CHNG 2

DN NHIT N NH
2.1. NH LUT FOURIER V H S DN NHIT
2.1.1. Thit lp nh lut Fourier v dn nhit
nh lut Fourier l nh lut c bn ca dn
nhit, n xc lp quan h gia 2 vect q v gr adt .
thit lp nh lut ny ta s tnh nhit
lng 2 Q dn qua mt dS nm gia 2 lp phn t
kh c nhit T1 > T2, cch dS mt on x bng
qung ng t do trung bnh cc phn t, trong
Hnh 2. tm dng nhit q

thi gian d , nh hnh H2.

V T1 v T2 sai khc b, nn coi mt phn t n0 v vn tc trung bnh

ca cc phn t trong 2 lp l nh nhau , v bng:
d 2n =

i
n 0 dSd
6

Lng nng lng qua dS t T1 n T2 l

d 2 E 1 = E 1d 2 n =

i
1
kT1 n 0 dSd v
2
6

d 2 E 2 = E 2d 2 n =

1
1
kT2 n 0 dSd ,
2
6

trong k =

R
NA

8314
= 1,3806.10 23 J / K l hng s Boltzmann, NA l s
6,02217

phn t trong 1 kmol cht kh (s Avogadro), I l s bc t do cu phn t cht kh.

Tr 2 ng thc cho nhau, s thu c lng nhit trao i qua dS, bng:
2 Q = ( E 1 E 2 )d 2 n =

i
1
k (T1 T2 ) n 0 dSd
2
6

T
2 x v
x

V T1 T2 =

R 1
i
i
i R

n 0k = n 0
= n 0
6
6 N A 3 N A 2

1
= C v nn c:
3

1
1
T
2 Q = C v x
dSd , ddawtj = C v x
3
3
x

th c

2Q
T
= q x =
.
Ss
x

y l dng nhit theo phng x. Khi dS c v tr bt k, th vct dng nhit qua

T
T
T
+ j
+ k = gr adT
dS l q = i
y
z
x

2.1.2. Pht biu v h qu ca nh lut Fourier

nh lut Fourier pht biu, rng vect dng nhit q t l thun vi vc t
gradien nhit .
Biu thc dng vect l q = gr adt , dng v hng l
q = gradt = t n (M) . Du (-) v 2 vect ngc chiu nhau.

Nh nh lut Fourier, khi bit trng nhit t(x, y, z,), c th tnh c

cng sut nhit Q[W] dn qua mt S [m2] theo cng thc Q = S gradt.dS v tm
c lng nhit Q [J] dn qua S sau thi gian [s] theo cng thc

Q = 0

gradtdSd , [J].

2.1.3. H s dn nhit
H s dn nhit l h s ca nh lut Fourier:
=

q
q
, [W/mK]
=
t
gradt
n

V t l vi q nn c trng cho cng dn nhit ca vt liu.

Vi cht kh, theo chng minh trn, c
1
1 p
8kT kT 2C v

=
= C v x =
C v
m 2d 2 p 3Rd 2
3
3 RT

k 2T
3 m

H s dn nhit ca kh l tng khng ph thuc vo p sut p, tng khi

tng nhit hoc tng CV, v gim khi tng hng s cht kh, R =

, tng

ng knh d hoc tng khi lng m ca phn t cht kh.

Vi cc vt liu khc tng theo nhit , c xc nh bng thc nghim
v cho bng hoc cng thc thc nghim trong cc ti liu tham kho. V d, tr
trung bnh ca h s ca mt s vt liu thng gp c nu ti bng 2.
Vt liu

[W/mK]

Vt liu

[W/mK]

Bc

419

Thu tinh

0,74

ng

390

Gch kh

0,70

Vng

313

Nha PVC

0,13

Nhm

209

Bng thu tinh

0,055

Thp Cacbon

45

Polyurethan

0,035

Yhp CrNi

17

Khng kh

0,026

Bng 2. H s dn nhit trung bnh ca cc vt liu thng dng

2.2. PHNG TRNH VI PHN DN NHIT
2.2.1. Ni dung v ngha ca PTVPDN
PTVPDN l phng trnh cn bng nhit
cho 1 vi phn th tch dV nm hon ton bn
trong vt V dn nhit.
PTVPDN l phng trnh c bn tm
trng nhit t(M, ) trong V, bng cch tnh
phng trnh ny.
2.2.2. Thitt lp PTVPDN
Xt cn bng nhit cho vi phn th tch dV Hnh 3. Cn bng nhit cho dV
bao quanh im M(x,y,z) bt k bn trong vt V,
c khi lng ring , nhit dung ring Cp, h s dn nhit , cng sut sinh nhit qv
, dng nhit qua M l q .

nh lut bo ton nng lng cho dV pht biu rng:

[ tng enthalpy ca dV] = [hiu s nhit lng (vo - ra)dV]+ [lng nhit sinh ra
trong dV].
Trong thi gian 1 giy, phng trnh ny c dng :
dVC p

t
= divq.dV + q v dV hay

t
1
=
(q v divq )
C p

Theo nh lut Fourier q = gr adt , khi = const ta c

t t t
divq = div(gr adt ) = + + = 2 t
x x y y z z

2t 2t 2t
2 + 2 + 2 (Trong tao vung goc (xyz))
z
y
x2
2t
2t
t 1 t
2
vi t = 2 +
Trong toa tru (r, , z)
+
+
r r r 2 2 z 2
r2
cos t
2t
2t
t 2 t
+
+
+
+
r 2 r r r 2 2 r 2 sin r 2 sin 2 2 , trong toa cu (r, , )

gi l ton t Laplace ca hm t(M)

PTVPDN l phng trnh kt hp 2 nh lut ni trn, c dng:
t
qv

[m2/s] gi l h s khuch
=
+ 2 t = a v + 2 t , vi a =

C p

tn nhit, c trng cho mc tiu tn nhit trong vt.

2.2.3. Cc dng c bit ca PTVPDN
Phung trnh VPDN tng qut

1
T
=
q V div(gr adt ) s c dng n
c P

gin hn, khi cn p ng cc iu kin c bit sau y:

1) Vt V khng c ngun nhit, qv = 0, th
2) Vi = const, M(x,y,z) V, th

1
t
=
div gr adt
C p

t
= a 2 t

3) Nu nhit n nh trong V,

t
= 0 MV, th 2 t = 0

4) Khi trng t(M) l n nh 1 chiu th :

t(x) trong to vung gc tm theo
t(r) trong to tr tm theo
t(r) trong to cu tm theo

d2t
=0
dx 2

d 2 t 1 dt
+
=0
dr 2 r dr
d 2 t 2 dt
+
=0
dr 2 r dr

2.3. CC IU KIN N TR
Phng trnh vi phn dn nhit l phng trnh o hm ring cp 2, cha n
l hm phn b nhit t(x,y,z,). Nghim tng qut thu c bng cch tch phn
phng trnh ny lun cha mt s hng s tu chn. xc nh duy nht
nghim ring ca PTVPDN, cn cho trc mt s iu kin, c gi chung l cc
iu kin n tr. iu kin n tr l tp hp cc iu kin cho trc , xc
nh duy nht nghim ca mt h phng trnh.
2.3.1. Phn loi cc iu kin n tr
Theo ni dung, cc iu kin n tr c phn ra 4 loi sau
1) iu kin hnh hc: Cho bit mi thng s hnh hc xc nh hnh
dng, kch thc v tr ca h vt V.
2) iu kin vt l: Cho bit lut xc nh cc thng s vt l ti mi im M
V, tc l cho bit (, , a, qv, )= f(MV, t).
3) iu kin u: Cho bit lut phn b nhit ti thi im u = 0 ti
mi im MV, tc l cho bit t(M V, = 0) = t(x, y, z).
4) iu kin bin: cho bit lut phn b nhit hoc lut cn bng nhit ti
mi im M trn bin W ca vt V ti mi thi im kho st. Nu k hiu dng
nhit dn trong vt V n M W l q =

t
= t n (M) th m t ton hc ca
n

cc iu kin bin c dng:

10

t w = t (M, ) hoc M W V

q = t n (M ) = q (M, , t (M )) xet.

iu kin hnh hc, iu kin vt l v iu kin bin cn phi cho trc

trong mi bi ton. Ring iu kin u ch cn cho trong bi ton khng n nh, c
cha bin thi gian .
2.3.2. Cc loi iu kin bin.
Trn cc bin Wi ca vt V, tu theo phng thc trao i nhit vi cc mi
trng m V tip xc, ngi ta c th cho trc 7 loi iu kin bin khc nhau.
Bng 3 sau y s tm tt ngha vt l v ton hc, minh ho hnh hc v cc
trng hp c bit ca 7 loi iu kin bin quanh vt V bt k.
Bng 3. Cc loi iu kin bin.
Loi
KB

ngha vt l
hay thng s
cho trc

M t ton hc

m t hnh hc hay

Trng hp

hay pt CBN

th (t-x)

c bit

tw1 = tf khi W1

Cho nhit

tW1 ti

tw1 = t(M1, )

M1W1V

tip xc cht
lng c ln

q = const
Cho dng
2

nhit q qua
M2 W2V

=const
-tn(M2) = q(M2,

q=0 W2 l

mt i xng
hoc cch
nhit

11

 = 0 W3 l
cch nhit

Cho mt W3
to nhit ra
3 cht lng nhit
tf vi h s

hoc i xng
-tn(M3)=

= t(M3)

(t(M3),tf)

=tf W3 bin
thnh W1. Khi

(,,tf) = const
R c nh

Cho W4 tip
4

xc vt V2
ng yn, c

t2 = constW4
t n ( M 4 ) = -

bin thnh W1

2t2n(M4)

(1, 2
)=constg c

2 , t2

Cho W5 ho
5

=const
t n ( M 5 ) =

rn t pha

x 5

r
f t fn (M 5 )
c
lng c thng

s (, rc, f, tf)

W5 di ng vi
tc ho rn
bng

x 5

Mt bao chn
cho W6 tip
6

xc chn
khng

khng c nhit
-Tn(M6)=

Tc.

0T4(M6)

Tn(M6) =
0[T2(M6)Tc2]

12

Cho W7 tip
xc cht kh

c thng s
(Tk, )

Quy ra trao i
-Tn(M7)=

nhit phc hp

[T(M7)- Tk]+

-Tn(M7)=ph

0[T4(M7) - T4k ]

[t(M7)- Tk]

M t ton hc cho mi loi iu kin bin l phng trnh cn bng cc dng nhit
ra vo im M bt k trn bin. Phng trnh m t cc iu kin bin loi 2, 3, 4, 5
l cc phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1 i vi t v tn . Phng trnh m t iu
kin bin loi 6 v 7 l nhng phng trnh phi tuyn, cha T4 cha bit.
2.3.3. M hnh bi ton dn nhit
dng tng qut, bi ton dn nhit c th
c m t bi h phng trnh vi phn (t) gm
phng trnh vi phn dn nhit v cc phng trnh
m t cc iu kin n tr nh nu ti mc 2.3.,
c dng
t
2 qv
= a t + , M V

Min xac nh va thng s vt ly cua M V

t = t (M , ), M W
1
1
1
W1
t n (M 2 ) = q(M 2 , ), M 2 W2

t n (M 3 ) = [ t (M 3 ) t f ], M 3 W3

Hnh 4. M hnh tng qut

t n (M 4 ) = 2 t n 2 (M 4 ), M 4 W4
bi ton dn nhit t(x,y,z,)
dx 5

t n (M 5 ) = n t n (M 5 ) + rc d , M 5 W5

4
t n (M 6 ) = 0 T (M 6 ), M 6 W6
t n (M 7 ) = [ t (M 7 ) t k ] + 0 [T 4 (M 7 ) Tk4 ], M 7 W7

Gii bi ton dn nhit l tm hm phn b nhit t(M(x,y,z),) tho mn

mi phng trnh ca h (t) ni trn. Vic ny gm c 2 bc chnh l tch phn
phng trnh vi phn dn nhit tm nghim tng qut, sau xc nh cc hng
s theo cc phng trnh m t cc iu kin n tr.

13

2.4. DN NHIT QUA VCH PHNG

Dn nhit n nh qua vch phng l bi ton n gin nht ca truyn nhit.
Tu theo kt cu vch v iu kin bin, bi ton dn nhit s c phn ra cc loi
sau y.
2.4.1. Vch phng 1 lp c 2 bin loi 3
2.4.1.1. Pht biu bi ton
Cho 1 vch phng dy rng v hn,
lm bng vt liu ng cht c h s dn nhit
khng i, 2 mt bn tip xc vi 2 cht
lng c nhit khc nhau tf1 > tf2 , vi h s
to nhit vo ra vch l 1, 2.
Tm phn b nhit t(x) trong vch

Hnh 6. Trng t(x) trong vch

phng c 2W3

v dng nhit q(x) qua vch.

Theo ton hc, pht biu trn tng ng vi vic tm hm t(x), x[0, ]
nh l nghim ca h phng trnh (t) sau y.
d2t
2 =0
dx
(t) 1 [ t f 1 t (0)] = t x (0)
t () = [ t ( ) t ]
x
2
f2

(1)
( 2)
(3)

2.4.1.2. Tm phn b nhit t(x).

1) Tm nghim tng qut bng cch tch phn phng trnh (1), ta c :
t ( x ) = dx 2 = C1 x + C 2

2) Xc nh C1 , C2 theo 2 iu kin bin (2) v (3)

(t f 1 t f 2 )

, [ K / m]
C1 =

1 [ t f 1 C 2 ] = C1
++
1
2

C1 = 2 [C1 + C 2 t f 2 ]

C1 , [ K ]
C 2 = t f 1 +
2

14

Phn b nhit trong vch l t(x)= tf1 -

t f1 t f 2

++
1
2

(x +

)
1

Bng cch thay x bng 0 hoc , ta d dng tm c nhit ti 2 mt vch.

th t(x) l mmt on thng i qua 2 im nh hng R1(-/1, tf1) v R1( +
/2, tf2) nh hnh H
2.4.1.3. Tm dng nhit q(x): theo nh lut Fourier c
q(x) = -gradt(x) = -C1 = const, x hay q =

Nu gi R =
q=

t f1 t f 2
, [W/m2]
1 1
+ +
1 2

1 1
+ +
, [m2K/W], l nhit tr dn nhit ca vch phng, th c
1 2

V V2
t f 1 t f 2
, tng t nh cng thc tnh dng in I = 1
.
R
R

2.4.2. Vch phng c bin loi 1.

Bin loi 1 l trng hp c bit ca bin loi 3, khi mt vch tip xc vi

mt cht lng thc c h s to nhit rt ln. Theo phng trnh cn bng nhit
cho bin loi 3, (tw-tf) = -tn ,v q = -tn l hu hn,nn khi th (tw-tf) 0,
tc l tW = tf. khi ch cn thay tw = tf v 1/ =0 vo cc kt qu nu trn, ta c th
tm t(x) v q(x) cho bi ton bin loi 1.
V d: bi ton bin hn hp (W1 + W3) v bi ton 2 bin W1 c li gii nh sau:
t W1 t f 2

t(x) = t W1

2
1) Khi 1 = th
t W1 t f 2

q=
1

t W1 t f 2

t(x)
t
x
=

W1

t t
2) Khi 1 = 2 = th
q = W1 f 2

15

2.4.3. Vch c thay i theo nhit

Phng trnh cn bng nhit trong vch c (t) ph thuc t s c dng

q ( x ) = ( t )

dt
. Khi , c th tm t(x) theo phng trnh tch phn
dx

(t )dt = q(x )dx

Khi cho php tnh gn ng, c th dng cc cng thc tnh t v q nu trn,
trong coi l mt hng s, bng tr trung bnh tch phn trong khong nhit
t2

[t1, t2] ca vch, l =

1
( t )dt
t 2 t 1 t1

V d, khi (t) c dng bc 1 v 2 th

t2

t +t
1
(a + bt )dt = a + b 1 2
=

t 2 t 1 t1
2
t2
t1 + t 2
t 12 + t 1 t 2 + t 22
1
2
(
a
bt
ct
)
dt
a
b
c
=
+
+
=
+
+
t 2 t 1 t1
2
3

2.4.4. Vch phng n lp

2.4.4.1. Pht biu bi ton

Cho vch phng n lp, mi

lp i c i , i khng i, hai mt
ngoi tip xc cht lng nng c tf1,
1 v cht lng lnh c tf2, 2 khng
i. Tm dng nhit q qua vch,
nhit cc mt tip xc ti v phn
b nhit ti(x) trong mi lp.

Hnh 7. Vch phng n lp

2.4.4.2. Xc nh q, ti, v ti(x).

Khi n nh, dng nhit q qua cc lp l bt bin, do c h phng trnh:

q= 1(tf1 t0) =

t i t i +1
, (i = 1 n ) = ( t n t f 2 )
i / i

16

y l h (n+2) phng trnh bc 1 ca n q v (n+1) n s ti,

i=1n.
Bng cch kh cc ti s tm c q, sau tnh ti v xc nh
ti(x) nh vch 1 lp vi 2 bin loi 1, ta c:
i
q

t
t
,
t
t
q, i = (n 1) 0
=
+
=
+
+
n
f
2
i
i
1

i
2

t f1 t f 2

, [W/m 2 ]
q = 1
n

i
1

+ +
1 i =1 i 2

t i ( x ) = t i ( t i t i +1 ) x / i , i = 1 n

Phn b nhit trong vch phng nhiu lp c dng cc on thng gy

khc, ging nh bin loi 4
Khi vch c bin loi 1 hoc ph thuc t, c th thay tw = tf, 1/ = 0 hoc
= = const vo cc cng thc trn.

2.5. DN NHIT QUA VCH TR V VCH CU

2.5.1. Vch tr 1 lp c 2 bin w3
2.5.1.1. Pht biu bi ton

Cho mt ng tr ng cht di v cng,

bn knh r2/r1, h s dn nhit khng i, mt
r1 tip xc cht lng nng c tf1, 1 , mt r2
tip xc cht lng ngui hn c tf2, 2 . Tm
phn b nhit t(r) trong vch v lng
nhit qua vch.
M t hnh hc trong to tr c dng Hnh 8. Trng t(r) trong ng tr c
nh Hnh 8

2W3

Pht biu ton hc ca bi ny l gii h phng trnh sau:

17

 d 2 t 1 dt
=0
(1)
2 +
r dr
dr
( t ) 1 [ t f 1 t (r1 )] = t r (r1 ) (2)
t (r ) = [ t (r ) t ] (3)
r 2
2
2
f2

2.5.1. Tm trng nhit t(r)

1) Tch phn phng trnh (1) theo cc bc sau:

i bin u =

rdu + udr d(ur )

du u
dt
Phng trnh (1) c dng
=
=0
+ = 0
rdr
rdr
dr r
dr

d(ur)=0ur=C1 u =

C1 dt
dr
=
t (r ) = C1 = C1 ln r + C 2
r
r
dr

2) Xc nh C1, C2 theo h phng trnh (2), (3):

(t f 1 t f 2 )

C 1 C1 =
, [K ]
1 [ t f 1 C1 ln r1 C 2 ] =
r2

+ ln +
r1

r1 2 r2
r

1
1
C1

= 2 [C1 ln r2 + C 2 t f 2 ]

ln r1 ), [K ]
C 2 = t f 1 + C1 (
r2
1 r1

Phn b nhit trong ng tr l

t (r ) = t f 1

t f1 t f 2
r

+ ln 2 +
r1 2 r2
1 r1

ln +
r
r

1 1
1

th t(r) c dng logarit, tip tuyn ti r1 qua im R1(r1-/1, tf1), tip tuyn
ti r2 qua im R2(r2+/2, tf2).
2.5.1.3. Tnh nhit qua vch tr

1. Dng nhit qua 1m2 mt tr ng nhit bn knh r l

q(r) = -tr(r) = -C1/r , [W/m2]
q(r) l hm gim khi r tng, khng c trng cho vch tr.
2) Lng nhit truyn qua 1 m di ng tr, k hiu q l , nh ngha l:
ql

ql =

lng nhit qua mt tr bn knh r di l / chiu di l , [W/m]

C
q (r ).2rl
= 1 .2r = 2C1 = const , r
l
r

Thay C1bigi tr trn, s thu c:

18

ql =

t f1 t f 2
, [W/m].
r2
1
1
1
+
ln +
2r11 2 r1 2r2 2

V q l = const, r, nn q l c dng c trng cho dn nhit qua vch tr.

d
1
1
1
i lng R =
+
ln 2 +
l d 2 d
d 2 2
1 1
1

, [mK / W ] c gi l nhit tr dn

nhit ca 1m ng tr.
2.5.2. Vch tr c bin hn hp

Khi th thay tw = tf v 1/ = 0 vo trn c li gii cho bi ton vch

tr 2 bin hn hp (W1+ W3) hock 2 bin W1 nh sau:

1) Khi 1 = th

t w1 t f 2
r

ln
t ( r ) = t w1 r

r1
ln 2 +

r1 2 r2

t w1 t f 2
q l =
r2
1
1

+
ln

2 r1 2r2 2

t w1 t W 2 r

ln
t
(
r
)
t
w
1

r2
r1
ln

r1
2) Khi 1 = 1 = th
t t
q l = w1 f 2
r2
1

ln

2 r1

2.5.3. Vch tr n lp
2.5.3.1. Pht biu bi ton

Cho ng tr n lp, mi lp i c ri / ri+1 v i

khng i, mt r0 tip xc vi cht lng nng
c tf1, 1, mt rn tip xc vi cht lng lnh c
tf2, 2 kh ng i
Tm lng nhit q l , nhit ti ti cc

Hnh 9. Trng t(r) trong ng tr n

l

19

mt v phn b ti(n) trong mi lp i, i = 1 n

2.5.3.2. Xc nh q l , ti v ti(r)

Khi n nh, phng trnh cn bng nhit cho 1m ng tr l :

q l = 1[tf1 t0]2r1 =

t i t i +1
, (i = 1 n ) = 2 ( t n t f 2 )2rn
ri +1
1
ln
2 i
ri

y l h (n+2) phng trnh bc 1 ca 1 n q l v (n+1) n ti.

Bng cch kh cc ti tnh q l , sau tm ti theo q l v xc nh ti(r) nh
vch c 2W1, s thu c:

t f1 t f 2
ql =

n
r
1
1
1

+
ln i +1 +
2r11 i =1 2 i
ri 2rn 2

ql
q
r
; t i = t i 1 l ln i , i = 1 n
t 0 = t f 1
2r11
2 i ri 1

t
t
r

i
i +1
=

ln
, i = 1 n
t
(
r
)
t
i
i

ri +1
ri
ln

ri

2.5.4. Dn nhit qua vch cu

2.5.4.1. Pht biu bi ton

Cho vch cu ng cht, bn knh r2/r1 c

h s dn nhit khng i, mt r1 tip xc
cht lng nng c tf1, 1 mt r2 tip xc cht
lng lnh c tf2, 2 khng i.
Tm phn b nhit t(r) v lng
nhit Q qua vch.
Trong to cu, trng t(r) c xc nh
bi h phng trnh (t) sau:
Hnh 10. Phn b t(r) trong vch cu

20

 d 2 t 2 dt
(1)
=0
2 +
r dr
dr
( t ) 1 [ t f 1 t (r1 )] = t r (r1 ) (2)
t (r ) = [ t (r t )] (3)
r 2
2
2
f2

2.5.4.2. Tm phn b t(r)

1) Tm nghim tng qut theo cc bc: i bin u =

dng :
u=

dt
phng trnh (1) c
dr

du
u
du
dr
+2 =0
+ 2 = 0 tch phn ln 1 c lnu + 2lnr = ln(ur2) =lnC1
dr
u
r
r

C1 dt
= tch phn ln 2 c : t(x) =
r 2 dr

C1

dr =

C1
+ C2
r

2) Tm C1, C2 theo 2 iu kin bin (2) v (3):

t f1 t f 2

[Km]

C1
C1 C1 =
1
1 t f 1 +
C 2 = 2
1 1 1
+

+
r1
r1
2
2

2 2
11
r1 r2
C1

C1

2 = 2
+ C 2 t f 2
1

+
C
=
t

C
[K ]
r2
r
2
f
1
1
1

r 2 r
1
11

Phn b nhit trong vch cu l

t (r ) = t f 1

1
t f1 t f 2
1
1
+
+
2
1 1 r 1 r1 r1
1

+
+ +
2
2
1 r1 2 r2 r1 r2

th t(r) l ng hyperbol c tip tuyn ti bin qua 2 im R 1 r1 , t f 1

, t f 2
v R 2 r2 +
2

2.5.4.3. Tnh cng sut nhit Q truyn qua v cu

Q = q(r).(2r2)=-

C1
4r2 = -4C1 = const, r
2
r

Thay C1 bi gi tr nu trn, ta c:

21

Q=

t f1 t f 2
, [W]
1 1
1
1 1 1

+
+
4 1 r12 2 r22 4 r1 r2

Khi vch cu c 2 bin loi W1 th Q =

t W1 t W2
,[W ]
1 1 1

4 r1 r2

Khi vch cu c n lp vi 2 bin W3, sau khi gii h phng trnh

Q = 1 ( t f 1 t f 0 )4r02 =

( t i t i +1 )4 i
, (i = 1 n ) = 2 ( t n t f 2 )4
1
1
+
ri ri +1

s tm c:
Q=

t f1 t f 2
1 1
1 n 1

+
+
4 1 r12 2 r22 i =1 4 i

1
1

r
r
i +1
i

,[w ]

Nhit cc mt ti v trng ti(r) trong cc lp c xc nh nh trn.

2.6.DN NHIT QUA THANH HOC CNH C TIT DIN KHNG I.

tng cng truyn nhit, ngi ta thng gn cc cnh ln mt ta nhit.

Nhit qua gc cnh c dn qua chiu di x ca cnh, ri to ra mt xung quanh,
lm tng lng nhit truyn qua gc. Nhit trong cnh t(x) gim dn theo chiu
di x, cn ti mi tit din nhit c coi l phn b u.
2.6.1. Pht biu bi ton

Ch mt thanh tr hoc cnh di l, tit

din f = const c chu vi la U, mt xung quanh
ta nhit ra cht lng nhit tf vi h s ta
nhit ; nhit trn mi tit din c coi l
phn b u, ti gc l t0 > tf , mt x = l ta
nhit ra cng cht lng nhit tf vi h s
ta nhit 2.
Tm phn b nhit t(x) trong cnh
Hnh 11. Bi ton t(x) trong thanh tr v cnh
phng c tit din khng i
22

v lng nhit Q0 qua gc cnh.

2.6.2. Lp phng trnh cn bng nhit tm t(x)
2.6.2.1. Lp phng trnh cn bng nhit tm t(x)

V nhit bn trong thanh ng nht vi nhit bin W3 tc khng c

im trong, nn phng trnh t = a 2t cn c thay bng phng trnh cn bng
nhit cho phn t thay dV = fdx, khi n nh c dng:
Hiu cc lng nhit dn (vo ra) dV = nhit ta ra mt Udx
Nu gi (x) = t(x) t f th phng trnh trn c dng:

d
d
d
f + + f = Udx
dx
dx
dx

U
d 2
Suy ra f 2 U = 0 . t m =
, [m 1 ]
f
dx
d 2
m 2 = 0 (1)
Th phng trnh cn bng nhit tm (x) l
2
dx

Nghim tng qut ca (1) l (x) = C1.e mx + C 2 .e mx

2.6.2.2 Tm (x) v Q0 cho thanh di hu hn

1)Cc hng s C1, C2 s c tm theo cc iu kin bin W1 ti x=0 v W3

ti x=l
(0) = C1 + C 2 = t 0 + t f = 0

ml
ml
ml
ml
x (l) = 2(l) (m.C1.e m.C2 .e ) = 2 (C1.e + C 2 .e )

Gii h phng trnh bc nht tm c C1,C2 ri thay vo nghim tng qut

v a v dng hm hyperbol shx = (ex + ex)/2 v chx = (ex + ex)/2, thx = shx/chx,
s thu c
(x) = 0

2
sh [ m(l x) ]
m.

ch(ml) + 2 .sh(ml)
m.

ch [ m(l x) ] +

Trong tnh ton k thut,khi f<<Ul c th coi 2 = 0 , khi phn b nhit

trong thanh hu hn l
23


U
ch (1 x )

f
ch [ m(l x)]

hay t(x) = tf + (t0 tf)

(x) = 0
ch(ml)
U

ch l

2) tnh nhit lng dn qua gc cnh

Nhit lng qua gc cnh chnh l nhit lng ta ra cnh, v bng
2
m , W
Q 0 = x (0 )f = mf 0

1 + 2 th (ml)
m
th ( ml) +

Nu f<<ul v coi 2 = 0 th Q0 = mf0th(ml)

2.6.3 Tm t(x) v q0 khi thanh tr di v hn

Khi thanh di v hn th C1,C2 tm theo iu kin

(0 ) = C1 + C 2 = 0

C1 = 0

lim (x ) = C = t f t f = 0 C 2 = 0
x

Do phn b nhit l (x ) = 0 e mx hay

t(x) = tf + (t0 tf).exp(-x.

.u
)
.f

Nhit lng qua gc cnh l Q0 = -.f.x(0) = m..f.0

hay Q0 =0. .u.f . = (t 0 t f ). .u.f . , [ W ]
Trong thc t khi thanh tr c

u.l
100 th c th coi l thanh di v hn
f

2.7. DN NHIT TRONG VT C NGUN NHIT PHN B U

Vt c ngun nhit vi cng sut qv = const, W/m3 , c gi l vt c

ngun nhit phn b u. Mt thanh kim loi ang dn in, mt khi b tng ang
ng kt, mt vt ang c phn ng sinh nhit n nh,.. . l cc v d v vt c
ngun nhit phn b u.
2.7.1.Tm phng c qv = const

24

2.7.1.1.Pht biu bi ton

Cho tm phng dy s, rng v hn, c v

ngun nhit trong qv= const, hai mt ngoi tip xc
cng mt cht lng c tf, khng i
Tm phn b nhit t(x) v tnh nhit ta ra
mi trng
M t hnh hc nh Hnh 12, trng t(x) trong
tm i xng qua mt x=0,ti o tx(0) = 0. Do theo
ton hc, cn tm hm t(x) nh nghim cu h phng

Hnh 12. Tm phng c

qv = const

trnh (t) nh sau:

d2t q v
dx 2 + = 0

(t ) t x ( ) = [t ( ) t f ]
t (0 ) = 0
x

1
2
3

2.7.1.2.Tm lut phn b nhit v truyn nhit qua tm

1) tch phn phng trnh (1)s c

t(x) =

qv 2
q
dx = v .x 2 + C1x + C2

2.

Xc nh C1,C2 theo (2),(3) ta c

t x (0 ) = C1 = 0

C1 = 0

q
q
qv

qv 2

+ C1 =
+ C1 + C 2 tf C 2 = t f + v + v 2

Do t(x)= t f +

qv
q
+ v ( 2 x 2 ) c dng ng parabol i xng qua x=0

nh hnh 12
2)Nhit lng Q2F ta ra t 2 pha ca tm phng rng F, m 2 l
Q2F = 2.f. [ t() t f ] = 2.F.q v ., [ W ]

25

Lng nhit 2.F.q v . =Vqv chnh l tng cng sut pht nhit ca tm phng
c th tch V=2..F, m 3
2.7.2.Thanh tr c qv = const
2.7.2.1.Pht biu bi ton

Cho thanh tr di v cng bn knh r0 c , qv

=const, mt tr ta nhit ra cht lng c tf v khng
i.
Tm t(r) trong thanh v ql qua 1 m tr
Do i xng qua tm, tr(0) = 0, nn h phng
trnh cho t(r) c dng
Hnh 13. Thanh tr c
qv = const

d 2 t dt q v
dr 2 + rdr + = 0

(t ) t x (r0 ) = [t(r ) t f ]
t (0) = 0
r

1
2
3

2.7.2.2. Xc nh t(r) v ql

1)Tm nghim ca (1) theo cc bc

t u=

dt
du u rdu + udr d(ur)
q
(1) c dng
+ =
=
= r
dr
dr r
rdr
rdr

d(ur) =

u=

qv
q
rdr ur = v .r 2 + C1

q
C1 q v
dt
C q

.r = t(r) = ( 1 v r)dr = C1 ln r v .r 2 + C2
r 2.
dr
r 2.
4.

Tm C1,C2 theo hai iu kin bin (2), (3) s c C1 = 0 v

C2 = t f +

q v r0 q v .r0 2
+
. Do phn b t c dng
2
4.

26

t(r) = tf +

q v r0 q v 2 2
+
(r0 r ) l parabol i xng qua r=0
2 4.

2.Dng nhit qua mt tr l

q = [t (r0 ) t f ] =

q v r0 W
,
2 m 2

Lng nhit ta ra 1 m tr l
W
ql = q.2r0= . r02 qv
m

27