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1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
5x3 4x2 + 7x
6x3 + 2x2 + 2x 1
1x3 2x2 + 9x 1
Resta:
A(x) + B(x) =
5x3 4x2 + 7x
6x3 2x2 2x + 1
11x3 6x2 + 5x 1
Multiplicacio:
5 A(x) = 25x3 20x2 + 35x
5x3 4x2 + 7x
x2 3
15x3 + 12x2 21x
5
4
5x 4x + 7x3
5x5 4x4 8x3 + 12x2 21x
Divisio:
Mtode general:
2x4 7x3 + 6x2 5x + 1
2x4
+ 6x2
7x +12x2 5x + 1
3
+ 7x3
x2 3
2x2 7x + 12
21x
+12x 26x + 1
2
12x3
+ 36
26x + 37
Residu
A(x) (x2 3) =
12
13
Residu
2x3 1x2 + 3x + 4
2) Teorema del residu:
El valor numric dun polinomio per a un nombre P(a) s el resultat de substituir totes les
x per a i operar.
El valor obtingut s el mateix que el residu de la divisio P(x) : (x a)
P(x) = x2 5x + 6
P(1) = 12 5 1 + 6
P(1) = 2
Valor numric
x2 5x + 6 : (x 1)
1 5
1
1 4
1 4 2
Residu
3)Arrels i factoritzaci:
Les arrels dun polinomio sn els posibles valors de la x amb els quals el valor numric de
P(x) s 0, s a dir, la divisi s exacte.
Un polinomio de grau n tindr n arrels. Per a trobar les arrels aplicarem Ruffini agafant els
divisors positius i negatius del terme independent.
P(x) = x2 5x + 6
1
2
3
1
x=2
x=3
Arrels
P(x) = x3 + 3x2 4x 12
1 2 3 6
x=2
x = 2
x = 3
P(x) = (x 2) (x + 2) (x + 3)
12
10
12
3
0
Factoritzaci
+
x2 1
2x + 2
x2 +2x + 1
x2 1
1
1
1
1
x2 + 2x + 1
2x + 2
2
1
2
2 0
2 (x + 1)
m.c.m. = (x + 1)2 2 (x + 1)
1
0
(x + 1)2
2x (x + 1) 2
3 (x + 1)(x 1)
4x (x 1) 2
+
=
2
2
(x+1) 2 (x 1)
(x+1) 2 (x 1)
(x+1)2 2 (x 1)
=
4x2 + 4x
3x 3
8x2 8x
+
=
2
2
(x+1) 2 (x 1)
(x+1) 2 (x 1)
(x+1)2 2 (x 1)
4x2 + 4x + 3x 3 8x2 + 8x
(x+1)2 2 (x 1)
4x2 + 15x 3
(x+1)2 2 (x 1)
1 1
1
1
0
(x 1)(x + 1)
Multiplicaci i divisi:
x2 + 2x + 1
3x + 6
x2 4
2x2 2x 4
x2 + 2x + 1
1
1 1
1
1
1
0
x2 4
3x + 6
6
0
1
2
1
2
2 2 4
2
2
1
(x + 1)(x + 1)(x+ 2) 3
3 (x + 1)
=
(x+ 2) (x 2)(x 2)(x + 1) 2
2 (x 2)2
(x + 1)(x + 1) (x 2)(x + 1) 2
(x+ 2) (x 2) (x+ 2) 3
4)Equacions
Polinomiques:
x-5
2x + 5
5x
3x 4
+ 2
=
4
3
3
2
3x 15 + 16x + 40
20x 18x 24
=
12
12
3x + 16x 20x + 18x = 24 + 15 40
17x = 1
1
x=
17
(x + 2)2 5 (x + 3) = (2x + 3)(2x 3)
x2 + 4x + 4 5x 15 = 4x2 9
x2 4x2 + 4x 5x + 4x 15 + 9
3x2 x 2 = 0
x=
( 1)2 4( 3)( 2)
1 23
=
2 ( 3)
6
2 (x 2)(x + 1)
x2 + 2x + 1
3x + 6
:
2
2
x 4
2x 2x 4
(x + 1)2
3 (x + 2)
:
=
(x+ 2)(x 2)
2 (x 2)(x + 1)
2
2
(x+ 2)(x 2)
3 (x + 2)
(x + 1)2
3 (x + 2)
=
(x+ 2)(x 2)
2 (x 2)(x + 1)
____________________________
0 4
2
1
(x + 1)2
2x2 2x 4
2 (x + 1)3
3 (x + 2)2
x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
x=1
Biquadrades:
x4 5x2 + 6 = 0 t = x2
t2 5t + 6
t=
1 ( 5) 416
1 1
=
21
2
5+1
=3
2
x=
51
=2
2
x=
Amb x al denominador:
3x
5
2
+
=
x2 1
x+1
x1
3x
5 (x 1)
2 (x + 1)
+
=
(x 1)(x + 1)
(x 1)(x + 1)
(x 1)(x + 1)
3x + 5x 5
2x + 2
=
(x 1)(x + 1)
(x 1)(x + 1)
3x + 5x 5 = 2x + 2
6x = 7
7
x=
6
Irracionals:
En aquest tipus dequacions, un cop trobades les solucions, shan de comprovar en
lequacio inicial.
x 1 + 3= 5x
x 1 )2 = (5x 3)2
x 1 = 25x2 30x + 9
25x2 31x + 10 = 0
x=
6)Sistemes
31 ( 31)2 42510
2( 31)
1 39
62
No t soluci real
Substituci:
2x + 36 = 4y + 20
15x 5 = 5y
2x = 4y + 20 36
x = 2y 8
15(2y 8) 5 = 5y
25y = 125
125
y=
=5
25
15x 5 = 25
30
x=
=2
15
Igualaci:
2x + 36 = 4y + 20
15x 5 = 5y
x = 2y 8
5y + 5
x=
15
2y 8 =
5y + 5
15
30y 120 = 5y + 5
25y = 125
125
y=
=5
25
x = 2y 8
x = 10 8 = 2
Reducci:
( 5)
2x + 36 = 4y + 20
15x 5 = 5y
4