Professional Documents
Culture Documents
7 ...............................................................................................................:
7 ................................................................................................................:
: 9 ...................................................................................
10 ..........................................................................................................................
: 12 ............................................................
: 13 ...............................................................................
: 19 ..................................................................
: 25 ..............................................................................
: 28 ..................................
: 28 ..................................................
: 29 .....................................
: 34 ................................................
: 39 .........................................
: 39 ............................................................................
: 40 ...............................................
: 46 ......................
: 64 ..........................................................................
65 ..........................................................................................................................
: 66 ....................................................................
: 66 .....................................................
: 71 ........................................................
: 76 ......................................................................
: 85 ............................................................................
: 84 ..........................................................................
: 87 ...............................................................
: 91 ...........................................................
: 95 ........................................................................
: 95 .....................................................................
: 99 ...............................................................................
: 100 ............................................................
: 105 ....................................................................
: 105 .........................................................................
: 108 .........................................................................
: 110 ..........................................................
: 112 .........................................................................
113 .........................................................................................................................
: ... 114 ......................................................................
: 114 .............................................................................
: ( ) 117 .............................................
: 120 .....................................
: 139 .....................................................................
: 139 .....................................................
: 151 ...................................................................
: 159 ...........................................
: 177 ..................................................................................
: 177 ...................................................................
: 180 .............................................
: 102 ..................................................
: 206 ......................................................
: 107 ..............................................
: 122 ..................................................
: 215 ...........................................................
216 .........................................................................................................................
: 217 .............................................................
: 217 .......................................................................
: 219 .......................................................................
: 220 ......................................................................
: 224 ..........................................................
: 224 .........................................................
: 228 ............................................................
: 234 ................................................
: 252 .............................................
: 252 .................................................................................
: 255 ............................................................................
: 260 ...............................................
267 .......................................................................................................................
267 .......................................................................................................
:267 ......................................................................................................... .
:274 ...........................................................................................................:
() 277 ....................................................................................
() 282 ....................................
188 ............................................................................................................
305 .....................................................................................................
( :)2 CIA
50
( :)1 KGB
53
( :)3
55
( :)4 SDECE
56
( :)5
58
( )6
65
( )7
80
( )8
81
( )9
89
( )20
98
( )22
117
( )21 ( ) .
120
( )23
122
( )24
123
( )25 .
128
( )26 .
134
( )27
136
( )28
137
( )29
141
( )10
151
(
) .
(
) ( ).
....
.
.
.
() . (.)1
( :
( )1 2991 .12.4
5
) (.)1
( )
(:)2
. . .
. .
. .
( ) .
.2
.1
( )1
1002 .121
( )2 .123
.1
.4
.3
.2
.
.1
.1
.4 .
:
" "
" "
.
:
( :
)
.
7
.
.
: .
:
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
10
11
(.)1
.
.
:
( )2
. :
(.)3
(.)4
" .
( )5 : 2922 .3
( )6 : 1 3 2921 .13
( )7 . 2
12
:
( )1
.
.
:
.
" .
"(.)2
"
"(.)3
2911.229
( )1 .12
( )2 1001 .190
( )3 .
2994 ,.31
13
()1000 . "
(.)1
. " :
"
()2
"
"( .)3
(221.)
( ) " .
"(.)4
( )1 .
.32
( )2 2924 .11
( )3 - .233
( )4 . .121
14
"
"
()1
( -:
)
()2
" . ( -)
"
()3
"
"(.)4
"
( )1 . 2914 .91
( )2 : 2
2911 .10(:
) . ):
).
( )3 . .121
( )4 2911.20
( )5 2924 .11
15
"(.)1
" .
"(.)2
( :
)(.)3
( " :)Eisentadt
" .
()4
" :
. ( 1300. )
( )1 .22
( )2 .22
( )3 .41
(4) S. N. Eisentadt." The political systems of Empires" New York: Free press of Glencoe. inc.1963
. .233
16
"(.)1
"
"()2
.
. ;
" .
"(.)3
(211-142.)
.
.
" .
.
"(.)4
( )1 2924.22-20
( )2 . 139 1000 .23
( )3 . .239
( )4 2933 .2212-2213
17
.
(2300.).
"" "
"(.)1
( ) .
(400.) .
( : :
) (.)2
" : "
(.)3
" :
"(.)4
( )1 . .231
( )2 21 .230
( )3 2
2991 .90
( )4
18
( )
" "
" . "(.)1
" .
1002.120
( )1 .12
19
"
()1
" .
"
()2
()3
( .)4 "" .
()5
.
.
"
"(.)6
" "LaCite
( )2 2 2922.31
( )3 .2912 ( :
).
( )4 .2231( : ()2100
).
( )5 1 2992 .22
( )6 .21
20
"
"
()1
()2
. .
" :
"
()3
.
()4
""
( )1 2914 .29
( )2 .13
( )3 .22
)(4
Henry Jacoby. The Bureau Organization of the World(Berkeley. Calif; University of
California Press.1973 p.182
. .211
21
(449.) .
" .
()1
(430.
- " .
" (.)2
.
.
( )Hofmeyr "
()3
"
()
()
( )
( )1 : .202
( )2 .92
J. H. Hofmeyr" civil service in Ancient Time: The story of Its Evolution" Puplic
Administration5. NO(1927) p.76-93
. .222
22
)(3
""
"
.
()1
"
" :
()2
"
" .
()3
"
: .
:
.
( )1 .13
( )2 : .10-22
( )3 .201
23
"
: : :
"(.)1
"" .
" .
"()2
"
()3
"
(.312)
(.2431)
( " )Chapman
( )1 . .223-223
( )2 2991.12
( )3 : 20 2939 .21
24
"( .)1
"
"
()2
: : ( ).
: : .
: :
(1) Brain Chapman. The profession of GovernmentLondon: George Allen and Union Ltd.1959
p.12
. .221
( )2 .101
25
". -
()1
"
" .
"
()2
" (1300.)
"(.)3
" :
"
()4
()5
"
( )
( )1 2913 .42
( )2 ( : ) 2
2919 .21
( )3 2913.14
( )4 . .121
( )5 2912 .21
26
(2413) (2433)
"( .)1
.
( - -)
.
: .
. .
. .
. .
( )1 3 2912 .12
27
" .
"
()1
"
( )2
"
.
(2410.)
" :
"
()3
( )1 1001.21
( )2 . 2 /4 2933.11
( )3 .14
28
"
()1
"
"
"
()2
. :
()3
. : ( .)4
( )1 22 2911 .411
:
.113-114
( )2 13 ()
.142111
( )3 .12
( )4
1 2921 .41
29
()1
.
()2
()3
:
( )4 :
( )5
.
.
()6
( )22 ( )44
: :
()7
( )1 . 21 -22 :
( )2 4 2922 .242
( )3 22 2992 .20232
( )4 .11
( )5 .22
(. )6 1000 3(149
).
( )7 . 12
30
:
( .)1
:
:
:
.
()2
:
{}32
:
() 3
:
()4
: :
:
(.)5
. :
(.)6
.
:
( )1 .11
( )2 22 .20220 -20231
( )3 .14 -11
( )4 .44
( )5 .11
( )6 .11
31
() .
:
{ }23
:
()1
:
. :
(.)2
*
:
*
(.)1
:
. :
()3
( : )
()4
:
*
( .)5
.
( )1 .11 -11
( )2 .13
( )3 .41
( )4 22 .20219
( )5 .21 -22
32
()1
:
()2
" .
()3
"
:
()4
:
.... :
()5
:
()6
:
. :
()7
:
( )1 : 2921
.13_13
( )2
.11
( )4
.30
( )3
( )5
( )6
21 2934.111-112
.211
.22
( )7 .91
33
: .
(.)2
()1
.
. :
()4
( )3 :
( )5 ( )6
( )7
()8
()9
( )1 201.
( )2 .100
( )3 .11
( )4 .293
( )5 21 2931 .139
( )6 12199 .119
( )7 2932.121
( )8 .211
( )9 4 3 2914 (.23 :
).
34
(( :
-
()1
" ( )
:
()2
"
"(.)3
()4
()5
.
( )1 .23
( )2 .121
( )3 21 1 2912 .214
( )4 2931 .112
( )5 .112
35
(312)
( :
()1
()2
()3
( : )
( )1
2113 .32
( )2 . . 2
2939.123
( )3 .121
36
(130 -230) .
... .
:
.
()1
(:
()2
()3
()4
.
.
( )1 (.)2
( )2 .111
( )3 .209
( )4 .42
37
()1
(930-120)
()2
()3
" :
.
()4
"
( )1 .211
( )2 . 2913 .12
( )3 . . :
.11
( )4 .19
38
()1
()2
()3
( )1 ( .330 (2112-2232) :
(2103)
(2121)
(2131)).
( )2 21 2934 .191-113
( )3 : 2922 .4
39
(2131).
" ( :
....) .
"
()1
.
.
"
"
()2
(2321)
( )1 2924
.210-219
( )2 .41
40
.
()1
( )2
()3
(2123)
"
()4
"
" .
()5
"
( )1 .2
( )2 .2
( )3 .31
( )4 . 2 1000
.24
( )5 .23
41
(:)1
: .
()
.....( :
.
()2
()3
()2341-2421
( )2341-2334 ( )2212-2341
( )2329-2311 (
()4
( )" .
( )1 .22
( )2 2930.101
( )3 . .92
( )4 2939 .
91.
42
( ) .
()1
"
( : ) ( )
( ) ( )
()2
( ) ( )
.
.
....(: )
()3
"" "
()4
"
()5
"
( )1 .224
( )2 . 99 .
( )3 . . 400 .
200 .
( )4 . .209
( )5 . .129
43
2922
"
"
()1
( )2933 2910
( )2
"
( )2990 2930
"
()3
"
()4
( )1 .110
( )2 . 1003.112
3. Robertson, Global. Culture: National Globalization, and Modernity: A Theory, Culture and
Society Special Issue Edited by Mike Featherstone(London, Newbury Park: Sage
Publication, 1990 p.14-16
.111
( )4 .31
44
2919 "
"
()1
.
"
()2
"
( )1 . .111
( )2 . .224
45
"
"
( )1
"
()2
(2921 -2924)
"(.)3
( )32
( )43 ( )11
()
( )1 .44
( )2 1 2931 .2231
( )3 .081
46
(.)1
(2919)"
"(.)2
"
"(.)3
"
"(.)4
"
"(.)5
"
"(.)6
"
( )1 .414
( )2 .5
( )3 .415
( )4 4114 .77
( )5 .54-50
( )6
.0976 .049
47
"(.)1
"
"(.)2
" ( )33
( )220 "(.)3
( )1
0990.7
( )2 .7
( )3
0980.410
48
.
"
"(.)1
: ()CIA
(2942) .
( ) (2942/9/21)
" "(.)2
( )
(2939/22/11)
":
"(.)3
( . .)
(:)4
.2
.1 .
.3
( )1
0990 4.57
( )2
.4
( )3 . 0
4117.81
( )4 .5
49
.4
.5
( )23
"
"(.)1
()13
"
(2932)
.
. (2931) "( .)2 ( )2
(:)2
CIA
National
Intelligence
Council
DCI
DDCI
Director
Intelligence
Community
Staff
General
Counsel
Executive Director
Comptroller
Inspector
General
Public Affairs
Congressional
Affairs
( )1 .74
.2 .4
Deputy Director
For
Administration
Office of
Deputy Director
For
Intelligence
50
Office of Scientific
Deputy Director
For
& Science
Technology
Office of
Office of Research
Deputy Diroctor
For
Operation
2992 .39-31
51
: ()K.G.B
( . .)
(2922) .
( )OGPU ( )GRU ( )GUGB ()NKBG
( " )MVD
(2934)
(.)1( ")K.G.B
( )GRU .
(..)
"
%20
"
"(.)3
(..) "
"(.)4
"
"
( )1
.77
( )2
.75
( )3
.94
( )4 ( )4-0 0955
.471
52
"(.)1
"
"( .)2 ( )1
...
(:)1
KGB
Fifth Chief
Directorate
Third Chief
Directorate
Second Chief
Directorate
Counter-Subversion
Cheka Joint
Counter-Intelligence
Commission
Agents
GRU Liaison
Matters
First Chief
Directorate
Foreign Intelligence
Records
Ninth Chief
Directorate
Internal
Troops
Kremlin Security
Eight Chief
Directorate
Seventh Chief
Directorate
Investigations
Surveillance
Provincial Garrisons
Prisons
Registration
Economic
Training
Communications
Border Guards
Technical
( )1
.475
( )2
. : .01
53
" . ( : -)3 -
.( -)3 - "(.)1
( - )3 -
.
"
. "(.)2
" .
"( .)3
( .)1001 ( )1
( )1
.0064
( )2 0985 .40
( )3
.009
54
(:)3
Joint Intelligence Staff
Intelligence
Ministry
Inertial
Intelligence
Ministry
Defense
Foreign
Affairs
Intelligence
Immigration
Office
Intelligence
Ministry
& Control
Logistic
Community
& Information
Policy
Department
Passport
Office
Navy
& Air force
Land
Intelligence
community
Foreign
Office
Land Force
Intelligence
Air force
Intelligence
& Scientific
Technical
Intelligence
Community
Navy
Force
Intelligence
Economic
Intelligence
Community
& Research
Document
Department
Economic
Relation-Ship
Department
Security
Department
& Analysis
Information
Department
2913 .41
()"
"(.)1
:
( )1 .047
55
(2123)
(.)1
(2941)
"
"( )2
(.)3
()4
SDECE
Security
Infrastructure
Directorate
Research
Directorate
Military Personnel
Technical Sources
Planning & Analysis
Counter-Espionage
Action Service
Conventional Sources
& Production
Europe
Africa
Far East
Middle East
America
Soviet Bloc
Civilian Personnel
Finance
Training
Logistics
General Services
2992 .256
Foreign
Liaison
( )1 .64
( )2 .047
( )3 .044
56
. ( )4 .
"
"(.)1
(:)2
.2 :
.1 .
.3
.4 .
.5 .
(2932)
:(.)3
"
"(.)4
( )1 .41
( )2 4 0987 .6
( )3 .781
( )4 .444
57
( )3 .
()5
Training
Manpower
Technical
Operations
Technology
Operational
& Planning
Co-Ordination
Research
Finance
Logistics
Security
Political Action
&Liaison
Psychological
Warfare
Special
Operation
Collection
Functional Department
Regional
Controllers
Central America
South America
Eastern Bloc
Africa
Asia & Oceania
Mediterranean & Near East
Europe
North America
2992 .223
.
.....
58
"
"(.)1
(2123)
(.)2
(2122)
( 2112)
(2190) (.)3
(2193)
(.)4
( )1 .
0997.47
(2) Hunter. Juliusk. and Gross. Lynnes. Broadcast News the inside out(USA; The C. V.
mosby company.1980). P.11.
.41
)(3
Gamble. Micheal W. and Gamble. Terikwal.. Introducing mass
communication(USA; MC Grow- Hill. inc..1986). P.163.
)(4
Becker Samuell. Discovering mass communication(USA; Scott. forceman and
company. 2 nd ed.,1987). P.273.
59
(2929)
(.)1()2910
(.)2
(2912) (
(.)3
.
.
(.)4
" .
. .44
(1) Smith. Anthony. The shadow in the cave; The Broadcaster. His Audience. and The
State(Urbana; university of ILLinois Press.1973). P.269.
.44
) (2 .474
)(3
Head. Sydney w. Broadcasting in America Boston; Houghton Miffin Co..1976. P.
P.83.
. .44
( )4 .54-57
60
"(.)1
: /
( .)2
( )1 0 0981 .04
61
( .)1
( .)3
( .)4
( )3
62
( )6
63
: .
: .
: .
: .
64
.
.
.
:
.
65
"
( )Forma .
( )Formatio . ( )Formar
( )in
. ( )Information
. ()informatio
"(.)1
( )Information "
"(.)2
( )1 . 0 4117 .57
( )2 . 4 4114.0668
( )3 . .0095
66
"
( )ontological ( .)Etymologicla
"(.)1
( )intellect
( )intelligence ( )acquaintance
( )commanuication
()annunciation
. (" :)Alter
" ( )5 "
"(.)6
( )Gandhi "
( )1 . .55
( )2 . 0980 .44
(3) Alter. Steven.(Information Systems; Foundation of E- Business)4 th Ed, PrenticeHall, Inc, Newjersey,2002, P.70.
1002 .40
)(4
O' Brien, J. A(Introduction to Information systems; Essentilas for The internet
worked Enterprise)9 th Ed, Mcgraw- Hill companies, Inc, USA.2000. P.27.
.40
)(5
Loudon k. c& Loudon J. P(Management Information Systems) Prentice- Hall,
NewJersey,2001, P.7
1004 .29
( )6 08 ()4-0
.4110/
67
"(.)2
( .)Boddy et al " :
"(.)3
":
"(.)4
( )Fernandez " :
)(1
&Boddy, D. Boonstera, A,
)(3
)(5
"(.)1
" :
"(.)2
()Debons ":
"(:)3
: .
: .
: .
":
"(.)4
" :
"( .)5
" :
"(.)6
" :
( )1 . 46544 :
.094
( )2 . 4111
.055
)(3
( )4 0977 .
0999 .79
( )5
. .0990
( )6
0 0974.040
69
"(.)1
" :
"(.)2
(:)3
:
.
:
"
"(.)4
.
( )1
4 .0984 .487
( )2 54
0994.4
( )3 . .56
(4) Yuexiao, Zhang. Defintinition and Science of Information. Information Proccessing
and Management, vol.24. no.4,1988. PP.479-491 .
. 10.
70
()
.
"
"( )1
"
"(:)2
. :
"
"(.)3
. :
- -
.
. :
( )1 . .46-45
( )2 . : .0998 74
( )3 . .76
71
" :
"( . )1 .
.
.
"
()2
. "
" :
"(. )3 ( ) "
"(.)4
( )1
. .0994 54 .
( )2
0984.79
Bell, D.,(The coming of Post Industrial Socity), New York: BasicBooks, 1973. P.12.
Poster, M,(The Mode of Information), The University of Chicago Press. 1990 P.123
-157.
72
)(3
)(4
"
"(.)1
( " )1000
"(.)2
- "
"(.)3
( )McGarry
(:)4
: .
: .
: .
: .
)(1
Loytard J- f,(The Post Modern Condition, Trans. Geoff Bennington and Brain
Massumi, Minneapolis; University of Minneasota Press. 1984. P.4
)(2
Masuda Y.(The Information Technology Revolution) Oxford, Blackwell, 1985,
PP.620-634
(3) Toffler, A.,(Third Wave) Bantam Books, 1980, p5.
)(4
McGarry, K. J(Changing Context of Information; An Introductory Analysis).
London, Bingley, 1981 .
. 12.
73
: .
: .
(:)1
: :
: :
" ;
"(.)2
: :
". ()
.
"(.)3
: :
( )1 . .51
( )2 . .71
( )3 . 0989 .09
74
: :
"
"(.)1
: :
: " :
"(.)2
( )%200
.
: :
" :
"( .)3
: :
.
( )1
. .70
( )2
.70
( )3
.74
75
: :
. .
( .).....
"... "(:)1
: :
/ .
"
( )1 .0064
76
"(:)1
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. -
. - -
- .
: :
:
. .
. .
. .
. .
: :
:
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
( )1 .450
77
" :
- - "( .)1"
"(.)2
" : " .
( : ) ;
" "(.)4
"
;
"(.)5
":
( )1
7 0 0996 .714
( )2
.714
( )3
.07
( )4 7
4115.4741
( )5
. . . 0
4111 07 .
78
"(.)1
"
"( .)2
"
"(.)3
( 2941)
" :
. "( .)4
( )12
.
( )1 0988 .05
( )2 0994 .77
( )3 0987 .58
( )4 . . . .71-05
79
( )7
On line
CD rom
Offline
. . . : 1000 12 - 23
80
( )8
( --
)
. : 2914 . 14
" :
"(.)1
%99-93
"
%20 "(.)2
( )1 . 0984 .41-78
( )2 . 0984 .086-075
81
( )210
"(.)1
"
"(.)2
" "(:)3
:
.
( .)2 :
( - ..... )
.
( .)1 :
. :
( - -
..... ) :
( .)2 ( : ....).
( .)1 ( : - .....).
( .)1 .
( .)4( : .....).
( .)3 ( : -
- ).
( )1 0
0990 .07
( )2
. .70
( )3
.7
82
...... .
83
( -)
. .
( )Turban&potter " :
"( .)1
( ) Fernandez " : :
.
Turban, , Rainer, dr. R. Kelly. , & Potter, Richard E. , Introduction to Information
Technology, Acid Free paper U. S. A.2001 .
.29
84
)(1
"(. )1
()Daft "
"(.)2
" :
"(.)3
( )Vail " :
"(.)4
( )Badarco " :
"(.)6
" :
"(.)7
)(1
Fernandez etal,. Fernandez, I. B., Gonzales, A,& Sabherwal, R. " Know Lealge
Management; Challenges, Soulution, and Teehnogies" Ied, Pearson Prentice Hall,
New Jersey,2004. P.12-13
.31
(2) Daft, L. Richard(Organization Theory and Design), South- Western, Collage Pub.
Cincimanti, Ohio.2001, P258
.10
( )3 , , ( ,)08 (.)4-0
.4110
)(4
Vail, Edmond F.,(Knowledge Mapping Getting Standard With Knowledge
Management), ISM,1999, p.16.
. .24
(5) Ludon Keneth and Ludon Clane,(Management Information Systems)7 th Ed, India
Person Education,2002.
.24
(6) Badarco, Joseph L,.(The Knowledge Link), Harvard Businss School, USA,1991
. ..24
( )7 , .4114 .41
85
"
"(.)2
"
"(.)3
"
"(.)5
(" )Ludon&Ludon :
( )Know-How
"(.)6
( )1 . .05
( )2 0 0998 .44
(3) Hitt, Michal A, Ireland R, Hoskissom, (Strategy Management), USA, 2001. P20
.11
( )4 . .06
)(5
Robbins, Stephen P.,(Organization Behavior),9 th Ed, Eighteenth Printing.2001,
P.399 .
.11
(6) Ludon& Ludon Kenneth,(Management Information Systems), 6 th Ed. USA.2000,
P434-435 .
.11
86
"
"(.)1
( )Ganard&Newman " :
"(.)6
( )1 . : .06
)(2
Newman& Ganard,(A Frame Work For Characterizing Knowledge Management,
Method, Practice and Technologies), George Washington University.2000
.3
(3) Burger, P;(Critical Success Factors of Knowledge Management in the government
Enterprises; Acase Study of Success At The Apartment of Commerce), Department
of Commerce, USA, www. systaley. com,2003. P.2-3
1003 .14
)(4
TomBackman;(Creating Business Valu From Knowledge Management,
Management, Concept) Viennapub., Virginia, USA.2001
.3
(5) Khanddwal K.(Aknowledge Management Survey of Australian Lawfirms), University
of Western Sydney, Australia,2003. P.3-4
.14
( )6 .102
87
( )Hafner ":
( )Mertins&Vorbeck " :
"( .)3 ( )Heylighen&Others :
"
"(.)5
Hafner, A.,(Knowledges Blindsbot; Asystem Theory Prespective On Knowledge
Creation and Learning) Austruraliawww. oecd. org,2003. P.1-3
.14
)(1
( )2 ,
,( ,)8(4110 )45.048
(3) Mertins K.& Heisig P. Vorbeck,(Knowledge Management; Best Practice in Urpe),
Springer Verly Pub. Heidelberg, Berlin.2001. P.76-77
.3
(4) Heylighen& Others, Epistemology, Brincibia Cybenelica,1995. P2-3
.13
(5) Brian, N, (Modeling Knowledge Management) Santaclara" CA" March, 1999, P.6667
.40
88
( )
( )9 .
( )9
( )1 . .76-75
89
90
.
. ( )Alter
" : "(.)1
( )Ian " :
"(.)2
( )Wit&Meyer " : :-
)why ( )Know-when
"( .)3
()4
( )Sveiby ":
()5
"
( )Awad&Chaziri ":
Alter, Steven,(Information Systems; Foundation of E- Businss)4 th Ed, PrenticeHall. Inc, New Jerseym2002, P.70
31
Ian, W.,(Applying Knowledge Management; Technikues For Building Corporate
Memories)., Boston,2003. P.7
.31
Wit, Bobde, Meyer, Ron,& Heugems, (Strategy" Process, Content, Context",2 nd
Ed, Italy,1998
.29
Drew, S.,(Building Knowledge Management into Strategy; Making Sence of Anew
Prespective), Long Rang Plamming32(1),1999 P130-136
.33
Sveiby, K. E,(The New Organization Wealth; Management and Measuring
Knowledge Based A ssets), Berrett, Koahier Puplishers, Inc SanFrancisco,1997.
.24
91
)(1
)(2
)(3
)(4
)(5
"(.)1
( )Mcnurlin&Spragw " : -
"(.)2
( )Yogesh " :
"(.)5
"
(.)6
"
()zack
"
: :
:
)(1
Awad, EM.& Ghaziri, HM,(Knowledge Management) 1 st Ed, Pearson PrenticeHall, Inc, New Jersy,2004. P.47
.78
(2) Mcnurlin, Barbara C& Spragu E, Jr RalPh H,(Information Systems Management in
Practice)4 th Ed, USA.1998
.29
(3) Yogesh, M,(What is The Definition of Knowledge Management Forbes),1998. P.27
.11
( )4 4114/0
.41
)(5
Turban, E Fraim, Rainer, Dr, R. Kelly,& Botter Richard. E(Introduction To The
Information Technology), Acid Free Paper, USA,2001, P.340
.29
( )6 , ,
, .)4117(
92
"( .)1
" ( )
"(.)2
(.)3
" :
"(.)4
Califoruia
)(1
.39
( )2
)4111(..71
( )3
, )0996( .061-055
( )4
. .75
93
94
.
.
. .
.
:
.
" : :
: "( .)1
" :
( )1 4.447
95
"( .)1
" : "(.)2
: . : ,
: " . :
"(.)6
"
"(.)7
: ,
. :
" . "(.)8
( )Intelligence
:
.
( )1
8 .404 -401
( )2
0965 00.045
( )4
( )5
.477
( )6
( )3
( )7
.045
.64
( )8
0984 .87
96
(2933) :
(.)1
( .)2
: .
( .)3
:
(.)4
:
( .)5
(:)6
: .
: .
: .
( )20
( )1 .77
( )2 .40
( )3 .46
( )4 .45
( )5 .00
( )6 .5
97
( )20
"
"
"(.)3
( )1 .64
( )2 .64
( )3 0978 .750
98
"
"( .)1
" :
"(.)2
(:)3
: :
" :
.
, "(.)4
: "
:
"(.)5
( )1 .01
( )2 .07
( )3 .4
( )4 .48
( )5 .47
99
"
"(.)1
" :
"(.)2
.
.
"
( )1 .4
( )2 .74
100
"( .)1
(.)2
( )
" .
"(.)3
:
:
"
"( .)4
( )1 . .9
( )2 0970 9 .
( )3 5 .
( )4 . (
)04 0 0991 .07-06
101
"
"(.)1
" .
"(:)2
. .
. .
:
.
:
" ( )
"(.)3
( )1 .465
( )2
4111.74
( )3 .54
102
" ( ) .
"(.)1
"
"(.)2
" ( )CIA
1001
"(.)3
( )1 .468
( )2 .74
( )3 .709
103
104
. :
" .
"(.)1
"
( )1 . .76
105
( ) Daft" :
"(.)2
" :
"(.)3
( )Boddy et al " :
"(.)4
" :
.)7(:
( )1 . . 4118.047
(2) Daft, Richard L.,." Organation Theory And Design",9/ d., South- Western College
Publishing, U. S. A. 2001, P199
.41
( )3 . .57
(4) Boddy, D., boonstra, A., & Kennedy, G.,. " Management Information Systems:
An Organization perspective",1/ d., Prentice- Hall, Inc., U. K. 2002, P.29
.41
( )5 . . 0
4118.470
(6) Hellriegel, D., Slocum, Jr.,& Woodman, R. W.,." Organizational Behavior", 9/ d.,
South- Western College Publishing, U. S. A. 2001. P.393
.42
( )7
.. .048
106
( )Ludon&Ludon " :
"( . )1 " :
"(.)2
( ) O'Brien ":
"(.)3
" :
"(.)4
" :
)(1
( )2 . : .055
)(3
O' Brien, J. A., 2000." Introduction to Information Systems: Essentials for the
Internet worked Enterprise", 9/ d., McGraw- Hill Companies, Inc., U. S. A
.44
( )4 4117
.40
107
(.)1
. :
"
"( .)2
.
"
"(.)3
"
"( .)4
"
"(.)5
( )1
4114.044
( )2
0999 44.
( )3
.45
( )4
. . .470
Mata, F, Fuerst,
)(5
.)1(:
(.)2
"
"(.)3
Competitive ad Vantge; A Resource- Based Analysis. MisQuarterly"19(4). P.487-505
.42
( )1 . .56
( )2 . 4114-040
.049
( )3 0990.745
109
"
: "(.)1
" :
"(.)4
" :
"(.)5
: "
( )1 .
4117.490
( )2 .
4117 .447
( )3
.0991
( )4 .
0997.05
( )5
.448
110
"(.)1
( :
.
)
( )
( )
( )1
.449
111
: ... .
: .
: .
:
112
.
.
113
...
( )
.
( )Strategy ( )Strato
( )Strategos (.)1
( 9871)
(.)2
)(1
.. 1003 .22
(2) The International Developmemt Strategy, First Over eail Review and Appraisal of
Liss Use Policies, Report of The Secretary, United Nations, New York,1973, P7 .
114
...
( )Chandler " :
(.)2
( )Steiner (:)3
:
: .
: .
: .
: .
" :
.. .21
)(1
Chandler, A,(Strategy and Structure; Chapters in the History of American
Industrial Enterprise) Cambridge; Mit Press, 1963, p.13 .
.
1002 .232
)(2
Mintzberg, Henry(The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning) Prentic- Hall Europe,
1987. P11-12 .
.231
(3) Steiner G., and Miner J,(Management Policy and Strategy)2 nd Ed Macmillanpub,
1980, P.15 .
.
115
"(.)3
, () " :
"(.)5
" :
"( .)6
" :
"(.)7
,
.
( )1 . .90
(2) Andrews, Kenneth(The Concept of Corporate Strategy)2 nd Ed, Dow- Jones Irwin,
1980 P.17-19 .
. .231
Porter M.,(Competitive Advantage) N. Y Free Press, 1996, P.62
. .90
)(3
( )4 : .81
(5) B. H. L. Hart,(Strategy, The Indirect Approach) London, Faber,1966, P.334
. . .29
( )6 . 0967 .05-07
( )7 . . .47
116
. :
( )99 .
( )22
(
)
()
( )
117
( .)1
" :
,
"(.)2
" :
( )3
, "
" : ,
, "( .)4
" : "(.)5
" :
"(.)6
(.)7
( )1 0995
.5
( )2 04.4110
( )3 0986 .46
( )4 .8
( )5 0977
.45
( )6 ,0974 .45
( )7 . 0988 71.
118
"
.
:
".
( )1
. :
.
" .
"(.)2
"
"(.)3
( :
, , ) (.)4
"
( )1 .. .48
( )2 .46
( )3 .47
( )4 .. 49 .
119
. "(.)1
( )
. ( ) :
( - -)
, . ( )91
.
()21
( ) .
.
( )1 .71
120
.
:
"
"(.)1
"
"(.)2
"
"(.)3
.
( )1 . . .40
( )2 . .96
( )3
4111.8-7
121
"
"(.)1
" ,
( )23
( )
.
.
( )1 . .94
( )2 .95
122
" .
( )
"(.)1
( )PESTLE ( )
"
"(.)2
" .
"(.)3
( )
(.)4 ( )91 .
( )24
( )1 .
4115 .747-744
( )2 . .94
( )3 . . .474
( )4 .
123
(.)1
( )1 . .95
124
.
.
"
"(.)1
"
"(.)2
( )1 .7
( )2
,0988,.71
125
"
"(.)1
.
.
"
"(.)2
"
"(.)3
" :
"( )4
( ) . " :
( )1
. . .7
( )2 . 0979 .709
)(3
Campo, Filemon" Business Policy and Strategy", Change, N. Y, GoodYear
Publishing, 1980, P19.
. . .3
)(4
Jones Harry, " Prepairing Company Plans: A Work Book for Effective Co- operate
Planning", N. Y, Wily, 1974, P.3 .
.3
126
"( .)1
" :
"( .)2
. " :
" (:)4
.9 :
.1 :
.1 :
.1 :
.
.
":
( )1 . . . .79
)(2
Hussy, David," Co- operate Plannig: Theory and Practice", Pergamen Press
OxFord, 1982, P3 .
. . ,.3
( )3 . .76
(4) Steiner, G.," Strategic Planning: What Every Manager Must Know?", N.Y, The Free
Press, 1979. P71.
. . .1
127
"(.)1
" "
()2
( ) .
"(.)3
( )
.
(.)4
( )91 ...
( )25 .
( )1 . .8
( )2 . . . .084
( )3 .084
( )4 . . .01
128
------------------
. 2007 .11
" ...
"(.)1
(.)2
( )1 57 0994 .08
( )2
01 0995 .45
129
. .
(.)1
( .)9 .
( .)1 .
( .)1 .
(.)2
.
.
(.)3
.1 : .
.
( .)...
.2 .
( )1 . .. .41
(2) Bean Williamc.," Strategic Planning That Makes Things Happy", Human Resources
Development Press, Inc,1993, P25-30 .
. . .11
( )3 . . . .44
130
.3
.4
.5
.6 .
.7
. .
.8
"
"( .)1
( )1 . . .474
131
" .
..
.. - ..
.. ..
"
.
"(.)3
( )1 . . .69
( )2 . . . .475
( )3 .008
132
"
"(.)1
"
"(.)2
"
( )3
".
(:)4
.1 .
.2 .
. .
.3 .
( )1 . . .40
( )2 . . .07
( )3 . .741
( )4 . . .09
133
.4 . .
.
.1 . .
.6 .
.7 . .
.8 .
.9 .
.10 . .
. ( )91 .
( )26 .
134
(:)1
. .
. .
. .
( )98
.
( )1 . . .55
135
( )27
"
"( )1
( )97 .
( )1 . 4105
4117 4.8
136
( )28
/
/
/ /
/
/
/ /
137
. ( )
: (
) (
.
:
()98.
138
.
.
.
.
.
139
( .)1
:
( )2
( )Policy ( )Police
( )City State "
"( .)3 "
"( .)4
"
"(.)5
" :
"( .)6
( )1
. . .46
( )2
.54
( )3 4117
.05
( )4
.047
( )5
.05
( )6 .05
140
":
"(.)1
":
"( )2 ":
"(.)3
":
"( )4 ":
"( .)5
(:)6
: ,
: .
. ":
( )1 . 0989 .060
( )2 .05
( )3 .
(4) Alan. R. Gitelson& Robert l. Dudly& Melvin: Dubinch, American Government,3 rd
Edition, Boston, Hughton Mifflin Company, 1993, P427
. 2
1002.13
)(5
James E. Anderson, " Public Policy Making", 3 rd Edition, NY, CBS College
Publishing, 1981, P30-31.
.13
)(6
Robert T. Nakamura& Frank Smallwood," The Politics of Policy Implementation",
NY. ST, Martins Press INC, 1980, P2
.13
141
"(.)2
"
"(.)4
.
" .
"(.)5
"
( )1 . 0994 .404
( )2 0987 .764
( )3 . . .47
( )4 .778
( )5 481
.778
142
"(.)1
"
"( .)2
"
" .
" "(.)3
.
.
(:)4
: .
.
.
: .
.
( )1 .789
( )2 . 08
( )3 047
0996.85
( )4 . . .44
143
: .
" .
"(.)1
(.)2
: . "
" .
"
" .
.
: .
" "
:
.
. .
( )1 .778
( )2
4117 .44
144
"
"(.)1
"
"( .)2
.
"
"(.)3
"
. "(.)4
( )1 .44
( )2
4117 .015
( )3 . . .71
( )4 .015
145
(:)1
.
: .
:
.
: .
: " "
"
"(.)2
1007
" .
( )1 .016
( )2 .
146
"(.)1
"
"(.)2
"
"(.)3
" :
"(.)4
....
( )1 . 0991 .066
( )2 .
,4117 .487
( )3 .490-488
( )4 0990 0994 .48
147
"(.)1
"
"(.)2
"
"(.)3
"
"(.)4
"
: "( .)5
.
Loytard, J. F, (The Post Modern Condition), Trans., Geoff Bonnington and Brain
Massumi, Minneoplis: University of Minneasot press.1984 pp.5.
( )2 . .799
( )3 77 .741
( )4 . 0998 470.45
( )5
. .475
148
)(1
" ( )1121
"(.)1
"
"(.)2
"
"(.)3
( )1
. 0988 .047
( )2 . : -
0997 047 .
( )3
. . 0999 .47
149
150
"
"(.)1
( ) " "(.)2
.
:
( )" .
( )1 ( )78
4114.7
( )2 0991 .040
151
"(.)1
"
"(.)2
"
( )...
"(.)3
.
.
" .
"(.)4
"
. "(.)5
( )
( )1 . 0990 .095
( )2 .
( )3
047 .017-014
. .095
( )4 _ 08 40991
.074
( )5 0997
.081
152
" 9119
...
( )
"(.)1
"
"( . )2 "
"( .)3
"
(
Strategic
)Defence Initiative
"(.)4
( )1
0998 .079
( )2 . 770994
015 .
( )3 .
.015
( )4 . .58
153
( ).
.
"
"(:)1
.1
.2
.3
.
.
( )1 0
4114.76-74
154
.4
"
"(.)1
.5 "
"(.)2
.6 "
"(.)3
.7 "
. "(.)4
.8
.9 "
"(.)5
.10 "
"(.)6
( )1 007
0994 .67
( )2
.0995
( )3 . .018
( )4 . .
( )5 . .754
( )6 . .018
155
.11 "
"(.)1
(:)2
.9 .
9117 " ".
.1
.1 "
"(.)3
.1 "
"(.)4
.1
"
( )1 .410
( )2 - .41-78
( )3 . .78
( )4 . .011
156
"(.)1
.1
.
.
.8
" .
.
"(.)2
.7
( ) "
"( .)3
.1
"
"( .)4
( )1 . .78
( )2 . 0997 .54
( )3 . .87
P. F. Druker, " Past Captilist Society", Ox Ford, Cloys Ltdm1994
. .132
157
)(4
.90 ()
" )....
"(.)1
( )
. ( )1
".
( )1 . 0989 .8-7
159
"(.)1
.
"
"(.)2
" .
".
( )3
"
"(.)4
. -
- .
. -
.
( )1 . 0986 .71-09
( )2 . 0988 .70-71
( )3 . 047 0991.8
( )4 .040
160
"
.. -
"(.)1
"
"(:)2
.9 : 9191
9191 . 9101
.1 .
.1 :
.
(:)3
. .
. .
. .
" ( )
"(.)4
( )1 .
4114.81
( )2 .
( )3
0988 .81
.81
( )4 0998
.80
161
(:)1
.9 .
.
.
( )
" .
"(.)2
.1 .. .
. "
"(.)3
9111
( )1
. .87
( )2 0956 0997.57
( )3 . .8
162
"(.)1
"
"( .)2
" "(.)3
( .)4
( )5
. .
( )1 : 0995 57
0997.5
( )2
0995 0.94-84
( )3 :
0998
.065
( )4 . .
4115.774
( )5
. .45
163
. (:)1
.
)" .
"( .)2
.
"
.
( )3
".
.
.
.
"
. "(.)4
(:)5
: .
: .
: .
: .
( )1 . 70 . .
.774
( )2
. .09
( )3
4116.90
( )4 . .09
( )5 .90
164
: .
"
"(.)1
"
"(.)2
.
()3
. :
: :
(Engineering
)Genetic
( .)4
" .
"(.)5
: :
(:)6
( )1 . .018
( )2 .415
( )3 .67
( )4 . .44
( )5 .69
( )6 . ,0987 .000
165
. .
. ( )
. .
. .
.
(:)1
( )1 . . 4117 .58-57
166
: .
(:)1
. .
.
.
.
. .
" .
"( .)2
(
).... .
.
( )1 .65
( )2 .66
167
168
.
.
( )1
" 71
"(.)2
. (.)3
(.)4( )Robot
1.8 180
.
980 .
(:)5
.9 .
.
( )1 . .84
( )2 . .46-44
( )3 . . .781
( )4 . .85
( )5 . . .781
169
.1 9700
"
"( .)2
. :
.9 .
.1
. .
( )Recycle
(.)3
.1
: .
.1 ( )....
( .)....
.
.1
.1 ( .)4
( )1
.780
( )2 .64
( )3 . .78
( )4 . .76-66
170
"
"( .)1
" .
"(.)2
( .)3 .
"
"(.)4
" .
"(.)5
.
.
( )1 .65
( )2 . .45
( )3 . .07
( )4 . .08
( )5 . . .785
171
"
"(.)1
"
"(.)2
. ( )91
. 9181 ( ) 99 71
(.)1
" .
"(.)2
( )( .)3
. .
9111
( .)4
1000
. 1007
( )1 . 81 .
.770
( )2 . 7
( )3
0999 .87
. 095 . .775
( )4 . 474
.0999
173
(:)1
: .
.
.
: .
.
.
: .
.
.
. .
: .
: .
: . .
: .
: .
"
- ".
: .
. .
( )1 .057-056
174
. .
(.)1
"
"(.)2
( )1
.40
( )2
. 4114 .95
175
176
:
.
.
( .)1
"
"..... .
" : "( )2
" : "( )3
( )1 0988 .07
( )2
0968 .47
( )3
0976.799
177
"( )2
" :
"(.)3
"
."....
. ( .)4
(:)5
: .
: .
: .
: .
: .
( )1
.48
( )2
.797
( )3
( )4
.. .77
( )5 .
0968 .07-06
178
(.)1
(.)2
(.)3
(.)4
" :
".
( )1 . . .78
( )2 .79
( )3 . - 0988 .7
( )4 .7
179
(.)1
.
.
. (:)2
: :
).
: :
(:)3
. .
. .
( )1 . .777
( )2 . . .47
( )3 .44
180
. .
: : (
).
: :
: :
: :
(:)1
: : ,
: .
: .
: .
( )1 .074
181
(.)1
(
)....
" "(.)2
9119 :
(:)3
. :
. .
. :
"
"(.)4
"
"( .)5
( )1 .
( )2 .075
( )3 - .058
( )4 .071
( )5 . .48
182
" .
"(.)1
(:)2
" ".
.
"
"
( )1 .019
( )2 .044
183
()
" .
"( .)1
"
"(.)2
" (
"(.)3
(:)4
: .
: .
" .
( )1 .410
( )2 0985 .44
( )3 .
( )4 .414
184
"(.)1
"
"(.)2
, " .
"(.)3
"
"(.)4
"
"(.)5
( )1
0985 .05
( )2
. .447
( )3
4111 07.074
( )5
( )4
0988 .74
0991.04
185
. (:)1
. .
.
9119 " .
"(.)2
.
.
. .
"
"(.)3
"
( )1 . . 01 0998 .44
( )2 - .077
( )3 .415
186
"(.)1
1001
.
"
"(.)3
" :
"(.)4
.
.
"
( )1 .416
( )2 - .058
( )3 .074
( )4 .064
187
"(.)1
(:)2
: .
.
:
: .
: .
(:)3
( )181
( )91
.
( )1
0990 .47
( )2
. .45
( )3
.46
188
".
"(.)1
"
"(.)2
9119
(:)3
. " "KH-11 .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
.
.
"
.
:
( )1 .65
( )2 .66
( )3 - .065
189
"(.)1
" "
.
.
(.)2
9119
)(.)3
( ) 9111 (
( )1 . .448
( )2 .777
( )3 4 4 0967 .98
190
(.)1
( )
( 7 )9111
( :
.
)( .)2 . (
)(.)3
( .)4 (
)(.)5
(.)6
.
( )1 .99
( )2 .011
( )3 . 0 0974 .417
( )4 . 0979 .7
( )5 0 0977 .767
( )6
- .7
191
(:)1
.1
. .
. .
. - ( )
. .
.2 - :
. -
.
. .
. .
.
. .
. - .
.3 , :
. .
. .
( )1
4117
.90
192
. .
:
:
: (.)1
"
( )2
"
"
. ""
(.)3
.
(.)4
( )1 0411 .047
( )2 .077
( )3 .074
( )4 .076
193
.
.
(.)1
( .)1 :
(.)3
(" )9111-9711
"
( )1 .744
( )2 4111
.008
( )3 . .
4116 /0.07
194
" ".
( )9111-9711
( )1 "
" 9117":
"( )2 "
( .)3 "
"( )4 "
"( )6 . . :"
" ""
"(.)7
( )1
.747
( )3
. 0998 .00
( )4
. 0991 .5
( )2
( )5
.747
. 0989 .50
( )6 01 . .
.54
( )7
. .44
195
(.)1
.
.
(.)2
(.)3
( .)2 :
.
.
( )......
( )1 .
0979.475
( )2
.774
( )3
. . .44
196
(.)1
1 9181
(.)2
(.)3
(.)4
(.)5
(.)6
( )1 0 0967 -04
.07
( )2
. 4114 .441
( )3 . . .078
( )4 .079
( )5 .749
( )6 .50
197
. .
(.)1
(.)2
(.)3
.9
.1
.1
.1
(.)4
( )1 .4
( )2 .774
( )3 .415
( )4 . .450
198
.1
. .
199
(.)1
.
:
( )1 . .488
200
(.)1
( .)2
(.)3
" : - -
"( )4
"(.)5
( )1 . .455
( )2 .040
( )3 . .488
( )4 . .467
( )5 .
201
(.)1
(.)2
" :
" .
(:)3
:
.
( )1 .5
( )2 . .464
( )3 - .074
202
: .
"
"
(.)1
(:)2
. .
.
" "Fire and Forget
( )3
( )1 .017
( )2 .047
( )3 0994 .788
203
(.)1
"
"
(.)2
:
(.)3
.
" :
"
( )1 .44
( )2 .
4117 .484
( )3 . .481
204
.
.
.
.
.
.
205
- (2191)
( )2121-2231
1 (2121) " :
()2
.
:
.
( )2 . 1 1003 .11
206
(.)1
(.)2
: : .
: :
: :
( )2943-2919
( )1 . 0 0987
.46
( )2
. .48
207
(.)1
(..)
(.)2
(.)3
( )1
. .64
( )2
4117 .40
( )3
. .50
208
( )
(.)1
(. )2
( )
.
()900
( ) ( .)3
1001 ()910
.
( )1 0988 .041
( )2 0989 .44
( )3 4117 .09
209
(.)1
( )1 ""
( )821
( )11
( )99 (.)2
. ( )9119
" :
"(.)3
( )9119
(.)4
: .
( )1 4117 .41
( )2 .
( )3 .011
( ) 9
9117 .7
( )4 06 .07
210
: .
: .
: .
: .
"
.
"
( )9
" .
"
( )1
"
(
) "
()1
( 9119)
"
10 (1001)
211
99 ( )1009
"
( )9
"
()1
"
( ).
( ) .
()9
. .11
()1
9111 .1
212
(.)1
1009
(.)2
" : " .
.
" " ( ) :
1009
9119
(.)3
1009 (:)4
: :
( .)9 .
( .)1 :
- .
.( )1 .016
( )2 4110 4117
.41
( )3 7 4115.45
( )4 .017
213
( .)1
: :
( .)9 : .
( .)1 : .
( .)1 : .
: :
( .)9 :.
( .)1 :.
( .)1 : .
: :
( .)9 .
( .)1 (
) .
( .)1 ( )
( )
214
: .
: .
:
.
215
" "... .
216
"
( )1 . 4
0979.068
( )2 . 0975 .747
( )3 . .068
217
"( )2
"
"( )3 "
"( )4 "
"(.)6
"
Glueck, W. F& Jauch, L. R1979" BusinessPolicy& Strategic Management"(4 th. Ed),
)(1
.224-221
)(2
( )4
.0989
( )5 ( )
.4110
)(6
"(.)1
.
.
"
"(.)2
"
"(.)3
"
"( )4
( )1
.0998
( )2 . .77
( )3 (.0997)0
( )4 . .. .57
219
"
"(.)1
"
"(.)2
(:)4
: :
.
( )1 . .74
)(2
Huczynski, Anrzej& Buchanan, David,2001,p.337, Organizational BehaviorAnitroductory text, 4 th. Ed, Rotolito Lombarda, Italy .
1004 12
)(3
boseman clenn& phatak, Arvind(Stratigic Management) Text cases2 ndED,
NewYork, Johnwily& sons,1989 p.6-14
222
( )4
0997 .05-04
220
: :
: :
: :
: :
.
.
: :
.
.
: :
(:)1
( )1 . 44 .
221
. .
. .
. .
( )2
()2
()
()
222
()
()
.46
223
( )
"
"( .)1
(:)2
:
( )1 . - 0 4110 .405
( )2 . .045
224
" :
.
"(.)1
"( )2
Charles Hermann" Decision Structure and Process Influence of Foreign Policy" In:
Maurice A- East, Stephen A. Salmore and Charles F. Hermann, eds., Why Nation
Act: Theoretical Prespective For Comparative Policy Studies(Beverly Hills, Calif:
Saq Publications, 1978, P69-70
. .212
)(1
)(2
225
()1
. "".
. " ".
" "()2
(:)3
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
: :
"
"(.)4
)(1
: :
"
"(.)1
2992
"(.)2
.
( )
"
"(.)3
.
.210
Stoner J. A. Elal, Op. Cit. P17
( )2 0994 .9
( )3 .
227
)(1
"
"(.)1
.
"
"(.)2
" .
"(.)3
"
"(.)4
( )1 . .047
)(2
Ross. Joel. E.1970. " Management By Information System", N. Jersey,
Englewooe: Gliffs, Printice- Hall, Inc, P7.
)(3
Norton, R- L. 1966 " Information Management the Dynamic of Mis", N. Y., P47
.214
( )4 04115
.064
228
" . .
"(.)1
"
"(.)2
"" "
"(.)3
."
"(.)4
( )1 .066
( )2
0988 .64
3. Lucas, Henry. G. 1978." Informaton System Concept For Management", N. Y. AC
Craw- Hill Book Co, P15.
(4) Mcgrall, George R. 1974" Information For Small Business", Managerial Planning,
P32
229
"
"(.)1
"
"(.)2
:
.
( :)3
. .214
( )1
0 0987 .75-74
( )2 00
0984.75
( )3 .
4116.47
230
.
.
. "
"
. .)1(:
.
.
: .
.
.
( )1 0977 .7
231
.
.
(:)1
: .
: .
: .
(:)2
: .
( )1
0997 .
( )2 .0998 .459
232
: .
: .
: .
: .
: .
(:)1
: .
: .
: .
: .
: .
: .
: .
: .
: .
: .
......
(:)2
: .
: .
: .
: .
: .
: .
( )1 0
4116 .85
( )2 .07
233
(:)1
: .
.
:
.
: .
":
"( )2 "
( )
"( .)3
" " .
( )1 0 7
.0996
)(2
March, J.& Olsen, J.1976" Amdiguity and Choice in Organizations" Universities
Porlaget, Bergen, Norway
. .211
( )3
0991
.00
234
"(.)1
:
"
"(.)2
. " :
:
"(.)3
" .
. "(.)4
" .
)..... "(.)5
.
Herman," Decision structure and process in fluenes on foragn policy," p.71
. .243
)(1
( )2 . 0987 .40
( )3
.488
( )4 4111
.04
( )5 .047
( )6 0998 .458
235
(-:)1
: .
(:)2
: .
: .
. .
. .
. .
. .
..
..
..
()
.
()
.
( )7 .
. 497
( )4 .
236
.719
"" ""
"(.)1
" :
" .
"(.)2
.
.
"
"(.)3
2933
(:)4
: .
( )1 . .768
( )2 . .064-054
( )3 . .059
( )4 .
0985 .747-746
237
: .
: .
1001 .
1002
"
"(.)1
( )1 4111 07.48
238
.
"
"(.)1
( )1 . 769.
239
. .
"
"(.)1
( : )
"
"(.)2
(:)3
: :
: :
: :
( )29
.
( )29
( )1 . .447
( )2 .
0994.74
( )3 77 . .99
240
" "
.
.
241
(:)1
: .
. ( )29
.
: .
: .
. " "
" " .
" :
".
(:)2
( )1 .77
( )2 0997 -791
.797
242
(. ) " :
"....
" : "(.)1
(:)2
: .
: :
: :
( ) . (:)3
: :
. .
"
( )1 . .769
( )2 . 0997 54
.46 -45
( )3 .44
243
"(.)1
: :
() "
"(.)2
: :
( ) .
( :
) .
.
" .
"(.)3
( )1 . .774
( )2 .
( )3 .74
244
,
"
,"(.)1
: : "
"(.)2
(:)3
. :
. :
(.)4
. :
(.)5
. :
( )1 . .497
( )2 55
0987.008
( )3 . .014
R ober E challahan and HarryR. knudsen Under standing organizational Behavior
coulombows Ohio, Howell company MerrillPublishing Co, 1986. p.262
.201
( )5 . .79
245
)(4
. :
(.)1
( )2
( ).
" / "(.)3
"
"(.)4
( )1 . .50-49
( )2 057
.4117
015
( )3 .7
( )4 : 0
0995400
246
"
"(.)1
( )
()
"
"(.)2
"
"(.)3
(.)4
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
( )1 . .498
( )2 .78
)(3
D. Torrington and Jane weightman, " Effective Management: People and
Organization" 2 nd ED, N. Y prentice HallInternational(uk) Limited,1994, p.131
. : .201
( )4 . .47 -44
247
. .
" :
"(.)1
"
"(.)2
( :
)(.)3
( )1 . .014
( )2 .7
( )3 .
4111 .01 -9
248
(:)1
: .
: .
: -
.
"
"(.)2
(:)3
(:)4
. .
. .
. .
. .
( )1 . 5 0998 .068-066
( )2 . . 0970 .96-95
( )3 . .775
( )4 . .46
249
. .
. .
. .
. .
"
, "(.)1
: .
" :
"(.)2
( )10 .
( )1 0
4116.07
( )2 . .
0989 .017-016
250
()10
.
251
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
.
:
. .
(:)1
: :
. ""
: :
....
.
: :
: :
.
( )1 .497-494
252
: :
.
.
(:)1
( )2 :
( )1 :
. : .
. : .
. : .
. : .
(:)2
: :
: .
.
: .
(:)3
: . .
: .
( )1 0
4116 .79
( )2 .7
( )3 .9
253
: .
: .
: .
(:)1
: : .
: :
. .
. . ....
: . :
. . .
. .
. .
.
: . : .
( )1 .4
254
(.)1
.
.
, :
: .
. " .
"( .)3
( )1 0 0998 .70-71
( )2 . .47
)(3
H. Ansoff," Planning As a Practical Management Tool", in M. Wadia(ed), The
Nature and Scope of Management(New York: scott and fores man,1966), P77
.11
255
":
"(.)1
"(.)2
: :
.
.
.
" ,
"( .)3
.
: :
.
)(1
Excerpted from Brockman, John. The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific
Revolution. New York: Simon& Schuster1995
.131
)(2
Arthur, W. Brain. Interview." Three Gestures of Becoming Aware" Dialogues on
Leadership.16 April1999.
.131
(3) B. Hodge& Johnson, Management and Organizaional Behavior: Amultidmensional
Aproach(New York: J. Wiley,1970), P338.
. .12
256
" .
"(.)1
"
"(.)2
: :
. .
.
" .
"(.)3
.
.
( )1 .
)(2
Pomerol, Jean& Romero. Sergio, (2000) , Multicriterion decision in
Management: Principles and Practice, Kluwer Academi Publishers. In U. S. A. P17.
.41
( )3 . . . .54
257
( :)1
"
"
(:)2
: :
: .
.
: :
: : .
: (:)3
. : ""
( )1 .84
( )2 . .05
( )3 .57
258
. .
: (:)1
. .
(.)2
. .
. .
. (
) :
()3
. .
. .
.
)(1
.
.
(
) .
(:)1
: :
. "
"( .)2
( )1 . .060-054
( )2 4114 04 .
260
2990/1/1
.
"
"(.)1
.
( )3
2920 "
"( .)2
: :
3 2921
1001 ,
2992 " .
"(.)3
: :
" .
"(.)4
( )1 .
( )2 .99-80
( )3 . .056
( )4 07 .
261
: :
.
"
"(.)1
.
"
"(.)2
(:)3
. :
()
. .
( )1 . .751
( )2 . .95
( )3 . .717-499
262
. :
.
.
. :
"
"(.)1
. , :
( .)2 .
( .)1
( .)1 .
( .)4 .
( .)3 (:)2
. .
. .
. .
. .
( )1 . .477
( )2 .47
263
. .
: :
( .)1 (:)2
( .)2 .
( ).
( .)1 ( ).
( .)1 (
)(.)3
. :
( .)4 :
( .)2 .
( .)1 .
( .)1 () .
.
( .)4 .
. : "
"( .)5
( )1 . 4 4
0979.049
( )2 .
.0998.44
( )3 .
( )4 . .066
( )5 . 0986 .070
264
. :
(:)1
( .)2 .
( .)1 .
( .)1 .
( .)4 .
. : .
( .)2 :
( .)2 .
( .)1 .
( .)1 .
. : :
( .)3
:
( .)2 .
( .)1 .
( .)1 .
( )1 . 0966 .77
( )2
4111
.61-56
( )3 .
0996 94-89
265
. :
. :
. :
266
.
:
:.
. ,
, .
.
267
( )
( )
268
.
.
269
.
.
,
( )
( ) .
. :
.
.
.
270
.
.
271
.
.
272
.
.
.
.
( ).
).
273
. 2 :
.
.1 :
.1 :
.
::
:
.2
.1
274
.1
. 4
.3
.3
.2
.1
.9
.
.20
.22
.21
.21 ( )C4
275
.
.
. 24
. 23
.23 .
276
()
,
2
()1
, , ,
()2
, ,
()3
, , ,
.
( .)1 . .04
( .)2 , .70
( .)3 ... , .014
277
, , , ,,
3
...
.
,
. , ,
()1
:,
, ,
,
,
,
( .)1 , , 0979,.41
278
( )
.
()1
20
22
21
21
24
()2
, , , ,
()3
,
()4
, , .
()5
( .)1 , ,.04
( .)2 , .45
( .)3 ,.40
( .)4 ,.78
( .)5 , , .47
279
23
23
22
, , , ,
.
,,
....
.
,
21
29
10
, , ,...
280
, , ...
12
.. , ,
...
281
()
2911
.2 .
2922
2914
2929
2912
2914
.1 .
.2 .
.1 .
.1 .
.2 .
.1 .
.1 .
.2 .
.1 .
.1 .
.4 .
.2 .
.1 .
.1 .
.4 .
.3 .
.2 .
.1 .
.1 .
.4 .
.3 .
.3 .
.2 .
.1 .
282
.9.
2
1002
1003
2929
20
2991
22
2932
21
2933
.2 .
.1 .
.1 .
.4 .
.3 .
.3 .
.2 .
.1 .
.2 .
.1 .
.1 .
.4 .
.2 .
.1 .
.1 .
.4 .
.3 .
.3 .
.2 .
.1 .
.1 .
.2 .
.1 .
.1 .
.4 .
.3 .
.2
.
283
.1 .
.1 .
21
2933
24
2933
23
2921
23
2920
22
2921
.2 .
.1 .
.1
.
.4 .
.3 .
.3
.
.2 .
.1 .
.1 .
.4 .
.3 .
.3 .
.2 .
.1.
.2 .
.1 .
.1 .
.4 .
.3 .
.2 .
.1 .
.1 .
.4 .
.3 .
.3 .
284
.2 (
).
.1 .
.1 .
.4 .
.3
.
.3
.
21
2921
29
2923
10
2923
.2 .
.1 .
.1 .
.4 .
.3 ,
.
.2
.
.1
.1 .
.4 .
.3 .
.3 .
.2 .
.2 -
.
.1 .
.1 .
.4 .
.3 .
.3 .
285
12
11
2922
.2 .
.1 .
.1 .
.4 .
.3 .
.3.
.2 ------- . .1 .
.1 .
.4.
286