.

)( :

.

.
:

Neurospora crassa
) (Septum

)(, 40
N.crassa
.
.
.

.
.



""
200 N.crassa
,

3H-acetylglacosamine 3H-glucosc

) (1-3

.


1959-1958
.
F.oxysporum N.crassa Nutrient-rich
agar ) ( 2,3
.


.




-1
.
-2



. %50
.

" "
.

.


.

.
) . (2-3

. Neurospora ,
Aspergillus
.
:
:

-1

-2

-3

-4

.
.
.
) . ( 4-3 3-3 :
Chitin synthase
Chitin synthase catalyses
.

as an inactive zymogen in chitosomes and some time in membrance -1

as an active form closely associated with the membrance -2
) (

.
.
zymogen )(
.
substrate cytosol

. N-acetylgtucosamine

UDP- N-acetylglucosamine
.

. .

Enzyme substrate
.
Glucan synthetase 3-1
Chitin synthase
UDP-glucose
Glucan synthetase Chitin
synthase ,
GTP-binding protein
GTP
.
B-1,6 linkages .

.
Manno Proteins

.
Normal glycosylation function
. .
Cross-linking

.
.

Lysine %50

Schizophyllum commune
.Microfibrils

.
Wall-lytic enzymes

.

" " 3,1 -
.

,
.

.
Well-developed
cytoskelton
.
.

Wessels1990
.

) .(5-3


,

.
,
.
1990 Saprolegnia ferax
Cytochalasin E
Actin cap
.
Actin cap Actin

 Weaker cytoskeleton
). . (2-3


.

) (--- .

). (.
)(How are tips initiated


:

) (
germ pore
.

) .(6-3

) Germ tube (


) ( .
.
Aspergillus niger
. 30

44 48-24 ) -20
25 ( fold-175 2mm
.
30
, :

) .Small sporing head .(6-3
: :
A.niger .
:
-18
24 .
sporing head
.

 Microcycle sporulation
.
Sapro trophs :
. Cladosporium- Alternaria.spp
Septoria nodorum
). Fusarium oxysporum
(.
Idriella bolleyi
). (.

.

.
Geotrichum
candidum

7-3

.
.
,

.

G.candidum )
(.
.
Idriella bolleyi
). -3
.(8


.
) (

. I.bolleyi
). (.
I.bolleyi
G.candidum

G.candidum

) .(Allan etal,1992

 )20-5
(v/cm . Neurospora crassa
Mucor mucedo Aspergillus
nidulans .
:
Neurospora crassa .
Aspergillus nidulans Mucor mucedo
, Trichoderma
, ) (Lever etal ,1994
PH .
Neurospora crassa PH =4
PH=7


) (
.
:



Saprolegnia Ashlya
. :
180
Casein hydrolysate
. 1985

.

.
SH
.
Yeast cell cycle

,

Cytoskeletal component
,
.


.


10-3 :
(G1(first gap
(S(deoxy-ribonucleicacid(DNA)synthesis
(G2( second gap
(M(mitosis

.
1.5 Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
G1 S,G2 M .
Start G1
Saccharomyces cerevisiae

.
CDC
36 30
) ( mRNA
50
DNA ligase (for splitting DNA). ,Adenylate Cyclase
)("for producing cyclic adenosine monophosphate "amp
. DNA synthesis
CDC CDC2 pombe Schizosaccharomyces

CDC28 Saccharomyces cerevisiae
protein kinase ATP
.
%63 CDC2

.