MT S DNG BT NG THC CAUCHY THNG GP

Bi vit thng 12 nm 2011

Thy gio Trn Duy Tho
Nh cc bn bit bt ng thc l mt vn c gio vin v hc sinh thm nhp
vi mt lng thi gian kh nhiu v y c th pht trin kh nng t duy ton hc cho hc
sinh.
Qua tm hiu vn ny trong qu trnh dy hc v thi i hc, cao ng ca cc
nm ti thy hu ht cc bi ton v bt ng thc trong thi i hc, cao ng ch xoay
quanh hai lp bi ton sau: Lp 1: S dng bt ng thc Cauchy Bunhiacopxki, Lp 2:
a v bin v gii quyt bng phng php hm s. Mc d c rt nhiu phng php
gii, nhng bt ng thc l mt dng ton kh c xem l mt th thch cho hc sinh trong
qu trnh hc tp v thi c, c bit l k thi i hc - Cao ng. Vi hng khc phc hn
ch nh trn, ti tm cch h thng ha cc k thut s dng bt ng thc Cauchy, t
cho mi k thut mt ci tn nhm gip hc sinh d dng hn trong t duy tm ra hng
gii, nhm khi dy tr tm ti ca hc sinh trong qu trnh t hc, khi dy nim say m tm
kim nhng ci mi.
Di y ti xin c trao i mt s k thut dng bt ng thc Cauchy (thng l
nhng bi ton bt ng thc kh, xy ra trong cc k thi hc sinh gii, thi i hc).
Phn 1. K thut trong bt ng thc Cauchy
I. KIN THC C BN
1. Bt ng thc Cauchy cho n s khng m: cho n s khng m
1 2
, ,....,
n
x x x
Ta c: 1 2 1 2
... . ...
n
n n
x x x n x x x +++
Du bng xy ra
1 2
...
n
x x x
.
2. Bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki: Cho hai b ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
, ,..., , ,...,
n n
x x x y y y
Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
. . ... . ... ...
n n n n
x y x y x y x x x y y y + ++ +++ +++
Du bng xy ra
1 2
1 2
...
n
n
x x x
y y y

.
3. Bt ng thc Svac-s:
( )
2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
...
...
...
n n
n n
x x x x x x
y y y y y y
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
vi ( )
1 2 3
, , ,... 0, 2
n
y y y y n >

Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi :
1 2
1 2
... .
n
n
x x x
y y y

II. CC K THUT TRONG BT NG THC CAUCHY
1. nh gi t trung bnh cng sang trung bnh nhn kt hp chn im ri
Bi 1. Cho
1 2 2011
, ,... 0 a a a >
v
1 2 2011
... 1 a a a + + +
.
1
Chng minh:
2011
1 2 2011
1 1 1
1 1 ... 1 2010
a a a
_ _ _


, , ,
Nhn xt:
bi ton ny thuc lp bt ng thc c iu kin. i vi lp bt ng thc ny ta
thng c 3 hng khai thc iu kin nh sau: Khai thc iu kin kt hp vi bt ng thc
kinh in gii hn min gi tr ca bin hoc khai thc bng cch th vo biu thc cn
chng minh hoc dng iu kin vo cc bc cui cng hoc cc bc trung gian ca bi
ton chng minh. y ti khai thc theo hng th vo biu thc cn chng minh.
Ta c:
2010
2 2011
1 2 3 2011
1 1 1
2010 ...
1 ...
Cauchy
a a
a a a a
a a a
+ + +

Tng t cho
1 2011
1 1
1 ;...; 1
a a
_ _


, ,
Nhn v theo v cc bt ng thc ta c iu phi chng minh.
Du bng xy ra
1 2 2011
1
...
2011
a a a
Chng ta c th tng qut bi ton nh sau:
Cho
1 2
, ,... 0
n
a a a >
v
1 2
... 1
n
a a a + + +
.
Chng minh: ( )
1 2
1 1 1
1 1 ... 1 1
n
n
n
a a a
_ _ _


, , ,
.
Bi 2. Cho
0. x y z + +
Tm GTNN ca biu thc
3 4 3 4 3 4
x y z
P + + + + +
Nhn xt:
Bi ny yu cu tm GTNN nn chng ta cn nh gi P m lm c iu ny
chng ta cn dng Cauchy nh gi t trung bnh cng sang trung bnh nhn. Nhng nu
khng c kinh nghim th hc sinh c th gii nh sau:
1
1
1
3 4 2 3.4 2 3
3 4 2 3.4 2 3
3 4 2 3.4 2 3
Cauchy
x x x
Cauchy
y y y
Cauchy
z z z
+
+
+
+
+
+
Cng v theo v:
3 3 1 1 1 3
2 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 24 3
Cauchy
x y z x y z
P
+ + + + + +
+ +
Kt lun GTNN ca P l
3
3 24 3
, l sai v: em hc sinh ny qun mt nu lm
nh vy th du bng khng xy ra. V em dng Cauchy m qun mt kt hp chn im ri.
y ta d on im ri l
0 x y z
, c c iu ny th d on du bng xy ra
phi l 4 4 4 1 0
x y z
x y z . T gi chng ta nh gi Cauchy nh sau:
Hng dn
Cauchy:
4
8
3 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 2.4
x
x x x
+ + + +
,
Tng t v Cauchy thm mt ln na.
KL: GTNN
6 0 P x y z
2
Bi 3 . Cho a, b, c dng v a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 3. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
3 3 3
2 2 2
3 3 3
a b c
P
b c a
+ +
+ + +
Hng dn
Ta c:

3 3 2 6 2
3
2 2
3 3
3
16 64 4
2 3 2 3
a a b a a
b b
+
+ +
+ +
(1)

3 3 2 6 2
3
2 2
3 3
3
16 64 4
2 3 2 3
b b c c c
c c
+
+ +
+ +
(2)

3 3 2 6 2
3
2 2
3 3
3
16 64 4
2 3 2 3
c c a c c
a a
+
+ +
+ +
(3)
Ly (1) + (2) + (3) ta c:
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
9 3
16 4
a b c
P a b c
+ + +
+ + + (4)
V a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
=3
T (4)
3
2
P
vy gi tr nh nht
3
2
P
khi a = b = c = 1.
Bi 4 . Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c tha mn abc = 1. Chng minh rng:
3 3 3
4 4 4
3
(1 )(1 ) (1 )(1 ) (1 )(1 )
a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
+ + + + + +
Hng dn
Ta c:
+ +
+ +
+ +
3
4 1 1
(1 )(1 ) 2 2
a b c
a
b c
Tng t: =>
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
3 3 3
3
4 4 4
3 3
(1 )(1 ) (1 )(1 ) (1 )(1 )
a b c
a b c abc
b c c a a b
Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c =1
2. nh gi t trung bnh nhn sang trung bnh cng kt hp chn im ri
Bi 1. Cho
3
0, 0, 0,
4
x y z x y z > > > + + . Tm gi tri ln nht ca biu thc.
3
3 3
3 3 3 P x y y z z x + + + + +
Nhn xt:
Ta thy
, , x y z
c vai tr nh nhau trong biu thc. T ta d on du bng xy ra
khi
1
4
x y z . Vi du bng xy ra ti
1
4
x y z nn
3 1; 3 1; 3 1 x y y z z x + + +
,
mt khc kh c cn bc 3 ta phi Cauchy nh sau:
Bi gii
3
( )
( )
( )
3
3
3
3 1 1
3 .1.1 .
3
3 1 1
3 .1.1 .
3
3 1 1
3 .1.1 .
3
Cauchy
Cauchy
Cauchy
x y
x y
y z
y z
z x
z x
+ + +
+
+ + +
+
+ + +
+
Cng v theo v
1
3 ax 3
4
P M P x y z .
Bi 2. Cho
, 0. x y >
Tm GTNN ca biu thc :
( )
3
2
x y
Q
xy
+
.
Nhn xt:
Ta nn nh mc ch l nh gi Q
m
nn nhn vo biu thc trn ta c hai hng
khai thc : Hng th nht : Khai thc t s dng cauchy nh gi v mu, hoc hng th
hai l khai thc mu dng cauchy nh gi a v t sau rt gn i n iu cn chng
minh. Sau y ti khai thc theo hng hai.
Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
3
2
1 1 4 2 2 1 4 4
4 2 2
16 16 3 16 3 27
x y y
xy x y y x y x y
+ +
_ 1
+ +

1
, ]
27
4
Q . Du bng xy ra khi
1; 2 x y
.
Ch : Biu thc Q l mt biu thc ng bc nn ngoi cch gii trn chng ta cn c th
gii bng phng php hm s, ti xin trnh by hng gii ny phn sau ca bi vit ny.
Bi 3 . Cho a, b, c l ba s dng tho mn: a + b + c =
3
4
. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu
thc
3 3 3
1 1 1
3 3 3
P
a b b c c a
+ +
+ + +

Hng dn
p dng Bt ng thc Csi cho ba s dng ta c
z y x
9
z
1
y
1
x
1
9
xyz
3
xyz 3
z
1
y
1
x
1
) z y x (
3
3
+ +
+ +

,
_

+ + + +
(*)
p dng (*) ta c
3 3 3 3 3 3
a 3 c c 3 b b 3 a
9
a 3 c
1
c 3 b
1
b 3 a
1
P
+ + + + +

+
+
+
+
+

3. K thut i bin kt hp Cauchy chn im ri

Mt s bi ton bt ng thc m biu thc cn chng minh phc tp hoc c th a
v cc bt ng thc n gin hn bng cch t bin mi, th ta chn ngay cch i bin
gii, lp bi ton ny rt thng gp trong cc k thi i hc Cao ng. V cch ra thi
thng c xy dng mt bt ng thc cn chng minh da trn mt bt ng thc bit
qua mt hoc vi php i bin hoc va i bin kt hp vi trt bin l c ngay bt ng
thc mi. Khi i hi ngi gii phi i bin li a v bt ng thc quen thuc. Sau
y ti xin trnh by 2 bi ton m php i bin mang li hiu qu.
4
Bi 1. Chng minh
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3
1 1 1 3
, , 0 1:
2
a b c abc P
a b c b c a c a b
> + +
+ + +
Nhn xt:
Bt ng thc trn l h qu ca bt ng thc
2 2 2
, , 0:
2
a b c a b c
a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
> + +
+ + +
qua mt php bin i.
Do gii c nhanh gn bi ton trn ta phi thc hin php i bin a v bt
ng thc ngun ban u.
t
1 1 1
, , 1 x y z xyz
a b c

.
Bi ton tr thnh chng minh:
3 3 3 2 2 2
3 3
2 2
x yz y zx z xy x y z
P
y z z x x y y z z x x y
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
gii c tip tc nhn xt im ri bi ny l
1 x y z
T ta gii c nh sau:
2
2
2
4
4
4
x y z
x
y z
y z x
y
z x
z x y
z
x y
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Cng v theo v ta c:
3
2 2
x y z
P
+ +
du bng xy ra
1 x y z
Tuy nhin chng ta c th gii bi ton trn bng cch sau:
Ta c :
( ) ( )
2 2
3 2
1 1
1
1 1
bc
a a
b c
a b c a b c
bc b c

+
+ +
+
Tng t: =>
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
3 3 3
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
a b c
a b c b c a c a b
b c c a a b
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
p dng bt ng thc Svac_so ta c:
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
3
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2
cauchy
a b c a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
+ +
+ + +
, du bng xy ra
1 x y z
Bi 2. (i hc khi A - 2007).
Cho
0, 0, 0, 1. x y z xyz > > >
Tm GTNN ca biu thc:
5
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z y z x z x y
P
y y z z z z x x x x y y
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
Nhn xt :
Nhn vo biu thc P trng rt phc tp nhng ni ln r bin c lin quan n
, x x , y y z z Do vy n gin ha ta nn i bin a v bi ton mi. Mt khc vi
suy ngh i bin nh vy th chng ta cn nh gi t s a v bin cn i v ch ti
im ri l
1 x y z
.
Ta c bi gii nh sau:
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
Cauchy
Cauchy
Cauchy
x y z x x
y z x y y
z x y z z
+
+
+
t 2 , 2 , 2 a x x y y b y y z z c z z x x + + +
Suy ra:
4 2 4 2 4 2
, ,
9 9 9
c a b a b c b c a
x x y y z z
+ + +

Do : ( )
2 2
4 6 4.3 3 6 2
9 9
c a b a b c
P
b c a b c a
1 _ _
+ + + + + +
1
, ,
]
Vy
2 1. MinP x y z
Tuy nhin chng ta c th gii bi ton trn bng cch sau:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z y z x z x y
P
y y z z z z x x x x y y
y y x x z z
y y z z z z x x x x y y
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
t ; ; 1 a x x b y y c z z abc >
=>
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
P a b c a b c
b c c a a b ab ac bc ba ca cb
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
_
3
1 2
2 3 3
svac so
a b c ab bc ca
P
P
ab bc ca ab bc ca
+ + + +
>
+ + + +
Bi 3 . Cho x, y, z l nhng s dng tho mn xyz = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
9 9 9 9 9 9
6 3 3 6 6 3 3 6 6 3 3 6
x y y z z x
P
x x y y y y z z z z x x
+ + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
C x, y, z >0, t : a = x
3
, b = y
3
, c = z
3
(a, b, c >0 ; abc = 1) ta c :
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b b c c a
P
a ab b b bc c c ca a
+ + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
6
3 3 2 2
2 2 2 2
( )
a b a ab b
a b
a ab b a ab b
+ +
+
+ + + +
m
2 2
2 2
1
3
a ab b
a ab b
+

+ +
(Bin i tng ng)
2 2
2 2
1
( ) ( )
3
a ab b
a b a b
a ab b
+
> + +
+ +
Tng t:
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1
( ); ( )
3 3
b c c a
b c c a
b bc c c ca a
+ +
+ +
+ + + +
=>
3
2
( ) 2. 2
3
P a b c abc + + (BT Csi) => P
2, 2 khi a = b = c = 1 x = y = z = 1 P
Vy: minP = 2 khi x = y =z =1
4. K thut nh gi mu s
Nh ta bit khi gii bt ng thc th ta nhn ri phn tch, nhn xt trn nhiu kha
cnh i n li gii. Trong k thut nhn v nh gi mu s l mt k thut tng i
quan trng v thng gp. Sau y ti xin gii thiu 2 bi ton m k thut ny mang li
hiu qu.
Bi 1. Chng minh rng:
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
, , , 0 a b c
a b abc b c abc c a abc abc
+ + >
+ + + + + +
Nhn xt: Biu thc cn chng minh vai tr a, b, c ging nhau nn im ri l a b c .
ng thi mi s phc tp do ta chn phng n nh gi mu s c th nh sau:
Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3 3 2 2
3 3
2
1 1 1
Cauchy
x y x y x y xy x y xy xy x y xy
a b abc a b ab abc ab a b c
+ + + + +

+ + + + + +
Tng t:

( )
( )
3 3
3 3
1 1
1 1
b c abc bc a b c
c a abc ac a b c

+ + + +

+ + + +
Cng v theo v ta c:
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a b abc b c abc c a abc a b c ab bc ca abc
_
+ + + +

+ + + + + + + +
,
Bi 2. Cho
2 2 2
, . 0
1
a b c
a b c
>

'
+ +

. Chng minh rng:

2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3
2
a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
+ + +
.
Nhn xt:
Vi iu kin cho v biu thc di mu s ca bt ng thc cn chng minh gi
cho ta nn thay th mu s v nh gi mu. Nu hc sinh khng c kinh nghim th khng
nhn thy iu ny. C th nh sau.
Hng dn
7
( )
2
2 2 2 2
1 1
a a a
b c a a a

+
nhn vo ch ca chng ta l
3 3
2
v nhn vo iu kin
cho ta hng i nh sau:
Ta c gng chng minh
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
3 3 2 4
1 1
2 27 1 3 3
a
a a a a a
a a

Tht vy:
( ) ( ) ( )
3
2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 4
1 2 1 1
2 2 3 27
Cauchy
a a a
a a a a a
_ + +


,

Tng t:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
3 3 3 3
;
2 2 1 1
b c
b c
b b c c


Cng cc bt ng thc v theo v ta c:
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3
2
a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
+ + +
Bi 3 . Cho
, , 0; 1 a b c abc >

Chng minh rng:
1 1 1
1
1 1 1 a b b c c a
+ +
+ + + + + +
Hng dn
Ta c :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
a b a b a b a ab b ab a b + + + + +
=>
( ) ( )
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 a b ab a b abc ab a b c + + + + + +
=>
( )
3
3 3 3
1
1
c
a b
a b c

+ +
+ +
, tng t ta c:
1 1 1
1
1 1 1 a b b c c a
+ +
+ + + + + +
Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c = 1.
Bi 4 . Cho cc s dng
, , : 3. a b c ab bc ca + +

Chng minh rng:
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
.
1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) a b c b c a c a b abc
+ +
+ + + + + +
p dng BT Cauchy cho 3 s dng ta c:
2
3
3 3 ( ) 1 ab bc ca abc abc + + .
Suy ra:
2
2
2
1 ( ) ( ) (
1 1
1 ( ) 3
) 3 (1). + + + + + +
+ +
a b c abc a b c a ab b
a b c a
c ca a
Tng t ta c:
2 2
1 1 1 1
(2), (3).
1 ( ) 3 1 ( ) 3 b c a b c a b c

+ + + +
Cng (1), (2) v (3) theo v vi v ta c:
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
( )
1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 3 3
ab bc ca
a b c b c a c a b c b c abc abc
+ +
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
W
.
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi
1, 3 1, ( , , 0). abc ab bc ca a b c a b c + + >
Bi 5 .
2 2 2 2 2 2
, , 0: 1
1 1 1 1
:
2 3 2 3 2 3 2
Cho a b c abc
CMR
a b b c c a
>
+ +
+ + + + + +
8
Hng dn
Ta c: ( )
2 2 2 2 2
2 ; 1 2 2 3 2 1 a b ab b b a b ab b + + + + + +
( )
2 2
1 1
2 3 2 1 a b ab b

+ + + +
Tng t =>
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 a b b c c a ab b bc c ca a
_
+ + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + +
,
Mt khc:
2
1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1
ab b
ab b bc c ca a ab b ab c abc ab bca ab b
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
=>
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 a b b c c a
+ +
+ + + + + +
1 a b c
Phn 2. MT S BI TP TNG T
1. nh gi t trung bnh cng sang trung bnh nhn kt hp chn im ri:
Bi 1: Cho
, , : 3 3 3 1
x y z
x y z

+ +
Chng minh rng :
9 9 9 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 4
x y z x y z
x y z y x z z x y + + +
+ +
+ +
+ + +
HD: i bin a=3
x
,b=3
y
,c=3
z
.Tng sang tch, kt hp chn im ri .
Bi 2: Cho
, , 0: 1 x y z x y z > + +
. Chng minh :
1 1 1
1 1 1 64
x y z
_
_ _
+ + +

, ,
,
.
HD:
2
4
1 1
1
x yz x x x y z
x x x x
+ + + +
+
2. nh gi t trung bnh nhn sang trung bnh cng kt hp chn im ri
Bi 1: Cho ba s thc
, , 0 x y z
v
3 3 3
1 x y z + +
.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
2 2 2
. . M x yz y zx z xy + +
.
HD:
2 4 3
. x yz x yz x xyz , cauchy
Bi 2: Cho
, , 0, 3. a b c a b c + +
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc :
3 3 3
46 A a b c + + .
HD: Chn im ri bng cch :
gi s : A =
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
( ) (46 ) ( ) 4 2 a b c + + + + + + + +
, tm
,
.
3. K thut i bin :
Bi 1:
2 2 2 2 2 2
a 2c c 2b b 2a
3;
ac cb ba
+ + +
+ + vi a, b, c > 0, ab + bc + ca = abc.
(HQGHN-HV Ngan hang D_2000)
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Bi 2:
3 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2
2 y 2 x 2 x 1 1 1
;
x y y z z x x y z
+ + + +
+ + +
vi x, y, z > 0.(H Nong nghiep 1
A_2001)
4. K thut nh gi mu s:
Bi 1: Chng minh :
2 2 2
1 1 1
, , , 0
2
a b c
a b c
a bc b ca c ab abc
+ +
+ + >
+ + +
.
HD: Ta c :
( )
2
1
1 1
2
2 2 2
b c
bc
a bc abc abc a bc
+

+
tng t cho cc biu thc , cng v
CHC CC EM THNH CNG
10