,, Exponenta Pro (1)

Mypantnnme anropn1um
Hypauoe Muxauu
Ruyuee Aupe

annax crartx nocnr pe]eparnnnt xapaxrep, n ee
coepxanne n snaunrentno mepe ocnonano na marepnanax,
pasmemenntx nexora n xypnane Exponenta Pro [1]. Hx anrop,
C.Brona, nmesno an cornacne na ncnontsonanne n
pasnepnyroe nnrnponanne cnonx pesyntraron.
Uvparoe Muxau., Brvuee Auope, 2006
http://rain.ifmo.ru/cat/

1

2
Ornannenne

1. Bneenne ........................................................................................................3
2. Fnonornuecxne npnnnnnt noneennx mypantnno xononnn .....................4
3. Mypantnnte anropnrmt ...............................................................................5
3.1. Hemnoro ns ncropnn cosannx mypantnntx anropnrmon .....................5
3.2. Konnennnx mypantnntx anropnrmon.....................................................5
3.3. Oomennt anropnrm...........................................................................7
3.4. 3rant pemennx saaun npn nomomn mypantnntx anropnrmon...........8
4. Hpnmenenne mypantnntx anropnrmon nx saaun xommnnoxxepa............9
4.1. Mypantnnt anropnrm nx saaun xommnnoxxepa n ncenoxoe .....11
5. Onacrn npnmenennx n nosmoxnte mon]nxannn...................................12
6. ocronncrna n neocrarxn mypantnntx anropnrmon ...............................13
6.1. ocronncrna:..........................................................................................13
6.2. Heocrarxn: ...........................................................................................14
7. Hcrounnxn....................................................................................................15


3
1. Bneenne
B nocnenne rot nnrencnnno paspaartnaercx nayunoe nanpannenne c nasnannem Hpnponte ntuncnennx
(Natural Computing), oennxmmee maremarnuecxne merot, n xoroptx sanoxent npnnnnnt npnpontx
mexannsmon npnnxrnx pemenn. 3rn mexannsmt oecneunnamr +]]exrnnnym aanrannm ]nopt n ]aynt x
oxpyxamme cpee na nporxxennn necxontxnx mnnnnonon ner.

Cpen rax nastnaemtx Soft computing techniques, paspaoranntx sa nocnenne ecxrt ner nx rpyno
pemaemtx saau ncxperno onrnmnsannn, uncnxrcx
- Ienernuecxne anropnrmt (GAs)
o Ocnontnamrcx na ecrecrnennom orope n renernxe
- Mypantnnte anropnrmt (Ant Colony Optimization ACO, Ant Systems AS)
o Moennpymr noneenne mypanennxa

Hmnrannx camooprannsannn mypantnno xononnn cocrannxer ocnony mypantnntx anropnrmon onrnmnsannn.
Kononnx mypanten moxer paccmarpnnartcx xax mnoroarenrnax cncrema, n xoropo xaxt arenr (mypane)
]ynxnnonnpyer anronomno no ouent npocrtm npannnam. B npornnonec nourn npnmnrnnnomy noneennm
arenron, noneenne nce cncremt nonyuaercx na ynnnenne pasymntm.

Mypantnnte anropnrmt ceptesno nccneymrcx enponecxnmn yuentmn c cepennt 90-x roon. Ha ceronxmnn
ent yxe nonyuent xopomne pesyntrart nx onrnmnsannn raxnx cnoxntx xomnnaropntx saau, xax saaua
xommnnoxxepa, saaua onrnmnsannn mapmpyron rpysonnxon, saaua pacxpacxn rpa]a, xnaparnunax saaua o
nasnauennxx, saaua onrnmnsannn cerentx rpa]nxon, saaua xanenapnoro nnannponannx n mnorne pyrne.
Ocoenno +]]exrnnnt mypantnnte anropnrmt npn nnamnuecxo onrnmnsannn nponeccon n pacnpeenenntx
necrannonapntx cncremax, nanpnmep, rpa]nxon n renexommynnxannonntx cerxx.

4
2. Bnonornuecxne npnnnnnm noneennn uypantnnon xononnn
Mypantn ornocxrcx x connantntm nacexomtm, opasymmnm xonnexrnnt. Konnexrnnnax cncrema cnocona
pemart cnoxnte nnamnuecxne saaun no ntnonnennm conmecrno paort, xoropax ne morna t ntnonnxrtcx
xaxtm +nemenrom cncremt n orentnocrn n pasnoopasntx cpeax es nnemnero ynpannennx, xonrponx nnn
xoopnnannn. B raxnx cnyuaxx ronopxr o poenom nnrennexre (Swarm intelligence), xax o samtcnonartx cnocoax
xooneparnnnoro noneennx, ro ecrt crparernn ntxnnannx.

Onnm ns nornepxenn onrnmantnocrn noneennx mypantnntx xononn xnnxercx ror ]axr, uro cert rnes
cynepxononn nnsxa x mnnnmantnomy ocronnomy epeny rpa]a nx mypanennxon.

Ocnony noneennx mypantnno xononnn cocrannxer camooprannsannx, oecneunnammax ocrnxennx omnx
nene xononnn na ocnone nnsxoyponnenoro nsanmoecrnnx. Kononnx ne nmeer nenrpannsonannoro ynpannennx,
n ee ocoennocrxmn xnnxmrcx omen noxantno nn]opmanne rontxo mexy orentntmn ocoxmn (npxmo
omen nnma, nnsyantnte n xnmnuecxne xonraxrt) n nannune nenpxmoro omena, xoropt n ncnontsyercx n
mypantnntx anropnrmax. Taxnm opasom, n omem cnyuae paccmarpnnamrcx cnente mypantn, ne cnoconte
uyncrnonart nnsocrt nnmn.

Henpxmo omen crnrmepxn (stigmergy), npecrannxer coo pasnecennoe no npemenn nsanmoecrnne, npn
xoropom ona ocot nsmenxer nexoropym onacrt oxpyxamme cpet, a pyrne ncnontsymr +ry nn]opmannm
nosxe, xora n nee nonaamr. Fnonorn ycranonnnn, uro raxoe ornoxennoe nsanmoecrnne nponcxonr uepes
cnennantnoe xnmnuecxoe nemecrno ]epomon (pheromone), cexper cnennantntx xenes, orxnatnaemt npn
nepememennn mypantx. Konnenrpannx ]epomona na nyrn onpeenxer npenournrentnocrt nnxennx no nemy.

Aanrnnnocrt noneennx peannsyercx ncnapennem ]epomona, xoropt n npnpoe nocnpnnnmaercx mypantxmn n
reuenne necxontxnx cyrox. Mt moxem nponecrn nexoropym ananornm mexy pacnpeenennem ]epomona n
oxpyxammem xononnm npocrpancrne, n rnoantno namxrtm mypanennxa, nocxme nnamnuecxn xapaxrep.

5
3. Mypantnnme anropn1um
Mypantnnte anropnrmt npecrannxmr coo nepoxrnocrnym xanym +npncrnxy, re nepoxrnocrn
ycranannnnamrcx, ncxox ns nn]opmannn o xauecrne pemennx, nonyuenno ns npetymnx pemenn. Onn moryr
ncnontsonartcx xax nx crarnuecxnx, rax n nx nnamnuecxnx xomnnaropntx onrnmnsannonntx saau.
Cxonmocrt rapanrnponana, ro ecrt n nmom cnyuae mt nonyunm onrnmantnoe pemenne, onaxo cxopocrt
cxonmocrn nensnecrna.

3.1. Heunoro ns nc1opnn cosannn uypantnnmx anropn1uon

Hauanoct nce c nsyuennx noneennx peantntx mypanten. 3xcnepnmenrt c Argentine ants, npononmte Ioccom n
1989 n eneoprom n 1990 roy nocnyxnnn ornpanno rouxo nx antnemero nccneonannx poenoro
nnrennexra. Hccneonannx npnmenennx nonyuenntx snann nx ncxperno maremarnxn nauannct n nauane 90-x
roon XX nexa, anropom nen xnnxercx Mapxo opnro ns Vnnnepcnrera Fpmccenx, Fentrnx. Hmenno on nnepnte
cymen ]opmannsonart noneenne mypanten n npnmennrt crparernm nx noneennx nx pemennx saaun o
xparuamnx nyrxx. Hosxe npn yuacrnn Iamapennt, Tannapa n n Kapo tnn paspaorant n mnorne pyrne
noxot x pemennm cnoxntx onrnmnsannonntx saau npn nomomtm mypantnntx anropnrmon. Ha ceronxmnn
ent +rn merot xnnxmrcx nectma xonxypenrocnocontmn no cpannennm c pyrnmn +npncrnxamn n nx
nexoroptx saau amr nannyumne na ceronxmnn ent pesyntrart.

3.2. Konnennnn uypantnnmx anropn1uon

Hex mypantnnoro anropnrma moennponanne noneennx mypanten, cnxsannoro c nx cnoconocrtm tcrpo
naxonrt xparuamn nyrt or mypanennxa x ncrounnxy nnmn n aanrnponartcx x nsmenxmmnmcx ycnonnxm,
naxox nont xparuamn nyrt. Hpn cnoem nnxennn mypane mernr nyrt ]epomonom, n +ra nn]opmannx
ncnontsyercx pyrnmn mypantxmn nx ntopa nyrn. 3ro +nemenrapnoe npannno noneennx n onpeenxer
cnoconocrt mypanten naxonrt nont nyrt, ecnn crapt oxastnaercx neocrynntm.
Paccmorpnm cnyua, noxasannt na pncynxe, xora na onrnmantnom ocene nyrn nosnnxaer nperpaa. B +rom
cnyuae neoxonmo onpeenenne nonoro onrnmantnoro nyrn. ox o nperpat, mypantn c panno
nepoxrnocrtm yyr oxonrt ee cnpana n cnena. To xe camoe yer nponcxonrt n na oparno cropone
nperpat. Onaxo, re mypantn, xoropte cnyuano ntepyr xparuamn nyrt, yyr tcrpee ero npoxonrt, n sa
necxontxo nepennxenn on yer onee ooramen ]epomonom. Hocxontxy nnxenne mypanten onpeenxercx
xonnenrpanne ]epomona, ro cneymmne yyr npenounrart nmenno +ror nyrt, npoonxax ooramart ero
]epomonom o rex nop, noxa +ror nyrt no xaxo-nno npnunne ne craner neocrynen.

Ouennnax nonoxnrentnax oparnax cnxst tcrpo npnneer x romy, uro xparuamn nyrt craner enncrnenntm
mapmpyrom nnxennx ontmnncrna mypanten. Moennponanne ncnapennx ]epomona orpnnarentno oparno
cnxsn rapanrnpyer nam, uro naennoe noxantno onrnmantnoe pemenne ne yer enncrnenntm mypantn
yyr ncxart n pyrne nyrn. Ecnn mt moennpyem nponecc raxoro noneennx na nexoropom rpa]e, pepa
xoroporo npecrannxmr coo nosmoxnte nyrn nepememennx mypanten, n reuenne onpeenennoro npemenn, ro
nanonee ooramennt ]epomonom nyrt no pepam +roro rpa]a n yer xnnxrtcx pemennem saaun,
nonyuenntm c nomomtm mypantnnoro anropnrma.


6
3.3. Oomnnmn anropn1u

Hmo mypantnnt anropnrm, nesanncnmo or mon]nxann, npecrannm n cneymmem nne
- Hoxa (ycnoswx smxoa ne smnonnenm)
1. Cosax xypasss
2. Hmex pemenwx
3. Onosnxex epoxon
4. ononnwrensnme ewcrswx {onuwonansno}

Tenept paccmorpnm xaxt mar n nnxne onee nopono
1. Cosax xypasss
- Crapronax rouxa, xya nomemaercx mypane, sanncnr or orpannuenn, naxnatnaemtx ycnonnxmn
saaun. Horomy uro nx xaxo saaun cnoco pasmemenne mypanten xnnxercx onpeenxmmnm. Hno
nce onn nomemamrcx n ony rouxy, nno n pasnte c nonropennxmn, nno es nonropenn.
- Ha +rom xe +rane saaercx nauantnt yponent ]epomona. On nnnnnannsnpyercx neontmnm
nonoxnrentntm uncnom nx roro, urot na nauantnom mare nepoxrnocrn nepexoa n cneymmym
nepmnny ne tnn nynentmn.
2. Hmex pemenwx
- Bepoxrnocrt nepexoa ns nepmnnt i n nepmnny j onpeenxercx no cneymme ]opmyne

Ie ) (t
ij
t yponent ]epomona, +npncrnuecxoe paccroxnne, a
ij
d | o, xoncranrnte napamerpt.
Hpn o = 0 ntop nnxamero ropoa nanonee nepoxren, ro ecrt anropnrm cranonnrcx xantm.
Hpn | = 0 ntop nponcxonr rontxo na ocnonannn ]epomona, uro npnnonr x cyonrnmantntm
pemennxm.
Ho+romy neoxonm xomnpomncc mexy +rnmn nennunnamn, xoropt naxonrcx +xcnepnmenrantno.

e
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
nodes allowed
1
) (
1
) (
) (
j
ij
ij
ij
ij
i
d
t
d
t
t Pj
|
o
|
o
t
t
3. Onosnxex epoxon
- Vponent ]epomona ononnxercx n coornercrnnn c npnneenno ]opmyno

Ie nnrencnnnocrt ncnapennx, nena rexymero pemennx nx k-oro mypantx, a Q napamerp,
nmemmn snauenne nopxxa nent onrnmantnoro pemennx, ro ecrt
) (t L
k
) (t L
Q
k
]epomon, orxnatnaemt
k-tm mypantem, ncnontsymmnm pepo (i,j).
e
+ = +
) , (

) ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
j i edge used
that Colony k k
ij ij
L
Q
t t t t

7

8

4. ononnwrensnme ewcrswx
- Otuno sect ncnontsyercx anropnrm noxantnoro noncxa, onaxo on moxer raxxe noxnnrtcx n nocne
noncxa ncex pemenn.

3.4. 31anm pemennn saaun npn nouomn uypantnnmx anropn1uon

nx roro urot nocrponrt noxoxmn mypantnnt anropnrm nx pemennx xaxo-nno saaun, nyxno
1. Hpecrannrt saauy n nne naopa xomnonenr n nepexoon nnn naopom neopnenrnponanntx
nsnemenntx rpa]on, na xoroptx mypantn moryr crponrt pemennx
2. Onpeennrt snauenne cnea ]epomona
3. Onpeennrt +npncrnxy noneennx mypantx, xora crponm pemenne
4. Ecnn nosmoxno, ro peannsonart +]]exrnnnt noxantnt noncx
5. Btpart cnenn]nuecxn ACO anropnrm n npnmennrt nx pemennx saaun
6. Hacrponrt napamerp ACO anropnrma

Taxxe onpeenxmmnmn xnnxmrcx
- Konnuecrno mypanten
- Fananc mexy nsyuennem n ncnontsonannem
- Coueranne c xantmn +npncrnxamn nnn noxantntm noncxom
- Momenr, xora ononnxercx ]epomon
4. Hpnuenenne uypantnnmx anropn1uon nn saaun xouunnonapa
3aaua ]opmynnpyercx xax saaua noncxa mnnnmantnoro no cronmocrn samxnyroro mapmpyra no ncem nepmnnam
es nonropenn na nonnom nsnemennom rpa]e c n nepmnnamn. Coepxarentno nepmnnt rpa]a xnnxmrcx
ropoamn, xoropte onxen nocernrt xommnnoxxep, a neca peep orpaxamr paccroxnnx (nnnt) nnn cronmocrn
npoesa. 3ra saaua xnnxercx NP-rpyno, n rount nepeopnt anropnrm ee pemennx nmeer ]axropnantnym
cnoxnocrt.

Moennponanne noneennx mypanten cnxsano c pacnpeenennem ]epomona na rpone pepe rpa]a n saaue
xommnnoxxepa. Hpn +rom nepoxrnocrt nxnmuennx pepa n mapmpyr orentnoro mypantx nponopnnonantna
xonnuecrny ]epomona na +rom pepe, a xonnuecrno orxnatnaemoro ]epomona nponopnnonantno nnne
mapmpyra. uem xopoue mapmpyr, rem ontme ]epomona yer ornoxeno na ero pepax, cneonarentno, ontmee
xonnuecrno mypanten yer nxnmuart ero n cnnres cocrnenntx mapmpyron. Moennponanne raxoro noxoa,
ncnontsymmero rontxo nonoxnrentnym oparnym cnxst, npnnonr x npexenpemenno cxonmocrn
ontmnncrno mypanten nnraercx no noxantno onrnmantnomy mapmpyry. Hsexart +roro moxno, moennpyx
orpnnarentnym oparnym cnxst n nne ncnapennx ]epomona. Hpn +rom ecnn ]epomon ncnapxercx tcrpo, ro +ro
npnnonr x norepe namxrn xononnn n satnannm xopomnx pemenn, c pyro cropont, ontmoe npemx
ncnapennx moxer npnnecrn x nonyuennm ycrounnoro noxantnoro onrnmantnoro pemennx.

Tenept c yuerom ocoennocre saaun xommnnoxxepa, mt moxem onncart noxantnte npannna noneennx
mypanten npn ntope nyrn.
1. Mypantn nmemr cocrnennym namxrt. Hocxontxy xaxt ropo moxer trt nocemen rontxo onn
pas, ro y xaxoro mypantx ecrt cnncox yxe nocemenntx ropoon cnncox sanperon. Oosnaunm uepes
cnncox ropoon, xoropte neoxonmo nocernrt mypantm k, naxoxmemycx n ropoe i.
k i
J
,
2. Mypantn onaamr spennem nnnmocrt ecrt +npncrnuecxoe xenanne nocernrt ropo j, ecnn mypane
naxonrcx n ropoe i. Fyem cunrart, uro nnnmocrt oparno nponopnnonantna paccroxnnm mexy
ropoamn
ij ij
D / 1 = q .
3. Mypantn onaamr oonxnnem onn moryr ynannnnart cne ]epomona, nornepxammn xenanne
nocernrt ropo j ns ropoa i na ocnonannn ontra pyrnx mypanten. Konnuecrno ]epomona na pepe (i,j) n
momenr npemenn t oosnaunm uepes ) (t
ij
t .
4. Ha +rom ocnonannn mt moxem c]opmynnponart nepoxrnocrno-nponopnnonantnoe npannno,
onpeenxmmee nepoxrnocrt nepexoa k-oro mypantx ns ropoa i n ropo j:
| | | |
| | | |
e =
e
e
; , 0 ) (
; ,
) (
) (
) (
, ,
, ,
,
k i k ij
k i
J l
il il
ij ij
k ij
J j t P
J j
t
t
t P
k i
| o
| o
q t
q t
(1)
Ie | o, napamerpt, saammne neca cnea ]epomona. Hpn 0 = o anropnrm ntpoxaercx o xanoro
anropnrma (yer ntpan nnxamn ropo). 3amernm, uro ntop ropoa xnnxercx nepoxrnocrntm,

9
npannno (1) nnmt onpeenxer mnpnny sont ropoa j; n omym sony ncex ropoon pocaercx
cnyuanoe uncno, xoropoe n onpeenxer ntop mypantx. Hpannno (1) ne nsmenxercx n xoe anropnrma, no
y nyx pasntx mypanten snauenne nepoxrnocrn nepexoa yyr ornnuartcx, r.x. onn nmemr pasnt
cnncox paspemenntx ropoon.
k i
J
,
5. Hpox pepo (i,j), mypane orxnatnaer na nem nexoropoe xonnuecrno ]epomona, xoropoe onxno trt
cnxsano c onrnmantnocrtm cenannoro ntopa. Hycrt ecrt mapmpyr, npoennt mypantem k x
momenry npemenn t, nnna +roro mapmpyra, a Q napamerp, nmemmn snauenne nopxxa
nnnt onrnmantnoro nyrn. Tora orxnatnaemoe xonnuecrno ]epomona moxer trt saano n nne
) (t T
k
) (t L
k
e
e
= A
); ( ) , ( , 0
); ( ) , ( ,
) ( ) (
,
t T j i
t T j i
t L
Q
t
k
k
k k ij
t
Hpannna nnemne cpet onpeenxmr, n nepnym ouepet, ncnapenne ]epomona. Hycrt ecrt
xo+]]nnnenr ncnapennx, rora npannno ncnapennx nmeer nn
| | 1 , 0 e p
, ) ( ) ( ); ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
,
=
A = A A + = +
m
k
k ij ij ij ij ij
t t t t p t t t t t t (2)
re m xonnuecrno mypanten n xononnn.

B nauane anropnrma xonnuecrna ]epomona na pepax npnnnmaercx panntm neontmomy nonoxnrentnomy
uncny. Omee xonnuecrno mypanten ocraercx nocroxnntm n panntm xonnuecrny ropoon, xaxt mypane
naunnaer mapmpyr ns cnoero ropoa.

ononnnrentnax mon]nxannx anropnrma moxer cocroxrt n neennn rax nastnaemtx +nnrntx mypanten,
xoropte ycnnnnamr pepa nannyumero mapmpyra, naennoro c nauana paort anropnrma. Oosnaunm uepes
T* nannyumn rexymn mapmpyr, uepes L* ero nnny. Tora ecnn n xononnn ecrt e +nnrntx mypanten, ro
pepa mapmpyra nonyuar ononnnrentnoe xonnuecrno ]epomona
* / L Q e
e
= At (3)

10
4.1. Mypantnnmn anropn1u nn saaun xouunnonapa n ncenoxoe

1. Bsoz maipwu- paccionnwn D
2. Unwuwanwsauwn napameipos anropwima Q e, , , | o
3. Unwuwanwsauwn pep npwcsoenwe swzwmociw
ij
q w nauansnon xonuenipauww
epomona
4. Pasmemenwe mypasss s cnyuanno s-pann-e ropoza es cosnazenwn
5. B-op nauansnoro xpaiuanmero mapmpyia w onpezenenwe L*
//Ocnosnon uwxn
6. Hwxn no spemenw +wsnw xononww t=1,
max
t
7. Hwxn no scem mypassnm k=1,m
8. Hocipowis mapmpyi no npaswny (1) w paccuwiais znwny ) (t T
k
) (t L
k
9. xoneu uwxna no mypassnm
10. Hposepxa scex na nyumee pemenwe no cpasnenwx c L* ) (t L
k
11. B cnyuae ecnw pemenwe nyume, onoswis L* w T* ) (t L
k
12. Hwxn no scem ppam rpaa
13. Onoswis cnez- epomona na pepe no npaswnam (2) w (3)
14. xoneu uwxna no ppam
15. xoneu uwxna no spemenw
16. B-seciw xpaiuanmwn mapmpyi T* w ero znwny L*

Cnoxnocrt annoro anropnrma, xax necnoxno samernrt, sanncnr or npemenn xnsnn xononnn ( ), xonnuecrna
ropoon (n) n xonnuecrna mypanten n xononnn (m).
max
t

11

12
5. Onac1n npnuenennn n nosuoanme uonqnxannn
Hocxontxy n ocnone mypantnnoro anropnrma nexnr moennponanne nepennxennx mypanten no nexoroptm
nyrxm, ro raxo noxo moxer crart +]]exrnnntm cnocoom noncxa pannonantntx pemenn nx saau
onrnmnsannn, onycxammnx rpa]onym nnrepnperannm. Px +xcnepnmenron noxastnaer, uro +]]exrnnnocrt
mypantnntx anropnrmon pacrer c pocrom pasmepnocrn pemaemtx saau onrnmnsannn. Xopomne pesyntrart
nonyuamrcx nx necrannonapntx cncrem c nsmenxemtmn no npemenn napamerpamn, nanpnmep, nx pacueron
renexommynnxannonntx n xomntmrepntx cere. B Hnrepnere moxno narn onncanne npnmenennx mypantnnoro
anropnrma nx paspaorxn onrnmantno crpyxrypt cemountx cere GPS n pamxax cosannx ntcoxorountx
reoesnuecxnx n cemountx rexnonorn. B nacroxmee npemx na ocnone npnmenennx mypantnntx anropnrmon
nonyuent xopomne pesyntrart nx raxnx cnoxntx onrnmnsannonntx saau, xax saaua xommnnoxxepa,
rpancnoprnax saaua, saaua xanenapnoro nnannponannx, saaua pacxpacxn rpa]a, xnaparnunax saaua o
nasnauennxx, saaua onrnmnsannn cerentx rpa]nxon n px pyrnx.

Kauecrno nonyuaemtx pemenn no mnorom sanncnr or nacrpoeuntx napamerpon n nepoxrnocrno-
nponopnnonantnom npannne ntopa nyrn na ocnone rexymero xonnuecrna ]epomona n or napamerpon npannn
orxnatnannx n ncnapennx ]epomona. Bosmoxno, uro nnamnuecxax aanrannonnax nacrpoxa +rnx napamerpon
moxer cnococrnonart nonyuennm nyumnx pemenn. Hemanonaxnym pont nrpaer n nauantnoe pacnpeenenne
]epomona, a raxxe ntop ycnonno onrnmantnoro pemennx na mare nnnnnannsannn.

Hepcnexrnnntmn nyrxmn ynyumennx mypantnntx anropnrmon xnnxmrcx pasnnunte aanrannn napamerpon c
ncnontsonannem ast neuerxnx npannn n nx rnpnnsannx, nanpnmep, c renernuecxnmn anropnrmamn. Kax
napnanr, raxax rnpnnsannx moxer cocroxrt n omene uepes onpeenennte npomexyrxn npemenn rexymnmn
nannyumnmn pemennxmn.

13
6. oc1onnc1na n neoc1a1xn uypantnnmx anropn1uon
6.1. oc1onnc1na:

nx TSP (Traveling Salesman Problem) cpannnrentno +]]exrnnnt
- nx neontmoro xonnuecrna ysnon TSP moxer trt pemena nonntm nepeopom
- nx ontmoro xonnuecrna ysnon TSP ntuncnnrentno cnoxna (NP-rpynax) +xcnonennnantnoe
npemx cxonmocrn
Paoramr nyume, uem pyrne rnoantnte onrnmnsannn nx TSP (neponnte cern, renernuecxne
anropnrmt)
Cpannenne c GAs (Genetic Algorithms):
o Onnpamrcx na namxrt oo nce xononnn nmecro namxrn rontxo o npetymem noxonennn
o Mentme nonepxent neonrnmantntm nauantntm pemennxm (ns-sa cnyuanoro ntopa nyrn n
namxrn xononnn)
Moryr ncnontsonartcx n nnamnuecxnx npnnoxennxx (aanrnpymrcx x nsmenennxm, cxaxem,
paccroxnn)
Hpnmenxnnct x mnoxecrny pasnnuntx saau
- Routing
o TSP (Traveling Salesman Problem)
o Vehicle Routing
o Sequential Ordering
- Machine Learning
o Classification Rules
o Bayesian networks
o Fuzzy systems
- Network Routing
o Connection oriented network routing
o Connection network routing
o Optical network routing
- Scheduling
o Job Shop
o Open Shop
o Flow Shop
o Total tardiness (weighted/non-
weighted)
o Project Scheduling
o Group Shop

- Subset
o Multi-Knapsack
o Max Independent Set
o Redundancy Allocation
o Set Covering
o Weight Constrained Graph Tree
partition
o Arc-weighted L cardinality tree
o Maximum Clique
- Assignment
o QAP (Quadratic Assignment
Problem)
o Graph Coloring
o Generalized Assignment
o Frequency Assignment
o University Course Time Scheduling
- Other
o Shortest Common Sequence
o Constraint Satisfaction
o 2D-HP protein folding
o Bin Packing


14
6.2. Heoc1a1xn:

Teopernuecxn ananns sarpynen:
o B pesyntrare nocneonarentnocrn cnyuantx (ne nesanncnmtx) pemenn
o Pacnpeenenne nepoxrnocre menxercx npn nrepannxx
o Hccneonanne ontme +xcnepnmenrantnoe, nexenn reopernuecxoe
Cxonmocrt rapanrnpyercx, no npemx cxonmocrn ne onpeeneno
Otuno neoxonmo npnmenenne ononnnrentntx meroon raxnx, xax noxantnt noncx
Cnntno sanncxr or nacrpoeuntx napamerpon, xoropte nonpamrcx rontxo ncxox ns +xcnepnmenron

15
7. Hc1ounnxn
1. Brona C.. Mypantnnte anropnrmt // Exponenta Pro. Maremarnxa n npnnoxennxx, 2003, N4, c.70-75.
2. MaxKonnenn x. Ocnont conpemenntx anropnrmon. M.: Texnoc]epa, 2004. 368 c.
3. Thompson, Jonathan. Ant Colony Optimization. //
www.orsoc.org.uk/region/regional/swords/swords.ppt
4. Barker T. and Von Haartman M. Ant Colony Optimization. //
courses.washington.edu/inde510/510/Ant Colony Optimization3.ppt
5. www.cosc.brocku.ca/Offerings/3P71/Lectures/ACO.ppt

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