PHN VIII KHUYT TT HN V CC PHNG PHP KIM TRA CC DNG KHUYT TT MI HN

Nhng sai lch v hnh dng, kch thc v t chc kim loi ca kt cu hn so vi tiu chun thit k v yu cu k thut, lm gim bn v kh nng lm vic ca n, c gi l nhng khuyt tt hn.

1. NT NT - L mt trong nhng khuyt tt nghim trng nht ca lin kt hn, nt c th xut hin trn b mt mi hn, trong mi hn v vng nh hng nhit. Vt nt c th xut hin cc nhit khc nhau Nt nng: Xut hin trong qu trnh kt tinh ca lin kt hn khi nhit cn kh cao, trn 10000C. Nt ngui: Xut hin sau khi kt thc qu trnh hn v nhit di 10000C, nt ngui c th xut hin sau vi gi hoc sau vi ngy. Vt nt c cc kch thc khc nhau, c th l nt t vi hay nt th di. Cc vt nt th c th gy ph hu kt cu ngay khi lm vic. Cc vt nt t vi, trong qu trnh lm vic ca kt cu s pht trin rng dn ra to thnh c vt nt th di

C th pht hin cc vt nt bng mt thng hoc vi knh lp i vi cc vt nt th di v nm b mt ca lin kt hn. i vi cc vt nt t vi v nm bn trong mi hn ch c th pht hin c khi dng cc phng php kim tra nh siu m, kim tra t tnh, chp X quang, v.v
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NGUYN NHN V BIN PHP KHC PHC

Dng vt nt Nguyn nhn S dng vt liu hn cha ng. Tn ti sc cng ln trong lin kt hn Nt dc Tc ngui cao B tr cc lp hn cha hp l lin kt hn khng hp l V tr kt thc h quang b lm, tn ti nhiu tp cht H quang khng c bo v Khc phc S dng vt liu hn ph hp Gii phng cc lc kp cht cho lin kt hn khi hn, tng kh nng in y khi hn Gia nhit trc cho vt liu hn, gi nhit cho lin kt hn gim tc ngui ca vt hn B tr so le cc lp hn S dng lin kt hn hp l, vt mp, gim khe h S dng thit b hn hp l, c ch ring cho lc gy h quang v kt thc h quang S dng cc tm hn ni v tr bt u v kt thc h quang, cc v tr ny nm ngoi lin kt hn S dng vt liu ph hp Tng dng in v kch thc in cc hn. Gia nhit

Nt vng kt thc h quang

S dng vt liu hn cha ng. Nt ngang Tc ngui cao Mi hn qu nh so vi kt thc ca phn lin kt

2. R KH R KH - sinh ra do hin tng kh trong kim loi mi hn khng kp thot ra ngoi khi kim loi mi hn ng c. R kh c th sinh ra bn trong hoc trn b mt mi hn, c th tp trung hoc nm ri rc trong mi hn.

Khuyt tt v phng php kim tra VTH/Apave

S tn ti ca r kh trong mi hn s lm gim tit din lm vic, gim cng chu lc v kn ca lin kt hn. NGUYN NHN Hm lng cc bon trong kim loi c bn hoc trong vt hn qu cao. Vt liu hn b m, b mt chi tit hn khi hn b bn, dnh du m, g, hi nc Chiu di h quang ln, tc hn qu cao BIN PHP KHC PHC Dng vt liu hn c hm lng cc bon thp Trc khi hn vt liu hn phi c sy kh, b mt phi c lm sch. Gi chiu di ct h quang ngn, gim tc hn. Sau khi hn khng g x hn ngay, ko di thi gian gi nhit cho mi hn Ring i vi hn c kh bo v (MIG/MAG) S dng kh bo v ph hp, c tinh khit cao, lu lng kh cp cho mi hn khi hn phi 3. LN X LN X - l loi khuyt tt rt r xut hin trong mi hn, x hn v tp cht phi kim loi c th tn ti trong mi hn, cng c th trn b mt mi hn hoc chn mi hn

Mi hn b ln x hn s c nh hng ln n dai va p v tnh do ca kim loi mi hn, lm gim kh nng lm vic ca lin kt hn di tc dng ca ti trng ng.

Khuyt tt v phng php kim tra VTH/Apave

NGUYN NHN Dng in hn qu nh, khng nhit lng cung cp cho kim loi nng chy v x kh thot ra khi vng hn. Mp hn cha c lm sch hoc khi hn nh hay hn nhiu lp cha g sch x. Gc hn cha hp l v tc hn qu cao. Tc lm ngui qu nhanh, x khng kp thot ra ngoi. BIN PHP KHC PHC Tng dng in hn cho thch hp, hn bng h quang ngn v tng thi gian dng li ca h quang Lm sch vt hn trc khi hn, g sch x mi hn nh v cc lp hn. Thay i gc v phng php di chuyn que hn cho hp l, gim tc hn trnh x trn ln vo trong vng hn hoc chy v pha trc vng hn. 4. KHNG NGU HN KHNG NGU - l khuyt tt nghim trng trong lin kt hn, n c th dn n nt. Hn khng ngu sinh ra gc mi hn, mp hn hoc gia cc lp hn. Phn ln kt cu b ph hu u do hn khng ngu.

NGUYN NHN Mp hn chun b cha hp l, gc vt qu nh Dng in hn qu nh hoc tc hn qu nhanh Gc que hn cha hp l v cch a in cc khng hp l. Chiu di ct h quang qu ln
BIN PHP KHC PHC Lm sch lin kt trc khi hn, tng gc vt v khe h hn Tng dng in hn v gim tc hn

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5. CHY CHN CHY CHN - l phn b lm thnh rnh dc theo ranh gii gia kim loi c bn v kim loi p. Bao gm c chn mi hn mt trc v chn mi hn ngu. Chy chn lm gim tit din ca lin kt hn, to s tp chung ng sut cao v dn n s ph hu ca kt cu trong qu trnh s dng.

NGUYN NHN Dng in hn qu ln Chiu di ct h quang qu ln Gc que hn v cch a que hn cha hp l S dng cha ng kch thc in cc hn

BIN PHP KHC PHC Khi dao ng m sang hai bn mi hn c thi gian dng cho kim loi ph in y vo hai bn. m bo ng gc chuyn ng ca que hn iu chnh li ch dng in, in p. iu chnh li khong cch ct h quang, t u m xung ti vt hn l 10 - 15mm. iu chnh li vn tc hn, v gc m cho ph hp Hn ch s thi tt h quang bng cch che chn gi. 6. HIN TNG BN TO Khuyt tt ny l hin tng bn to kim loi ln vt hn, do vt hn khng m bo cht lng, thiu kh bo v hoc s dng khng ng loi kh, gy mt thm m lin kt hn. NGUYN NHN Chiu di ct h quang qu cao B mt mi hn b bn hoc du m. Tc ra dy ln qu chy khng ht H quang b thi tt Gc m hn nghing qu. BIN PHP KHC PHC iu chnh li khong cch ct h quang cho thch hp
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V sinh b mt mi hn cho sch s trc khi hn iu chnh li ch ra dy ph hp vi in p h quang Che chn gi khng c hin tng gi thi lch h quang Chnh li gc m hn cho ph hp, thng t 90 - 1050 so vi hng han v vung gc vi hai bn.

7. S BIN DNG S bin dng l nhng khuyt tt lm sai lch hnh dng mt ngoi ca lin kt hn, lm n khng tho mn vi cc yu cu k thut v thit k. Chiu cao phn nh hoc chiu rng ca mi hn khng ng u. ng hn vn vo khng phng B mt mi hn nhp nh NGUYN NHN G lp v chun b mp hn cha hp l Trnh t hn khng ng Vt liu hn khng m bo cht lng Tc hn v dng in hn ln. BIN PHP KHC PHC p dng quy trnh hn th t ph hp Hn g tng phn v vng chng s bin dng Vt mp hn ng gc v g mu hn theo ng yu cu iu chnh li ch dng in, in p.

CC PHNG PHP KIM TRA

Mc ch ca phng php kim tra cht lng lin kt hn l xc nh kh nng p ng cc iu kin lm vic ca lin kt hn, c th xc nh cc tnh cht c hc, ho hc, kim loi hc v xc nh cc khuyt tt, Ngoi ra vic kim tra cht lng mi hn cn c dng phn loi cc quy trnh hn v trnh tay ngh th hn. Cc phng php kim tra c chia thnh hai phng php chnh KIM TRA PH HU & KIM TRA KHNG PH HU
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1 KIM TRA BNG PHNG PHP PH HU 1.1 KIM TRA C TNH CA MI HN Mc ch ca vic kim tra ny l xc nh c tnh c hc ca lin kt hn so snh vi c tnh ca kim loi c bn. Qua , cng c c s nh gi trnh tay ngh ca ngi th hn mt cch chnh xc hn. Cn c vo yu cu k thut, kh nng thit b kim tra, quy trnh hn c p dng, m tin hnh th ko, th un, th cng v dai va p ca lin kt di tc dng ca ti trng tnh hoc ti trng ng. Cc phng php kim tra. Kim tra th ko Kim tra th un Kim tra dai va p th ko, th un hoc cc phng php th dai va p cc mu c ct ra t phn kim loi p ca lin kt hn v c gia cng c kh t c hnh dng v kch thc theo cc tiu chun c p dng 1.2 KIM TRA CU TRC CA LIN KT HN Gm c hai dng l: Kim tra th v kim tra t vi KIM TRA TH - c tin hnh trc tip vi cc mu th kim loi hoc cc mt gy ca chng. Cc mu th c ct ra t lin kt hn, mi bng v ty sch bng dung dch axit nitric 25% ri dng knh lp hoc mt thng pht hin khuyt tt ca lin kt hn, c th khoan ly mu ngay trn kim loi p nghin cu. Thng dng cc mi khoan c ng knh rng hn chiu rng ca mi hn 3mm ly c phn kim loi c bn v kim loi mi hn. KIM TRA CU TRC T VI - c tin hnh di loi knh lp c phng i ln (100-500 ln), nh vy c th xc nh c d dng v chnh xc cht lng kim loi ca lin kt hn.

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2 KIM TRA BNG PHNG PHP KHNG PH HU y l phng phng php kim tra c thc hin trc tip vi lin kt hn v trn sn phm hn c th m khng gy nn bin i c tnh ca sn phm. 2.1 KIM TRA BNG MT THNG y l phng php c s dng thng dng kim tra ton b qu trnh hn, c th l kim tra trc khi hn, trong khi v sau khi hn. Phng php ny d thc hin, c th gip trnh c cc khuyt tt hoc pht hin sm cc khuyt tt trong khi hn. Kim tra trc khi hn Kim tra bn v, cc tiu chun t ra cho lin kt hn Kim tra chng ch vt liu c s dng c v ph hp vi yu cu khng Kim tra gia cng g lp, khe h v mp vt c ng vi thit k khng Kim tra sch ca lin kt hn Kim tra trong khi hn Kim tra cc thng s ca quy trnh hn. Loi vt liu hn tiu hao. Nhit nung nng trc khi hn (nu c yu cu) V tr hn v cht lng b mt vt hn Trnh t hn S l cc mi hn nh v v sinh gia cc lp hn. Kch thc lin kt hn Nhit v thi gian s l nhit sau khi hn. Kim tra sau khi hn Lm sch b mt lin kt hn (b mt mi hn v vng kim loi c bn) Quan st k bng mt thng hoc bng knh lp Kim tra kch thc ca mi hn so vi bn v thit k.

Khuyt tt v phng php kim tra VTH/Apave

2.2 KIM TRA BNG DUNG DCH CH TH MU y l phng php s dng cc dung dch thm thu vo cc vt nt, r kh nh ca lin kt hn m khng th quan st c bng mt thng, sau dng cc cht hin th mu pht hin ra v tr m dung dch thm thu cn nm li cc vt nt cng nh r kh. Ch : Phng php ny ch pht hin c cc khuyt tt m ra trn b mt vt liu cn kim tra. Thng thng s dng 3 loi dung dch v c tin hnh theo cc bc sau: Dng dung dch lm sch ty sch b mt mi hn Phun dung dch thm thu ln b mt mi hn Sau khi thi gian dung dch thm thu vo cc vt nt, r kh, th lau sch b mt mi hn. Dng dung dch hin th mu phun ln vng mi hn va thc hin cc bc trn pht hin khuyt tt. Phng php ny c tnh u vit l n gin, d thc hin, pht hin c c cc khuyt tt nh khng quan st c bng mt thng mt cch nhanh chng, tuy nhin n khng pht hin c nhng khuyt tt nm bn trong ca lin kt hn v chiu su ca khuyt tt. 2.3 KIM TRA BNG T TNH Dng bt st t rc trong trng ca nam chm t nhin hay in t th n s phn b theo quy lut ca cc ng sc t. Quy lut ny trc tin ph thuc vo s ng nht ca cu trc st t, nu nh trn ng i cc ng sc t gp phi cc vt nt, khe h th quy lut phn b ca cc ng sc t thay i so vi nhng khu vc khc do c s khc nhau v thm t. Khi gp cc khuyt tt cc ng sc t tn ra bao xung quanh ly cc khuyt tt . Da vo nguyn l ngi ta tin hnh kim tra bng cch rc bt st ln b mt mi hn, sau t kt cu hn vo trong mt t trng ri nhn vo s phn b cc ng sc t c th pht hin v phn bit c khuyt tt Phng php ny ch p dng i vi cc vt liu t tinh, n cho php pht hin cc khuyt tt nt b mt c kch thc rt nh, cc khuyt tt pha di b mt lin kt hn nh: Nt vng nh hng nhit Hn khng ngu Nt pha di b mt R kh, ln x
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2.4 KIM TRA BNG TIA PHNG X (RNGHEN V GAMMA) Tia X v tia Gamma l sng in t c bc sng rt ngn, tn s dao ng v nng lng rt cao c th i xuyn qua khi kim loi dy. Mt phn bc x tia X v tia gamma b hp th, mt phn s i qua mu kim tra, lng hp th v lng i qua c xc nh theo chiu dy ca mu. Khi c khuyt tt bn trong, chiu dy hp thc bc x s gim, iu ny to phn khc bit trong phn hp th, c ghi li trn phim dng hnh nh bng gi l nh bc x. Gii on phim s cho php pht hin cc khuyt tt bn trong vt hn mt cch chnh xc. Phng php ny cho php pht hin c tt c cc loi khuyt tt tr cc vt nt vi nh. 2.5 KIM TRA BNG SIU M Sng siu m l dng sng m thanh dao ng n hi trong mi trng vt cht nht nh, khi truyn qua bin gii gia cc mi trng vt cht khc nhau sng siu m s b khc x hay phn tr li. Da vo c tnh , ngi ta ch to c cc loi my d siu m pht hin cc khuyt tt nm su trong lng kim loi. Phng php ny cho php pht hin cc vt nt, hn khng ngu, r kh, kt x,v c nhng thay i rt nh vng nh hng nht ca lin kt hn. Quan st trn mn nh ca my bng nhng xung hin th, c th cho php bit c chnh xc v tr ca cc khuyt tt. 2.6 PHNG PHP KIM TRA KN CA LIN KT HN Kim tra kn bng p lc kh Trc lc kim tra cn bt kn, sau bm kh vo (khng kh hoc kh tr) n mt p sut nht nh no , sau bi nc x phng ln mt ngoi mi hn v quan st (100 gam x phng trn mt lt nc). Nhng ch b r r s c pht hin theo cc v tr m bong bng x phng ni ln.

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Kim tra bng p lc nc kim tra ngi ta bm nc vo kt cu cn kim tra, to mt p sut d cao hn p sut lm vic 1,5 n 2 ln v gi p sut trong vng 5 - 6 pht. Giai on tip theo l h p xung n p sut lm vic ri dng ba g nh vng xung quanh mi hn (rng 15 - 20mm) v quan st xem nc c r r ra khng. i vi nhng kt cu h nh bn cha, thng,ch cn th bng cch bm nc vo v gi trong vng 2 - 24 gi v quan st xem nc c b r r ra khng. Kim tra bng phng php to chn khng Ch p dng trong iu kin khng tin hnh c bng cc phng php th kn trn (v d nh: y bn, b) Trc tin bi nc x phng ln mi hn cn kim tra. t bung chn khng trc tip ln vng mi hn cn kim tra, ti cc vin xung quanh bung chn khng c rong cao su to kn cn thit vi vt liu kim tra, chn khng c to ra nh c bm chn khng t pha ngoi. Do c s chnh lch ln v p sut, khng kh s chui vo bung chn khng qua cc khuyt tt, np y c thit k trong sut qua ta c th quan st v tr cc khuyt tt theo cc bong bng x phng.

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