1

( ) 34
106 79
. 210 3616532 - 2103617784 - Fax: 210 3641025
e-mail : info@hms.gr
www.hms.gr

72

GREEK MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY

34, Panepistimiou (leftheriou Venizelou) Street
GR. 106 79 - Athens - HELLAS
Tel. 210 3616532 - 2103617784 - Fax: 210 3641025
e-mail : info@hms.gr
www.hms.gr

, 21 2012
N

B
1
()
23
3 3 1
1 1 8 2 3
= 23 + 20 + : = : 4 2 + 4 .
31
8 2 4
4 12 3 9 2
() :

6 ( + + ) = 11 0 ,

:
8 12 16
=
+
+
.
2
3
4

()
23 3
3 3 1 8
3 2 1 8
1 1 8
72
= 2 + 20 + : = 8 + 1 + =
9 + = 9 =
,
31
8 2 4 31
8 3 4 31
4 4 31
31
1 1 8 2 3 3 1 8 2 3 1 81 3 9 3 39
= : 4 2 + 4 = : + = + = + = .
4 12 3 9 2 12 12 81 81 16 6 6 16 4 16 16
72 39 72 16 39 31 1152 1209
=

=
=
< 0, < .
31 16
3116
496
()
8 12 16
8
12 16
=
+
+
=

2
3
4
2 2 3 3 4 4

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 13
= 4 + + + + = 4 + + .
2 3 4
12
6 ( + + ) = 11 0
6 0 :
6( + + ) 11
1 1 1 11
=
+ + = ,
6
6
6

1 1 1 13
11 13 44 13 75 25
= 4 + + = 4 =
=
= .
6 12 6 12 12 4
12

2
2

,
24 500 . 10% .
.
.
x , , :
x
10 x
x
x
+ 24 500 = x +
+ 12000 = x + 5 x + 120000 = 10 x + x
2
100
2
10
120000
6 x = 120000 x =
= 20000.
6
x = 20000 10 x 11x 11 20000
=
=
= 22000 .
x +
100 10
10
3
, ( = ),
.
,

, .
,

= x .
= :

+
+ = 180o x + 2 = 180o
= = 90o x .

(1)

1
= 600 . ,
, :
1
,
+ = 180o ,
+
1

3
x
x

1 = 180o 60o 90o 1 = 30o + .

2
2

, 1 = 1 = :
x
2 + x + 600 = 180 = 60o .
2
, :
= 90o = 30 o + x .
1 =
1
2

(2)

(3)

(4)

4
1
2012. 5
, ,
8. .

= {1, 2,3,..., 2012} 2012 . 5

5 ,
1
2012
1
2
1 5 2012
402 {1, 2,..., 402} ,
5
5
5
5
5 402.
8 8 ,

1
2012
1
4
1 8 2012
251 {1, 2,..., 251} ,
8
8
8
8
8 251.
8 5 . {5,8} = 40 .
,
1
2012
1
12
1 40 2012

50 {1, 2,...,50} ,
40
40
40
40
5 8 50.
, 402 + 251 50 = 603 ,
2012 603 = 1409 .

1
() :
3

9 20 2
= 2 + 237 2 +
,
2

4
= = 23 .
x
() x, y = > 0 ,
y

4
2 xy
x, y 1 .
x + y2
.

() = = 23

23
23
=
=
= 23+ 6 = 23 = 8 .
2
2
6

(2 ) 2

:
3

1
= 2 + 237 2 + 9 2 20 = ( 8 + 237 ) 8 + 9 8 20

4
= 245 23 + 72 20 = 245 8 + 52 = 2012.
() x = y ,

2ayy
2 y 2
2
=
= 2
,
2 2
2
2
2
y +y
( + 1) y + 1

x, y . ,
2
2
= 2
1 2 + 1 2 2 2 + 1 0 ( 1) 0 ,
+1
. 1
1 = 0, = 1 .
2
, (
R ), ,
. ( )
. ,
, , , . R ,
.

2
= & , ,
, = = 2 R . -

5
= = 2R ,
2 R ( ) = 4 R 2 .
= = R . , , : = = = = R 2 ,
R 2 : = ( R 2) 2 = 2 R 2 .

,
( ).
:
4 2
2 2 = ( ) R 2 2 2 = 4 R 2 R 2 2 =
R .
2
R2
3 : 3 =
1 .
2
:
21 + 2 2 + 23 = 21 + (4 ) R 2 + R 2 21 = 4 R 2 .

:
2
( ) 2 R 2 4 R 2 ( 2 )R
1 =
=
=
..
4
4
2
.
3
101
2012. 3
8.
.

= {101,102,103,..., 2012} 2012 - 100 =1912 .

3 3 ,
101
2012
2
2

33 670 {34,35,..., 670} ,
101 3 2012
3
3
3
3
3 670 33 = 637 .
8 8 ,

101
2012
5
4
101 8 2012

12 251 {13,14,..., 251} ,
8
8
8
8
8 251 12 = 239 .
8 3 . {3,8} = 24 .
,
101
2012
5
20

4 83 {5, 6,...,83} ,
101 24 2012
24
24
24
24
3 8 83 4 = 79 .
, 637 + 239 79 = 797 ,
1912 797 = 1115 .

6
4

P ( x ) = ( x 1)( x + 1)( x 2 )( x + 2 ) Q ( x ) = ( x 2 + x )( x 2 + ) + 4 ,

, , , \ . + + + = 3 ,
, , , \ P ( x ) Q ( x ) .

P ( x ) = ( x 1)( x + 1)( x 2 )( x + 2 ) = ( x 2 1)( x 2 4 ) = x 4 5 x 2 + 4

Q ( x ) = ( x 2 + x )( x 2 + ) + 4 = x 4 + x3 + x 2 + x + 4 .

P ( x ) Q ( x ) , , ,
= 1, = 0, = 5, = 0
{ = 0 = 0} , { = 0 = 0} , = 1, = 5.
= 0 = 0 ,
1
5
= 0, = , = , 0. + + + = 3 , -

,
1 5
4
+ = 3 = 3 2 + 3 4 = 0 2 1 + 3 3 = 0

( 1)( + 1) + 3 ( 1) = 0 ( 1)( + 4 ) = 0 1 = 0 + 4 = 0 = 1 = 4
, , , \
1
5
= 1, = 0, = 1, = 5 = 4, = 0, = , = .
4
4

1
:
2
x2 x 1 x + x
x + 1 x ( x + 1) ( x + 2 )
+

+
>
.
4
3
4
2
4
4
2

2
x2 x 1 x + x
+

3x 2 + 4 ( x 1) 3 x + 3 x 2 x 4 4 x 4.
4
3
4
2
x + 1 x ( x + 1) ( x + 2 )
2
+
>
2 x + 2 + x ( x + 1) > ( x + 2 )
2
4
4
2
2 x + 2 + x + x > x 2 + 4 x + 4 x > 2 x < 2.
, [ 4, 2 ) = { x \ : 4 x < 2} .

7
2
2

x + x 2 (1 + ax ) ( a + x )
ab

=
,
2
2
2
1 x
1 a
( a b)

a, b ab ( a b ) (1 a 2 ) 0 .

:
1 x 2 0,1 a 2 0 () a b () x 1 .
x 1 , :
2 2
2
2
2
2
x (1 + a x a x )
ab
x (1 a )(1 x )
ab

=
2
2
2
2
1 x
1 x
(1 a )
(1 a )
( a b)
( a b)

x (1 + x ) =

ab

( a b)

( a b ) x 2 + ( a b ) x ab = 0
2

a b
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
= ( a b ) + 4ab ( a b ) = ( a b ) ( a b ) + 4ab = ( a b ) ( a + b ) = ( a 2 b 2 ) 0.

(, a = b ):
2
( a b ) + ( a 2 b 2 ) 2ab 2b 2 2b ( a b )
b

x1 =
=
=
=
2
2
2
a b
2 (a b)
2 (a b)
2(a b)
( a b ) ( a 2 b2 )
2

x2 =

2 ( a b)

2ab 2a 2
2(a b)

2 a ( a b )
2 (a b)

a
.
a b

:
b
b
= 1 b = b a a = 0
= 1 b = b + a a = 2b ,
ba
ba
a
a
= 1 a = a b 2a = b
= 1 a = b a b = 0.
a b
a b
, a, b a 0, b 0,
a b a 1 , :
1
( a 2b )( 2a b ) 0 , ( , a = b ):
2
b
a
x1 =
x2 =
.
a b
a b
a = 2b , x2 = 2 .
b
a = , x2 = 2 .
2
3
< 45D .
= 90D

, , . ,
:
.
=
()
.
()

() =
=
=.

& , . =
=
= .

= =
=
= .

, ,
+
+
= 180D 2 + 2 + 2 = 180D

+ + = 90D .
(1)

.
+ = = 90D
(2)
(1) (2) :
.
= =

3
()

. ,
, =
= ,
2
.
,

.
,
4
x, y, a
yx 2 + ( y 2 a 2 ) x + y ( y a ) = 0 ,
2

xy .

2
x, y, a : yx 2 + ( y 2 a 2 ) x + y ( y a ) = 0 .

9
, a , :
( y x ) a 2 2 y 2 a + y ( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) = 0 .
, a ,
. , , ] ,
2
= 4 y 4 4 y ( y x ) ( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) = 4 y y 3 ( y 3 x3 ) = 4 yx3 = xy ( 2 x ) = 2 .
2

: xy = ,
.
2x
2x

1
a 0
1
1
2a + 6

= 3
,
2
2a + ax 2 x x
x 4x
4.

:
1
1
2(a + 3)
.
+
=
a ( x + 2 ) x ( x 2 ) x ( x 2 )( x + 2 )

(1)

x 0, 2 , \ {2, 0, 2} .
(1) \ {2, 0, 2}
x 2 + ( a 2 ) x ( 2a 2 + 4a ) = 0 ,

= ( 3a + 2 ) x1 = a + 2 x2 = 2a .
2

a + 2 {2, 0, 2} a {4, 2, 0} 2a {2, 0, 2} a {1, 0, 1}

a 0 , (1) ,
x1 = a 2 x2 = 2a , a 1, + 1, 2, 4 .

2
a + 2 ( 2a ) = 4 3a + 2 = 4 3a + 2 = 4 3a + 2 = 4 a = a = 2,
3
2
a a = .
3
2
y x \ , ( x, y )

1 + y x 2 3 x + 1 > 0
( )

.
y 2 + x 2 < 0
Oxy , ( x, y ) ,

( x, y ) ().

10

1 + y x 2 3 x + 1 > 0
1 + y > x 2 3 x + 1 0

,
y 2 + x 2 < 0
y 2 < x 2 0
:
1 + y > 0 y 2 < 0 1 < y < 2 .
y y = 0 y = 1.
y = 0, :

x 2 3 x + 1 < 1
1 < x 2 3 x + 1 < 1
x 2 3x + 2 > 0 x 2 3 x < 0

2< x2< 2
2< x2< 2

x 2 < 2

( x < 1 x > 2 ) 0 < x < 3

0 < x < 1 2 < x < 3.

0< x<4

y = 1, :
x 2 3 x + 1 < 2
2 < x 2 3 x + 1 < 2
x 2 3 x + 3 > 0 x 2 3 x 1 < 0

1< x < 3
1 < x 2 < 1

x 2 < 1
3 13
3 + 13
<x<

2
2 1 < x < 3.

1< x < 3

4
3
< , c(O, R) .
c(O, R) . c ( , )

1

. = .
(1 )

11
( c ) ( c1 ) .
, .
).
(
.
, , :
= .
(1)
, = ( c1 ) .

= = .
= = ( ( c )

1
1
1
1
2
2
q ).

1 = 1 =

2
=
( ),

=
:

= .
(2)
(1) (2) .
2
( = ( c1 ) ). , :

=
= = .

(3)
1
2
1
2
, :
= 180o

+ =
= 180o

1
1
1

.
+ = 180o
= 180o

(4)
1
1
, :
= ( ( c ) )

12
= ( ( c ) ).

2


= 180o
= =
.

(5)
1
2

6
p )

: 1 = 2 , = (

= ( , ( c1 ) ),
(*) , = .
(*) , .

, , .
( c1 ) . ,
= . = = +
, .
4

x
a, b a 2 < 4b .

x 2 + ax + b ,

a 2 4b < 0 , x 2 + ax + b > 0 , x \ . -

x , x 2 + ax + b = y ,
y x = r .
x 2 + ax + b x = r x 2 + ax + b = x + r x 2 + ax + b = x 2 + 2rx + r 2 x =
a
a
x + r 0 , r > .
2
2
2
r b
a
, r r > ,
, x =
a 2r
2

r2 b
,
a 2r

13
2
r2 b
r2 b
r 4 2ar 3 + a 2 r 2 + 2br 2 2abr + b 2 ( r ar + b )
2
x + ax + b =
+b =
=
,
+a
2
2
a 2r
( a 2r )
( a 2r )
a 2r
2

, a 2 4b < 0 ,
r 2 ar + b r 2 ar + b
a
y = x 2 + ax + b =
=
, r> ,
a 2r
2r a
2
y .

1
, = 1, 2,3,... 1 = 0 ,
0 1 + +
+1 + + 3 2 , .

+
= 1
= c ( ) .
(1)
3 +1 + 3

2 + ( 1)
= 1 + + =

2
2 + ( 3 1) 3 2 + ( 1) 4 + ( 8 2 )
3 =

=
,
2
2
2
(1)
2 + ( 1)
= c ( 8c ) + 4 c 2 2c + = 0
4 + ( 8 2 )
( 8c 1) + ( 2c 1)( 2 ) = 0, = 1, 2,3,...
( 8c 1) = 0 ( 2c 1)( 2 ) = 0
1
8c 1 = 0 2c 1 2 = 0 c = , = 2 ,
8
0 . : ,3 ,5 ,...., ( 2 1) ,... .

(8c 1) + ( 2c 1)( 2 ) = 0 ,

= 1, 2,3,... = 1 = 2 , ( 8c 1) = 0 ( 2c 1)( 2 ) = 0 ,
:
1

( 8c 1) = 0
c=
8 , 0.

( 2c 1)( 2a ) = 0
= 2
: ,3 ,5 ,...., ( 2 1) ,... .

14
2
:
8z 4
8x4
8 y4
2
2
.
,
,
x2 =
y
=
z
=
16 + z 4
16 + x 4
16 + y 4

8z 4
8z 2
8z 2
2
2
x2 =
z
z
=

1,
,

:
2
2
16 + z 4
42 + ( z 2 )
42 + ( z 2 )

: z 2 y 2 y 2 x 2 . , : x 2 = y 2 = z 2 .
:
2
8x4
x2 =
x 2 ( x 4 8 x 2 + 16 ) = 0 x 2 ( x 2 4 ) = 0
4
16 + x
x = 0 x = 2 x = 2 ( 2).
x = 0 , ( 0, 0, 0 ) .

x = 2 , : ( 2, 2, 2 ) , ( 2, 2, 2 ) , ( 2, 2, 2 ) ( 2, 2, 2 ) .

x = 2 , : ( 2, 2, 2 ) , ( 2, 2, 2 ) , ( 2, 2, 2 ) ( 2, 2, 2 ) .

3
c(O, R) . , ,
1 , 1 , 1 . 2 , 2 , 2

, E, Z , 1 2 ,12 ,1 2
.

(1 )
1
. , 1 ,
. =
= 180D

1

, 1 1 .
1 1 2 .
1 1 1 .(*)

.
2

15

1 2 1 ,
2
1 1 . 1 ( =

1 ) G . G = 2G , G
HO 2 :1 .
12 , 1 2 G .
2 ( )

8
: ,
, , , 1 , 1
1 .
111 ()
2 , ( 1 = 2 ).
2 , 2 2 .

16
, 2 2 2
2 , ( = 2 2 )., 22 2 111 .
1 2 , 12 , 1 2 ( )
( ) O .
4

x
a, b a 2 < 16b .

4x 2 ax + b ,

a 2 16b < 0 , 4 x 2 ax + b > 0 , x \ . -

x , 4 x 2 ax + b = y , y 2 x = r
.
b r2
4 x 2 ax + b 2 x = r 4 x 2 ax + b = 2 x + r 4 x 2 ax + b = 4 x 2 + 4rx + r 2 x =
,
a + 4r
a
a
r 2 x + r 0 , r > .
4
4
2
br
a
, r r > ,
, x =
4
a + 4r
2
2
b r 2 a (b r )
+b
4 x 2 ax + b = 4

a + 4r
a + 4r
=

4r 4 + a 2 r 2 + 4b 2 + 8br 2 + 4abr + 4ar 3

( a + 4r )

( 2r
=

+ ar + 2b )

( a + 4r )

, a 2 16b < 0 ,
2r 2 + ar + 2b 2r 2 + ar + 2b
a
=
, r> ,
y = 4 x 2 ax + b =
4r + a
4
a + 4r
y .