB a = 3 + 0,3 2 = 3, 6 N
- 4 2 m/s2
: T1 )(A + B
r r r
r
T1 + PA + PB = ( mA + mB ) a : x x
PA + PB T1 = ( mA + mB ) a
r
T1
T1 = PA + PB ( mA + mB ) a = 5 0 ,5 2 = 4 N
: T2 B
r r
r
T2 + PB = mB a x x PB T2 = mB a
5 :
r
PA
r
' T2
T1 T2 .
r
PB
) (1 T1 : T1 10 N
PA + PB + ( mA + mB ) a 10
r
T2
T2 = PB mB a = 3 0,3 2 = 2, 4 N
) 10 ( PA + PB
mA + mB
a 10 m / s2
. a = 10 m/s2
10 N . 6 N
13
) : ( Machine dAtood .
C1 C2 M1 = M2 = M
. .
C1 ) ( .
m
. C1
m ) (C1 C1
M1
M2
g . H
.
D
. C1 :
): (M1 + m
r r
r
+ T1 = ( M1 + m) a1
' P :
1
'P
T1 = ( M1 + m) a1
1
)(1
r
T1
): (M2
r r
r
P2 + T2 = M2 a2 :
T2 P2 = M2 a2
M1 + m
)(2
. a1 = a2 = a
. T1 = T2
) (1 ) (2
2M + m
a
m
=g
r
T2
M2
r
'P
1
)(2
r
P2
) (2 .
vA ) (M1 + m ) v2A 0 = 2aH : (
v2A = 2aH
)(3
) (2
m
g
2M + m
= a m) a = 0 (
D = vA t
D2
D2
) (3 ) (4 = 2aH
2 Ht 2
t2
( 2M + m) D2
2mHt 2
)(4
= a ) (2 :
=g
14
1 .
r
T
2m 1
: ) m (M
r
T3
:
P3 = 8 mg sin
( P1 + P2 ) sin = 6mg
r
P1
r r
r
P3 + T3 = 8m a3 :
r
P3
)(1
) : (S1 + S2 a'1
r r r r r
r
P1 + P2 + T1 + R1 + R2 = 6m a'1 :
T1 P1 sin P2 sin = 6m a'1
)(2
T1 = T3 a3 = a'1 = a
) g ( 4 3 sin
) (1 ) (2 :
7
10
g
( 4 3 sin ) = 4 3 2 = 2,7 m / s2
7
7
2
r
' T2
r
T
4m 2
S2
: S3 a3
P3 T3 = 8m a3
S3
8m
sin 1 . 8 > 6 sin . S3
S1
r
R1
P3 ( P1 + P2 ) sin
14m
=a
=a
- 2 T1 T2 T1 T2 . T2 = T2
S1 :
2
T1 T '2 P1 sin = 2m a + 2 2, 7 = 19,5 N
2
T1 T2 = P1 sin + 2m a = 20
r
P2
r
R2
05
15
1 2 1 GM
r3
GM
T = 2
= v
:
mv = m
2
2
r
GM
r
: G .
= EC
: M m
) (
16
3
) ( RT + h
T = 2
GM T
17
rA = 7330 km .
rp = 6610 km .
a3
:
GM T
T = 2
)(1
rA + rP 7330 + 6610
=
= 6970 km
2
2
=a
mM T

R 2T
F = G F
F = m g0 : g0 .
:
GM
a3
g 0 = 2 T . GM T = g 0 R 2T : ) (1
RT
g0
) ( 6970 10
3 3
= 96,1 mn :
2
=T
RT
6, 28
=T
64 105
9,81
mM
P :
r 2P

g0
) (2 )(3
rP
GM
= RT
rP
v 2P
rP
F =m
F =G
)(3
= . vP
)(2
T
A
r
F
r
vP
rP
1
9,81
:
6610 103
vP = 28 103 km / h
vP = 64 105
r
vA
18
RL = 1728 km
rP = RL + 100 = 1728 + 100 = 1828 km
rP
rA = RL + 125 = 1728 + 125 = 1853 km

r
vP
g
1, 63
GM L
= RL 0, L = 1728 103
1 = 5874 km / h :
1828 103
rP
rP
= vP
g
1, 63
GM L
= RL 0, L = 1728 103
= 5834 km / h :
1853 103
rA
rA
hA + hP
a3
a = RL +
T = 2 = 1840,5 km
2 :
2
GM L

9,81
= 1, 63 m.s 2
6
) (1840,5 10
3 3
1, 63
= g 0, L
: g 0,L . GM L = R g 0, L
2
L
2
=T
RL
6, 28
a3
=
g 0, L 1728 103
= vA
T = 118,5 mn
19
- 1 A OA = RT
A Oz r r = RT cos
A :
2
6, 28
6, 28
=
=
= 7, 28 105 rd .s 1
T
23 3600 + 56 60 + 4 86164
- 2( : A
vA = r = RT cos = 7, 28 105 6, 4 106 cos = 465,9 cos
A .
a A = an = 2 r = 2 RT cos = ( 7, 28 105 ) 6, 4 106 cos = 3,39 102 cos

2
( = 0 vE = 465,9 cos 0 = 465,9m / s 1677 km / h :

aE = 3,39 102 rd / s 2
( r = 0 aN = 0 vN = 0
g
9,8
=
( = 112
aE 3,39 102
2
20
r
N 2
v2
= m 2 R .
R
N2 = m
)(1
1
2
= N )
= 2 N
T
T
5
tr / s
60
5
= 0,52 rd / s
60
r
N1
= (N
r
N2
= N :
= 2
r
mg
)N 2 = 60 ( 0,52 ) 8 130 N : (1
r
N 2 N2 = P = m g = 60 9,81 = 588,6 N
2
= 602,8 N :
) ( 588, 6 ) + (130
2
= F = N 21 + N 22
21
Gm
3 r2
) ( : :
: 2
Gm

3 r2
] = [T
] v 2 [ M ] [T
= = 2
2
R
] [M
[ K ][ M ][T ] [ M ] [ K ] [ K ] = M T 2
] [] [
2
] [M
2
= 2
. :
N m kg : G
kg m s2 . F = m a ) MKSA (
) : ( .
: .
A C
3
=r 3
2
AC = 2r cos = 2r
m2
= G 2 :
3r
m2
)(r 3
F =G
)(1
r
F
120
120
r
: F
v2
= m 2 r
r
r
F
120
2 F cos 30 = m F )(1
m2 3
= m 2 r
2
3r 2
= 30
2G
3 Gm G m
=
:
3 r3
3 r3
= 2
C
3
22
) 3 ( RL + h
M
= L :
3
VL
4 GR L
= 2
) ( RL + h
GM T
T = 2
) 3 ( R + h
=
3334 kg / m3 :
3
2
GR .T
3
23
1 FA / B = FB / A
r
r
r
r
FB / A = m1 a n' FA / B = m2 an
- 2 .

)( .
AB
.
A . x
) m1 x = m2 ( r1 + r2 x
m2
( r1 + r2 ) :
m1 + m2
) (
r
FB / A
m1
=x
A :
m2
r
FA / B
m1m2
) ( r1 + r2
m1v12
m2
) ( r1 + r2
m1 + m2
FA / B = FB / A = G
v 21
=
x
= m1
m1m2
) ( r1 + r2
(1) G
2 m2
= v = x
) ( r1 + r2

T m1 + m2
2
1
)(2
4 2
3
v12 ) (2 ) (1 ( r1 + r2 ) :
) G ( m1 + m2
= T2
3 T r2 r1 .
24
T1
) T12 r13 ( 238020
T12 T2 2
= 0,5
=
=
3 = 3 : = 0, 25

T2
T2 2 r23 ( 377400 )3
r1
r2
3
T2 = 2 T1
25
- 1
.
v2
=m
- 2
) (R + H
2
2
2
=
) ( R + H
T
GM T
= Cst
4 2
) (R + H
) (R + H
2
mM T
) (R + H
F =G
)(1
GM T
4 2
2
= ) 2 ( R + H :
T
R+H
. v = ): (1
2
) Cst ( .
4 2
GM T
=K
- 3( ) (86146 s
.
( .
( 23 h 56 mn 4 s
.
( ) (

. 365,25
365, 25
= 86164s
366, 25
. 24 h
) ( ( 6400 + 19100 ) 10
=
3 3
- 4 1013 :
) ( 40440
) ( ( 6400 + 500 ) 10
=
3 3
1013 :
1013 :
) ( ( 6400 + 35800 ) 10
=
) ( 5700
3 3
) (86160
) (R + H
GM T
= 1013 - 5
4 2
) (R + H
T
3
) (R + H
2
4 2 1013
40 1013
=
= 6 1024 kg
6, 67 1011
G
= MT
T = 86400
26
-
GM T
6, 67 1011 5,97 1024
=
- 1 :
RT + H
6800 103
) ( 68 10
5 3
2 :
6, 67 1011 5,97 1024
= 6, 28
= vs
vs = 27360 km / h
) (R + H
Ts = 2
GM T
Ts = 92, 7 mn
- 3 .
A t = 0 A
.
A
A
)
(
t1 :
t1 = ( n + 1) Ts
)(1
t1 = nT :
)(2
T : n .
Ts
) (1 ) (2
T Ts
= n ) (2
Ts
92, 7
= 1440
= 99 mn
1440 92, 7
T Ts
t1 = T
1
- 1
1000
h0
h0 = 400 km ) ( h1
1000
. h1 = h0
1
999
h1 = h0 = 0,999

1000
1000
n
hn = h0 1
h0 = 400 km
1000
n
- 3
n
hn +1 = hn 1 .

1000
. hn = h0 1 ) n ( hn 100 km
1000
) 100 = 400 ( 0,999
ln 0, 25
1386
ln 0,999
= h = 100 km) n (

05
27
)v (m / s
- 1 ] : [ 0 ; 2,3 s
] : [ 2,3 ; 4 s ..
10
- 2( :
10 m/s
vl = 10m / s
( :
.
2
= 0,95 s
)t (s
28
1 P = mg :
)(1
m = V = 8,9 5 = 44,5 g )P = 44,5 103 9,81 = 4,36 101 N : (1
2 = eauVg = 1 5 103 9,81 = 4,9 102 N :

3 = airVg = 1,3 103 5 103 9,81 = 6,37 105 N :
29
.
r
T
r
r
1 : : P T
r r
r
. ( a = 0 ) P + T = m a :
P T = 0 : :
T = P = mg = 60 9,81 = 588,5 N
r
r
r
2 : ' P f ' . T
r
P
r
f
:
r r r
r
. ( a = 0 ) P '+ T '+ f = m ' a
P '+ T ' f = 0 :
) T = T ( :
f = P '+ T ' = P '+ T = 7 9,81 + 588,5 = 657, 2 N
r
'T
r
'P
r
f
30
r r
r
- 1 P + f = m a :
P f = m a :
dv
dv
= a f = k v 2 :
dt
dt
dv k 2
m + v = g :
dt m
)(1
mg k v 2 = m
r
P
)(2
2 .
dv
. f = P ) a = 0 (1 = 0
dt
dv
- 3 k . = 0
dt
mg
k 2
= 48, 4 kg .m 1
) (2 v = g :
2
v
m
=k
31
- 1( . t = 0 . v0 = 0
) vz ( mm / s
( t = 0,9 s
vl = 400 mm / s = 0, 4 m / s
400
- 2 :
300
= 0,36 s .
200
- 3
.
AB 0, 450
=
= 1,12 m / s 2
OB
0, 4
100
)t (s
= a0
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,36
dvz
V k
m
- 4 = g 1 f s vz

dt
k
m m
=
r
f
: f : Vs
13,3 10 3
= 0 ,037 kg / s
0 ,36
r r r
r
f + + P = m a : Oz
=
=k
dv
dv
mg kv = m = 0
dt
dt
v = vl = 0 , 4 m / s
= mg kvl = 13,3 10 3 9,8 0 ,037 0, 4 = 1,15 10 1 N

2
r
P
32
- 1 ) ( .
3 : .
.
. .
.
r
r
2 : P = m a
r
P
dv
dv
: Oz
mg = m = g :
dt
dt
3 : z ( t ) , v ( t ) , a ( t ) :
a ( t ) = g :
v ( t ) = gt + v0 :
1
z ( t ) = t 2 + v0t + z0
2
- 4 : " : "... .
2h
4
1
=
h = gt 2 : t = 1,58 s
2
g
1, 6
=t
v = gt = 1, 6 1,58 = 2,53 m / s :
33
- 1 :
r
r r
r
r
P = mg = m a : a = g .
:
a ( t ) = g :
v ( t ) = gt + v0 :
1
z ( t ) = t 2 + v0t + z0
2

r
) a ( 0, 0, az ) = ( 0, 0, g
) ( .
30 m
2 .
2h
60
=
( = 2, 47 s :
g
9,8
=t
( v = gt = 9,8 2, 47 = 24, 2 m / s :
1 2
2
( mv = 0,5 75 ( 24, 2 ) = 2196 J :
2
= EC
34
.
.
.
1 2
gt = 0,5 9,8 4 = 19, 6m - 1
2
h
=h
) v = gt = 9,8 2 = 19, 6 m / s - 2 (
3 .
h 19, 6
=
= 0, 057 s
vs 340
= ts
t ' = t + ts = 2 + 0, 057 = 2, 057 s

35
- 1 P = mg = eauVg :
r
F
. = airVg :
P eau
1
=
=
= 769
air 1,3 103
.
r r
r
2 P + F = m a :
PF =m a
dv 6 r
dv
mg 6 r v = m v = g :
+
dt
m
dt
r
P
)(1
dv
3 : = 0 :
dt
6 r
) (1 v = g
m
mg
6 r
= vl
4
3
V = r 3 m = eau V :
= 3,35 108 g
)(2
4
4
m = eau r 3 = 1 3,14 20 104
3
3
)(2
3,35 1011 9,8

= vl
= 4,8 102 m / s
6
5
6 3,14 20 10 1,8 10
36
f
- 1 k : f = k v
v
= k :
kg . m/s2
4
] = [ K ][T
] [ K ][ M ][T
=k
1
] [ M ][T
k kg / s
: k f = k v 2 kg /m
mg 700
=
2 = 50 m / s
k
14
700
- 3 = 2 m / s
350
mg
= v0
= v1
- 4 ) + ( :
r r
r
P + f = m a P f = m a Oz
) dv ( t
) m dv ( t
mg v ( t ) = m :
dt
dt
mg
) m dv ( t
dt
= v1 )(1
v ( t ) = Ae t + B :
)A e t : (2
v ( t ) v1 =
r
f
= ) v (t
mg
)(1
)(2
r
P
)(3
Ae t + B v1 =
m
m
Ae t 1 + + B v1 = 0 1 + = 0 B v1 = 0 :

= . B = v1
A t = t0 v = v0 v0 .
)+ B : (3
t0
v0 = Ae
+ v1 :
v0 v1
) t0
t
m 0
(t
=A
v ( t ) = ( v0 v1 ) e
)v (m / s
v0
v1
t0
)t ( s
5
05
37
)t (ms
60 120 180 240 300
v (m/s) 0,18 0,24 0,30 0,36 0,42
- 1( ) v = f ( t
)v(m/s
( :
v = at + v0
v > 0 ) a > 0( v a > 0
A
0,2
.
:
CB
2,5 0, 05
=
= 1 m / s2
3
AB 5 25 10
=a
)t(ms
0,12
100
: t = 0
t = 0 v0 = 0,12 m / s
r
r
r
- 2 R
R
F
( :
r
f .
r r r r
r
r
= 60
F
+ f +P+R =m a
f

F cos f = m a :
1
f = F cos ma = 1, 4 0,5 1 = 0, 2 N
2
r
P
( :
r
F A . B :
r
F
WFr = F AB cos
- WPr = P L cos 90 = 0 :
WRr = R L cos 90 = 0 :r
WFr = F L cos = 1, 4 2 cos 60 = 1, 4 J : Fr
W fr = f L cos180 = 0, 2 2 ( 1) = 0, 4 J : f( :
EC = W = 1, 4 0, 4 = 1 J
38
1
.
r
TB
r
R
: A
r r r
PA + TA + R ' = 0
r
PB
= 45
TA PA sin = 0
r
TA
r
'R
A
r
PA
= 30
)(1
: B
r r r
PB + TB + R = 0 :
PB sin TB = 0
)(2
TA = TB . ) (1 ) (2 PA sin = PB sin : P m g : g
:
mA sin = mB sin
- 2( A ) . B (B
: A
r r r
r
PA + TA + R ' = mA a A :
TA PA sin = mA a A
)(3
: B
r
r r
r
P B' + TB + R = ( mB + m ) aB :
P 'B sin TB = ( mB + m ) aB
)(4
TA = TB a A = aB = a . ) (3 ) (4 :
( mB + m ) g sin mA g sin
mA + mB + m
=a
mA = mB + m :
) g ( sin sin
m g sin mA g sin
a = A :
2 mA
2
=a
g , , .
) 10 ( 0, 707 0,5
= 1, 03 m / s 2 :
2
=a
( 5 v = at : t .
) v = v 0 = v (
v = 1, 03 5 = 5,15 m / s
39
1 : .
. .
2 4,5 cm : 1 m .
1 cm 0,22 m
r
v4
( G2 :
1
4,5
= 5 m/s
0, 08
1,8
G1G3
=
2
= v2
G3
G4 :
1
4,5
= 4, 4 m / s
0, 08
1, 6
G5
r
v2
G4
r
a
GG
= v4 = 3 5
2
G3
1 cm 1 m / s G2 . G4
r
r
v3 . g
r
v3 v3 = 0,8 1 = 0,8 m / s
v3 0,8 1
=
( = 10 m / s 2
2
0, 08
G2
G1
r
v4
=a
r
v2
4 m/s2 1 cm
- 3 a : g a = g .
40
G3
r
v3
- 1( . S
2
) v2 ( m / s
r
R
S
r
P
'x
r r
r
P + R = m a :
x x
1,5
P sin = m a a = g sin
)x ( m
) . (x x
0,15
( v 2 v 02 = 2a x : x . v
v 2 = bx + c : :
b = 2 g sin c = v02
: b
10 10
OA
6 1,5
=
= 10
=
b = b = 0,5 :
2 g 20
OB
6 0,15
= sin
= 30 :
c = 6 1,5 = 9 v02 = 9 v0 = 3 m / s
- 2( )(S
r r r
r
' P + R + f = m a x x
f
' P sin f = m a
m
x
x
a ' = g sin
( Ec Ec ,0 = W :
1 2 1
mv mv02 = f x mgh
2
2
r
R
S
r
f
r
P
r
r
) R ( R x ' x
'x
1 2 1
mv mv02 = f x mg x sin
2
2
1
0, 2 0,1 9 = f 0, 4 0,1 10 0, 4 0,5
2
f = 0,125 N
41
1
( A B
1 2
1
mv B mv 2A = mgh
2
2
) ( vA = 0
v 2B 100
=
v 2B = 2 gh = 5 m
2g
20
B
N
=h
( A B
r r
r
P + R = m a :
P sin = m a
r
R
a = g sin
.
( v 2B v 2A = 2a ( AB ) : :
v 2B
100
=
= 5 m / s2
2 AB 2 10
=a
r
P
- 2( : S
r r r
r
( P + f + R = m a :
f
f = m a :
m
r
R
=a
r
f
)(1
C
a .
v 2C v 2B
9 100
=
= 2 m / s 2 :
) 2 ( BC
2 22, 75
r
P
=a
) (1 f = m a = 0,1 ( 2 ) = 0, 2 N
- 3( : N
: C ) C (
) (r = 3 m
) ( .
C . N
1 2
1
mv N mv 2C = mgh
2
2
r
) ( R
.
v 2N = 2 gh + v 2C
) ( OD = OC = r
)(2
h = r x
x = r sin
h = r r sin = r (1 sin ) :
r
R
): (2
v 2N = 2 g r (1 sin ) + 9
)(3
( :
: N
r r
r
R + P = m a Nn
P sin R = m an :
an
v 2N
r
r
P
vN2
= an
r
P sin R = m
2 g r (1 sin ) + 9
r
P sin R = m
v 2N ) (3 :
)(4
R = 0 )(4
3sin = 2,3 : sin = 0, 766 = 50
42
: ) 0,40 m
r
( . v0
1 :
r
r
P = m a
Oz :
r
P
a = g v1 :
r
v1
) v 2B v 21 = 2 g ( AB vB = 0 v1 = 2 g ( AB ) = 2 9,8 0, 4 = 2,8 m / s
r
v0
.
) ( Bx, Bz
2m
r
g
:
r
r
r
r
mg=ma P=ma
r r
a=g
90cm
12 m
z
r
) a ( 0 , g Bx Bz .
r
) . v0 ( v0 , 0
t = 0 .
x = v0 t : Bx
)(1
1
z = g t 2 : Bz
2
)(2
g 2
) (1 ) (2 x :
2v 20
=z
)(3
-3
C ) (12 m , 1 m C :
zC = 2 ( 0,9 + 0,1) = 1 m
C z = 1 m x = 12 )(3
g
2
) (12
2
2v 0
= 1
v0 = 26,5 m / s
Bx vx . v
vx
vC
= cos
r
vx
r
vz
)(4
r
vC
vC C B . C
1 2
1
mv C mv 20 = mg h
2
2
h = 1 m
vC = v 2B + 2 g h = ( 26,5 ) + 2 9,8 1 = 26,8 m / s

2
26,5
= 0,988
26,8
): (4
= cos 9
43
) . ( Ox , Oy z y .
.
1 :
.
r
r
F = m a
r
r
r
r
P = m a P m g m :
r r
a = g
r
) a ( 0 , g
x
r
g
r
v0
r
) v0 ( v0 cos , v0 sin
Ox vx = v0 cos :
x = v0 cos t
)(2
Oy :
1
y = g t 2 + v0 sin t
2
)(3
x
) (2
v0 cos
g
x 2 + x tg
2
cos
v 20
= t ) (3 :
y=
- 2 B . t B )(25 m , 2,44 m
v0 = 18,6 m / s
7
)(t = 0
- 3 B O B
1 2
1
mv B mv 20 = mg h
2
2
v 2B = 2 g h + v 20
vB = 2 g h + v 20 = 2 10 2 ,44 + (18,6 ) = 17 ,2 m / s
2
v02 sin 2 (18,6 ) sin 60

=
- 4 30 m :
= xP
g
10
2
xS = 15 m .
Ox .
vB ,x = v0 cos .
v0 cos 18,6 cos 30

=
= 0 ,93
vB
17 , 2
= cos
r
vB ,x
= 20,5
r
vB ,y
r
vB
x
44
- 1 ) (A .
) . ( Ox,Oz
.
r
r
F = m a
r
r
r
r
P = m a P m g m :
r r
a = g
r
) a ( 0 , g
x
z
A
r
g
0
L
r
) v0 ( v0 cos 0 , v0 sin 0
Ox
vx = v0 cos 0 :
x = v0 cos 0 t
)(2
Oz :
1
z = g t 2 + v0 sin 0 t
2
)(3
8
r
v0
O
g
x 2 + x tg 0
2
cos 0
v 20
g
A ) ( L,h L2 + L tg 0
2
cos 0
v 20
) (2 ) (3
z=
h=
h
gL
= 2
L + tg 0 :
L 2v 0 cos 2 0
gL
gL
h
:
= tg 0
2
2
h
L
2v 0 cos 0
2 cos 2 0 tg 0
L
2h
- 2 )
L tg 0
= v 20
)(4
= ( : :
tg0 L ). (m
: .
vA,z
vA,x
= tg :
v A,2 z
vA2, x
= tg
2
r
vA,x
)(5
v A,x = v0 cos 0
r
vA , z
r
vA
r
v0
)(6
Ox
.
Oz :
. v 2A,z v02 sin 2 0 = 2 gh :
O A .
) vz ,S = 0 Oz (
v 2A,z = v02 sin 2 0 2 gh
)(7
v02 sin 0 2 gh
) (6 ) (7 ) (5 :
v 20 cos 2 0
v02 sin 2 0
2 gh
tg = 2
2
2
v 0 cos 0 v 0 cos 2 0
2
): (4
gL
h
2 tg 0
L
= tg 2
)(8
= v 20 cos 2 0 ): (8
h
4h tg 0
2
L = tg 2 4h tg + 4 h
= tg 2 0
0
0
L
L
L2
2h
:
L
2h
L
tg = tg 0
10 2
x +x
v 20
h
2 tg 0
L
tg 2 = tg 0 :
g
- 3 x 2 + x tg 0 :
2
cos 0
1 =
2 gh
gL
tg 2 = tg 2 0
v 20
10 2
x x +1 = 0
v 20
x :
z = z = 1 m 0 = 45 :
)(9
40
v 20
1 1
20
v 20
=x
x v 20 > 40 v0 > 6 ,32 m / s

v0 > 6 ,32 m / s .
v0 = 6 ,32 m / s ) (9 . x = 2 m
2 m 22 cm .
l = 46 24 = 22cm
: : ...
10
05
45
4
+
2 He
- 1
2 2 1 .
2 .
r
Fp / e e
2 P Fe / p
r = 32 1012 m
3, 2 1019 1,6 1019
= 4 ,5 107 N
) ( 32 10
12 2
4
+
2 He
4
2 He
= 9 10
2q p qe
2
Fp / e = Fe / p = k
46
1 :
:
m p me
r2
q p qe
r2
F = G
F' = k
q p qe
r2
:
m p me
2
k q p qe 2000
G
mp
mp
2000
= me k q p qe :
m 2p
2000
m p 8,3 108 kg
!! m p = 8,3 108 kg
8,3 108
2 m p = 1,673 1027 kg 5 1019
27
1,673 10
.
47
1
4
2+
2 He
2 ). (1803
.
3 :

) ( .
.

.
4 ) (
.
5 :

.
: E2 E1 E = E2 E1 = h
.
:
.
.
=
48
- 1 :
1 nanomtre (m) = 10-9 m
2 ,998 108
= 0 ,589 106 m = 0 ,589 106 109 = 589 m
14
5,087 10
2 ,998 108
= 0 ,588 106 m = 0,588 106 109 = 588 m
14
5,092 10
1
c
= 1
= 2
2 : )
( .
-3
E j Ei = h 1
Ek Ei = h 2
6 ,626 1034 5,087 1014

E j = Ei + h 1 = 5,139 +
= 7 , 243 eV
19
,
1
602
10
6 ,626 1034 5,092 1014

Ek = Ei + h 2 = 5,139 +
= 7 , 245 eV
1,602 1019
- 4 .
)E (eV
7,245
Ek
Ej
7,243
E2
E1
h 2
h 1
Ei
5,139
49
13,6
- 1 E = 0 n
n2
En = E = 0
.
- 2 >> :
<< 91,2 nm
E = hv
:
3 108
= 3, 289 1015 Hz
= =
9
91, 2 10
c
2 ,177 1018
=J
= 13,6 eV
1,6 1019
18
)(1
)(1
15
3, 289 10 = 2 ,177 10
34
E = hv = 6 ,62 10
) (En Ei :
En Ei = 13,6 :

13,6
n2
En = Ei + 13,6 = 13,6 + 13,6 = 0
En = n
- 3 n = 3 n = 2 = 3 E2 = 1,51 ( 3, 4 ) = 1,89 eV
E = h :
1,89 1,6 1019

= 4,56 1014 Hz
34
6,62 10
3 108
= 0,658 106 m = 0,656 m
= =
14
4,56 10
c
E
h
06

- -
16
-1 :
H COOH + CH3 CH2 CH2 OH = H COO C3H7 + H2O

- 2 : - - )(
- 3 .
4 :
) ( ) ( . ) ( 17
:
: : : 1
H COO CH2 CH2 CH3
: : : 2
H COO CH (CH3)2
: : :
CH3 COO C2H5
: : :
CH3 CH2 COO CH3

18

2 :
CH3H
- 1 :
+ H2O = C3H7 COOH + CH3 CH(CH3) CH2 OH
C3H7 COO CH2 CH (CH3) CH3
- 2 :
2 : - 1
3 ) (
.
4 .
1
19
) n1 ( mol
0,5
) n2 ( mol
: e
80
50 50 80 20
!
0,67 . e
=4
x f2
) (1 x ) ( 0,5 x
2
) ( C
)(2H3O+ , SO42-
3x 2 6 x + 2 = 0
x f = 0, 42 : x f = 0,84 x = 0 ,84 . x f = 0,5
nester
:
: H3O+
0,67
c
0,42
20
) n Al ( mol
) n0acide ( mol
) nacide ( mol
0,66
CH3 COOH
C3H7 OH
0,8
CH3 COOH
CH3 CHOH CH3
1,16
CH3 COOH
C3H7 OH
0,31
CH3 COOH
C3H7 OH
0,16
CH3 COOH
C3H7 OH
0,8
CH3 COOH
CH3 CHOH CH3
: A x f = 2 0, 67 = 1,34 mol nacide = 2 1,34 = 0, 66 mol :

: B x f = 2 0, 60 = 1, 2 mol :
nacide = 2 1, 2 = 0,80 mol
.
: C ) ( K = 4
K = 4 : .
= 4 :
x f2
) (1 x ) ( 2 x
2
x f = 0,84 mol nacide = 2 0 ,84 = 1,16 mol
: D ) ( = 4
x f2
(4 xf
(2 xf
x f = 1, 69 mol :
nacide = 2 1,69 = 0,31 mol :

: E C x f = 0,84 mol . nacide = 1 0,84 = 0 ,16 mol
: F B
) nacide ( mol
x f = 1, 2 mol . nacide = 2 1, 2 = 0,80 mol
.
.
F
) ( H3O+
1,16
1
0,8
0,66
A
E
0,31
0,16
t
21
1 ) (A
2 .
) na ( mol
n = 1, 4 0 , 46 = 0,94 mol
1,4
0,47 mol
N :
n = 0,46 + 0,47 = 0,93 mol
t1 / 2 = 0,75 h
3 2 = 180C
0,46
2 2,66
)t (h
0,93
0,75
) 0,46 . (B
- 4 1 = 200C ) ( H3O+ ) (C
22
1 :

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 OH
- 1
CH2 OH
CH3 CH
CH3
CH3
2 - 1
- 2 -
CH3 CH2 CH
OH
CH3
OH
CH3 C
2 - 2
CH3
2 :

O
O
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
CH3 CH2 C
O
CH2 CH CH3
CH3 CH2 C
CH3
CH3
CH CH2 CH3
CH3
CH3
O
O
CH3 CH2 C
O
O
CH3 CH2 C
1 1
CH3
-3
C7H14O2 . M = 130 g . mol1
m = M n
A ) B( : - ) C( :
nester = 0,3 0, 67 = 0, 201 mol m = 130 0 , 201 = 26 g
nester = 0,3 0,60 = 0 ,18 mol m = 130 0,18 = 23, 4 g
) D( : 10% nester = 0 ,3 0,10 = 0 ,03 mol m = 130 0,03 = 3,9 g
4 :

.
:

23
) (
H3O+ .
)
(
1 :
H2SO4 + 2 H2O = 2 H3O+ + SO42 :

H 3O + = 2 C :
H 3O + V 2C V 2 9
=
=
=
= 4 ,5 mL
4
CB
CB
V 'BE
- 2 VB = 13,9 4,5 = 9, 4 mL

n'acide = CB VBE = 4 9 , 4 103 = 3, 76 102 mol
4,37
75, 4
m = 5,8
3 = 4,37 g :
M
100
= nester M
4,37
= 3, 76 102
M
CnH2nO2 14n + 32 = 116
C6H12O2
M = 116 g.mol 1
n=6
:
O
CH2 CH2 CH3
CH3
CH3 CH2 C
CH
O
O
CH3 CH2 C
CH3
24
1 14n + 32 = 88 : n = 4
C4H8O
H COO CH2 CH2 CH3

O
H COO CH (CH3)2
O
O
CH3 COO C2H5

O
O
CH3 CH2 COO CH3

O
- 2 :
:
. : .
C
O
O
C
) (
- 3 . B
)( .
CnH2n+1 COO CnH2n+1 + (Na+ , OH) = (CnH2n+1 COO , Na+) + CnH2n+1 OH
:
88
4,4
=
14n' + 18 2 ,98
n' = 3
B :
CH3 CHOH CH3
- 4 E . B
4 3 1
CH3
O
O
CH
CH3
:
+
H COO CH(CH3)2 + (Na , OH ) = (H COO , Na ) + CH3 CHOH CH3

25
- 1 :
CH3 CH2 CH2 COO C2H5 + H2O = CH3 CH2 CH2 COOH + C2H5 OH
2
.
3 nacide = CB VBE = 2 17 , 6 103 = 3,52 102 mol :
10 mL ) (180 mL :
180
= 6 ,34 101 mol
10
n'acide = 3,52 102
nester = 1 6 ,34 101 = 3, 66 101 mol :
0 ,634
= 0, 634
1
xf
xm
: :
1
1
= K
4
4
0, 63
= 0,63
1
xf
xm
x 2f
) (1 x )( 5 x
f
. x f = 0, 63 mol
=.
4 ) ( x f = 0,33 n0 n0
0 ,33 n0
. = 0,33
n0
.
26
1 ) 22 (
- 2 CH3 CH2 COOH + CH3 CH2 OH = CH3 CH2 COO CH3 CH2 + H2O :
3 3 . 4
: (0,114 mol) x f
x f = 0 , 2 0 ,67 = 0,134 mol
)x (mol
3 4
.
4 :
x f = 0,134 mol :
0,12
xm = 0, 2 mol
0,04
dx
- 5
dt
0,08
=v
)t (h
. t
: t = 1 h
5 0, 02
= 5 102 mol.h 1
2
: t = 2 h
0,02
= 2 102 mol.h 1
1
= v1
= v2 t = 3 h v2
06
01
1 .
2 :
r
R
r
T

r r r
r r
r
P + R + T = m a P + R = 0
r
d 2x k
d 2x r
+
x
=
0
kx
i
=
m
i
dt 2 m
dt 2
)(1
r
i
d 2x
+ 02 x = 0 :
2
dt
r
P
x = X cos (0t + ) :
)(2
d 2x
) (1 + 100 x = 0 :
dt 2
)(3
) (2 ) (3 02 = 100 0 = 10 rd / s
- 3 :
k
) (1 ) (3 = 100
m
k = 100 m = 100 1 = 100 N / m
02
1 : . . 2 s
.
: .
.
) (
) x ( cm
-2
( ) X = 2 cm (x
3T0
( = 1,5 :
4
T0 = 2 s
1 1
( = = 0,5 Hz :
T0 2
)t (s
1,5
= N0
( vmax = X 0 = X 2 N 0 = 0 , 02 6 , 28 0 ,5 = 6 ,3 102 m / s :
03
) a ( m / s2
: ) ( x )(X
- 1 a = C x : C . C > 0
d 2x
+ Cx = 0 :
dt 2
d 2x
+ 02 x = 0 :
2
dt
0,2
0,02
)x ( m
)(1
.
AB 0 , 2
=
- 2 : = 10 :
OB 0 , 02
= C = 02
= T0
40
= 4
10
4 2
2
0
= T 20
2 = 10 T0 = 2 s :
3 ) (1 (2) x = X cos (0t + ) :
: ) x = X t = 0 (
) (2 X = X cos : cos = 1 = 0
d 2x
= 02 x
dt 2
) x ( X
a = 0 , 2 m / s 2 x = 2 cm
. X = 2 cm
x = 2 cos 10 t ( cm ) :
) : a ( t
) x ( t a ( t ) = X 02 cos 10 t = 0 ,2 cos 10 t
T0
3T0
4
T0
2
T0
4
0,2
+ 0,2
0,2
) a ( m / s2
) a ( m / s2
0, 2
)t(s
0, 2
d 2x
dt 2
r
R
04
r
T
1 :
r
i
.
x
:
r r
r r r
r
P + R + T = m a P + R = 0
r
P
r
d 2x k
d 2x r
x
kx
i
m
i
+
=
0
=
dt 2 m
dt 2
)(1
) EPe ( J
5 103
) x ( cm
2
)t (s
- 2 ) (1 x = X cos (0t + ) :
)(2
: 1 X = 2 cm :
T0
: 2 = 1
2
T0 = 2 s
: 1 : x = X t = 0
) X = X cos : (2 cos = 1 = 0
2
t :
T0
x = 2 cos
x = 2 cos t ( cm ) :
3 ) : EPe ( t
2
t = 2 104 k cos 2 t
1
1
2
= kx 2 = k 0,02 cos
T0
2
2
1
4 ) (2 kX 2 = 5 103 :
2
2 5 103
= 25 N / m :
( 0,02 )2
k
= 02
EPe
. x = X
=k
25
= 2,5 kg
10
2
0
=m
T0
2
05
: .
)v (m / s
- 1
.
0,02
)t (s
a = 02 X t = 0 t = T0 = 2 s
0 ,5
+X
'x
x=0
v = X 0
a=0
x = +X
v=0
a = X 02
a = X 02
)(1
X 0 = 0, 02
2 2
=
T0 = 2 s = rd / s
T0
2
2 = 6,3 102 m / s 2
0,02
)(2
= 0 ) (2
0 ,02
= X )(1
=a
1
2
- 2 m v 2 = 0,5 0, 2 ( 0, 02 ) = 4 105 J :
2
- 3 ) : Ec ( t
x = X
v=0
a = X 02
1
2
]) m [ v ( t
2
= EC max
= ) Ec ( t
v ( t ) = X 0 sin (0t + ) :
)(3
t = 0 v = 0 ) (3 0 = X 0 sin
X 0 0 sin = 0 = 0 =
t = 0 .
a ( t ) = X 20 cos (0t + ) : t = 0 . a ( t ) = X 20 cos
= . cos = 1
:
t = 0 . x = X
) x = X cos (0t + cos = 1 =

4
v ( t ) = 0 ,02 sin ( t + ) = 0 ,02 sin t :
)EC (J
EC ( t ) = 4 105 sin 2 t
4 : k
k
4 105
= 02 k = m 02 = 0, 2 2 = 2 N / m
)t(s

P mg 0 , 2 10
=
=
=1 m
k
k
2
= l
)v (m / s
!!
0,2
)t (s
20
06
- 1 ' AB . AB
AB 10
=
= 0,1
l
100
= tg 0 0 = 5,7 = 0 ,1 rd
0 < 10 .
1 1
2 = = 0,5 Hz :
T0 2
= N0
l
- 3 :
g
4 2l 4 9,86 1
=
= 9 ,86 m / s 2
2
4
T0
T0 = 2
B
B
=g
4 = 0 cos (0t + ) :
d
) = 00 sin (0t +
dt
d
= 00 :
dt
)(2
) (2 sin (0t + ) = 1
). 0t + = ( 2k + 1
) (1 = 0
) = 0 cos ( 2k + 1
5
)(1
d 2
5 ) = 0 20 cos (0t +
dt 2
d 2
= 0 20
dt 2
)(3
) (3 0 20 = 0 20 cos (0t + ) :
cos (0t + ) = 1 . 0t + =
) (1 = 0 cos = 0
d 2
d 2
: = 20
2
2
dt
dt
d 2
6
dt 2
= 0
d 2
= 20
2
dt
2 2
=
= rd / s
T0
2
20
= 0
d 2
d 2
2
2
0 0 < 2 < 20 0 0,1 < 2 < 0 ,1
dt
dt
2
d 2
1 < 2 < +1 10
dt
d 2
) m / s2
( 2
dt
0,1
) ( rd
0,1
07
1 : .
: .
- 2 :
1
1
l
0
= 2 ( m ) ( l ) 2 ( g ) 2
g
T = 2
1
1
, z=
T = k m x l y g z
2
2
=x=0 , y
.
4 2 l 4 9,86 1
l
=
T = 2 = 9 ,86 m / s 2
- 3
2
g
4
T0
=g
r
R
08
1 :
r r r r
r
P + R + T1 + T2 = m a
r r
P+R =0
r r
T1 T2
R2
S
r
i
R2 . R1
r
r
d 2x r
k1 x i k2 x i = m 2 i
dt
R1
d 2 x k1 + k2
x = 0
+
m
dt 2
- 2 ) (1 x = X cos (t + ) :
r
P
)(1
)(2
) (T
d 2x
) (2 + 2 x = 0 :
2
dt
)(3
k +k
m
0, 4
= 6, 28
) (1 ) (3 2 = 1 2 = 0, 42 s
k1 + k2
m
90
= 2
=T
3 ) : x = f ( t
:
: t = 0 x = 0 v > 0
) 0 = X cos : (2 rd = rd
2
2
dx
) = X sin (t +
dt
=. v
3
3
= = + X
rd
2
2
3
rd
2
=.
t = 0 . v = X sin
v = X sin . X > 0 , > 0
: . X = 2 cm
2 6 , 28
=
15 rd / s :
0 , 42
T
3
x = 2 cos 15t +
( cm ) :
2
3
3
dx
= 0 ,02 15 sin 15t +

= 0 ,3 sin 15t +
- 4
2
2
dt
= v t = 0
v = 3,0 101 m / s
T
)
4
( ) t = 0
( .
t = 0
. v = 3,0 101 m / s
09
d rd / s 2
)
(
dt
1 :
d 2 g
d 2
+
=
0
+ 20 = 0
2
2
l
dt
dt
) = 0 cos (0t +
)(1
d
) = 00 sin (0t +
dt
) ( rd
2
0,025
)(2
d
) (2 2 dt = sin ( t + ) :
0
0
0
)(3
) (1 ) (3 dt = 2 sin 2 ( t + ) :
0
0
2
) 2 = 20 cos 2 (0t +
dt
+ 2 = 2 :
2
2
) ( cos + sin = 1 :
0
2
d
2 2
2 2

= 0 + 0 0
dt
2
0
2
0

2
0
.
2 :
2
0, 4

20 = 0 = 4 rd / s = 1,57 s
4
0 , 025
= T0
3 : 0
0,63
02 20 = 0 , 4 0,16 rd
4
0, 4
= 0
: l
g
l
= 02
10
16
2
0
=l
l = 62 ,5 cm
- 4 ) (1 ): (2
1
1
m v 22 m v 21 = mg h
2
2
v 22 = 2 g h
) ( v1 = 0
h = l l cos = 0,625 (1 0,86 ) = 0 ,087m
h
2
0,4
v2 = 1,32 m / s
v 22 = 2 10 0 , 087 = 1, 74
)T (s
10
1 T = b l b
2 :
EC + EPP = E
1 2
mv + mgh + EPP 0 = E
2
EPP0 .
12
m
1 d 2
m
l + mg ( l l cos ) + EPP 0 = E
2 dt
)(1
) (1 :
1 d 2 d 2
d
2 m
sin = 0
l 2 + mgl
2 dt
dt
dt
d 2 g
+ = 0 :
dt 2 l
)(2
d 2 g
+ sin = 0
dt 2 l
= 0 cos (0t + ) :
d 2
+ 02 = 0
2
dt
)(3
) (2 ) (3
g
l
= 02
2
g
- 3 l
2
2
= = 2 :
1
g
l
g
= T0
= 2
2
g
= . T0
g = 9,86 m / s 2
N
- 4 : a
r
r
F = m a :
r
F = m a : F
r
r
r
F T . P
:
r r
) F 2 = P 2 + T 2 + 2 PT cos ( P,T
r
an
1
r
T
)(4
r
r
T P :
r r
( P,T ) = 180 30 = 150
r
F
r
P
) T (
T
1
). (2
r
at
r
a
r r
r
P + T = m a
v22
v2
T P cos = m 2
l
l
T = P cos + m
)(5
v22 ) (1 ): (2
v22 = 2 gh
1 2 1
mv2 mv12 = mgh
2
2
)(6
1 h = l ( cos cos ) = 1( 0,866 0,500 ) = 0,366 m

) (6v22 = 2 10 0 ,366 = 7 ,32 :
7,2
) (5 = 0,79 N
1
T = 0,5 0,866 + 0, 05
F )F 2 = ( 0 ,5 ) + ( 0 , 79 ) + 2 0 ,5 0 ,79 cos 150 (4

2
F 0 , 43
=
= 8, 6 m / s 2
m 0 , 05
F = 0,43 N
=a
: at
) (1 P sin = m at : :
P sin 0 ,5 0 ,5
=
= 5 m / s2
m
0 , 05
= at
2 1 a 2 = a 2t + an2 : :
an = a 2 a 2t = ( 8, 6 ) ( 5 ) = 7 m / s 2
2
v22
:
l
= an
a .
11
r
r
- 1 Pi k l i = 0
mg
)(1
r
T
= l
2 : ) ( x
r
'T
r r
r
r
d 2x r
r
T ' + P = m a Pi k ( x + l ) i = m 2 i :
dt
O r
r
r
r
d 2x r
Pi kxi k l i = m 2 i ) (1 :
dt
d 2x k
d 2x
x
kx
m
+
=
0
=
dt 2 m
dt 2
)(2
10
x
r
P
r
P
x = X cos (0t + ) : .
: a = bx b :
. a = bx
d 2x
- 3 + 02 x = 0
2
dt
)(3
m
2
k
= T0 :
= 02
) (2 ) (3
k
0
m
3T0
) x ( t = 0, 75
4
- 4
. T0 = 2
T0 = 1 s
) x = X cos (0t +
) v = X 0 sin (0t +
) x 2 = X 2 cos 2 (0t +
)(4
) v 2 = X 2 20 sin 2 (0t +
)(5
) (5 02 = X 2 sin 2 (0t + ) :
v2
2
0
)(6
) (4 ) (6 ) ) + x 2 = X 2 ( sin 2 (0t + ) + cos 2 (0t +
v2
2
0
) v 2 = 02 ( X 2 x 2
1 2 1
) mv = m02 ( X 2 x 2
2
2
1
1
- 5 . EC = m02 x 2 + m02 X 2
2
2
1
1
m02 X 2 B = m02
2
2
= EC
EC = Bx 2 + C :
)EC (J
=C
2 103
: m
1
2 103
) m02 = (
2
4 104
2 2
=
= 2 rd / s
T0
1
= 0
) x2 ( m2
m = 0 , 25 kg
: X
1
m02 X 2 = 2 103
2
= C X = 0 , 02 m
: k
11
4 10
= 02 k = m 02 = 0 , 25 4 2
k = 10 N / m

) x ( t t = 0 x = 0 ) v > 0 t = 0
( .
3
=
) x = X cos (0t + 0 = X cos :
2
2
=.
) v = X 0 sin (0t + t = 0
v ( 0 ) = X 0 sin
3

2
- 6 x = 1 cm
1
) x ( t 1 = 2 cos (0t + ) : :
2

5
3
= 0t +
5
3
= ) cos (0t +
= . 0t +
= 0t + ) ( v > 0
5
= 0,11 m / s
3
= . 0t +
v = 0, 02 2 sin
12
:
- 1 ) ( ) ( .
- 2 : 6 t = 3,36 s
t 3,36
=
= 0 ,560 s
6
6
=. T
- 3 t0 = 0 x = 3 cm
t = T
t = 5T
x = 3 cm
) x ( cm
x = 2,3 cm
3
T
)t(s
3,36 s
12
1 :
1
1
k x2 + m v2
2
2
=E
- 2 t = 5 T t = T t = 0 :
.
1
2
t = 0 E = EPe = 13 ( 0, 03) = 5,85 103 J
2
t = T
1
2
E = EPe = 13 ( 0, 03) = 5,85 103 J
2
t = 5T X = 2,3 cm
1
2
E = EPe = 13 ( 0, 023) = 3, 44 103 J
2
- 3 .
- 4 ) x = X cos (t +
X cos (0t + ) = 0
k = 0 :
). (1
). 0t + = ( 2k + 1
= . 0t +
) v = X 0 sin (0t +
2
= 0 ,33 m / s
0 ,56
= X 0 = 0 ,03
v = X 0 sin
r
R
1 ) : (
r
T
-2
:
r r
r r r
r
P + R + T = m a P + R = 0
r
d 2x
d 2x r
k
x
kx
i
m
i
+
=
0
=
dt 2
dt 2
r
i
)(1
r
P
) x = X cos (0t + )(1

d 2x
): (1
) = 20 X cos (0t +
dt
k
m 20 X cos (0t + ) + k X cos (0t + ) = 0
m
m
2
= T0
- 3 :
k
0
= 02 .
T0 = 2
13
m
] [K
2
T0 = 2 = [T ] = [T ] :
2
1
k
] [ K ][ M ][T ] [ M
= ] [T0
N / m .
0,1
- 5 = 0,550 s :
13
T0 = 6 , 28
T T0 0,56 0,55
=
= 0,02
0,55
T0
14
2 %
06
13
1 .
1 2
LI max
2
- 2
= EL
2 EL
L
= I max
)(1
1
2
EC = Cu 2 = 0,5 20 109 (10 ) = 106 J :
2
5
5
. EL = EC = 106 = 8,3 107 J
6
6
2 8,3 107
)= 5, 76 103 A : (1
0,05
= . I max
- 3 T T0 = 2 LC = 6, 28 0, 05 20 109 = 2 104 s
T0 2 104
=
= 0,5 104 s
4
4
=t
14
1 L : C2
T12
T1 = 2 LC1
4 2C1
=L
)(1
4T1 = 1, 6 ms T1 = 0, 4 ms
2
= 0,04 H
) ( 0,4 103
40 0,1106
)(1
=L
T2 2
C2 T2 = 2 LC2
4 2 L
= (2) C2
1,75 T2 = 1, 4 ms . T2 = 0,8 ms
2
)= 4 ,0 107 F (2
C2 0, 4 106
=
=4 2
C1 0,1106
) ( 0,8 103
=
40 0,04
T2 0,8
=
=2
T1 0, 4
C2
T
= Cst
C
3 Et = EC + EL :
) t = 0 ( EL = 0 Et = EC
1
1
2
EC = C1u 2 = 0,5 0,1106 ( 6 ) = 1,8 106 J :
2
1
2
EC = C2u 2 = 0,5 4 107 ( 6 ) = 7 , 2 106 J :
2
4 : uC = 0
2 E1
2 1,8 106
=
= 9,5 103 A :
L
0, 04
= I1
2 E2
2 7 , 2 106
=
= 1,9 102 A :
L
0 , 04
= I2
1 2
LI
2
= EL
15
1 : .
di
2 + uC = 0 :
dt

) q = Q0 cos (0t +
d 2uC
) (2 + 02 uC = 0
2
dt
1
) (1 ) (3
LC
L q = C uC
= 0
d 2q 1
+
q = 0
dt 2 LC
)(1
)(2
)(3
= T0 :
T0 = 2 LC = 6 , 28 0 ,1 10 106 = 6 ,3 103 s :
16
1 ) . (r
:
r << RC r >> RC ) . (uC

2 uC + uL = 0 :
d 2uC r duC
1
+
+
uC = 0
L dt
LC
dt 2
du
di
dq
= C C uC + ri + L = 0
dt
dt
dt
=i
)(1
3 r = 0 )(1
d 2uC
1
uC = 0
+
2
LC
dt
: . :
uC = U 0 cos (0t + ) :
.
t = 0 uC = U 0
U 0 = U 0 cos . = 0
uC = U 0 cos 0t :
1 2
1
4 EC = CU 20 LI m
2
2
5 U m = U 0
L
1
1
I m
CU 20 = LI m2
C
2
2
. EL = EC :
= U0
= EL

3as Phy 3as Phy Solution Tous Exercices Guezouri

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3as Phy 3as Phy Solution Tous Exercices Guezouri

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01

GUEZOURI Aek Lyce Maraval - Oran

2 Na (s) + 2 H2O(l) 2 Na+

Fe (s) = Fe2+ (aq) + 2 e

)Cu2+ (aq) + Fe (s) Fe2+ (aq) + Cu (s

) 6 . ( V'E . V'E = 12,5 mL

Mg (s) = Mg2+ (aq) + 2 e

)Mg (s) + 2 H+ (q) Mg2+ (aq) + H2 (g

2 H+ Mg n (H+) = C1 V1 = 1 10 10 -3 = 1,0 10 2 mol :

x 1,5 10 3 mol . x max

n (H2) = x max = 1,5 10 3 mol

n(MnO4) = C V = 0,01 0,05 = 5 10 4 mol :

v = 2,92 10 4 mol.L1. .mn 1

GUEZOURI Aek Lyce Maraval - Oran

n(I2) = [I2] V ]x = 0,2 [I2

MnO4 )CO2 (aq) / H2C2O4 (aq

n (MnO4 ) = C1 V1 = 10 3 0,05 = 5 10 5 mol

n (H2C2O4 ) = C2 V2 = 10 1 0,05 = 5 10 3 mol :

v1 = 3,38 10 7 mol .L1 .s 1

v2 = 6,25 10 6 mol .L1 .s 1

v3 = 4,72 10 6 mol .L1 .s 1

x E ) (1 ) (2 n (I2) = 0,5 n (S2O32) : :

'n (I2) = 0,5 C' V

t1 3,4 10 5 mol . 10 mL 100 mL

S2O82 - + 2 e = 2 SO42 2 I (aq) + S2O82 (aq) I2(aq) + 2 SO42 (aq) :

Zn (s) = Zn2+ (aq) + 2 e :

n( H + ) = CA V = 0,2 0,1 = 2,0 10 2 mol

3,5 10 2 x = 0 x = 3,5 10 2 mol

[Zn2+] max = 0,1 mol/L . xmax = 1,010-2 mol

xmax = 0,1 [Zn2+] max

t = 4,5 mn ) t1/ 2 = 4,5 mn (1

n (Zn2+) = 50 10 3 0,1 = 5,00 10 3 mol

n(Zn) = 3,5 102 5 10 3 = 3,00 10 -3 mol

. [Zn2+] = 0,1 mol/ L . 100 mL

n(Zn2+) = [Zn2+] V = 0,1 0,1 = 10 2 mol x = 10 2 mol / L :

n(Zn) = 3,5 10 2 10 2 = 2,5 10 2 mol

GUEZOURI Aek Lyce Maraval - Oran

[Si] = 0,2 mol/L :

2 BrO3 (aq) + 12 H+ (aq) + 10 e = Br2 (aq) + 6 H2O (l):

BrO3 : H+ x max = 2 mol

n (HCl) = n (H+) = C V = 0,1 0,2 = 2,0 10-2 mol :

3,7 103 < 10 103

5 ) (1 . V = 500 200 = 300 mL = 3,0 104 m3

P Patm = 2,5 103 Pa x = 3,1 10 4 mol

6 xmax 3,6 mmol

- 8 t = 180 s x = 3,4 mmol . n (H2) = x

n (Mg2+) = x = 3,4 mmol = 1,7 10 2 mol.L1

n (S2O82-) = n (K2S2O8) = C1 V1 = 1,5 10-2 0,5 = 7,5 10-3 mol

[I2] = 6 10-3 mol/L n (I2) = [I2] . V = 6 10-3 1 = 6 10-3 mol :

n ( I ) 2 x max = 0 n(I) = 2 6 10-3 = 1,2 10-2 mol

C2 = 2,4 10-2 mol/L

R Cl (aq) + H2O (l) R OH (aq) + Cl (aq) + H+ (aq) :

7 2 -2- x max = 8,6 10 5 mol

15,2 21,5 28,6 34,9 41,2 46,6 49,3 55,5 59,1

x ( t )( mol ) 86,0 86,0 86,0 86,0

v = 5,7 10 6 mol .L1 .s 1

v' = 9,0 10 7 mol .L1 .s 1

- 4 [HNO2] = [NO3] = 0,15 mol.L-1 :

[H3O+] = 0,15 mol.L-1 [NO] = 2 0,15 = 0,3 mol.L-1

)2 MnO4(aq) + 6 H+ (aq) + 5 H2C2O4 (aq) 2 Mn2+ (aq) + 10 CO2 (g) + 8 H2O(l

)2 MnO4(aq) + 5 H2C2O4 (aq

2 H2O (l) + O2 (g) :

2 H2O (l) + O2 (g) :

))n (H2O2) (mol