bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

bghJ ghll
fj

Kj tFKj vlh tFtiu

fzF fj nehff
fzF zF MkzF vW ghu Jt ws fPf,
fzF v ahj xW vw vzij g brJsd. bkhahwYF
fzF, tiuaWfnth flfnth ayhj ilbtia clhsd.
fzif J bfhs bkh njitia FiwJ kLtJ, bkh
tna fzif a itfhjJnk ilbtfhd fhuzfshF.
ilbtia mfWtj _y bkhia edgL, fzif bkh X
mrkhf ekh khw Ko
bgUghyhd FHijf, fzF ga fbga mr csd.
FHijf bgUghY njhailtJ fzF ghljh. fhuz, FHijf
mahj Jzu Koahj vfshY, FpLfshY, fj braghLfdhY
ghljf uggoUgnj. j mrij nghf, tFgiwf bjhlf
iyf fijf, ghlf, brf t fzif fjny wjJ.
vf jj totfis mKfgLJ Kiwia ifL, vf
FF kfis cUtf gLJj: cjhuz fhLjiy brj
vfSl, cUtfis gagL fj braghLfis bra
fgj _y mogil fj mUJ, fj cikfis fla
FHijfis jah brj
fzF fj bkhia, FHijf MtKl ifahS tif
vikahf - belD mikj
fj mogil braghLfSF - tha eilKiwfSFKs
beUfkhd cwit FHij ma - mwhl th gagLj fW
jUj
tFYs vyh FHijfS fj fgij Ma cW brtj
_y, FHijf tFgiw jikia mfWj
fj ffis gJl, fSfhd tfis brwiljiy
tFgiw CFj
ghll

xW Kj IJ tiu FHijf va Kiw mogil fjij fW

bfhtjF Vwtif ghll jahfgLsJ.
MW Kj gJ tiu nkiy gF jah br j va,
fda, afj, gFKiw toa, toa, msitf, Knfhza,
a, fjf, brKiw toa, tiuglf, mf Ma
ghlbghUf tanfw tif ghll mikfgLsd.

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

Kj tF
jiy
I. totfS
cUtfS

vghfgL fw
isf

ghlbghU

wbt j
U iy ga
mKf
cik
bghUf
totfisgfis
mKf gLJj.
bjhlfiy
totf
mKf
bghU bjhFfis
totfF Vg
tifgLJj.

wbt j U
iy ga mKf
czit clh
tsj.
jdF - wbtFkhd
Uj bjhlid
Jbfhs brj
wbt j Uj
bjhlghd bghUjkhd
brhf bghUis gaghoid J
bfhsY
gagLJjY: (v.fh)
nkny, nH, cau,
jiu, cns, btna,
mU, bjhiy.
bjhLzu Toa
bghUfis mt
totfnshL
bjhlgLJj
totf aifnahL
bjhlila bghUjkhd
brhfis fwj.
(v.fh): jil, cUil,

fj Kiw

fhyms

40 ghl ntisf
bghUfis
cWnehFj
bghUfis
tifgLJj
fijf TWj
cik ff nghw
gf
tiuj
cUbth tiuj
tz Lj
y g braghLf

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

jiy

vghfgL fw
isf

ghlbghU

II. vf

1 Kj 9 tiu
vf
Xyf vf
TLj (TLj
bjhif 10F)

fj Kiw

fhyms

tHtH kW brhubrhu
totf bjhlf
iy bgafis mj:
(v.fh): rJu, tl,
brtf, Knfhz.
jdJ RWw
btntW msfY,
totfY fhzgL
THhff, bgof,
FHhf, gho _of,
bg, mgh
nghwtiw TJ
nehFjY - sFjY
RWwYs
bghUfis nrfj;
mt totf kW
fla Toa mt
gf mogil
mbghUfis jY
- tifgLJjY.
bjhFYs bghUfis
vQj
uL xj bghUfis
bfhl bjhF,
- bghUfis xL,
- xWbfhW bjhl

ghlf ghLj
vQj, bjhFj,
Fj nghw braf
xLj
vGJj
tiuj

40 ghl ntisf

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

jiy

vghfgL fw
isf

ghlbghU

gLJj
1 Kj 9 tiu vfis
dflJ thj
bfhLfgl
vfSnfg
bghUf bjhFid
cUthFj
1 Kj 9 tiu vfis
vQtjF
xLtjF
gagLJj
1 Kj 9 tiu vfis
gof vGj mj
cik bghUfis
gagL mj TLj
9F fhk TLj
Tl braghoF +
FpL gagLJj
TlYF bkhj,
nrJ, TLj,
nghw thijfis
mKf brj

fj Kiw

fhyms

isahL
thifnahL
bjhlgLJj
fhgLJj

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

ulh tF
jiy
II. vf

ghlbghU

99 tiu vfis
vGJj
lk - vfis
xLjY
99 tiu cs
vfis TLj
(TLj 100 F)

vghfgL fw isf

99 tiu cs vf
bgafis gof, vGj
mj
bghUfis v
gJfshf, xWfshf
mikj
lkid mKf brj
lk vw fUij
gagL vfis xLj
W tiu vfis
VWtirY, wF
tirY tirgLJj
xiw kW uil vf
mKf
uL ulhf, _W
_whf, IJ Ijhf
Kndh ndh
vfis TWj
(v-fh) 1,2,3 Kj,
ulh
<yf vfis Tl mj
<yf vf Tl
fzoid fh iy
bjhl fUa iy
fhz

fj Kiw

jhnd fw
cgfuzfis
gagLJj.
ghit
g.
tha
ffis
gagL fw.
thif xoa
ffis
L L
Tl braghL.

fhyms
75 ghlntisf

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

jiy

ghlbghU

vghfgL fw isf

fj Kiw

fhyms

xWf kW gJf bfhl

bjhFfshf tiuJ
bjhFid dkhw,
dkhwJlD Tl
fzid brj
X vQl aij Tl
mj
mikf tahf Tl
gfis JbfhSj
bfhLfgl Tl,
tufSF cik
Niyia gagL
tJ fij vGJj
kdfzF
kdfzfhf, Xyf
vfis Tl mj
g klfhf Tl brj

III. msitf

IV. mikf

s (jugLjglhj
myFfis
gagL)

msj
jugLjglhj myFf _y
RWwYs bghUf
sij msj (rh);
FWa bjhiyid fhyo,
fW, _y msj

totf mikf

totf - tiraik
mikfis TJ neh,
tiujY - ojY

thif
ff.
braKiw
fw.

13 ghlntisf

ghit
braghLf.
ghit g

10 ghlntisf

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

_wh tF
jiy
I. totfS
cUtfS

vghfgL fw
isf

ghlbghU

Ugkhz
totij
cUthFj
nl uh
tiugl mKf
Kgkhz
totfis tiuj

fhj koj kW fhj

btLj kW fhj
mRf _y totfis
nenfhL /
tisnfhLfSgL
cUthFj
Ugkhz totf
xj totfis
milahs fhz
btntW tifahd
Ugkhz totf
gff _iyf kW
_iy l Matiw
tj
gntW Ugkhz
totf gfis
tj
mil
nenfhLf, tisnfhLf
tiuJ totfis
cUthFjY,
fSF
fhQjY
nl uh cs

fj Kiw

fhj koj _y .
braghL kW
f _y.
va tiugl _y.
bral.

fhyms
14 ghlntisf

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

jiy

vghfgL fw
isf

ghlbghU

II. vf

vtir (1000
tiu)

fj Kiw

fhyms

JLfis gagL
btntW totfis
cUthFjY fSF
fhQjY.
xU jsid,
bfhLfgl jsu
totij gagL
uj
xU jsid u
totij ugh
totij ntWgL
mj
tiugl X mKf
- tiugl vw fUij
cth tiuglij
goj,
(v-fh) tFgiw, g,
brid, ..
msLf
gaghL njitiy..
wbt Uj
bjhlfis
J bfhs
nghJkhdJ.
_W yf vfis
gof vGj mj

kf,
Mkrl,

84 ghlntisf

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

jiy

vghfgL fw
isf

ghlbghU

Tl kW
fj (1000 tiu)

1000 vf tiu
lkid J
bfhSj
10 f bjhF 100
100 f bjhF 1000
vw fUid v.fh _y
mikj
_W yf vf
xiw kW uil
vfis mj.
btntW tf rk
ilbt
Kndh
ndh vfis
TWj
bfhLfgLs
vfis VW tir,
wF tir mikj
bfhLfgl vfis
gagL bga v,
a viz cUthFj

fj Kiw

fhyms

glf,
cikbghUfis
gagL.
braf _y
vfis fj.
g _y.
bral
mogil braf
Tl, fj
brafis jhnd
fw fU bfhL
fj.

Tl, fj
vfis brFjhf
vG Tl, fj
brj (TLbjhif
1000F Fj TlhJ)

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

jiy

ghlbghU

vghfgL fw
isf

fj Kiw

fhyms

- dkhw
- dkhwJl
Tl, fj braf
lkig gagLJj
glf, fijf _y
btntW Niy
cs Tl, fj
fzFfSF
fhQj
Tl fj
fzFfSF fijf
cUthFj
uL vf TLj,
ahrij kLj
(50 F Fiwthf cs
<yf vfis
gagLJj)
kd fzFf
Xyf vf, <yf
vf Tl, fj
(50 tiu vfis kd
fzfhf brj)

10

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

ehfh tF
jiy
I. totfS
cUtfS

vghfgL fw
isf

ghlbghU

tl

Knfhz, rJu, brtf,

Infhz, tl nghw
totf bgafis
mj
eik Rs
bghUf nkTs
totf csd vgij
czu brj
tisa, bghUf
_oia bfhL
tlid tiuj
vj fUfis
gagLjhkY,
ftuhaij gagL
tl tiuj
tl vg gagLJ
bjhlila brhfshd
ika, Mu, lid
ma brj
nluhik gagL
btntW cUtfis
cUthFj
bfhLfgl btntW
totfyhd
jsufUJ, rahd

fj Kiw

glfis cW
nehFj.
totfSF
tzLj
Ffsh totf
mikj.
fis nrj.
f, ftuha
gagL tl
tiuj.
fhjjh _y ika
Mu flj
FG braghL _y
nl uhik mLFj

fhyms
25 ghlntisf

11

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

jiy

vghfgL fw
isf

ghlbghU

fj Kiw

fhyms

jsufis gagL
btlij J uj;
brJ ghJ rghj
II. vf

10,000 tiu cs

vf.
vfis xLj
10,000-F cs

vfis TlY
fjY

ehyf vfis
vGj, gof mj
(xiw vf, uil
vf cgl)
lkid gagL
vfis J vGJj
bfhLfgl vfis
VWtirY wF
tirY
bjhltirgLJj
bfhLfgl vf
yffis cWneh
bga v kW a
viz cUthFj
dkhw,
dkhwJlD, ehF
yff tius
vfis xw xwhf
(brFjhf) vG Tl,
ff mj. (TL
bjhif 10,000-F fhk
Uj ntL)

Mk rl _y
vf lkig
mJ bfhSj.
FG braghL _y
vfis xLj.
fzF
fhz
m l _y
vf Tl
mKfgLj.
tha f
glf _y thif
fzFf
fhz.
Tl fjYF v
milf
gagLJj.
bfhLfgl
glfSF Vw
fzFfis
cUthFj.

41 ghlntisf

12

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

jiy

vghfgL fw
isf

ghlbghU

fj Kiw

fhyms

kdfzFf
10-, 100- klFfis
kdjh Tl ff
brj
III. msitf

lysit
(., br.., Tl,
fj, myF
khw kW
njhuhakhf
uid
kLj)
Wjysit (..,
., nghw
jugLa
myFfis
gagL
TlY fjY
brj)

lUF brolUF
cs bjhlid J
bfhs
liu broluhf,
broliu luhf
khWj
s kW uid
bfhl fzFfSF
fhz.
eik Rs
bghUf sij xU
lUF UFkhdh
mtid njhuhakhf
Tw, X lUJ
ntbwhU l u 100
lUF UFkhdh
mt uij
njhuhakhf Tw mj
juhid, jugLa
myFfis gagL
bghUf vilia WJ

ciuahl _y
msitfis
mKfgLJj.
cik bghUfis
gagL msitf
msj
bjhL czU fw
braghLf.
Mtf braf _y
msitf fwiy
nkgLJj
gl milfis
gagLJj.
ma cikfis
ff braghLf
<LgLJj.
tha gagLJ
bghUfis msitf
_y thF
bral.

32 ghlntisf

13

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

jiy

vghfgL fw
isf

ghlbghU

fj Kiw

fhyms

mj
vilid njhuhakhf
kL juhR bfhL
rghj

14

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

Ijh tF
jiy
I. totfS
cUtfS

vghfgL fw
isf

ghlbghU

U gkhz tot
UJ Kgkhz
totij tiuj

Kgkhz totij
fhQ nghJ Kgkhz
totfis U gkhz
totUJ vthW
nehFtJ vgj
fUjhfij czu
brj

fj Kiw

II. vf

vf 10,00,000 tiu
lk kW
vfis xLj
ehF mogil
braghLf
fhuf kW
klFf
kdfzF

vf 1,00,00,000 tiu
ma brj
vf 1,00,00,000 tiu
cstF lkig
flj
bfhLfgl IJ yf
vfis VWtirY
wF tirY vGJj
IJ yf viz
gagL bga v, a

fhyms

va Kiw
Kgkhd kW
Ugkhzfi
s tiuj
(fdrJu,
fdbrtf)
Kgkhd kW
Ugkhd
KGikahd
totij
tiuj.
tiyia
bfhL
sFj

15 ghlntisf

nfho tiu
mik _y
sf.
mkrl
gagLj
kW cW
nehf _y.
lk
KJt
ff.

40 ghlntisf

15

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

jiy

vghfgL fw
isf

ghlbghU

III. msitf

myFfis khWj
bfhss Fj
ehF mogil
brafis
gagLJj
neu (Tl, fj)
gz:

fj Kiw

viz cUthFj
Tl, fj, bgUf
braf lk
gid czu brj
jugLa goiyfis
gagL tFjiy a
brj

jhnd fw
fU _y
tFj
braiy brj

bfhssfhd thij
fzFfis
fhQj
bfhss myFfis
nkd UJ
dkhf, dUJ
nkdkhf khw brj
lbghU fd msit
mj; Kiwrhuh
msitf _y
Jakhf mj
fhy ilbtia
fla Tliy
fjiy gagLJj
gzij gagL ehF
fj mogil braghLf
_y fzFfSF
fhQj

mwhl th
f _y
sf
ehF mogil
bra
brtjfhd
brKiw.
ehF mogil
brafis
mwhl f
_y sFj.

fhyms

43 ghlntisf

16

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

Mwh tF
jiy
I. va
a vf,
KG vf,
tFf,
fhuf,
df,
jrk vf

ghlbghU

8 yf vf tiu
lk, vfis xLj
KG vf
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11 Matwh
tFgLjikid mj.
fhugLJj
gfh vf
W bghJ klF bgU
bghJ tF
Uj, df, jrk
vf
jrk vfis d vfshf
khWj
jrk vf Tl kW
fj.

vghfgL fw isf

fhyms

45 ghlntisf
8 yf v tius vfis
J bfhSj, v bga, nkiy
ehL vf kW
vQUfis mj
8 yf vf l kig
mj
vfis lk mogil
J vGJj
bga, a vfis flj
, , Ma Ffis gagL
vfis xLj;
mtiw VWtir & wF
tir vGJj
v nfhoid J bfhL,
vfis v nfho Fj
(a vf kL gagLJj)
ehF mogil braghLfis
bra mj; nkY, (il 6yffSF fhk UFkhW
fzFfis mf ntL) :
rahd braghLfis thif
fzFf gagLJj
vQ vf midJ a

17

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

jiy

ghlbghU

vghfgL fw isf

fhyms

vf vd mj;
a vfis njit
mogil thf brtnj
KG vf vd czJj.
Tl kW fj braghLf
bfhL ehF gfsha
mil, khW, nr kW gL
gfis mt bgafSF
KaJt mfhk,
vf mikid bfhL
Jbfhs brj:
1 x 10 Kj 10 x 10 tiu cs
bgUf thghLfis
gagL fhuf, klFf
Matiw idTj
tFgL jik fis
J mtiw vf
gagLJj (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11
Mat tFgL jik)
gfh vf, gF vf kW
rhgfh vf tifgLjiy
J bfhSj
bfhLfgl viz, gfh
fhufsh, mtiw gfh
fhuf bgUf gydhf
vGJj
<yf vfis fhu

18

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

jiy

ghlbghU

vghfgL fw isf

fhyms

gLJj
..k, .bgh.t Matiw
fl Kiwia Jbfhs
brj (gfh fhu Kiw, tFj
Kiwfis gagLj)
.bgh.t, ..k bfhLfgl U
vf Matfhd bjhlig
tj (.bgh.t x ..k U
vf bgUf gy)
KG bghU xU gFna d
vgij id Tj
dfis gl _ykhf,
v f thyhf s d
vnfhil KG v nfhnlhL
xL ntWghoid mj
jF, jfh, fy dfis
milahs fhz
df rkhd dfis
flJ, mtid RUa
to vGJj (10 tius
vfis gFahf bfhl
ntWgl dfis xLj)
btntW gFid bfhl
df TlY kW
fjY brj (d gF
10 F fhk Uf ntL)
l kid gagL jrk

19

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

jiy

ghlbghU

vghfgL fw isf

fhyms

vfis mKf brj

10- 100- klFfis
gFfshf bfhl df
_y jrk vfis mKf
brj
dfis jrk vfshf
jrk vfis dfshf
khWj
jrk dfis Tl
ff mj

II. msitf
bk
msitf

bk msitf

nH bfhLfgLs myFfis
gagL, l, Wj &
bfhssitf ehF mogil
braghLfis bra, X
myid kw myFfSF khw
brjiy idTj (l
myFf - ., , br., .
Wj myFf - ., , br.,
., bfhssit myFf - .,
, br., .)

15 ghlntisf

III. toa
, nfhL,
nfhLJL,
js,

, nfhL, f, nfhLJL
kW jsid mKf
brj
xU t nfhLf, iz
nfhLf, brFJ nfhLf,

, nfhL, f, nfhLJL
kW js nghw mogil
toa fUJfis J
bfhSj
xU nfhL f, btL

10 ghlntisf

20

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

jiy

IV. brKiw
toa

ghlbghU

vghfgL fw isf

xU nfhL f
Mat gfis mj

nfhLf, xU t nfhLf,
U nfhLf rF ,
uoF nkgl nfhLf
rF , iz nfhLf
kW brFJ nfhLf
Matiw milahs fhQj

toa fU bgo - mKf

nfhLJil tiuj,
nfhLJo sij
msj

toa fUf gaghoid

mj
nfhL Joid tiua, mj
sij msf fW
bfhSj

fhyms

7 ghlntisf

21

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

VHh tF
jiy
1. va

vghfgL fw
isf

ghlbghU

KGf ghit
(ehF
mogil
braghLf)
KGf
bgUfiy,
tFjiy,
mj
KGf
gf
d
vfS,
jKW
vfS
(ehF
mogil
braghLf)
jKW
vfis
vnfho
Fj
jKW
vf

KGf Tl,
fjYfhd
fUjhffis id
Tj
KGf bgUfiy,
tFjiy, vf
mik thyhf mj
{ajh tFj
bghUswJ vgij J
bfhSj
Tl kW bgUfiy
gagL mil, khW,
nr, gL gfis
J bfhSj:
Tl rk, bgUf
rkia flj
nkFl gf,
KGf fj, tFj
braghLfSF
bghUjhJ vgij ma
brj.
KGf ehF mogil
braghLfis bra
brj; thif

fF cf

fj braghLfis
vnfho _y
mKfgLJj
KG vf cs
FiwghL KGf kW
df mika
ttFjiy g
TWj
v nfho
dfis Fj
U jKW vfSF
ilna xU jKW
viz fhz
mLF F fis
J bfhs

fhyms
35 ghlntisf

22

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

jiy

vghfgL fw
isf

ghlbghU

ehF
mogil
braghLf
jrk df
mLFf

fF cf

fhyms

fzFf tha
fzFf Jakhf
ifahS wid tsj
df Tl kW
fj braghLfis
id Tj
df bgUfiy
J bfhSj
d Fpo cs
tFj jikia a
brj
d jiyia
flj
xU dij kbwhU
djh tFf fw
fy df cgl,
dij mogilahf
bfhl thif
fzFfis brj
d vfUJ j
KW vfshf tstjfhd
njitia J bfhSj
jKW vfis
vnfho Fj
jKW vf ehF
mogil braghLfis

23

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

jiy

vghfgL fw
isf

ghlbghU

fF cf

fhyms

bra fw
jKW vfis bfhl
thif fzFf
fj braghLfis
gagL fhz
jKW vfis jrk
vzhf khWj
jrk vf Tliy,
fjiy idTj
jrk dfis
bgUf, tFf mj
jrk dfis bfhl
tha fzFfis
brj
bfhLfgl vfis
mLF vfshf khw
mj (a vf
mLFf kL)
mLFF fis J
bfhs (mikfis cW
neh bghJik gLJj)
am an = am+n F m,nN
(am)n = amn F m,nN
am/an = am-n F m,nN
m>n

24

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

jiy
2. afj

vghfgL fw
isf

ghlbghU

afj
TWf
gYW
nfhit
TlY,
fjY

bfhLfgl cW kh
kW khia milahs
fhQj; bfhLfgl
cWf bfGfis
flj
xj cWfis, khWgl
cWfis
tifgLJj
afj T goid
vGj mj
(v.fh x2y; go < 3, uL
khf kL)

fF cf

go1, go2 cs
nfhitfis
mKfgLJj

fhyms
25 ghlntisf

25

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

jiy
3. toa

vghfgL fw
isf

ghlbghU
rkjik
Mork
jik, RH
rk jik
rk nfhL
myJ rk
mR

rkjik, Mork
jik, RH rk jik,
rk nfhL myJ mR
nghwtiw J
bfhSj
btL nfhLf, mLjLj
nfhzf, nenfho
jhd mLjLj
nfhzf, iz nfhLf,
FWF bto nghwt
gfis JbfhSj.

fF cf

fhyms

rk vw fUid
mKfgLJj
midJ tifahd
rk totfis
milahs fhz
thgj
rJu rkgf Knfhz
Ma glfis RH
fhj mit
RH rk
bfhlit
nfhz RHid
milahs fhQj

20 ghlntisf

4. brKiw
toa

brFJ rk
btoia
nfhz Urk
btoid
tiuj

bfhLfgl totf
nfhzf. iznfhLf
kW FJnfhLfis
idTj

ikaFJnfhL,
nfhzf U rk
bto Matiw fhj
ko _y sFj

10 ghlntisf

5. tufis
ifahSj

bjhlahd
tufis
bjhFjY
tifgLJjY
fbt
goa
mikj

bjhlahd tufis
bjhFf tifgLj
mj
fbt goaiy mikf
mj

ilf Toa
tufis tFgiw
gagLJj

13 ghlntisf

26

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

vlh tF

jiy
1. bk vf
bjhF

vghfgL fw
isf

ghlbghU

ghit jKW vfis

vnfho
Fj
jKW vf
ehF mogil
gf
_W mil
Ff bfhl
fzFf
mLFf
bfhLfgl
vfis
mLFF
tot vGJj
(KGfis
bfhl mLFf
kL gagLj)
KGfis
mLFfshf
bfhl mLF
F f
tf, tf_y,

jKW vfis g,
jKW vfis
vnfho Fjiy
idTj
jKW vf ehF
gfis, Tl
rkia bgUf
rkia J
bfhSj
Fiwjgr _W
milFfis bfhl
fj Tid RUa
to vG mj
vj U jKW
vfSilna
vzw j KW vf
UF vgij
JbfhSj
jKW vfis
bfhl tha
fzFfSF
fhQj
vfis mLF F

fF cf

jKW vfis
vnfho fhLj
tyJ gf cs
vf bgait vd
fhQj
KWbgW jrkf
kW KW bgwhj
jrkf bfhl j
KW vfSF
cjhuz mj
jKW vf
mlia vnfho
fhj.
beUF Kiw tf
_y nrhjid Kiw
bfhL njhuhakhf
fhQj
v f

fhyms
40 ghlntisf

27

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

jiy

vghfgL fw
isf

ghlbghU

fd, fd_y
vfnshL
isahLj
njhuhakhf
kLj

fF cf

fhyms

tot vGj mj
(KGfis bfhl
mLFf kL
gagLJj)
mLF F fis J
bfhSj (KGfis
bfhl mLFf kL
fhuKiw
gagLJj)
vf tfij,
tf _yij
fzLj
tf _yij fhu
Kiw, tFj Kiw
Matiw gagL
fzLj
fhu Kiwia tFj
Kiwia gagL
tf _y fla
bfhLfgl vf tf
v v ehF
yffSF fhkY
mthW iy v
uL jrk lUjF
fhkY Uj
bfhLfgl vF
fd viz fzLj
(mfgr _W

28

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

jiy

vghfgL fw
isf

ghlbghU

2. msitf

3. toa

tl nfhz
gF gugs
kW Rws (miu,
fh tlf)
TL cUtf
Rws, gugs

Knfhz
gf

fF cf

fhyms

yffis bfhl
vfis fhu Kiw
_y fd _yij
fzLj)
fd _y, tf _yij
fzLj
ehF mogil
braghLfis
gagLjhk RUF
tKiwfis gagL
fzl mj
_W yf vfis
njhuhakhf kLj
tl nfhz gF
gugsit kW
Rwsit fzLj
(miu, fh tlf)
_W totfSF fhk
cs TL cUtf
Rwsit kW
gugsit fzLj
(va TL cUtf
kL)

Knfhz gfis
idTj

mil, fhj btLj,

fhj koj Kiwf
_y cUtf
iziy j
btntW gu bfhl
jiuf
gfgagL ff
vif fhQj

23 ghlntisf

fhj koF Kiwf

bfhL gfis

13 ghlntisf

29

bghJ ghll - KjgUt fj

jiy

vghfgL fw
isf

ghlbghU

rtrk
Knfhzf

4. brKiw
toa

ehfu, izfu,
rtf
nghwtiw
tiuj

Knfhz
gfdogilyikj
njwfis J
bfhSjY, bghUjkhd
fzFf jiy
gagL fhQjY
rtrk Knfhzf
mogil bfhiffshd
SSS, SAS, ASA, RHS
JbfhSj
ehfu, izfu, rtf
Ma totfis tiua
mj

fF cf

fhyms

rghj
toa cgfuzf
fhj btL Kiw:
Knfhzfis tiuJ
gff nfhzfis
msJ rghj
xj totbfhl
bghUfshd jgh jiy
nghwtiw fhj

toa cgfuzf
fhj koF Kiwf

14 ghlntisf

30