5

- 3653 4232

 .



hashim.siddig@gmail.com

.
.

.

.

.


.
.

0202

4
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
5
3.1
3.2
3.3
6
2.0
2.0
2.1
7
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
8
4.0
4.0
4.1
9
5.0
5.0
5.1

01

03

03

05

07

01

05

07

07

32

33

35

36

36

20

22

25

27

27

32

30

32

34

36

40

41

41

41

46

52

52

57

62

64

:
6.0
6.0
6.1
;
7.0
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
32
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
33
11.1
11.2
00.1
00.2
00.3
00.4
00.5

65

65

67

72
-
022

020

020

020

023
-
001

003

002

001

002

002

007


010

017

020

021

021

024

030

050

051

062

063

077

022

002

000

002


003


f 004

002
C

000


007

010

010
(-)
017
(-)

3.3

.

.


.

( )0.0
x .
<3.3

.
y .
.
3.4

) .(SI

kg

Pa

. E3103
8

3.5

103

106

10-3

10-6

E3

E6

E-3

E-6

.
.

3.6

V0
8

V V 0 V

lim

m V .kg/m3
3.7

s
3

. 1000kg /m

s = / w
3.8

)p R T (1.1
p T R .
. 287J K-1kg-1
3.9

.
. .

.
.
3.:

.
;3.

.
3.32

.
3.33

 ) (1.2a .
r . x
( )1.2b
r x .
( )1.2c
. r x 8

<1.2a

<1.2b

<1.2c
)8 Chalmers
(Nilsson,

3.34

.

.
. .
.

. )Re( .

.4000 Re 2000

.Rec

.
3.35

<1.3

.

.
. ) (1.3 .
3.36

.
.
3.37

F
lim

A 0 A

 p
.

) p n ...................................................(1.2
3.38

.
.
.
. .
= -
- = .

3.39

u
)................(1.3
y

u
y

.
. Pa.s
- ).(1.4

.

du/dy

3.6

.m2/s
3.3:

. ) (1.3 .
.

10

 1.1
. 20mm
. 0.1m/s . 25C .

2

u
2y
1

U
Y
3.7

) (1.3

yU
8y

8
2
Y
Y 2
U
20s 1
Y

4
y y2

du
U
dy
du
dy

du
dy

) 25C (
3

= 997.1 kg/m , = 0.897E-6m2/s

= = 0.00894 Pa.s
w = 0.018 Pa
x .

1.2
50.0mm . 50.1mm
20C. 120C
.

x 10-6 m2/s

T C

x 10-3 Pa.s
8.2

9.2

20

6.6

7.5

12

5.5

6.5

22

4.0

4.7

42

3.2

3.7

62

2.46

3.2

022

2.10

2.8

002

11

F Aw Aw

du
dr

F = const.

100
100
F
20
8
21 Pa.s2.2282 Pa.s , 120 = 2.2220 =

= 0.0061

(100)
(100)
F
20

12

= 74%


1.1

35C . 0.00002Pa.s
2

. 0.1 MPa
1.2

][17.7E-6 m /s

) (1.6

. . 0.3m

0.101MPa
7.8 .

][0.124MPa

1.3

500N 0.2m2

1.6

12 - (.)0.5
. 0.2Pa.s . 1.0m/s
][0.16mm

()3.9

1.4 ( )0.6 50mm

. 5E-6 m2/s
.0.86
20m/s
][43N

13

 1.5 20C 8100mm

-5

10

20

12

40

]y [mm

13.0

13.2

13.0

12.5

11.0

8.0

5.0

]u [m/s

y . :

u a0 a1 y a2 y 2
a2 a1 a0.
.

14

][0.49Pa

. 8
.
.
. ][kg
.[J]

mv

].[kg.m/s

4.3
( )0.0 V

.A

dA
dm dt . d m
= V
=

dA=ndA

dA

n dA

dA

= A

= dA

dm d V v cos .dA v .d A

4.3

= m

)v . d A ..........................................(2.1

= ( ) ( ) = v
8
= ( ) ( )

v2
+ gz ) v
2

= ( e +

8
= ( ) ( )
= u v , vv , wv
z, y, x . v u
v x w y .z

15

 = A

v2
(e+
)+ gz ) v.dA....................................(2.2
2
= A

) v v .d A ................................................(2.3
A

v 0.1 0.0 .

16

 4.4
8
"
"
8
=

dV
V

dV
t

dV
V

.
( )0.0

v.d A

) t dV v.d A 0 ................................(2.4
V

( )0.2 .

( <)0.0
( )0.2

A3

( )2( )1

V1

A1

A4
2.2

=0

v .d A v .d A
2

1 1

A1

A2

=0

v dA v dA
2

1 1

A2

- 1 v1A1+ 2 v2A2 = 0
)..(2.5 = vA

17

A1

A2

V2

 4.3

v1

A2

A1

1000kg/m3

2.0m/s

0.3m2

0.2 m2

( )0 .
v2 v1 . )0( )0(
()0.3

= vA
= v1A1= v2A2
v2 = v1(A1/A2) = 2.0 (0.2 / 0.3) = 1.33 m/s

m = vA = v1A1 = 1000(2.0)0.2 = 400kg/s.

.

( )0.2

- ( )1 ().

t dV .v dV
V

.v dV 0

) .v 0 .........................................(2.6a
t

( u )
( v )
)( w ) = 0....(2.6b
t x
y
z
w v u .z y x

u v w

) 0 (2.7
x y z
18

 4.5
8
"

dA

" .

( .v )dA P Q
A

v2
gz )v .d A
2

(e
A

v
gz )dV
2

(e

2.4

Q .

pn

v2
v2
[ (e gz )]dV (e gz )v .d A pv .d A P Q
t
2
2
A
A

v2
p v2
)[ (e gz )]dV (e gz )v .d A P Q .(2.8
t
2
2
A

19

Q
A3

P2

A2

A4

P1

A1

2.5

( )0.6 .
(.)2( )1

.
p1 v 12
p2 v 22
1 (e1
gz 1 )v 1A1 2 (e 2

gz 2 )v 2 A 2 P Q
1 2
2 2
()0.3

1 v1A1 = 2 v2A2 = m

.
.
p1 v 12
p2 v 22
m (e1
gz 1 ) P Q m (e 2

) gz 2
1 2
2 2
.

.
e1
p1 v 12
e
p
v 2
P
Q

) z 1 . . 2 2 2 z 2 ..........(2.9
g 1 g 2 g
mg mg g 2 g 2 g

Q=2

1 = 2 =
T1 = T2 , e1 = e2

()0.7

p1 v 12
p
v 2
P

z1
) 2 2 z 2 .(2.10
1 g 2 g
mg 2 g 2 g
P .
)0( )0( ()0.02

20

p1 v 12
p v 2

) z 1 2 2 z 2 .................(2.11
g 2g
g 2g
( )0.00 .
. 8
= + +

p1 v 12
p v 2

z1 2 2 z 2
g 2g
g 2g

4.4

8
8
8
8

8m
15 l/s
154mm

102mm 8
8

1000kg\m3

8
()
() .
() ( )0.3
.

= v. A = V = 0.015 m3/s . AV

0.015
0.81m / s
(0.154)2

0.015
1.84m / s
(0.102)2

.
() ()0.02

p1 v 12
p
v 2
P

z1
2 2 z2
g 2g
m g g 2g
p p1 v 2 2 v 12

P mg 2

z 2 z 1
2g
g

( )0( )0

21

p1 = p 2 = pa
p2 - p 1 = 0

z2 z1 = 8

( )0 8 ! v1 = 0 , v2 = vd

m = V = 1000(0.015) = 15.0 kg/s

(1.84)2
+ 8 ] = 1203W
)2(9.81
= .3.4 kW

22

[ )P = (15.0)(9.81

 4.6

. .

dA

8
"

".

2.7

v dV v v .d A BdV dA
A

)..(2.12

t v dV v v .d A BdV dA
A

. - pn

23

g k

.B


( )0.00
- . 0.6
n2

i sin

i cos

p2

V2
n2

A2

P1

A1

v1

A3
2.8

.x-y
( )0.00 .
8

A1 i v 2 2 A 2 n 2 v 12 A1 i v 2 2A 2 cos i sin j

2
1

v v .d A v
A

B dV = g k dV = - gV k
V

)0( )0( .
. )1(
.

( )1 .

R Rx i R y j Rz k
dA 2 3dA3

A3

dA dA
1

A2

A1

p1dA1 i p 2dA 2 cos i sin j R

A2

= p1A1 i - p2A2 cos i - p2A2 sin j + Rx i + Ry j + Rz k

i + v22A2 cos i + v22A2 sin j

= - g k + p1A1 i - p2A2 cos i - p2A2 sin j + Rx i +Ry j + Rz k

z , y, x

24

- v12A1

Rx = m (v2 cos v1) + p2A2 cos - p1A1

.

Ry = m v2 sin + p2A2 sin

Rz = gV
Fz ,

Fy , Fx

Fx m v 1 v 2 cos p1A1 p 2 A 2 cos .(2.13a)

Fy m v 2 sin p 2 A 2 sin ..(2.13b)

Fz gV ...(2.13c)

25

 4.5
z, y, x 0

100mm 850kg/m3 30 l/s
0.20MPa .0.19MPa

(.)0.7
()0.01

(0.1)2 = 7.85E-3 m2

= A1 = A 2

m V = (850)30E-3 = 25.5kg/s
.

v1 = v2 = V A = 30E-3 / 7.85 E-3 = 3.82 m/s

90

sin = 1

cos = 0 ,

()0.01

Fx = 1668N, Fy = - 1590N, Fz = - 17N.

V2
n2

p2

A2
y

P1

=90

v1

A1
A3
;4.

26

x-y


2.1

R1 .R2

( )0 r

r 2
v b 1
R1
b . 8
()
() ()0
2

b R1
[ bR , b ,

]
2 R2

() ()0
2.2

2
1

1
2

v u y x 8
2

) u = b( x + xy y
)v = b( -2xy 2yz + 2z2
b . z
])[b(z2-yz

.
2.3

u ) u = u ( x, t

) = 0 ( 2 cos t
0.

x sin t
]
2 cos t

) u = u ( x,t .u(o,t) = U

2.4

[U

( )0.02

. 930kg/m3 ()0

2.0 kPa

( )0 . 0.016m2 )0(
(0.01m2 )0
)0( )0(
.
][3.9 m/s, 6.3 m/s, 63 l/s
4.32

27

2.5

( )0.00

.50
.
02.2 \
][17.4 l/s, 1.27m

2.6

4.33

0.86

. 35 l/s 200mm . 150mm

1.5m . 15m
() ()
[16.6m, 4.9kW] .
2.7

( )0.00 .

T .

50m

][22.3kW

100mm

6m/s

2.12

2.8

( )0.01 .

100m
.

][1.1kN
4.35

2.9

180 . 0.0025m2
2

. 0.0005m . 30m/s
.

28

][40.5kN, 0

3.1

.
.

. .
.
.
.
.

.

<5.3

D U
d

f (D, d, U, , ) = 0
D
D . D
.
8
) (1

29

) (2 .
- - .
!

.

. -

)( kg m3 )( ms 1 )( m
) ( kg m1 s 1

1 .

( )
" < p1 , p2 , ., pn< f(p1, p2, ., pn) = 0

m ." ( n - m)
. m = 3 n = 5 8
) (L,M,T .
. 2 = n - m
f(1,2) = 0 2 1 .

) (1 m . n 8
() . p1
() .
() .
d, U, .
) (2 (n -m) .
8

1 d a1U a 2 a 3 D
2 d a 4U a 5 a 6

30

a2

a3

L M ML
M 0 L0T 0 La1 3 2
T L T
M 0 L0T 0 M a 31La1a 23a 31T a 22
a1 + a2 -3a3 + 1 = 0
a3 +1 = 0
- a2 - 2 = 0
a1 = -2, a2 = -2, a3 = -1
1 = d -2 U

-1 D =

D
d 2U 2

2 = d a4 U

a5

a6

a5

a6

L M M
M LT L 3

T L LT
0

a4

a4 = -1, a5 = -1, a6 = -1

2
F(1,2) = 0

UD

82 1
. )1.0(

D
d 2U

dA

Re
2 1 < 5.4

31

3.2

) (1 Re

vL vL

Re

. L
.

) (2 M

v
c

c . .

) (3 Fr

v
gL

Fr

g .
.

32

 3.3
.
.
.

.
.
.
8
()
() .
.
3.1
.

15m/s .
()
() 5N
8
Pa.s4 a = 16E- a = 1.15 kg/m3
Pa.s4E-22w = 8 w = 1E3 kg/m3
()

D
vd
( f
)
2 2
v d

vd

vd

d
800E 6
) 15(2
= 1.7m/s
d
16E 6
()

33

vv

v 2d 2

D
v 2d 2

2
d v
1.15 15 2
DD

2 = 1.8N
d v
1E 3 1.7
2

<5.5 8<3

34


3.1

d s .

g .v
.

vd
v s
f
,
, 0


gd

3.2

v d L

.k

p .
3.3

15mm .

. 0.15m/s 50mm
.
2

.w = 1E 6 m /s a = 17E-6 m2/s
3.4

][0.77 m/s

25kg/m3

18.5E-6Pa.s . 35m/s . 65kN

1025kg/m3 1.65E-3Pa.s
][15.2 m/s , 12.6MN
3.5

. 450m/s

( 8) ( 800m) 1600m
8
)(m

800

1600

)(K

288

236

217

const . T

35

.c

][407m/s, 391m/s

4.1

) (2.10
.
.
) (2.10 .

.
)(2.10

p p1 v2 2 v12
(z 2 z 1 ) 2

g
2g

mg
P

) (1 ) (2

z2-z1

p2 -p1 v2 -v1 m g
.

P/

) (P=0 .
.

.hf

p 2 p1 v2 2 v12

) hf .........................(4.1
g
2g

(z 2 z 1 )

P
mg

hf .
) (4.1 (2) (1)
.

p 2 p1 p f
)................................................(4.2

g
g

36

hf

 .
pf
- 8

)pf = f1(, v, d, L, , k ).(1

k .
( )2.0 k .
()6.3

)k(mm

)k(mm

2.2203

2.00

(PVC)

2.2212

2.03

2.03

2.2232

2.12 - 1.22

2.2232

0.22 - 02.22

2.2322

220.01

) (1 7 = n 3 = m
. .
- )8 - (3.2

p f
L k
) f 2 (Re, ,
2
v
d d

L
p f


d
v2
p f
L
k
) f 3 (Re,
2
v
d
d

v 2

1
2

p f
L
k
) f (Re,
2
v d
d

1
2

)(4.2

v2 L
k
) f (Re,
2g d
d

hf

) f(Re, k/d ( ,)2.0

.

37

 <6.3

L v2
).....................................(4.3
d 2g

hf f

6 ( .)2.1
f .
() f .k/d Re
- .f

38

()

64
).......................................................(4.4
Re

.
()

1
2.51
k
0.86ln d
) .........................................(4.5
f
3.7 Re f
f .
()

).....................................(4.6

1.325
2

k 5.74
ln 0.27 d Re0.9

- 2%
Re k/d
10-6 k/d 10-2
5x103 Re 108

6.3
250mm 0.1m3/s . 35C
() . 100m
() 1m

() (4.3)

L v2
hf f
d 2g

q
0.1

2.04m / s
A 4 0.252
8 35C
2

= 0.727E-6 m /s
= 994.1 kg/m3
Re = vd/ = 700,000
.

39

k/d = 0.045E-3 / 0.25 = 0.00018

(4.6)

f = 0.015

100 2.042
= 1.3m
)0.25 2(9.81

hf 0.015

= pf
pf = ghf = 994.1(9.81)1.3 = 12.3kPa
() 1m 8

100 v2
20.39fv 2
)0.25 2(9.81

1.0 f

)fv 2 0.049 .(1

f v ( )0 .
f .
f .

f = 0.0134
( )0 v = 1.91 m/s
f
f = 0. 015 Re = 6.6E5 ,
( )0 v = 1.81 m/s
.
. 1.81 m/s . 0.089 m3/s

6.4
78mm 200m 25C
7 l/s ) (1 ) (2 . 2m
) (1( 1.0m ) ). (2
.
( ) =0.897E-6m2/s, = 997.1kg/m3 8 25C
) (4.1

p p1 v2 2 v12
P m g (z 2 z 1 ) 2

hf
g
2g

40

v1 = v2 A2 A1
kg/s5.2 m = q = (997.1)(7E-3) =
/4.78E-3 = 1.46 m/s2.225v = q/A =
005,222Re = vd/ =

k/d = 0.15 / 78 = 0.0019

f = 0.025

hf f

L v2
= 6.88m
d 2g

P = 6.98(9.81)[2.0 +1.0 + 6.88] = 0.68kW

41

 4.2
.

) (4.1 hl

p1 v12
p
v2
P

z1
) 2 2 z 2 hf hl .......................(4.7
g 2g
m g g 2g
hl 8

v2
hl C l
)...(4.8
2g
Cl .( )2.0 Cl
.

()

90

0622

()

6.4

42

 6.5
( )2.1 A-B 150mm . 10m
. 50 l/s

0.8E-6m2/s

8
()
() .

) (1
) (2

p1 = p 2 = pa

6.5

v1 = 0
)(4.7

P = 0 , z1 z2 = z

v2 2
) hf hl ....(1
2g

= hf + hl

L v2
d 2g

hf f

q
0.05

2.83m / s
A 0.0177

Re = vd/ = 0.53E6
( )

k/d = 0.045 / 150 = 0.0003

f = 0.016

10 2.832
= 0.44m
)0.15 2(9.81
2.832
][0.5 0.2
= 0.29m
)2(9.81

hf 0.016

v2
hl C
2g

() = hf + hl
= 0.44 + 0.29 = 0.73m
() z )(1

2.832
+ 0.73 = 0.41 + 0.73 = 1.14m
)2(9.81

43

 4.3
6.6
( )2.2 . 2 2 3 d2 d1
L2 L1 .k2 k1 A .C B
C B - .

qB

0
qA

qC
C

4.4

A qA 8
() .4 3
() .A
() B A

p A v12 v12

hf 1
g 2g 2g
pA
) hf 1 .(1
g
C A

pA
) hf 2 .(2
g

)hf 1 hf 2 ..........(3

L1 v12
L2 v22
f1
f2
d1 2g
d 2 2g
2

f1
)(4
f2

L1 d 2

L 2 d 1

v 2 v1

44

) (d 12 v1 d 2 2 v2

= qA = qB + qC

d
4q
)v1 A2 2 v 2 .(5
d1 d1
( )3( )2 f2 f1 .v2 v1

f2 f1

.
8

qA

L2

1000kg/m3

0.9E-6m2/s

0.1m3

100m

k2

k1

d2

d1

0.04mm

0.04mm

0.2m

0.1m

L1
100m

)(4

f1
).v 1 .....(6
f2

v 2 1.414

)(5

)v 1 12.73 4v 2 .(7
) (7) (6

)..(8

18.00
f
5.66 2
f1

v2

v2 v1 ( .)5
.0 0 v2 ( .)6

.
f2

f1

Re2

Re1

v1

v2

0.0169

0.0166

222E+3

970E+3

8.73

1.00

0.0153

0.0182

600E+3

215E+3

1.93

2.70

0.0153

0.0184

608E+3

198E+3

1.78

2.74

0.0153

0.0184

609E+3

197E+3

1.77

2.74

1.77

2.74

v1 = 1.77 m/s , v2 = 2.74 m/s

. qB = 0.014 m3/s, qC = 0.086 m3/s

45

() 8A
( )0 B

pA
hf 1
g

L1 v 12
=2.9m
d1 2g

hf 1 f 1

p A ghf =(1000)(9.81)(2.9)=28.5kPa

46


4.1

250mm 30C

. 50 l/s .
( 30C .)7.5E-6m2/s
4.2

][5.1m

50mm 100m 40C

. 1.0 l/s
() .
() .
() .
][0.3m, 0.5m
4.3

30C 300 mm 0.25mm

3

1500m . 0.1m /s .
( . 30C 800kg/m3 .) 2E-6m2/s
][ 8.2 kW
4.4

. 15mm

50m 12m .
1E-6m2/s .
][ 0.3 l/s
2.3 8

400mm

1mm

13km

130 l/s

26m

-4.0m

20m

1000kg/m3 0.9E-6m2/s8
()

( )

( )

.
]66.9kW

47

52.4m,

[44.9m,

6.8

400m . 930m 1400km .

. 0.7m 0.35m3/s 860kg/m3
20E-6m2/s 50E-6m8
()

( )

( )

.
6.9

][1962m, 2492m, 7.4MW

0.35m 0.7m

. 0.3m3/s . 5.0kPa

1000kg/m3

.
][0.28m, 6.8 kPa
6.:

( )2.3

50mm

100m0.1mm

. 5 l/s 870 kg/m3

10m

. 0.008 Pa.s
1

() .
()
.
;6.

4.5

][1.35kw, 1.3%

8(2) (1)
d1 =200mm ,

d2 = 100mm

k1 = k2 = 0.2mm
L1 = L2 =15m
) (2 . l/s

100

8.5 E-7m2/s
()

()

.
][92.1 l/s ; 7.5 l/s ; 86.0 l/s ; 13.8 l/s

48

5.1

. .
) (2.12

v .d A 0

pn

)(2.12

t ( v )dV g k dV p ndA 0
A

v
8 a
t

adV g k dV p ndA 0
A

- 8

p ndA pdV
A

a g k p dV
V

V 8

)..(5.1

a g k p 0

49

5.2

a . -

x-z

ax

az

azk

)(5.1

p
p
i
k 0

(ax i az k g k )

p
) (az g

p
ax ,

axi
x

x-z 8
5.1

ax t c1
= 0 t = 0

c1 = 0

12 ax t c 2
2

c2 = x

x 12 ax t 2

z 12 az t 2
p p p

) ax .(5.2a
x x

p p p

) g az .(5.2b
z z
)(5.2a

)p = - ax x + f(z

p
)= f(z
z
) (5.2b

)f(z) = -(g +az

f = -(g +az)z +c
)p = - ax x - (g +az)z + c ..(5.3
. c .

50


.
).(5.3

p = pa , z = z s
pa zs z .

pa = -axx - (g +az)zs + c

ax
)x ......(5.4
g az

ax
g az

z s c '

7.3
850 kg/m3
2.0m/s2 x - . 3.0
. 3.0m 2.0m .
8
() .
() .

7.4

() .
()
3

ax = 2.0m/s , az = 0, = 850 kg/m

) (5.3

p = -850(2.0)x 850(9.81)z +c1 = -1700 x 8340 z + c1

555c1 = 21 x = 3 , zs = 2 , p = 0
8

p = (21.8 1.7x 8.34 z) 1000

() .x = 0 , z = 0 8
= 21.8 k Pa

() ) (5.4 z

. s

zs = - (2/9.81)x + c2 = - 0.2 x + c2
zs = 2 x = 3

c2 = 2.6
zs = 2.6 0.2x

- 0.2

= -11.3.

tan = -0.2

51

 5.3
a ) (5.1 .

g k p 0
p
p
p
i
j
k 0
x
y
z

g k

p x y

p
g
z
z .

h z . h
.

dh = -dz

dp
g
dh
p = gh + c.
c = pa

)p gh pa ...........................(5.5

7.4

100mm

. . 13.6 0.85
()

()

Po
Po
70mm
11

0.75m
( )

5.3

) = (1 )(2
) (5.5

p0 + 0.07 0g = pa + 0.1mg
p0+ 0.07(0.85E3)9.81 = pa + 0.1(13.6E3)9.81
p0 = 12.8E3 + pa

52

2
2

() = 12.8 kPa
() 0.1MPa = 0.75 (13.6E3)9.81 = hb m g =
= 112.8 kPa =12.8E3 + 100E3
()

hw w g = hm m g
1E3(9.81)hw = 13.6E3(9.81)0.1

hw = 1.36m.

53

5.4

P3

P3

B
n4

P4

5.4

.
) (2.12
).(5.4
.
8

gV B k

BdV
VB

dA4

dA3 +

dA2 +

A2

A3

A4

dA = A 1 dA
A

) 8(1 R .

p2 = pa = 0

) 8 (2

) 8 (3 .
)8 (4

4 = -p4 n4 = p4k = g H k
dA4 = g H A4 k= g( VA +VB)k

A4

0 = -g VB k+ R + g( VA +VB) k

54

R = -g VA k
FB
FB = -R = g VA k
VA Vi

)FB = g Vi k ....(5.6

7.5
0.6m 0.9m . 300N 800kg/m3
. 1000 kg/m3
()

()

() 8

FB = Wd + Wo
Wd Wo .

Wd = 300
Wo = (AH)og = (/4)(0.6)20.9(0.8E3)9.81 = 1997N
Fb = 300 + 1997 = 2297N

Fb = wg VI = 1000(9.81)Vi = 2297N
Vi = 0.234m3
V = AH = 0.254m3
V > Vi
.

V Vi
() =
A

0.254 0.234
= 71mm
2

4 0.6

55

 5.5

()

) (5.5 d H

.W .Vo

.s
)(s

.h

V0

FB = W
)W = g VI = w s g (V0 + 4 d2h

4V 0
)...(5.7
d 2

4W

g w d s
2

5.5

s = 1, = w , h = h0

4V
4W
02
2
g w d d

h0

ho . s =1

4W
1
)( 1) .................(5.8
2
g w d s

h h0

7.6

0.5 s 1.5
10mm 200mm .

s = 1.5
s = 0.5

h = 0
h = H = 0.2

) (5.7

1
1

g w d 0.5 1.5
4W

= h0.5 h1.5

4W
1
1

2
9.81(1000) (0.01) 0.5 1.5
56

= 0.2 0

W = 0.115 N .
(5.7) W = 0.116 N h = 0 s = 1.5
V0 = 7.85E-6 m3

4
24.6mm R 3 )
3

57

.(V

 5.6
<
3

8 B .

8 M

.
8 MB B .M

G
B

5.6

I
).............(5.9
Vi

MB

I ( . Vi )3.5 .

Id 4

64

OO

5.7

bd 3
I
12

b .

58

M
G

M
B

5.8

8
1

. FB W

.
2

. M
.
.G
3

. .

. M
.G
8

)MB > GB .......(5.10

7.7
d H
.s
.

M
G

Hi

MB > GB 8

P
d

I
d2
64 d
MB

V i 4 d 2 H i 16H i

H Hi 1

) 2 (H H i
2
2

= GB = PG PB
5.9

59

W = FB = g VI 8
s
s w g V = w g V i
sH = Hi
MB =

d2
d2

16H i 16sH

GB = H(1-s)
8

d2
> H(1-s)
16sH

H
1

d 2 2s (1 s )

60


5.1

1.0m 0.5m 0.3m . 0.25m

2

2.0 m/s 8
() .
() .
() .
][11.5, 25L, 22.7 N, 221N
5.2

rad/s

( .(3.02 8

p 12 2 r 2 g z z 0
8

2r 2
2g

z0

.z

Zs

Z0

0.5m . 0.1m
() .

()
.
5.3

5.10

][7.9 rad/s , 0.2m

) (5.11

.
8
( )i ) (1 0.8
) (2 13.6 ( )3 .
( )ii ) )3( (1 ) (2 .
][20kPa , 20.6 kPa
7.33

5.4

. 1030kg/m3 . 10kN 150N 1.5m . 0.7m

600 N8
() 30.
()
][0.84m , 51

80% .

61

5.5

10mm 1.0

0.015 . 1.0 8
() 0.85
() .1.5
5.6

][+34mm , - 64 mm

0.1m2 . 0.6

.0.9

62

][ <0.3m

6.1

.
.
) (6.1 p .

6.2
6.1

.
po - ). (6.2
p p0

p0

).(6.1

12 v 2

p0 p = v2 =

) (6.2
.

6.2

6.2.1
( ) .
) (5.5
. 20 Pa0.14E6 Pa
.
.

63

 6.2.1.1
U
) (2) (1
).(6.3

) (5.5

)p1 p2 = gh..(6.2

6.3

6.2.1.2
h

- )(6.4
.
.

.A1 >> A2

)p2 p1 = gh..(1

8.6

h = h1 + h2
h1 ) h2 (1 ) .(2
h2 h1

h2A2 = h1A1

A2
A1

h1 h2

)(1

A2
) 1
A1

( p2 p1 = gh2

A2/A1 8

)p2 p1 = gh2..(6.3
h2 p2 - p1 . d2/d1
= 0.1 ) 1% (6.3 .

64

 6.2.1.3
( )4.3 .

A2 A1
) (2
.
) (5.5 ) (2
.h2

6.5

h2
sin

)(6.3

)p2 p1 = (g sin)x(6.4
1.0 > sin h2 < x "" .

65


6.2.2

.
1kPa 100MPa .
.

.
.

) .(6.6

6.6

.
.

8.4.5
8.4.5.3
.
-- . .

.

<8.9

- - .
4.5 .

.
4.6 .

8.:

66

 8.4.5.4
8
6 42 .
() < -
. 12 (.)30mV
.
.
.
()

<
0-5Vdc

.0-10Vdc
()

6 42 <

.4-20mA
.
.
( )4.7 .
20

mA
12

4
0
10

bar

5
6.9

67

 6.3
6.3.1

( )

- ) - (6.2

) .(6.1 8

).......(6.5

)2( p0 p

.
. .

.4.02

8.32

) (6.5

()00.5
.

8.3

1000 kg/m3
. 40mm
.13.6 .
(1)

= p0 + wg(0.04) + wgh
p + mg(0.04) + wgh
p0 p = 4,940 Pa
) (6.5v = 3.1m/s
8.33

68

6.3.2

8.5.4.3

.

a
A

p .
.
Cd 1.0

)p (6.6

a
A

q Cd

( )4.4 .C

)p ....(6.7

q C .a

) (6.8 .

. .
Cd .
. .

. .

8.34

69

 8.5.4.4
.
.
1

( )4.01 .
. d1 d0.

>30
d0

d1

0.02 d1
0.1 d1
0.03 d1

8.35

C ( )4.5 .

>VDI orifice, NACA tech.Mem.952

70

 8.4
400mm .
.268mm
100,000Pa 110,000Pa
.
3

VDI ( )4.01 994kg/m

. 0.7E-6m2/s
( )4.5

q C .a

p =110,000-100,000=10,000Pa
a/A1 = 0.45
C q 8 q

() q
() v1
() Re1
() C .
() q ()4.5
() ().
. 0.173m3/s

71

 6.3.3

8.36

( .)4.02
.
.
.
%3
. 40C

6.3.4

8.37

.4.03
.
.
.
.

8.5.7
- 4.04

8.38

72

 .
.
.
.
.
.

8.5.8

. .
.
( )4.05
.

8.39

8.5.9

. 20kHz


. 4.06


8.3:

.
.%0 .

8.5.:
.
.
.

73

) vdV v v .d A BdV dA ..(2.12

A

V A . 8

.

9.3


. .

9.3

74

 ) (2.12 81-2-3-4

vv.d A dA
A

i = p1A1 i - p2A2 i + R 4

) v1(-v1 A1) i + v2 (v2A2

)R 4 = (v2 2A2 - v1 2A1 - p1A1 + p2A2 ) i ...(1

p1 p2 ( ).
q 8

q = vA = v1A1 = v2A2
v A
.
Ft R4

F t R 4
) F t = (v2 2A2 - v1 2A1 ) (- i
)Ft = q(v2 v1) .(7.0a
)Ft = vA(v2 v1) ....(7.0b

9.4

) (1 5-6-3-4

R 4 = [vA(v6-v5)+ p6A6 - p5A5] i

) (6) (5

A5 ~ A 6 = A
v5 ~ v6 = v

R 4 = (p6 p5) A i
) Ft = (p6 p5) A (- i
)Ft = (p6 p5) A(2
.x
) (7.1b) (2

)p6 p5 = v(v2 v1) ..(3

75

 6-2 5-1

p5 v 52 p1 v 12

)(4
2 2
p6 v 62 p 2 v 22

)..(5

2
)(5) (4
2

)p6 p5 = (v2 v1 ) .....(6

)(3) (6

)v(v2 v1) = (v2 2 v1 2

v 1 v 2
)...............(7.2
2

Po
)Po = Ft v1 = Av v1(v2 v1)(7.3
Pi
)Pi = Ft v = Av2 (v2 v1) (7.4

v1 Po

v Pi
v1
).(7.5
v

9.4
. 1MW 90m/s
1.1kg/m3 . 3m8
()

()

( )

()

()

76

()

5.2

)Pi = Av2 (v2 v1

Pi 14 A v 1 v 2 v 2 v 1
2

)( 4 )(9)(90+v2)2 (v2 90

1 .2
4

= 1E6

v2 = 103.7m/s
()

- 5.0

v 1 v 2
= 96.9m/s
2
( )

q
3

q = v A = 684.6 m /s

()

q
= 7.61 m2 , d1 = 3.11m
v1

= A1

q
= 6.63 m2 , d2 = 2.90m
v2

= A2

Ft )(7.1a

Ft = q(v2 v1) = 10.3kN

()

)(7.5

v1
= 0.93
v

77



) .(7.3
.
7.3

()

v1 = 0
)(7.1b

Ft = vv2 A

v = v2
Ft = Av22

2Ft
)..........................(1
A

v2

Pi

)Pi Av 2 v 2 v 1 14 Av 23 ..........................(2
( )0( )0

Ft 3

2 A

A 2Ft
Pi

4 A

Ft 3
Pi
).....(3
2 A

W3
)....(7.6
2 A

78

Pi

()

Ft > W
( )

Ft < W
()

( )5.3

.

.

79

7.5

 9.4

9.4.3

v2

7.6
1

v1

n2

n1
3

.

.
) (2.12
8

v v .d A dA
A

i = p1A1 i - p2A2 i + R3

) v1(-v1 A1) i + v2 (v2A2

R3 ).(3

)F t R 3 = [v22A2 - v12A1 + p2A2 - p1A1 ](-i

. x

)Ft = v22A2 - v12A1 + p2A2 - p1A1 ..(1

= m 1

= m 2
= m f

m 2 m1 m f
80

 =
.

mf
.

m1
m 2 m 1 1
)8 (1

)Ft m 2 v 2 m 1 v 1 p 2 A 2 p1A1 .(7.7a

)Ft m 1 1 v 2 v 1 p 2 A 2 p1A1 (7.7b

9.4
. 150m/s
. 1000m/s .
. 0.02 0.2m2
. 1.15 kg/m3
.
( (7.7b

Ft m 1 1 v 2 v 1 p 2 A 2 p1A1
p1

p2

v2

v1

0.02

1000

150

m 1 = 1v1A1 = 1.15(150)0.2 = 34.5kg/s

Ft = 34.5 [(1 + 0.02 )1000 150] = 30.0 kN

81

 9.4.4
( )5.5
.
.
.

9.9

( )5.6
.
.

9.:

82

 ( )5.7
.

;9.

83

 9.5

() .
. ) (7.10
8 .

7.2

7.10

()
.

) (1 ) (1

Ft = v22A2 + p2A2

)Ft 2v 2 2 A 2 p 2 A 2 m 2 v 2 p 2 A 2 ................................(7.8

84

 p2 .

(9.33 )< <

V2

.

85


7.1

4kN 120m/s
3

. 1.0kg/m . 2.5m
.
9.4

][480 kW, 127m/s

10m/s . 1000kg/m3 . 0.5m

3

. 4m /s

. [83kN , 49% , 1.7MW] .

9.5

0.8m

0.5m

65kg/s

1.39kg/s

49kPa

51kPa

70kPa

293K

700K

R 287J/kg-K
)

300km/h
][53.7 kN, 4.5MW

9.6

. 2.5kg/s

600m/s . .
. 300m/s .

86

][1.5 kN, 450 kW

8.1
8 .

.
.
( )0.5
) .(x,y,z ( )0.01 .
.
( - )0.00 8

BdV dA
A

v dV v v .d A
t
A

() -
.

.
.
s

s z, y, x

s = sx i + sy j + sz k
- 8

u
u
u
u
p
u
v
w
Bx
) s x .(8.1a

x
y
z
x
t

v
v
v
v
p
u
v
w
By
) s y .(8.1b

x
y
z
y
t

w
w
w
w
p
u
v
w
Bz
) s z .(8.1c

x
y
z
z
t

w, v, u v z, y, x .
sz, sy, sx 8

87

sy

sz

u 2 u v w

2

x y z

x
y

sx

v 2 u v w
3

y
z

u v w u

y x z x z
..(8.2a)

v w

z
y

u v

y
x

.. (8.2b)

w 2 u v w
w u v w
3

x y z
z
x x z y z y

.. (8.2c)

88

 :.4
:.4.3
.( 8.1) sz, sy, sx
.

u
u
u
u
p
u
v
w
Bx
..(8.3a)

x
y
z
x
t

v
v
v
v
p
u
v
w
By
..(8.3b)

w
w
w
w
p
u
v
w
Bz
..(8.3c)

x
y
z
z
t

8.2.2
)0.0(

u v w

0..............................(8.4)
x y z
-

)6.0(
8

2u 2u 2u
u
u
u
u
p
u
v
w

x
2 2 2 .(8.5a)
x
y
z
x
y
z
t
x

2v 2v 2v
v
v
v
v
p
u v w By
2 2 2 ...(8.5b)
x
y
z
y
y
z
t
x
2w 2w 2w
v
w
w
w
p
u
v
w

z
2
x
y
z
z
y 2 z 2
t
x

89

(8.5c)

 8.3 -
- ) (8.2 .
.
. ) (8.3.1 .

.

8.3.1

( )

8
.

- (8.1)

dp
d 2u
) 2 ............(8.6
dx
dy
8.1

u = 0 y 12 h
)(8.6

1 dp h 2
)( y 2 )..........................(8.7
2 dx 4

90

 :.5.4 ( )

. .
.

:.4

:.5.4.3
8
.i

.ii

.iii

.iv

.v

.vi

- ) .(8.5
) (8.5 8

2u 2u
u
u
p
v

) ...............(1a

2
y
x
y 2
x
x

2v
v
v
p
2v
v

) ................(1b

2
y
y
y 2
x
x

) (1
L 8 U

L U

91

x '

x
y
u
v
p
UL
, y ' , u '
, v '
, p'
, Re
2
L
L
U
U
U

x ~ 1 , y ~ , u~ 1 , v ~ , Re ~
(1b) (1a)

u'

u '
u '
dp ' 1 2u ' 2u '
v '

.(2a)
x '
y '
dx ' Re x '2 y '2

~1

u'

~ -1

~1

~ -2

~1

v '
v '
dp ' 1 2v ' 2v '
v '

.(2b)
x '
y '
dy ' Re x '2 y '2

~ -1

~ -1

8 ( 1)

dp
d 2u
2 .(8.8)
dx
dy
8

y=0, u= U

.. (3a)

y=h, u= 0

.. (3b)

x = 0 , p = 0 ( )... (3c)
x = L , p = 0 ()...... (3d)
.x h

(3a, 3b) ) 8.8(

1 dp 2 1 dp
y
y
hy U U .....................(8.9)
2 dx
2 dx
h

q b udy 12 bUh 121

0

92

bh 3 dp
dx

x q

dp
q
U
12 2 3 .(4)
dx
bh
2h
) h h = h1( x x = 0 ) 2(
x

dx
q dx
p 6U 2 12 3
h
b 0h
0
h

dx 2
q dx 3
h dh 12
h dh ............(8.10)
dh
b
dh
h1
h1

p 6U

(8.10) x = L , h = h2 p = 0 8 (3d)
h2

bU
q
2

dx

dh h

h1
h2

dh
.................................(8.11)

dx 3
h dh h dh
1

.x p

x h

.)6.1( h(x)
L

h1

h2
U

L
8.3

h = h1 (h1 h2)

x
L

h h
dh
1 2
dx
L

(8.11)

93

h1h2
)......................................(8.12
h1 h2

q bU

)8 (8.10

) (h1 h )(h h2
)..............................(8.13
) h 2 (h12 h2 2

p 6UL

W b pdx
0

h1
p ) (8.13
h2

) .............................(8.14a

bL2UH w
h2 2

W 6

2
) ................................(8.14b
r 1
2

ln r

r 1

Hw

r = 2.2 = HwM
. 0.0267
) (8.14a 8 WM

)........................(8.15

bL2U
h2 2

W M 0.16

D
L

)D b w dx (5
0

y 0

du
dy

) (4) (8.12) (8.9 )(5

2bLU
)H D ..............................(8.16
h1 h2

r 1
r 1

H D 2ln r 3

94

 :.5.4.4

b
L

8.4

.

(.)6.2
- .
8

p
2u
) 2 ..............................(8.17a
x
y
p
2w
) 2 ..................................(8.17b
z
y
) (8.17 8

3 p 3 2 p
dh
6U
).....................(8.18
h
h
2
x x
z
dx
) (8.18
b L.
) (8.14 8

).............................(8.19

bL2UHW
h2 2

W K .6

K b L (.)6.0

95

 ( <):.3
0.2

0.3

0.2

2.6

2.3

2.2

2.1

2.03

b L

2.46

2.40

2.22

2.12

2.063

2.022

2.263

2.24

4.2

3.2

2.2

1.2

0.2

2.72

2.663

2.613

2.553

(b/L 6)

)..(8.20

K= 2.0714 ln(b/L) + 0.4352

:.5.4.5
( )6.1.0.0( )6.1.0.0
.

h
. ) h(x
.

:.3
. 60mm

. 300mm
3

0.05mm 0.10mm . 722kg/m

. 0.1Pa.s 0.5m/s8
()

()

( )

()

1000J/kg-K cp

()

5= 300/60 = b L

K ) (8.192.663

2
= 0.0265
(2)2 1

96

)ln(2

2 1

HW

)(0.1)(0.3)(0.06) 2 0.5(.0265
= 3.04E3
(50E 6) 2

W 0.885 6

= 3.04 kN
( )6.02 3.12kN %0.4 .
()

)(8.16

2(0.1)0.3(0.06)0.5
50E 6
= 13.9
2ln 2 3

(100 50)E 6
150E 6
= 13.9N
( )

= D.U
D.U = (13.9)(0.5) = 7W

()

P
.

P = cp m T = cp q T

P
c p q

( )6.00

q = 5E-6 m3/s

7
= 1.6K = 1.6C
1000(900)5E 6

97

 8.3.3
8

.

. 8
.0
.0
.1
.
:.5.5.3

. .
.
) f(x (.)6.4
f ) (x+h h
8

).....(8.21

8.6

df 1 2 d 2f 1 3 d 3f
h
h
...
dx 2 dx 2 6 dx 3

f (x h ) f (x ) h

f )8 (x-h

df 1 2 d 2f 1 3 d 3f
f (x h ) f (x ) h
h
h
) ... (8.22
dx 2 dx 2 6 dx 3

df
d 2f


2
dx
dx

df
1

)f (x h ) f (x h ) O (h 2 ) ....(8.23
dx 2h
d 2f
1
) 2 f (x h ) 2f (x ) f (x h ) O (h 2 ) (8.24
2
dx
h
O(h n) n . h
.

98


.
:.5.5.4

8
()Fluent
)Transys(
)Phoenix(
()CFX
)Comsol(

99


8.1

( )6.5
3

0.5m /s .

"" x
.(2) (1)
2

0.1m /s

8.7

(2) (1)
0.8m3/s .
][0.20 m/s2, 0.93m/s2, 0.71 m/s2, 2.70m/s2
8.2

v = ax i - ayj
B = - gk
p0 8

p = p0 - a2(x2 +y2) gz .
8.3

.h

- Ui .
-8

u h 2 dp
y y y

(1 ) i
U 2U dx
h h h
.

10mm . - 0.1i m/s

0.05Pa.s

)(i

dp
0
dx

)(ii

dp
1 Pa/m
dx

u
U

y
h

dp
) 1 Pa/m (iii
dx
.

100

8.4

( )6.6

. zz

. 3MN 0.04Pa.s
2.0
. 50E-6m

8 .

][93 rpm

8.8

8.5

h = a e-bx
b a .
)
)

p h, h2, h1, L, U,

p
UL h2 2

h/h2

h1/h2 = 2.0
)

101

9.1
8

.
.
.

9.2

u=0.99U

U
U

u(y)

x
9.1

) (9.1 .
y .
. 0.99U U
x .
.

du
dy

)8(1.3

du
dy

9.2

.
.

102

 8
.
.
.
.
<

v=0
du/dy = 0

y=0:

u=0

y 8 u = U

- 8

u
u
1 dp 2u 2u
)..(1
v

x
y
dx x 2 y 2

v
v
1 dp 2v 2v
)..(2
v

x
y
dy x 2 y 2

u v

) 0 .(3
x y
( )0 8

' u
' u
dp ' 1 2u ' 1 2u '
' v

) ..(4
' x
' y
dx ' Re x '2 Re y '2
1
( )4 8

'u
1
2

( . 1/ )

1/Re 3 -
.1/2

' u
' u
' dp ' 1 2u ' 1 2u
'u
' v

' x
' y
dx ' Re x '2 Re y '2
1

( )2

' u
' u
' dp ' 1 2u
' v

' x
' y
dx ' Re y '2

u
u
1 dp 2u
v

)....................(9.1
x
y
dx y 2

103

'u

 ( )0

v
v
1 dp 2v 2v
v

x
y
dy x 2 y 2
3

. .
8

' u ' v

0
' x ' y
1

u v

) 0.........................(9.2
x y
) (9.1 .
8

y , u = U , du/dy = 0, d2u/dy2 = 0
)(9.1

dU
1 dp

).....................(9.3
dx
dx

) (9.1 8

dU
w
u (U u )dy
)(U u )dy .....(9.4

x 0
dx 0
8
)(1

)(2

w ).u(y

)(3

) (9.4

104

 ;.5
dp/dx = 0 ) (9.4 8

u (U u )dy
x 0

1
w
u
u
y

(1 )d
2
U
x 0 U
U

u
y
,
U

w
d

) (1 )d .............(9.5
2
U
dx 0

;.5.3
(1.3)

u
U d
w =
d 0
y y 0

w
d

2
U
U d 0

d
d

).(

).(1

2
U
U
) (1 .

) (
1

) (1 )d ..(2
0

105

8 (9.5) ( 2) (1)

dx
U

2

U

x ................(9.6)

( 9.6) (1)

w
1

2
U
2 U x
2

1
...............(9.7)
Rex

L b w

D b 2 LU 3 .....................(9.8)
Cf

cf

1
2

D
U 2 A
c f 8

1
................(9.9)
ReL

0.99

5.0
.....................(9.10a )
Rex

w
0.332

.....................(9.10b )
2
U
Rex
cf

106

1.328
.......................(9.10c )
Re

 ;.5.4

(1
-
(.)7.1
x u
u t

' u

' u u u

udt
0

u
9.3

.
T 8

)...............(9.11

) (u '2 v '2 w '2

1
3

) (9.11 8

u '2
U
(2

""

8
() .
() .
.
(3 .Rec

2E3 < Rec < 10E3

)(T ~ 0.5%

0.35E6 < Rec < 1E6.

107

 -
- .
8

du
du

dy
dy

du
)....(9.12
dy

t .
8

( = ) u , v , w
.
) (9.2) (9.1
8

u
u
1dp

u
v

) .....(9.13
x
y
dx y
y

u v

) 0..........................(9.14
x y
) (9.13 ) (9.1
. ).(9.5) (9.4
) (9.5
. 8

) .......................(9.15
7

w
) 0.0225Re ..................(9.16
2
U
4

) (9.16 5E5<Rex<1E7
.

4

w

0.0225 Re 0.0225

2
U
U
4

108

u
1
7
U

)8 (9.5
1

w
d

(1

)
d

U 2 dx 0

1
4

d
1
1

7
7
0.0225
(1 )d

dx 0
U

4
d 7

0.0225


dx 72
U
1

72 4
d 0.0225 dx
7 U
1

4

) 0.37 x 5 ................(9.17
U
5

4/5

1/2

.
) (9.17

) 0.37 Rex 5 ......................(9.18

1

.
(9.18) (9.16) 8

w
) 0.0288Rex ................(9.19
2
U
5

) (9.19 D
L

D b w dx = 0.036 b 1/5 L4/5 U 9/5

0

0.037

)D=0.037b 5 L 5U 5 ..(9.20
9

D
15

0.074
Re
)...........(9.21
L
2
1
2 U bL

Cf

109

 ;.3
. 2.1 .

1E-6m2/s. 1000kg/m3
.0.7m/s

L/

L/

9.4

()
.
()
.
() 8

5.0x
Rex

ReL/2 = 0.35E6, L/2 = 4.2E-3 4mm

ReL = Re1.0 = 0.7E6
8 D
2

D = U bL Cf

1.328
= 0.0016
ReL

Cf

D = (1000)(0.7)2 (0.3)(1.0)(0.0016) = 0.12N

)(

ReL/2 = 0.35E6
()7.06

0.5 = 0.014 = 14mm

()7.00( ) 7.02

ReL = 0.7E6, Cf = 0.005

D = (1000)(0.7)2 (0.3)(1.0)(0.005) = 0.37N

110

 ;.5.5
(9.3.2) (9.3.1)
.

( ) .
(.)7.3

Ll

9.5

.
D8
- L + Ll
. Ll

) ..........(9.22

0.074L 0.074L 1.328L

l
l
D 12 U 2b

1
1
1
5
5
2
ReLl
ReLl
ReL

111

 ;.4

. 0.4E6 .

ULl
=

ULl
= 0.4E6

= Rec

Rec
= 0.57m
U

Re Ll = 0.4E6

= Ll

ReL = 0.7(1.0)/1E-6 = 0.7E6,

) (9.22

0.074
0.57 0.074
0.57 1.328
= 0.22N

1
1
1
5
1.0 (0.4E 6) 5 1.0 (0.4E 6) 2
) (0.7E 6

D = (1E3)(0.7)2 (0.3)(1.0)

0.12N 0.37N
.

112

 ;.6

w

y 0

du dy - x ).(9.19) (9.7

.x u
.



-
).(9.6

= vA

9.6

.
8

= 12 v 2

) (9.6

dp
() 0
dx

. .

dp
() 0
dx

.
.

dp
0
dx

du

dy

9.7

) (2 ).(9.7

113

du
x 0
dy

. .

.

114

;.7

;.7.3

8

1
2

= p 2

p v2
).(9.8
1-0-0

p3 = p 1
). (3
9.8

1-0-0 ) .(9.9
.
.
0-0
.
. 1-0

9.9

p1 3

p1 p 3 > 0
0 .1 dp/ds 0
1 .

115

9.11

- .(9.11) (9.10)
.

.
(p1 - p3)A A .

.
.

CD 8

D
)..............................(9.23
U 2 A

1
2

CD

D .

116

 ( )7.00
.

()9.12

;.5
20m 15m/s
. 1.5m 30C 0.1MPa . .2.5E-6m2/s

Re = vd/ = 9E6
) (9.12 .CD = 0.7
.

p
3
1.15 kg m
RT

= 25m2 Ld
1
D C D . Av 2 2717N
2
M
M = LD = 27167 Nm

9.13

117

 ;.7.4

() <

9.14

CD 8

)CD = 1.17 + 0.012 ( b/h) ...(9.24

1 < b/h < 20 Reh > 1000

8
() <

)CD = 1.17..(9.25
Re >1000

8
) (

<

Re >1000

)CD = 1.42(9.26a

)CD = 0.38..(9.26b

;.6
) (9.15 3m/s

. 1.1kg/m3

0.1Nm

.
=

= F1 R F2 R = (F1 F2)R
F2 F1 R .

) ( F1 F2 ) R 21 Av2 (CD1 CD2 ) R 21 R3v2 (CD1 CD2

01
. 21 (11
. ) R3 (9)(142
). 0.38
R = 0.18m
0.18m

118

)(9.15

 ;.7.5

9.16

.
.
).(9.16

119

 ;.8
;.8.3


. ( )7.05
2.24
. 2.1
-
8 -
.

CD= 0.06

CD= 0.30

. ( )7.06

9.17

9.18

. R RA

RR

)R R A R R C D . 12 AU 2 C RWt ......(9.27
Wt CR .
P

)P = RU ..(7.28
CR CD

120

CD

CR

2.6 - 0.2

2.0 -2.1

2.4 -2.6

( )

2.26

2.4 -2.5

2.22

2.0-2.3

2.20

2.20

2.2205

;.8.4

.

( )7.07
( ) .
. 7
( )7.02

9.19

( ).

9.20

;.8.5

.

.
.

121

(.)7.00

9.21

 ;.8.6

. ) (9.22
.

;.44

122

] [ 1.2kg/m
.

9.1

w
U 2

Cf .Re

.
][ 0.365Rex-1/2 , 1.461ReL-1/2
2.2m/s 0.5m 0.3m

9.2

20E-6m /s . 1.2kg/m
.
][11mm, 2.47E-3 N
. 5E6

9.3

0.4L L .
() Cf
() 2m/s1000
kg/m3 1.0m. 0.4m
9.4

][0.00213, 3.4N, 6.8W

7.5m 2.0m . 320 m/h

20E-6m2/s . 0.95kg/m3
)

.
9.5

][ 340N, 25.8kW

. 5m/s . 1kN

.
9.6

][7.7m

( )7.01
3

. 1100g/m
.
.
.
][86 Nm, 541W
9.7

;.45

2.2m2 . 20kN . 2.3

) (CR = 0.015
. km/h
. 100

km/h 120

][77km/h ; 34.4kW, 22.5kW

123

32

10.1
.
.
.
.
8

()
v u V y x

)V =ui + vj (10.1
v u 8

, v
).....................(10.2
y
x

u v

) 0..............................(10.3
x y

()

.
) (10.1
8

1 v u

2 x y

10.1

v u

) 0.............................(10.4
x y
124

 .
.
( )

i
j
x
y

, v
).................(10.5
x
y

) (10.5 ).(10.4
()

(10.4) (10.2) 8

2 2

) 0.......................(10.6
x 2 y 2
(10.3) (10.5) 8

2 2

) 0........................(10.7
x 2 y 2
()

) (10.1 (10.7) . r
8 v

)v = vr ir + v i (10.8
8

, v
).........(10.9
r
r

vr

1
, v
).........(10.10
r
r

vr

125

v r v r 1 v

0...........(10.11)
r
r r
8

v v 1 v r

0...........(10.12)
r
r r
8

2 1 1 2

0.......(10.13)
r 2 r r r 2 2
2 1 1 2

0.......(10.14)
r 2 r r r 2 2

V = Ui

) (

v=0 u=U

U ....(1)
y

0....(2)
x

0....(4)
y

U ....(3)
x

( 1)

= Uy + f(x)
(2)

f '( x) 0
x
= Uy + c1 ..(5)
( 3)

= Ux +g(y)
)2(

= g(y) = 0
y

10.2

= Ux + c2 .(6)
(10.2)

U = 1 m/s , c1 = c2 = 0

126

()

. ) (10.3

.

v .

q
10.3

q = 2 r vr
)8(10.9

q 2 rv r 2

q
=
2

q
) f (r
2

= f(r) = - v = 0
r
= c1 = )f(r

q
) c1..................(1
2

)(10.10

q 2 r

1 1
g ' v 0
r r

= c2 =)g(

q
)ln r c 2 .......(2
2

=0

r=2 =0

r=1

c1 = c2 = 0

q
= 1,
2
7
4

127

=0.693

) (10.4 ()

10.4

 10.1

= xy

()

. x-y

( )

( )

() 8

8 = ox = o y
.y = o x

=1

y =1/x8

8 =10

y = 10/x

y=20/x 8 = 20

()

8V

x , v
y
y
x

10.5

V =ui + vj = xi yj
.
( )

). (10.4

( )

u
v
=0,
=0
y
x
)(10.4

=u=x

1
2

) x 2 f (y

= f(y) = -y
y
1 2
y c
2

f (y )

1 2 2
(x y ) + c
2
128

 10.2
10.2.1
)6.0( -
8 s

u
u
u
u
p
u
v
w
Bx
.... 10.15a

x
y
z
x
t

v
v
v
v
p
u
v
w
By
.... 10.15b

x
y
z
y
t

w
w
w
w
p
u
v
w
B z .... 10.15c

x
y
z
z
t

.)6.1(
8

v v v
v
p
v
r v r r r v z r B r .... 10.16a
r r
z
r
t

v v v
v
1 p
v
v r v z B
.... 10.16b
r r
z
r
t
v v v
v
v
z v r z z v z z
r r
z
t

129

.... 10.16c
z

 10.2
8

V =cxi + cyj - 2czk

()

()

z 1000kg/m c

(.)0,0,3
()

( 8)6.2

u v w

0
x y z
u= cx, v = cy, w = -2cz 8
.
()

u , v, w (10.15) 8

B = Bxi + Byj + Bzk = 0 + 0 - gk

(10.15a)

p
x

[ c2x] = -

p
= - 1000(1)2(1) = - 1000 Pa/m
x
(10.15b)

p
= - 1000 Pa/m
y
(10.15c)

p
z

[-2 cz(-2c)] = - g -

p
= -g 4c2z = -1000(9.81+60) = - 29810 Pa/m
z
p p p
i+
j+
k = - 0222i 0222 j 29810 k
x y z

130

= p

-1

1.0 s

 10.2.2
()10.15
8

u
u 1 p
).(1
v

x
y x

v
v 1 p
).(2
v

x
y y

) - (10.4 8

v u

) 0 ...(10.4
x y
(10.4) (1)

u
v
1 p
v

x
x
x

1 u 2 1 v 2
p

2 x 2 x
x

1 2 2 p
u v 0
x 2

V 2 p

0
x 2

V2 p
) f ( y ) (3
2
)(10.4) (2

V2 p
) g (x ) (2
2
))2( (3

V2 p
( ..)02.05 =
2
) (10.17 .



.

131

 10.3

10.6

2 1 1 2
+
+
)= 0(10.04
r r r 2 2
r 2

( = 0 ..)0
r a

10.7

r = a , vr = 0

( = - Ucos .)0
r r
1

( = Usin ....)1
r

r , vr = - Ucos

r , v = Usin

) (10.14

)= R(r) . () ..(1

132


= R ,
r

2
= R
r 2

= R ,

2
= R
2
(10.14)

R +

R"

R +

R'

r2

R = 0

"

r2 R + r +
=0
R

r2

R"
R'
"
+r ==k
R
R

8
2

r R + rR kR = 0 (2)
+ k = 0 (3)
8 k

k = 2

)(

) (

k=o

)(

k = -

k R (10.14)
8

= R k 2 + R k 2 + R k 0
8 (r,)

= [ c1r + c2r-][c7cos + c8sin]

+ [c3cosr + c4sinr] [ c9 + c10-]
+ [c5 + c6ln r][c11 +c12]
r

= [ c1r + c2r-][c7cos + c8sin]+ [c5 + c6ln r][c11 +c12] (4)

133


c
= [c1r-1 - c2r--1][c7cos + c8sin] + 6 [c11 +c12] ..(5)
r
r
8 ) 2 (

= 1 , c1c7 = - U , c8 = 0
)3(

c2 1

c
= - U cos (1)+ 6 [c11 +c12] ..(6)
2
c1 r
r
r
8)0 (

0
r a

c6 = 0

c2
c1

= a2

)4(

a2

U cos 1 2 .....(10.16)
r
r
)2(

a2
= - U cos (r +
)+ c5 c11 + c5 c12
r
. c5 c12
8 c5c11 c

a2
U cos c .(10.17)
r

= [r +
] U sin + c
r

1 a 2
c
1 2 U sin ..(10.18)
r r
r
. )1 ( ( 10.18)

134


) (r, 8

1
ir +
i
r
r

= v =vr ir + v i

)(10.18) (10.16

a 2

a 2
c
)v 1 2 U cos i r 1 2 U sin i ..(10.19
r
r

r=a

c
] i
a

va = [2 U sin +

8
) (1 U .
) (2 . c/a
8
()

c/a

.
( )

c/a

a ) (rad/s i . U
a a=-c/a
8

v a 2U sin a i

).(10.22

a
U

)v a U 2sin i .(10.00
va = 0 ( )02.008

).(10.20

0 sin 1

135

 ( )02.6 U

x .
.
8
()0
()0
()1
()2

( = 0) o = 0 , 180
o = 210 , 330 =- 1
o = 270 =- 2
o
o = 270 <- 2 . = 270

10.8

136

V 2
p p U 1
U
2

1
2

)02.00( V 2

p p 12 U 2 1 4sin 2 4 sin 2 .(10.21)

y x F Fy , Fx
F = Fx i + Fyj

Fx =

- p cos dA

dA = (a d) b
2

Fx =

- p cos abd

(10.23) p
2

Fx = -ab

1
p cos d - ab( U2) [
2
+4

(cos - 4cos sin2

cos sin - 2 cos )d] =0

. x
10.9

Fy =

1
= -ab( U2)
2

- p sin dA = -ab

p sin d

(sin -4sin3 + 4sin2 -2 sin )d

= -2 a b U2 [] = 2abU2

F 2 ab U 2 j

. y

.F

137

)FL 2 ab U 2 (10.22

U
.
.FL

.
FL .

).(10.24
10.10

CL 8

FL
) 2 ..(10.23
U 2 A

1
2

CL

10.3
0.3m 60rpm 4.0m/s
1.0kg/m3 (.)02.02
.

= 2N/60 = 2(60)/60 = 6.3 rad/s

a = 0.15
= a/U= -0.24
CL = 2(1.5) = 1.5
A = bd = 1(0.3) =0.3 m2
FL = 1.5(1/2)1.0(4.0)2 (0.3) = 3.6N
o = sin-1 (/2) =-6.8
01 = 353.2, 02 = 186.8 .

138

 10.4

10.11

. 8
.
.
.
.

.
.
.

) (10.12

v 8

) v .d l ..................................(10.26

)FL b U .....................(10.27

) (10.25
-.

.

.


.

139

10.12

 .

.
.
).(10.27

.
(.)02.1
8

)CL = 2 sin ..(10.28

CL

CL CD
.
)(10.13

NACA4412

1E6

10.13

. 6E6

.
. 8

= \ = AR

.

) .(10.14a
-
(.)10.14b

.

140

14

 ) .(b,c
- ( - ) 10.15

.

10.15

.

.

10.4
. 20kN . 30m2 70m/s 1.16kg/m3
. ) .(10.16
. .

Wt 12 U 2 AC L

Wt
20E 3
1
0.23
2
U A 2 (1.16)(70)2 30

1
2

-
( - )02.05 0.23 = CL

P = DU = AU2CDU

CD=0.006 , =2

10.16

=P
)(1.16)(70)3(30)(0.006
= 35.8kW

141

CL


10.1

= y 3 3x2 y 8
()

( )

( )

x-y x .
3

] [u-6xy, v = 3y - 3x , = x - 3xy
10.2

( )10.19

.
10.3
. m/s

a2
])Usin -a2 ln r
r

[ = -(r-

0.1 MPa 300 K -50i

0.5m

. 5rps 8
()

( )

( )

( )

270 , 90 8

()

.
o

][-0.04, 185 , 355 ; 0.10123MPa ; - 026m/s, 0.0947MPa ; 70m/s , 0.0965 MPa ; 363N
10.4

1.5m 1.2kg/m3
o

6E-5 m /s . 10 3E6 .
8

10.5

()

( )

.0.1 MN

][14.1 kN; 7.1m

0o - 12o 8

) CL = 0.35(1+0.2 ) , CD = 0.01 ( 1+
o

0.15 MN . 35m2 .3
. [124m/s; 1.33MW] 1.0kg/m3
10.6

0.5m2

0.0

2.20 . 20kN . 1000kg/m

8
()

( )

( )

. 20kW
][8.2m/s ; 2.7kW; 15.9 m/s

142

11

11.1

.
.

.
.

11.1.1

.
- -
.

.
-
- 8
.

v
p
v
Q
u1
1 . u2 2 2
1 2 m
2
2

p1

v
v
Q
)h1 1 . h2 2 (11.1.1
2 m
2
h .
8
.

)( pA) (m v) w Aw 0 ..(11.1.2
w Aw .

143

 11.1.2

)p = RT ..(11.1.3
8 R J/(kg.K)

R
\ =
Mr

R
)R = 8310 J/(kg.K

)Mr ~ 29 R = 287 J/(kg.K

cv
cp
k

)(11.1.4

cp
cv

R
).(11.1.5
k 1
kR
).(11.1.6
k 1

=k

= cv

= cp = cv + R

cv cp <

)u = cv T ..(11.1.7
)h = cp T (11.1.8

)p = const . k .(11.1.9

).(11.1.10

dp

dh Tds

) 0( ) 0( 8

T2
p
) R ln 2 .(11.1.11
T1
p1

s 2 s1 c p ln

144

 11.1.3
1

v
c

c v .
2

Re

cp
cv

vl vl

145

Re

 11.2

11.2.1

11.2.1

. .
.
.
) . (-2 - ) . (-1
.
) (11.2.1 . (t=0)

146

< I 0
c

2 -

1 -

11.2.2a

v
< II 1
c

( )

2 -

1 -

-2

1-

11.2.2b

147

 < III

v
1
c
( )

2 -

1 -

-2

1-

11.2.2c

< IV

v
1
c
( )

1 -

2 -

1-

-2

11.2.2d

148

 11.2.2

ct

c
v

sin

-t

vt

11.2.3

c
1
).(11.2.1
sin 1
v
M

sin 1

11.2.1

.

.

H
x

tan

x H M 2 1
M>1

149

11.2.4

 11.2.3
) (11.2.5
. p
.
( )
.dp c
.
- ) (11.2.5

11.2.5

. 2t t 0

).)11.2.6
c
x.

()()() =

(-d)(c-dv)A = cA

11.2.6

) dv +c d = 0 (11.2.2
8
.

)( pA) (m v) w Aw 0 .(11.1.0

w Aw = 0
(pA) = - Adp
.

(m v) = m v = cA(-dv) = -Acdv
)dp + cdv = 0 (11.2.3
) (11.2.3) (11.2.2

dp 2
)=c ..(11.2.4
d
d
1
) 2 ....(11.2.5
dp c
150

 ) (11.2.6 .
c .
- ()00.0.7

= const

) dp d ( k

0
p
k
dp
k 1
k k d 0
p

dp
d
k
0
p

dp
p
) k ..(1
d

p = RT

p
)= RT.(2

) (2) (1

dp
)= kRT(3
d
) (11.2.5) (3
2

c = kRT

)c kRT ..(11.2.6

151

 33.5

33.5.3
8
()
()
() .
() .

. 8
.
8
() .
()
.

33.5.4
( )

- (.)00.1.0
8

vA = const

A+A

v2
h+
= const
2
8

dv dA

) 0 ........(1
v
A

11.3.1

)dh + vdv =0 .......................(2

)..................(3

dp

dh = T ds +

152

dp

= dh

()0

+ vdv =0

dp

dp dv

) 0 ........................................(4
v 2 v
( )2( )0

dp d dA

0
v 2
A
1 d dA

0
v 2 dp dp A
()00.0.3

0
dA kRT dA p

k
dp A
dp A

c2

1 1 dA

v 2 c 2 dp
1
dA
1
2
M
dp

dp
p M2
)...........................................(11.3.1
k
dA
A 1 M 2
dv dv dp

dA dp dA
( (11.3.1) )2( )00.0.4

dv
v
1

).......................................(11.3.2
dA
A 1 M 2

( )00.1.0 . M = 1

M < 1

dv
v

dA
A

M > 1

( )00.1.0 M = 1
.

153

 33.5.5

8
) (v =0 8
T, p, T0, p0, 2 8 .

) . (v = c A
. *. A
( )00.0.0 () 8

h + v2 = h0
)v2 = 2(h0 - h
()00.0.2( )00.0.6

T0
T 1

2kR
2kR
T
T 0 T
k 1
k 1
2 T0

1
k 1 T

v 2 2c p T 0 T

M2

1
T
) 1 12 k 1 M 2 .......................................(11.3.3
T0

1 12 k 1 M 2
T
) 1 ................................................(11.3.3
T0
)00.0.7( )00.0.3(

p
T k
( ) k 1
p0 T 0
()00.1.3

p
k
) k 1 .............................................(11.3.4
p0
()00.0.7
1
k

p
) (
0
p0

()00.1.2

154

) .............................................(11.3.5
0
1
k 1

A 1v 1

A1
v
( )0 .

T1 T 0
T
T0

A 1M 1c1 1M 1 kRT1 1M 1 T1 M 1 1 0

A1
Mc
M 0
M kRT
M T

()00.1.3( )00.1.1
k 1

)2 ( k 1
A M1

A1 M 1

( ) 0

*M = 1.0 , A1 = A
)1 = 1+(k-1)(1) = (k+1

k 1

A
)1 2 2( k 1

)..........................................(11.3.6

A * M k 1
1.0
*A/A

*A/A
k=1.4
T/To

T/To
p/po

p/po

/o
/o

x
1.0

2.0

1.0

0.5

11.3.2

( )00.1.0 .
() . k = 1.4

155

 33.5.3
. . 0.03
30C . 180C .
)

()

T = 30 + 273 =303K
T0 = 180 + 273 = 453K
= 1.50
( )00.1.1

1.5 = 1 + 0.125 M2
M = 2.0
()

(8)00.1.0

dp
p M2
k
dA
A 1 M 2
M > 1 dp . dA
.
( )

(8)00.1.0
2

dv
v
1

dA
A 1 M

M > 1 dA dv
.

156

 33.5.4

( )00.1.1. 0.03
M () 0
.dM/dx > 0

0.2

d=20mm
?=M

d=10mm
M=1.0

10mm ( )0 20mm
( .)2

(.)2
2

A2 d 2
=4
A1 d 1

11.3.3

()00.1.4
k 1

A2
)1 22 2 ( k 1

A * M 2 k 1
{ 0.889 [ 1 + 0.125 M22 ] }4.5

M2

=4

()8

M22]4.5

F = 0.147 [ 1 + 0.125

F = 0.166M2 [ 1 + 0.125 M22]3.5 1.0

Mi+1 = Mi F/F
8 8
8

M2 = 3.00, 2.77, 2.70, 2.70

<

M2 = 0.40, 0.14, 0.15, 0.15

3 dM/dx > 0 M2 = 2.70

157

33.5.5
1
2

) 00.1.2(
8 A2, p2, T2

M=0.5

k=1.4

T=320

M=0.9

p=0.5E6

A=0.004

k = 1.4 , R = 287 J/kg-K

11.3.4

8)
1

T T

T2 = 2 0 T1 = 2 T1
T0 T1
1
1 = 1 +

1
2

(k-1)M12 = 1.050
2 =

1.162

T2 = (1.162/1.05)-1 (320) = 289K

p p
P 2 = 2 0 p1 = 2
p0 p1
1

k k1

.
1162
p1 =

105
.

A2 A *
M1 2
A2 =
A1 =

M2 1
A * A1

k 1
2 ( k 1)

1.4
0.4

(0.5E6) = 0.35MPa
3

05
. 1162
.
A1 =

A1 = 0.003m2
0.9 105
.

8
M

T/T0

p/p0

A/A*

0.5

0.9524

0.8430

1.3398

83

0.9

0.8606

0.5913

1.0089

84

T2 =

P2 =

A2 =

T2 T0
0.8606
T1 =
(320) = 289K
0.9524
T0 T1

p2 p0
0.5913
p1 =
(0.5E6) = 0.35MPa
0.8430
p0 p1

A2 A *
10089
.
A1 =
(0.004) = 0.003m2
13398
.
A * A1
158

 33.5.5
( )00.1.3 8
1
o
) [1 12 (k 1)M 2 ] k 1 ...(1

= = 0

0
) 1 ..(2

k = 1.4 .
1.0

0.5

0.4

0.2

1.58

1.13

1.08

1.02

0/

37

12

33.5.6
( )00.1.4
8

p0

T0

M
11.3.6

k
p
m vA
)AMp .....(11.3.7
M kRT A
RT
RT
( )00.1.2( )00.1.1 p T

k AMp 0 k 1
1
R
T0 2
k

159

k Ap 0 M
)..................................(11.3.8
k 1
)R T 0 2 ( k 1

m
.

dm
) (11.3.8

dM
. M =1
k 1

k 2 2( k 1) A * p 0
)...................................(11.3.9

R k 1
T0

mM

* A . M = 1

*p
p0

T
T0

*T
T0

p
p0

= .

= .

M =1 (8)00.1.1 ( )00.1.2
k

( ) = 2.306

( ) = 2.611

* 2 k 1 p

po
k 1

2
*T
=
k 1
T0

( )00.1.7 8k = 1.4

A *P0
0.04
).......................................(11.3.10
T0

mM

.
. Cm
:

\ Cm =
Cm . 0.94 0.99

160

 33.5.7



pb

(.)00.1.5
)

po

pb

To

p0

pb /p0 = 1.0
=

.
)

pb . p0

1.0

p/po

x .
=
p*/po

. pe = pb
pb pe
. Me
)

11.3.7

pb * p * pe = p Me = 1.0
.

. m M
)

8
pb p* pe
.

p* Me m 0.2
.

mM

11.3.8

pb
(.)00.1.6

33.5.6
. 25C
0.1MPa . 0.0005 m2
8
)

0.15MPa

.0.35Mpa

161

k
Ae M e pe
RT e

m =e ve Ae

p0 = 0.15MPa

pb = 0.1E6
pb /p0 = 0.667

> p*/p0 (0.528)

pe = pb = 0.1E6
pe /p0 = 0.667

pe
k
e k 1 = -3.5 = 0.667
p0
e = 1.123 = 1 +(k-1) Me2
Me = 0.78
Te = T0 (Te /T0 ) = T0 (e-1 ) = (25+273)(1/1.123) = 265K

m=

1.4
0.0005(0.78)(0.1E 6) = 0.17 kg/s
287(265)
p0 = 0.35MPa
pb /p0 = 0.286

< p*/p0

pe /p0 = p*/p0= 0.528

pe = (0.528)(0.35E6)= 0.185E6

Te /T0 = T*/T0= 0.833

Te =(0.833)298 = 248K

m=

1.4
(0.0005)(1.0)(0.185E 6) = 0.41 kg/s
287(248)
)00.1.7 (

162

)(0.0005)(0.35E 6
= 0.41 kg/s
298

m M 0.04
m
0.41

0.17

Pb/po

0.667

0.528

0.286

11.3.9

33.5.7
. 0.1MPa
. 303K . 0.0001m2 8
)

0.08MPa

0.05MPa

pb = 0.08MPa

k AMp
R T

=m

pb / p0 = 0.08 /0.1 = 0.8 > 0.528

pe= pb
pe / p0 = 0.8
k
pe
e k 1
p0

0.8 = -3.5
e = 1.066
e = 1 + (k-1) Me2
Me = 0.57
Te /T0 = e-1 = 0.938
Te = (0.938)(303) = 284K

163

m = 0.0189 kg/s
.

qe = m /e = m R Te /pe = (0.0189)(287)(284)/0.08E6 = 19 l/s

pb = 0.05MPa

pb / p0 = 0.5 < 0.528

pe /p0 = 0.528
pe = 0.528(0.1E6) = 0.0528E6

m M 0.04

A *P0
= 0.023 kg/s
T0
.

qe = m R Te /pe

T*
T e T 0 =(0.8333)(303) = 252K
T0
qe = 31.5 l/s

164

 -
33.5.8

po
pb
To

1.0

p/po

11.3.10

(8)00.1.3
)

pb/p0 = 1
= ..

pb x .
.
( - )00.1.0 .
.
. pe = pb .

() () .
() ) (M =1
( )p/p0=p*/p0 .
( ) 00.1.4 () .

() ( ) 00.1.4 .

) 00.1.2( ) 00.1.4( . () ()
. .
.
() -.

()

( ).
.
. .

165

 33.5.8
- 400K 3MPa .
. 0.1m2 0.28

33.5.34

Me = 2.0
e = 1 + (k-1) Me2 = 1.8

pe
k
e k 1 = 0.128
p0
pe = 0.128(3E6) = 0.383E6
pb = pe = 0.383MPa
k 1

Ae
)1 2e 2 ( k 1

= 1.688
A * M e k 1
A* = At = (A*/Ae)Ae = 0.059m2

k Ae M e pe
R
Te

Te =T0 (Te /T0 ) = T0 e-1 = (1.8)-1 (400) = 222K

14
.
(01
.)(20
. )(0.383E6)= 359 kg/s
287222
) (

166

= m

( .) - 0.2
.

A/A* = 1.688
8
*A/A

p/p0

1.688

0.128

2.0

1.688

0.91

0.37

pe = 0.383MPa, 2.7E6
8

2.7MPa

Me = 0.37

167

 33.5.9
) .(7.2
.

11.3.13

v (v .d A ) dA
A

pe - p a

e ve2Ae i = (pe - pa)Ae (-i) + Rx

)Fx = -Rx = [ e ve2Ae + (pe - pa)Ae ] (-i
x 8

)FT ev e 2 Ae pe pa Ae .............(11.3.11
8

pe = p a

pa
(kRT e )M e 2 Ae
RT e

= FT = e ve2 Ae

)FT kAe M e 2 pa ..................(11.3.12

( )00.1.02 RD107

.

11.3.14

www.aerospace.ru

168

 33.5.9
4.5kN 1.2km

. 0.02MPa 2MPa 2000K . k

0.1 . 02
8
.
.

pe = pb = pa = 0.02E6
pe /p0 = 0.01
()00.1.2
k 1
k

= (0.01)-0.231 = 2.89
1/ 2

=3.55

p
e = e
p0

2
M e e 1

k 1

FT = kAeMe2pa
)4.5E3 = (1.3)Ae(3.55)2(0.02E6
Ae = 0.014m2

A* = At
( )00.1.4
k 1
)2(k 1

= 9.63

Ae
1 2 e

*
A
M e k 1

= A* = At = 0.014/9.63
0.00145m2

11.3.15

169

k Ae M e pe
R
Te

Te = (Te/T0) T0 = (e-1 )T0 = 692K

R=
.

m=

R
8310
= 415.5

MW
20

1.3
(0.014)(3.55)(0.02E 6) = 2.11 kg/s
(415.5)(692)

170


11.3.1
)

. 0C40C 8

2C22C 8

()k = 1.66, MW = 4
)

1000km/h

. 0C
][355m/s,331m/s;1039m/s,970m/s;0.84
11.3.2

) c kRT

-50C

.+50C
)
. R2
) .
][c = 0.6084T + 164.54, R2= 0.9993, 0.3%
11.3.2 3000 km/h . 400m . 15C

][895m
11.3.3 8

T
k 1

T * 2
k

p k 1 k 1

p * 2
* p* T ..[1+(k-1)M2]

11.3.4 10C .
0.0003m2 . 0.1MPa
8
)

0.15 MPa,

0.35 MPa.
][0.04kg/s, 0.10kg/s

171

 11.3.5 300m/s K132 0.35MPa

. 2.5
.
][0.51MPa, 391K, 91 m/s
11.3.6 . 15C at 0.7MPa
- . 0.0052m2 2.2201
.8
)

() .
][2.2kg/s;2.94,0.15;0.02MPa,0.69MPa

11.3.7 0.3MPa 300K

0.1 MPa .1.0 kg/s
8
)

172

 33.6

33.6.3
.
.
. .

.

.

8

P+dp

T+dT

p = RT 8

dp d dT

)..................................................(1
p
T

c+dv

11.4.1

p = const.k 8

dp
d
k
)......................................(2
p

( )0( )0

dT dp 1 dp k 1 dp

)............(3
T
p k p
k p
(kRT 8)00.0.4

= c

dc 1 dT k 1 dp

)...........(4
c 2 T
2k p
k>1 ( )1
. ( )2 .
.
.

(.)00.2.0

173

T
p
c

T+

T+

p+

p+

c+

c+

T+++

T++

T++

p++

p++

p+++

c++

c++

c+++

11.4.2

T T+ c . c+
.
.

. .
. .

33.6.4


.

)3 T0

v22

p1

p2

T1

T2

v1

v2

h1 + v1 = h2 +
ho1 = h02
11.4.3

cpTo1 = cp T02
)T02 = T01 = T0 ...............................................(11.4.1
.

)4 T

M22

= Cp T2 + c2

M12

Cp T1 + c1

kR
1
kR
1
T1 kRT1.M 12
T 2 kRT 2 .M 2 2
k 1
2
k 1
2
174

T 2 1 12 (k 1)M 21

T1 1 12 (k 1)M 2 2
T 2 1
..................................................(11.4.2)

T1 2
p0 ) 5

.

(pA) + ( m v) = 0
p2A2 - p1A1 + 2 v22 A2 - 1 v12 A1 = 0
p2 - p1 = 1 v12 - 2 v22

1v 12
2v 22
p1 (1+
) = p2 (1+
)
p1
p2

p = RT

p1 (1+

kv 12
kv 22
) = p2 (1+
)
kRT1
kRT2

p 2 1 kM 12

................................................................(11.4.3)
p1 1 kM 2 2

M ) 6

1 v1 = 2 v2
= p/RT , v = cM , c =

kRT

p2 M 1 T 2

p1 M 2 T1
) 00.2.1( )00.2.0 ( T2/T1 p2/p1
2
1 kM 12 M 1 1 12 (k 1)M 1

................................(1)
1 kM 2 2 M 2 1 12 (k 1)M 2 2

175

M 1 1 12 (k 1)M 12
1 kM 12

M 2 1 12 (k 1)M 2 2
1 kM 2 2

M 12 1 12 (k 1)M 12
[1 kM 12 ]2

M 2 2 1 12 (k 1)M 2 2
[1 kM 2 2 ]2

[ (k-1) - k2 N ] M24 + [ 1 - 2kN] M22 - N = 0

M22

k 2N

k 1
2

4N

1 2kN

k 2N

k 1
2

2kN

2.5

k=1.4

M2
2

M2

1.0

M 12 k 21
2
2k
k 1 M 1 1

0.5

M 2 2 M 12 M 2 2

2.5

1.0

0.5

M1
11.4.4

M2 M1 8

M 12 k 21
).............................(11.4.4
2
2k
k 1 M 1 1

M 22

( )00.2.2 (. ) 00.2.2

.
.
.

T2
p
) R ln 2 ....................(11.1.11
T1
p1

s 2 s1 c p ln

)00.0.00( )00.2.1( )00.2.0(

p2/p1 T2/T1 8 ( M2 )00.2.2
s2 - s1 M1
. k ( )00.2.3 .

4 -3 s2-s1.
( )00.2.3

176

)(11.4.5

 .M1>1
.

)7 p0
( )00.1.2( )00.2.1
k

2
p2 1 kM 1
p02 1 k 1
=
=

p1 1 kM 22 p01 2
k

2 k 1

1

p02 1 kM1 2
=

p01 1 kM 2 2

()0
k 1

)2( k 1
p 02 M 1 2
)..........................................(11.4.5

p 01 M 2 1

)8 *A
A
*
1

A
A *2

A *2
A *1

A
A

()00.1.4
k 1
)2 ( k 1

)........................................(11.4.6

A *1 M 1 2

A *2 M 2 1

) 00.2.4 ( ) 00.2.3 (

A *1 p 02
).......................................................(11.4.7

A *2 p 01

33.6.3
600m/s

v2

v1=600

T1=303

T2

0.1MPa 30C (

p1=0.1E6

p2

.)00.2.4

11.4.6

. .

177

M1 =

v1

c1

v1
kRT1

T1 = 30 +273 = 303K
M1 =

600
= 1.72
14287
.( )(303)
M2 = 0.64 ) 00.2.2 (
) 00.2.1 (

T2

1
T1
2
1 = 1.59, 2 = 1.08 T2 = 445 = 172C
T = 172-30 = 142C

p2 = p 1

1 kM 12
= 0.33 MPa
1 kM 22

p = (0.33 - 0.1)E6 = 0.23 MPa

178

 33.6.5 -

po
pb
To

1.0
I

p/po
A

II
2
B
1

III
D
IV
b

11.4.7

- ( ) 00.1
III II ] A D ( . [ )00.2.5
(. ) 00.2.5
II ( )0
)0( .
( )0
(. )0
.II

. B
III .
. pD
D B A .

179

 Me
Me .
* A2* A1
( - )0 3 .p/p01 A/A1*

- ( - )0 4 . pe/p02 Ae/A2* Me
.4

A p

A * p0

Ae p e
Ae p e A1 * p 01
=
(
)
A2 * p 02
A1 * p 01 A2 * p 02
- 0 = (.)00.2.5

Ae p e
Ae p e
=
).(11.4.8
A2 * p 02
A1 * p 01
)00.1.4 ( ) 00.1.2 (
k
k 1

k 1
)2 ( k 1

2 e

k 1

Ae p e
1
=
A2 * p 02
Me

k 1

Ae p e
1
) 2 2 ( k 1
=
)(1

A2 * p 02
M e e
k 1
( ) 00.2.6( )0
k 1

1
) 2 2 ( k 1
e =

A
pe
k 1
e
A1 * p 01
k 1

Me

1
2 k 1
Me 2 e =

2
k 1 Ae p e

A1 * p 01
B
2

Me e = B

1
(k-1)Me2] = B
2

Me 2 [ 1 +

N = Me2

1
(k-1)N] = B
2
180

N[1+

1
)(k-1) N 2 + N B = 0...(2
2
()0

1 1 2(k 1) B
k 1

=N

1 2(k 1)B 1
).(11.4.9
k 1

M e2

k 1

1
2 k 1
B=

2
k 1 Ae p e

A
*
p
01
1

A p
A * p0

Me

( k=1.4 ).

33.6.4
. 2.0MPa -
10mm 27mm
)

)0

0.5MPa

)0

.0.1MPa

< D B A

A* = At

Ae 0.027

= 7.45
A * 0.010

11.4.8

181


*A/A

p/p0

7.45

3.6

0.01138

7.45

0.08

0.995

pD = (0.01138)2.0E6 = 0.02276E6 Pa
pA = (0.995)2.0E6 = 1.99E6Pa
8 pB
8
M1

M2

p2/p1

3.6

0.447

14.95

p1 = pD = 0.02276E6 Pa
p2 = pB = (14.95)0.02276E6 = 0.34E6 Pa
)0

0.5E6 = pb

pB < pb < p A
.

Me M2 M1

Ae p e
0.5E 6
= 7.45
= 1.863
A1 * p 01
2.0 E 6
B ()00.2.7

B = 0.0965
)00.2.7(

Me = 0.31

1
(k-1)Me2 = 1.019
2

e = 1 +

k
pe
= e k 1 = 0.936
p 02

p 02
p 02 p e
1 0.5E 6
=
=
= 0.267
p 01
p e p 01 0.936 2 E 6

Ae p e
Ae p e
=
= 1.863
A2 * p 02
A1 * p 01
182

A p
A * p0

P/p2

1.863

0.936

p 02
p pe
1 0.5E 6
= 02
=
= 0.267
p 01
p e p 01 0.936 2 E 6
M2 M1

M2

M1

P02/p01

0.46

3.24

0.267

0.1E6 = pb

pD < pb < pB
.

183


11.4.1 60km/s
0.1MPa . 30C
.
11.4.2 0.7MPa 340K -.
. 0.2MPa
0.5kg/s .2.3

][0.554MPa, 24mm

11.4.3 - ( )k =1.3, R =300 J/kg-K

400K 1.0MPa 0.2MPa . 0.4kg/s
)

0.8MPa 8
) 3

) 4

) 5

.
][16mm, 19mm, 0.51, 1.44, 0.72, 17mm

11.4.4 30km .
. 3.2 0.1MPa
2.0MPa k 0.0
][0.94

. 30km

184

 33.7
33.7.3
.
8
)0

)0

)1

)2

)3

.
<
)3

4 w
v 2

1
2

f
. f -
( .)2.1 f Re . k/d
)4

D 8
(2 = D \ )

D ( d ).
)5

x
D
8

f
fx
D

f
dx 8
D

33.7.4
p, T, 8
, p0, v, , M
.
8
8

11.5.1

v = const.

185

dv
0 .....................(1)
v
8

p = RT

dp
d
dT

....................................................(2)
p

T
8

v
v2
v2
,M2 2
c
c
kRT

dM 2
dv 2
dT

2
2
M
v
T
dM
dv

M
v

1
2

dT
...................................................(3)
T
8

h + v2 = const

v2
=0
2

dh + d

Cp dT + vdv = 0

kRT dT
+ vdv = 0
k 1 T

c 2 dT
+ vdv = 0
k 1 T
c2
1 dT
dv

0
2
v k 1 T
v
dT
dv
(k 1)M 2
...................................................(4)
T
v
8
2

d(pA) + d(v A) +d(wAw) = 0

A dp + d(v2A) +w dAw = 0
vA = 8
d(v2A) = vA dv
A dp + vA dv +w dAw = 0

186

dAw
dv
=0(4b)
v 2
A
v

dp +w

dAw
dx
4
A
D
f

w 12 v 2

v 2

f
4

p 2 2 pkRTM 2
c M
kpM
RT
RT

w 12 kpM 2

f
4

dAw 1
f dx
dx 1
2 kpM 2 (4 ) 21 kpM 2 f
kpM 2 d
A
4
D
D 2
(4b)

dp 1
dv
2 kM 2d kM 2
0 ...................................................(5)
p
v
8
k

k 1
p0 p 1 12 (k 1)M 2

dp 0 dp
kM 2
dM

...............................(6)
2
p0
p 1 12 (k 1)M M
8

dM dp dT d dv dp0
,
,
,
,
,
,d
M
p
T
v
p0
. d
8

dM
M

) 2( )1(

dM dv 1
dv
dv

2 (k 1) M 2
1 k21 M 2
M
v
v
v

dv 1 dM

.........................................................(7)
v
M
187

 ) 5 ( ) 0(

1 dM
...................................................(8)
M
) 5 ( ) 2(

dT
(k 1)M 2 dM

...................................(9)
T

M
) 7( ) 6( ) 0(

dp
[1 (k 1) M 2 ] dM
..................................(10)

M
) 02 ( ) 4(

dp 0
(1 M 2 ) dM

.........................................(11)
p0

M
)3() 5( )02(
1
2

kM 2 d

1 (k 1) M 2 kM 2 dM (1 M 2 ) dM

M
dM
kM 2

M
2 1 M

d .........................................(11.5.1)

) 00.3.0( ) 02(

dp
kM 2 [1 (k 1)M 2 ]

d ....................................(11.5.2)
p
2 1 M 2

) 00.3.0( )7(

dT
(k 1)kM 4

d ..................................................(11.5.3)
T
2 1 M 2

) 00.3.0( ) 6(

kM 2
2 1 M

d ..................................................(11.5.4)
) 00.3.2( ) 0(

188

)d .........................................(11.5.5

dv
kM 2

v
2 1 M

( ) 00.3.0( ) 00

dp 0
) 12 kM 2d ........................................(11.5.6
p0

M, p, T, , v M

0.2

. 1 - M p0

.
( )00.3.0 8
.
.
( )00.3.0

1
k 1

.M

189

 33.7.5
D ) 00.3.0(
. 0.2 M x*

d ) 00.3.0(

dx

x = x* x = 0
x=x*
M=1.0
=*

x=
M
=0

M = 1.0 M

11.5.2
x*

2 1 M 2
f
d dx
dM
D
kM 3

1
2
1 M 2
fdx

dM
D 0
k M M 3
1

* =

x*
=
D

2
1 M 2
2
dM I
3

k M M
k
1

1 M 2
A
B
C
DM E

2 3
3
2
k 1
M [1 2 M ] M M
M
1 k 21 M 2
1 -M2 = A[M2+(k-1)M4] + B[M +(k-1)M3] + C[1+(k-1)M2] +DM4+EM3
0 = A.(k-1) +D
0 = B.(k-1) +E
-1 = A +C.(k-1)
0=B
1=C
A

-(k+1)

(k+1)(k-1)/4

1 M 2
k 1 1
(k 1)(k 1)M

3
3
M
2M M
4
190

I = I1 +I2 +I3
I1= (k+1) lnM
I2 =

1
2

1 M2
M2

(k 1)(k 1)
MdM
I3

4
1 k 21 M
M
1.0

1+

(k 1)(k 1)
dM 2

1 k 21 M
8
M2
1.0

k 1 2
M =
2

d =

k 1 2
dM
2

1.0
(k 1) d (k 1)
(k 1)
k 1

ln
ln M 2

4 M
4
4
2 1 k 21 M 2
1.0

I3

2
(k 1) k 1 M
1 M 2
I
ln

4
2
2M 2

2
1 M 2 k 1 k 1 M

ln
...............................(11.5.7)
kM 2
2k
2

p, T, v, p0 8
.

d )00.3.0( )00.3.0(

dp
1 (k 1)M 2

dM
p
M
0.2 M p* p

dp
1 (k 1)M 2

p p M M dM

p*

ln

p*

p

191

1
1 (k 1) M 2
(k 1) M
=k 1 2
M 2[1 k 1 M 2 ]
M [1
M ]
2
2
1

I=-

dM k 1
2
M

= ln M -

k 1
4

MdM
k 1 2
2[1
M ]
2

dM 2
k 1 2
1
M
2

1
k 1 2
M ]
ln [1
2
2
M

1.0

= ln M -

= ln M -

1
k 1
ln
2 2[1 k 1 M 2 ]
2
k 1
k 1 2
2[1
M ]
2

= ln M - ln

ln

p*
= ln
p

M
k 1
k 1 2
2[1
M ]
2
k 1
..............................................(11.5.8)
2

p
1

p* M

T
k 1

.....................................................(11.5.9)
T * 2

* M

2
............................................(00.3.10)
k 1

v
M
v*

k 1
............................................(00.3.11)
2

192

k 1

p0
)1 2 2 ( k 1

)........................(00.3.12

p0 * M k 1

( )00.3.1

M=1

x*1

*2 *1

M1

M2

x*2

12

x1

x2
11.5.3

*x2 x1 = x1* - x2

f
f
x *1
x *2
f
= ) ( x2 x1
(x*1-x*2) = f
D
D
D
D

)12 *1 *2 .............(11.5.13
.

33.7.3
50mm .
5m 0.1MPa

5m

2.5 290K .

p0

. 2.20 f

0.05m
T0

p2=0.1E6
M2=0.7
T2=290

f=0.02
1

11.5.4

80-2

p0 = p01

p 01
p 01 p 0 * p 02
=
p2
p 0 * p 02 p 2
fL
5
2
= 0.02
0.05
D
()2

193

= 12

2*

p0/p0*

0.7

0.208

1.094

*1=12 + *2 = 2 + 0.208 = 2.208

)0(
*

p0/p0*

2.208

1.54
8)0(

p/p0

0.7

0.721

P01 = 0.1E6 (1.54)(1/1.094)(1/0.721) = 0.20E6= 0.20 MPa

T0 = T01 = T02 = (T02/ T01)T2

8)0(
M

T/T0

0.7

0.911

T0 = 318K

194

 33.7.6
33.7.6.3
( )00.3.3



pb .

8pb

)3

pb p0I

.

.

)4

11.5.5

.
=

pe

*= p
.
)5

pb .

pb .

195

 33.7.6.4

)(11.5.6

.
)2

= 0 = 0
. = .
.

*Me = 1.0, pe = pis

)3

= 1 > 0
.

Me = 1.0 .
)4

= 2 > 1
Me = 1.0, pe = pb .

)3

= 3 > 2

Me < 1.0, pe = pb

. .

33.7.4
80mm 26.5mm
.
0.5MPa . 300K
. 0.1MPa
)

2.204
.
)

2.226
.

11.5.7

196

f = 0.016

8 p*

p * p * p1
=
p1 p 01
p 01
12 =

fL
26.5
= 0.016
= 5.3
0.08
D

2* = 0
*1 = 12 = 5.3

)0(
*

p/p*

5.3

0.3

3.619
)0(

p/p0

0.3

0.940

p* = 0.5E6(1/3.619)(0.940) = 0.13E6 Pa
pb < p*
.

Me = 1.0
p2 = p* = 0.13MPa
P1 = (0.94)(0.5)E6 = 0.471E6
8T2

T02 = T01 = T0 = 300

T2 = (T/T0)T0
8)0(
M

T/T0

1.0

0.833

T2 = (0.833)300 = 250K
.

8 m
.

m=

k
A2M2p2 = 3.0 kg/s
RT2

197

f = 0.008

12 = 2.65
8 p*

1* = 12 = 2.65
8)0(
*

p/p*

2.65

0.383

2.819

)0(
M

p/p0

0.383

0.904

p* = 0.5E6(1/2.819)(0.904) = 0.172E6 Pa
pb < p*

Me = 1.0
P2 = p* = 0.172MPa
P1 = (0.904)(0.5)E6 = 0.455E6
T2 = (T/T0)2T0 = 250K
M

kg/s:47 m =

T/T0

k
A2M2p2 = 3.
RT2
=

(3.825 3.01)100/3.01 = 27%

. 50% f

198


11.5.1 ) (1 0.3 0.3MPa
. 15m . 30mm . 0.01
][0.66, 0.168MPa

) (2 .

11.5.2 100mm . 0.025

. 3.0kg/s 0.2MPa 60C .
][4.3m

11.5.3
.
k (k 1)
m Ap *

2RT o

50mm 0.5m 0.02

. 0.7MPa . 330K
.
)

( )
][2.80 kg/s, 3.03kg/s

11.5.4 . 10m
0.4MPa . 35C . 0.1MPa
. 40mm 80mm 8 0.025
.
][2.43kg/s, 0.51kg/s

199

 33.8

33.8.3
8

p
T

f+df

v
p0
T0

11.6.1

33.8.4
(8)00.4.0

v2
) = dh0
2

d(h+

dh + vdv = dh0
cpdT + vdv = cpdT0

kR
dT
dv
kR T 0 dT 0
T
v 2

T
k 1 T
v
k 1 T T 0

dT0
dv
c 2 dT
c2
+ c2M2
=

k 1 T
k 1 T0
v

200

dT0
dT dv
1
1
+
=

.(1)
2
2
T0
T
v
(k 1) M
(k 1) M
8
2

d(Ap) + d(v A) = 0
dp +d (v2)=0
dp +d (v2)=dp + vdv + vd(v) = dp+ vdv =0
dp + v dv = 0

kv
dp
+
dv = 0
kRT
p
dv
dp
+ kM2
= 0...........................(2)
v
p
8

d dv
+
=0
v

M=

v
c

M2

v2
kRT

dM 2
dv 2 dT
=
T
M2
v2
2

dM
dv dT
=2
(4)
T
M
v
8

p =RT

dT
dp d
=
+
.....................(5)
T
p

)00.1.2(
k

p0 = p

k 1

201

dp 0 dp kM 2 dM
=
+
)..(6
p0
M
p
( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1( )0

dv
2
dM
=
)..(00.4.1
2
v
1 kM M
( ) 1 ( ) 00.4.0

2
dM
d
=)..(00.4.2
2

1 kM M
( ) 0 ( ) 00.4.0

2kM 2 dM
dp
=)..(00.4.3
p
1 kM 2 M
( ) 2 ( ) 00.4.0

1 kM 2 dM
dT
=2
)(00.4.4
2
T
1 kM M
( ) 00.4.2 ( ) 00.4.0 ( ) 0

dT0 2(k 1)(1 M 2 ) dM

)(00.4.5

2
T0
(1 kM ) M
( ) 4 ( ) 00.4.1

kM 2 (1 M 2 ) dM
dp 0

).(11.6.6

2
p0
(1 kM ) M

)0

)00.4.3(
dT0 .
.

)0
)1

. dT dp0 d dp
M =1 p0

202

1
k

.T

 33.8.5
.)00.4.4( - )00.4.0( M = 1.0
8)00.4.0(
v*

dv
2
v v M M (1 kM 2 )dM

A
BM c
2
=
+
2
M (1 kM ) M 1 kM 2
2 = (Ak +B)M2 +CM +A
A =2, C = 0, B= -2k

2
2kM
2
=
+
2
M (1 kM ) M 1 kM 2
I = I1 + I 2

I1 = 2
I2 = -2k

1.0

1.0

dM
2 1
= ln M
= ln M 2
M
M

1.0
1.0
MdM
2MdM
dM 2
=
-k
=-k
M 1 kM 2 M 1 kM 2
1 kM 2

1 + kM2 = u
du = k dM2

I2 = -

du
u = - ln u = - ln (1+kM2)

1
M

= ln

1 kM 2
I = - ln M + ln
1 k
2

Ln

v*
1 kM 2
= ln
- ln M2
v
1 k

1 kM 2
v*
=
(1 k ) M 2
v

203

1 kM 2
1 k

v
(1 k ) M 2
=
..(11.6.7)
v*
1 kM 2
8) 00.4.4( ) 00.4.0(

1 kM 2

=
. (11.6.8)
* (1 k ) M 2
p
k 1
.....................................(11.6.9)

p * 1 kM 2

T
(k 1) 2 M 2

......(11.6.10)
T * (1 kM 2 ) 2

k=1.4
T/T*
1.0

T0
2(1 k )M 2

(11.6.11)
T0 *
(1 kM 2 ) 2

T0/T0*

1.0

11.6.2

p0
1 k 2 k 1

..(11.6.12)
p 0 * 1 kM 2 k 1

.)00.4.00( )00.4.02( ) 00.4.0(

.0.2 ) (

33.8.6
8 21
.

h1 v1
2

1
2

Q
.

h2 12 v 2

m
.

Q
11.6.3

= h02 h01

m
.

Q = cp m ( T02 T01)..(11.6.13)

204

 33.8.3
. 230K 0.55MPa
2.3 . . 280K
)
)
) 1.0kg/s .
)

T2 T2 T1

* T * T1 T

11.6.4

()0
*T/T

0.790

0.5

T2/T* =0.962
()0
M

*T/T

0.65

0.962

M2 = 0.65
)
()0
p/p0

0.843

0.5

P01 = 0.652E6 Pa

p02
p p
02 0
p01 p0 * p01
()0
*P0/p0

1.058

0.65

()0
*P0/p0

1.114

0.5

p02 = 0.619E6 Pa
p0 = p02 p01 = -32.8E3
= 32.8kPa

205

)
.

Q = cp m ( T02 T01)
cp = kR/(k-1) = 1004.5 J/kg-K
)0(
M

T/T0

0.5

0.9524
)0(

T/T0

0.65

0.9221

T02 = 303.7
T01 = 241.5
.

Q = 1.0 (1004.5)( 303.7 241.5) = 62.5kW

206

 33.8.7

- T0 ( .)00.4.01
. T0
( )00.4.3
( .)00.4.00

T
T
, M 1 , 01 M 2 , 02
T0 *
T0 *

)(11.6.5

. T02 T01 4
* . 2 4

T0
* T0
* T0

> T02

. ( )00.4.3
M1 T02 T01 .
.

33.8.4
. 2.3
. 300K . 1000K

T02/T01 = 1000/300 = 3.333

T 02
* T T0
0
)..(1
T01 T0 * 2 T0 1
M1 2.3
(8)0
*T0/T0

0.691

0.5

( )0

207

= 2.303

T0

* T0

T02 T0
T0
=
)= (3.333)(0.691
T0 * 2 T01 T0 * 1

. 0.2

M2 = 1.0
( )0

T01 T0
T0
=
= 300/1000 = 0.3
T0 * 1 T02 T0 * 2
(8)0
M

*T0/T0

0.274

0.3

M1 = 0.274

208

 33.8.7

33.8.7.3 )ramjet(
.
.
.
( )00.4.4 .

11.6.6

33.8.7.4

. .
.
(M

) >5 1965 .

References:
1. Anderson, J D, Computational Fluid Dynamics, McGraw-Hill
2. http://www.onera.fr/conferences/ramjet-scramjet-pde/

209


11.6.1 8

A1

P1

T1

M1

0.001m2

0.1MPa

300K

0.4

T01

. p01
)

T2

. 400K

.
)

M2 M1 T2 T1

. M2 ( ).
)

.
][310K, 0.112MPa, 0.52, 18kW

11.6.2 . 0.01m2 8
P0

T0

0.2MPa

350K

0.3

. 450K
][0.21MW, 0.35, 0.18MPa

11.6.3 . . 0.25m2
. 0.2m2 8
P

0.1MPa

300K

0.3

.
[0.42, 327K] . 1MW

210

 33.9

33.9.3
-
( )4.1.0.0

)( p 0 p ) (1

( )0 .
p
v h p0
. h0

v2
h0
2
2

T
v 2(h0 h ) 2c p T0 1
T0

11.7.1

211


k 1
k

p
T
=
T0
p0

2
k 1
p k
)1 ..(11.7.1
po

2kRT 0
v
k 1

8
.
.p0 p
T0.

33.9.4

.
p2

p1

p0

p02

p01

T0

T0

T0

.
(.)00.5.0


(.) 00.2

3
11.7.2

p 2 1 kM 12

) .......................(11.4.3
p1 1 kM 2 2
( )0 )00.1.2(

k
p 02
2 k 1
1
] [1 2 (k 1)M 2
p2
k
p 02
p 02 p 2
1 kM 12
2
=
= [1 12 ( k 1) M 2 ] k 1
1 kM 2 2
p1
p 2 p1

M2 M1 ( )00.2.2

212

k 1
p 02 (k 1)k 1
2 k
1

)( M 1 ) .(11.7.2
p1 2kM 12 1 k 2

p02 - pa p1 - pa
( . )0 pa . ( )00.5.0 . M1
v T1

T1
) [1 12 (k 1)M 12 ]1 ....................................................(11.3.3
T0

)v 1 M 1 kRT1 ..(11.7.3

33.9.3
. 0.1MPa .
0.14MPa . 440K
.

p0 = (0.14 + 0.1)E6 Pa = 0.24 E6 Pa

p = 0.1E6 pa ,

T0 = 440K

p/p0 = 0.1 / 0.24 = 0.417

M = 1.19

p02 = 0.24E6, p1 = 0.1E6

()00.5.0

M12.8 1.284M12 + 0.183 = 0

M1 = 1.2
(8)0
T/T0

0.7764

1.2

T1 = 440 (0.7764) = 342K

v M kRT = 445m/s = 1600km/h.

213

( <)
] [C

20
25
30
35
40
45
50

] [kg/m

] [m /s

1.007E-6
0.897E-6
0.804E-6
0.727E-6
0.661E-6
0.605E-6
0.556E-6

998.2
997.1
995.7
994.1
992.2
990.2
988.1

" < "

m

0
500
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000

288.2
284.9
281.7
275.2
268.7
262.2
255.7

/0
1.000
0.9529
0.9075
0.8217
0.7423
0.6689
0.6012

P0 = 1.01325E5Pa absolute
0 = 1.2250kg/m3

214

p/p0
1.000
0.9421
0.8870
0.7846
0.6920
0.6085
0.5334

 <

)f = f(x, y, z
3
f8

f
f
f
i
)j k .(1
x y
z

= f

z y x z y x
4

).(2

x y k

x
x
x

= .

()1

). dV . d A..(3

V
A
)f dV f ndA..(4

V
A

8 -
x3.2 + 0.3x = 1.80
f = x3.2 + 0.3x - 1.8
f = 3.2x2.2 + 0.3
xI+1 = xI f/f
x = 1.00, 1.14, 1.13, 1.13

215

 f 8
k/d
Re
5.0E+3
6.0E+3
7.0E+3
8.0E+3
9.0E+3
10.0E+3
20.0E+3
30.0E+3
40.0E+3
50.0E+3
60.0E+3
70.0E+3
80.0E+3
90.0E+3
100.0E+3
200.0E+3
300.0E+3
400.0E+3
500.0E+3
600.0E+3
700.0E+3
800.0E+3
900.0E+3
1.0E+6
2.0E+6
3.0E+6
4.0E+6
5.0E+6
6.0E+6
7.0E+6
8.0E+6
9.0E+6
10.0E+6
20.0E+6
30.0E+6
40.0E+6

0.0000

0.0001

0.0002

0.0003

0.0004

0.0005

0.0006

0.038
0.036
0.035
0.033
0.032
0.031
0.026
0.024
0.022
0.021
0.020
0.020
0.019
0.019
0.018
0.016
0.015
0.014
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.011
0.010
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.008
0.008
0.007
0.007
0.007

0.038
0.036
0.035
0.033
0.032
0.032
0.027
0.024
0.023
0.022
0.021
0.020
0.020
0.019
0.019
0.017
0.016
0.015
0.015
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012

0.038
0.036
0.035
0.034
0.033
0.032
0.027
0.024
0.023
0.022
0.021
0.021
0.020
0.020
0.019
0.017
0.017
0.016
0.016
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014

0.038
0.036
0.035
0.034
0.033
0.032
0.027
0.025
0.023
0.022
0.022
0.021
0.021
0.020
0.020
0.018
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015

0.038
0.037
0.035
0.034
0.033
0.032
0.027
0.025
0.024
0.023
0.022
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.020
0.019
0.018
0.018
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016

0.039
0.037
0.035
0.034
0.033
0.032
0.027
0.025
0.024
0.023
0.022
0.022
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.019
0.019
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017

0.039
0.037
0.035
0.034
0.033
0.032
0.028
0.025
0.024
0.023
0.023
0.022
0.022
0.021
0.021
0.020
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018

216

k/d
Re
5.0E+3
6.0E+3
7.0E+3
8.0E+3
9.0E+3
10.0E+3
20.0E+3
30.0E+3
40.0E+3
50.0E+3
60.0E+3
70.0E+3
80.0E+3
90.0E+3
100.0E+3
200.0E+3
300.0E+3
400.0E+3
500.0E+3
600.0E+3
700.0E+3
800.0E+3
900.0E+3
1.0E+6
2.0E+6
3.0E+6
4.0E+6
5.0E+6
6.0E+6
7.0E+6
8.0E+6
9.0E+6
10.0E+6
20.0E+6
30.0E+6
40.0E+6

0.0007

0.0009

0.0010

0.0020

0.0030

0.0040

0.039
0.037
0.036
0.034
0.033
0.032
0.028
0.026
0.024
0.024
0.023
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.020
0.020
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018

0.039
0.037
0.036
0.035
0.034
0.033
0.028
0.026
0.025
0.024
0.024
0.023
0.023
0.022
0.022
0.021
0.021
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020

0.039
0.037
0.036
0.035
0.034
0.033
0.028
0.026
0.025
0.024
0.024
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020

0.040
0.039
0.037
0.036
0.035
0.034
0.030
0.029
0.028
0.027
0.027
0.026
0.026
0.026
0.026
0.025
0.025
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024

0.041
0.040
0.038
0.037
0.036
0.036
0.032
0.031
0.030
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.028
0.028
0.028
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027

0.042
0.041
0.040
0.039
0.038
0.037
0.034
0.032
0.032
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029

217

k/d
Re
5.0E+3
6.0E+3
7.0E+3
8.0E+3
9.0E+3
10.0E+3
20.0E+3
30.0E+3
40.0E+3
50.0E+3
60.0E+3
70.0E+3
80.0E+3
90.0E+3
100.0E+3
200.0E+3
300.0E+3
400.0E+3
500.0E+3
600.0E+3
700.0E+3
800.0E+3
900.0E+3
1.0E+6
2.0E+6
3.0E+6
4.0E+6
5.0E+6
6.0E+6
7.0E+6
8.0E+6
9.0E+6
10.0E+6
20.0E+6
30.0E+6
40.0E+6

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

0.009

0.010

0.011

0.043
0.042
0.041
0.040
0.039
0.038
0.035
0.034
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031

0.044
0.043
0.042
0.041
0.040
0.040
0.037
0.035
0.035
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033

0.045
0.044
0.043
0.042
0.041
0.041
0.038
0.037
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.034

0.046
0.045
0.044
0.043
0.042
0.042
0.039
0.038
0.038
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036

0.047
0.046
0.045
0.044
0.043
0.043
0.040
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.038
0.038
0.038
0.038
0.038
0.038
0.038
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037

0.048
0.047
0.046
0.045
0.044
0.044
0.041
0.041
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039

0.049
0.048
0.047
0.046
0.045
0.045
0.043
0.042
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040

218

k/d
Re
5.0E+3
6.0E+3
7.0E+3
8.0E+3
9.0E+3
10.0E+3
20.0E+3
30.0E+3
40.0E+3
50.0E+3
60.0E+3
70.0E+3
80.0E+3
90.0E+3
100.0E+3
200.0E+3
300.0E+3
400.0E+3
500.0E+3
600.0E+3
700.0E+3
800.0E+3
900.0E+3
1.0E+6
2.0E+6
3.0E+6
4.0E+6
5.0E+6
6.0E+6
7.0E+6
8.0E+6
9.0E+6
10.0E+6
20.0E+6
30.0E+6
40.0E+6

0.012

0.013

0.014

0.050
0.049
0.048
0.047
0.046
0.046
0.044
0.043
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041

0.051
0.050
0.049
0.048
0.047
0.047
0.045
0.044
0.044
0.043
0.043
0.043
0.043
0.043
0.043
0.043
0.043
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042

0.052
0.050
0.050
0.049
0.048
0.048
0.046
0.045
0.045
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.043
0.043
0.043
0.043
0.043
0.043
0.043
0.043
0.043
0.043
0.043
0.043

219

 C <
Re

4E+03

5E+03

6E+03

7E+03

8E+03

9E+03

1E+04

2E+04

3E+04

5E+04

1E+05

2E+05

3E+05

1E+09

0.827

0.819

0.811

0.807

0.805

0.805

A0/A1

0.70
0.60
0.50

0.785

0.771

0.762

0.755

0.746

0.743

0.743

0.743

0.739

0.735

0.731

0.728

0.715

0.707

0.700

0.695

0.695

0.695

0.695

0.40

0.703

0.699

0.695

0.692

0.690

0.677

0.670

0.663

0.661

0.661

0.661

0.661

0.30

0.658

0.655

0.653

0.651

0.650

0.641

0.637

0.634

0.633

0.633

0.633

0.633

0.637

0.632

0.630

0.628

0.627

0.626

0.619

0.616

0.613

0.613

0.613

0.613

0.613

0.20
0.10

0.615

0.614

0.612

0.611

0.610

0.610

0.608

0.607

0.605

0.604

0.603

0.603

0.603

0.603

0.05

0.605

0.604

0.603

0.601

0.601

0.600

0.600

0.598

0.598

0.598

0.598

0.598

0.598

0.598

220

0.85
0.80
0.75
C

0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
4.00E+03

4.00E+04

4.00E+05

221

4.00E+06
Re

4.00E+07

4.00E+08

0.3
0
0.4
0
0.5
0
0.6
0

 <

(k = 1.4

222

 I
M A/A* p/po T/To A.p/A*.po

0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00

28.9421
14.4815
9.6659
7.2616
5.8218
4.8643
4.1824
3.6727
3.2779
2.9635
2.7076
2.4956
2.3173
2.1656
2.0351
1.9219
1.8229
1.7358
1.6587
1.5901
1.5289
1.4740
1.4246
1.3801
1.3398
1.3034
1.2703
1.2403
1.2130
1.1882
1.1656
1.1451
1.1265
1.1097
1.0944
1.0806
1.0681
1.0570
1.0471
1.0382
1.0305
1.0237
1.0179
1.0129
1.0089
1.0056
1.0031
1.0014
1.0003
1.0000

0.9997
0.9989
0.9975
0.9955
0.9930
0.9900
0.9864
0.9823
0.9776
0.9725
0.9668
0.9607
0.9541
0.9470
0.9395
0.9315
0.9231
0.9143
0.9052
0.8956
0.8857
0.8755
0.8650
0.8541
0.8430
0.8317
0.8201
0.8082
0.7962
0.7840
0.7716
0.7591
0.7465
0.7338
0.7209
0.7080
0.6951
0.6821
0.6691
0.6560
0.6430
0.6300
0.6170
0.6041
0.5913
0.5785
0.5658
0.5532
0.5407
0.5283

0.9999
0.9997
0.9993
0.9987
0.9980
0.9971
0.9961
0.9949
0.9936
0.9921
0.9904
0.9886
0.9867
0.9846
0.9823
0.9799
0.9774
0.9747
0.9719
0.9690
0.9659
0.9627
0.9594
0.9559
0.9524
0.9487
0.9449
0.9410
0.9370
0.9328
0.9286
0.9243
0.9199
0.9153
0.9107
0.9061
0.9013
0.8964
0.8915
0.8865
0.8815
0.8763
0.8711
0.8659
0.8606
0.8552
0.8498
0.8444
0.8389
0.8333

28.9340
14.4653
9.6416
7.2292
5.7813
4.8156
4.1255
3.6077
3.2047
2.8820
2.6178
2.3975
2.2109
2.0508
1.9119
1.7902
1.6827
1.5871
1.5014
1.4242
1.3542
1.2905
1.2322
1.1788
1.1295
1.0840
1.0417
1.0024
0.9658
0.9316
0.8995
0.8693
0.8410
0.8142
0.7890
0.7651
0.7424
0.7209
0.7005
0.6811
0.6626
0.6449
0.6281
0.6119
0.5965
0.5817
0.5675
0.5539
0.5409
0.5283

M A/A* p/po T/To A.p/A*.po

1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18
1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28
1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38
1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48
1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58
1.60
1.62
1.64
1.66
1.68
1.70
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.78
1.80
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.88
1.90
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98
2.00

223

1.0003
1.0013
1.0029
1.0051
1.0079
1.0113
1.0153
1.0198
1.0248
1.0304
1.0366
1.0432
1.0504
1.0581
1.0663
1.0750
1.0842
1.0940
1.1042
1.1149
1.1262
1.1379
1.1501
1.1629
1.1762
1.1899
1.2042
1.2190
1.2344
1.2502
1.2666
1.2836
1.3010
1.3190
1.3376
1.3567
1.3764
1.3967
1.4175
1.4390
1.4610
1.4836
1.5069
1.5308
1.5553
1.5804
1.6062
1.6326
1.6597
1.6875

0.5160
0.5039
0.4919
0.4800
0.4684
0.4568
0.4455
0.4343
0.4232
0.4124
0.4017
0.3912
0.3809
0.3708
0.3609
0.3512
0.3417
0.3323
0.3232
0.3142
0.3055
0.2969
0.2886
0.2804
0.2724
0.2646
0.2570
0.2496
0.2423
0.2353
0.2284
0.2217
0.2152
0.2088
0.2026
0.1966
0.1907
0.1850
0.1794
0.1740
0.1688
0.1637
0.1587
0.1539
0.1492
0.1447
0.1403
0.1360
0.1318
0.1278

0.8278
0.8222
0.8165
0.8108
0.8052
0.7994
0.7937
0.7879
0.7822
0.7764
0.7706
0.7648
0.7590
0.7532
0.7474
0.7416
0.7358
0.7300
0.7242
0.7184
0.7126
0.7069
0.7011
0.6954
0.6897
0.6840
0.6783
0.6726
0.6670
0.6614
0.6558
0.6502
0.6447
0.6392
0.6337
0.6283
0.6229
0.6175
0.6121
0.6068
0.6015
0.5963
0.5910
0.5859
0.5807
0.5756
0.5705
0.5655
0.5605
0.5556

0.5162
0.5045
0.4933
0.4825
0.4721
0.4620
0.4523
0.4428
0.4337
0.4249
0.4164
0.4081
0.4001
0.3924
0.3848
0.3775
0.3704
0.3636
0.3569
0.3504
0.3440
0.3379
0.3319
0.3261
0.3204
0.3149
0.3095
0.3042
0.2991
0.2941
0.2893
0.2845
0.2799
0.2754
0.2710
0.2667
0.2625
0.2584
0.2544
0.2504
0.2466
0.2429
0.2392
0.2356
0.2321
0.2287
0.2253
0.2220
0.2188
0.2157

M A/A* p/po T/To A.p/A*.po

2.02
2.04
2.06
2.08
2.10
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.18
2.20
2.22
2.24
2.26
2.28
2.30
2.32
2.34
2.36
2.38
2.40
2.42
2.44
2.46
2.48
2.50
2.52
2.54
2.56
2.58
2.60
2.62
2.64
2.66
2.68
2.70
2.72
2.74
2.76
2.78
2.80
2.82
2.84
2.86
2.88
2.90
2.92
2.94
2.96
2.98
3.00

1.7160
1.7451
1.7750
1.8056
1.8369
1.8690
1.9018
1.9354
1.9698
2.0050
2.0409
2.0777
2.1153
2.1538
2.1931
2.2333
2.2744
2.3164
2.3593
2.4031
2.4479
2.4936
2.5403
2.5880
2.6367
2.6864
2.7372
2.7891
2.8420
2.8960
2.9511
3.0073
3.0647
3.1233
3.1830
3.2439
3.3061
3.3695
3.4342
3.5001
3.5674
3.6359
3.7058
3.7771
3.8498
3.9238
3.9993
4.0762
4.1547
4.2346

0.1239
0.1201
0.1164
0.1128
0.1094
0.1060
0.1027
0.0996
0.0965
0.0935
0.0906
0.0878
0.0851
0.0825
0.0800
0.0775
0.0751
0.0728
0.0706
0.0684
0.0663
0.0643
0.0623
0.0604
0.0585
0.0567
0.0550
0.0533
0.0517
0.0501
0.0486
0.0471
0.0457
0.0443
0.0430
0.0417
0.0404
0.0392
0.0380
0.0368
0.0357
0.0347
0.0336
0.0326
0.0317
0.0307
0.0298
0.0289
0.0281
0.0272

0.5506
0.5458
0.5409
0.5361
0.5313
0.5266
0.5219
0.5173
0.5127
0.5081
0.5036
0.4991
0.4947
0.4903
0.4859
0.4816
0.4773
0.4731
0.4688
0.4647
0.4606
0.4565
0.4524
0.4484
0.4444
0.4405
0.4366
0.4328
0.4289
0.4252
0.4214
0.4177
0.4141
0.4104
0.4068
0.4033
0.3998
0.3963
0.3928
0.3894
0.3860
0.3827
0.3794
0.3761
0.3729
0.3696
0.3665
0.3633
0.3602
0.3571

0.2126
0.2096
0.2066
0.2037
0.2009
0.1981
0.1954
0.1927
0.1901
0.1875
0.1850
0.1825
0.1801
0.1777
0.1754
0.1731
0.1709
0.1687
0.1665
0.1644
0.1623
0.1602
0.1582
0.1563
0.1543
0.1524
0.1505
0.1487
0.1469
0.1451
0.1434
0.1417
0.1400
0.1383
0.1367
0.1351
0.1335
0.1320
0.1305
0.1290
0.1275
0.1261
0.1246
0.1232
0.1219
0.1205
0.1192
0.1178
0.1166
0.1153

M A/A* p/po T/To A.p/A*.po

3.02
3.04
3.06
3.08
3.10
3.12
3.14
3.16
3.18
3.20
3.22
3.24
3.26
3.28
3.30
3.32
3.34
3.36
3.38
3.40
3.42
3.44
3.46
3.48
3.50
3.52
3.54
3.56
3.58
3.60
3.62
3.64
3.66
3.68
3.70
3.72
3.74
3.76
3.78
3.80
3.82
3.84
3.86
3.88
3.90
3.92
3.94
3.96
3.98
4.00

224

4.3160
4.3989
4.4835
4.5696
4.6573
4.7467
4.8377
4.9304
5.0248
5.1209
5.2189
5.3186
5.4201
5.5234
5.6286
5.7357
5.8448
5.9558
6.0687
6.1837
6.3007
6.4197
6.5409
6.6642
6.7896
6.9172
7.0470
7.1791
7.3134
7.4501
7.5891
7.7304
7.8742
8.0204
8.1690
8.3202
8.4739
8.6302
8.7891
8.9506
9.1147
9.2816
9.4513
9.6237
9.7989
9.9770
10.1580
10.3419
10.5288
10.7187

0.0264
0.0256
0.0249
0.0242
0.0234
0.0228
0.0221
0.0215
0.0208
0.0202
0.0196
0.0191
0.0185
0.0180
0.0175
0.0170
0.0165
0.0160
0.0156
0.0151
0.0147
0.0143
0.0139
0.0135
0.0131
0.0127
0.0124
0.0120
0.0117
0.0114
0.0111
0.0108
0.0105
0.0102
0.0099
0.0096
0.0094
0.0091
0.0089
0.0086
0.0084
0.0082
0.0080
0.0077
0.0075
0.0073
0.0071
0.0069
0.0068
0.0066

0.3541
0.3511
0.3481
0.3452
0.3422
0.3393
0.3365
0.3337
0.3309
0.3281
0.3253
0.3226
0.3199
0.3173
0.3147
0.3121
0.3095
0.3069
0.3044
0.3019
0.2995
0.2970
0.2946
0.2922
0.2899
0.2875
0.2852
0.2829
0.2806
0.2784
0.2762
0.2740
0.2718
0.2697
0.2675
0.2654
0.2633
0.2613
0.2592
0.2572
0.2552
0.2532
0.2513
0.2493
0.2474
0.2455
0.2436
0.2418
0.2399
0.2381

0.1140
0.1128
0.1116
0.1104
0.1092
0.1080
0.1069
0.1058
0.1047
0.1036
0.1025
0.1015
0.1004
0.0994
0.0984
0.0974
0.0964
0.0954
0.0945
0.0935
0.0926
0.0917
0.0908
0.0899
0.0890
0.0882
0.0873
0.0865
0.0856
0.0848
0.0840
0.0832
0.0824
0.0817
0.0809
0.0801
0.0794
0.0787
0.0779
0.0772
0.0765
0.0758
0.0752
0.0745
0.0738
0.0731
0.0725
0.0719
0.0712
0.0706


M1 M2 p2/p1 T2/T1 po2/po1 M1 M2 p2/p1 T2/T1 po2/po1

1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18
1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28
1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38
1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48
1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58
1.60
1.62
1.64
1.66
1.68
1.70
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.78
1.80
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.88
1.90
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98
2.00

0.981
0.962
0.944
0.928
0.912
0.897
0.882
0.868
0.855
0.842
0.830
0.818
0.807
0.796
0.786
0.776
0.766
0.757
0.748
0.740
0.731
0.723
0.716
0.708
0.701
0.694
0.687
0.681
0.675
0.668
0.663
0.657
0.651
0.646
0.641
0.635
0.631
0.626
0.621
0.617
0.612
0.608
0.604
0.600
0.596
0.592
0.588
0.584
0.581
0.577

1.0471
1.0952
1.1442
1.1941
1.2450
1.2968
1.3495
1.4032
1.4578
1.5133
1.5698
1.6272
1.6855
1.7448
1.8050
1.8661
1.9282
1.9912
2.0551
2.1200
2.1858
2.2525
2.3202
2.3888
2.4583
2.5288
2.6002
2.6725
2.7458
2.8200
2.8951
2.9712
3.0482
3.1261
3.2050
3.2848
3.3655
3.4472
3.5298
3.6133
3.6978
3.7832
3.8695
3.9568
4.0450
4.1341
4.2242
4.3152
4.4071
4.5000

1.0132
1.0263
1.0393
1.0522
1.0649
1.0776
1.0903
1.1029
1.1154
1.1280
1.1405
1.1531
1.1657
1.1783
1.1909
1.2035
1.2162
1.2290
1.2418
1.2547
1.2676
1.2807
1.2938
1.3069
1.3202
1.3336
1.3470
1.3606
1.3742
1.3880
1.4018
1.4158
1.4299
1.4440
1.4583
1.4727
1.4873
1.5019
1.5167
1.5316
1.5466
1.5617
1.5770
1.5924
1.6079
1.6236
1.6394
1.6553
1.6713
1.6875

1.0000
0.9999
0.9998
0.9994
0.9989
0.9982
0.9973
0.9961
0.9946
0.9928
0.9907
0.9884
0.9857
0.9827
0.9794
0.9758
0.9718
0.9676
0.9630
0.9582
0.9531
0.9476
0.9420
0.9360
0.9298
0.9233
0.9166
0.9097
0.9026
0.8952
0.8877
0.8799
0.8720
0.8639
0.8557
0.8474
0.8389
0.8302
0.8215
0.8127
0.8038
0.7948
0.7857
0.7765
0.7674
0.7581
0.7488
0.7395
0.7302
0.7209

2.02
2.04
2.06
2.08
2.10
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.18
2.20
2.22
2.24
2.26
2.28
2.30
2.32
2.34
2.36
2.38
2.40
2.42
2.44
2.46
2.48
2.50
2.52
2.54
2.56
2.58
2.60
2.62
2.64
2.66
2.68
2.70
2.72
2.74
2.76
2.78
2.80
2.82
2.84
2.86
2.88
2.90
2.92
2.94
2.96
2.98
3.00

0.574
0.571
0.567
0.564
0.561
0.558
0.555
0.553
0.550
0.547
0.544
0.542
0.539
0.537
0.534
0.532
0.530
0.527
0.525
0.523
0.521
0.519
0.517
0.515
0.513
0.511
0.509
0.507
0.506
0.504
0.502
0.500
0.499
0.497
0.496
0.494
0.493
0.491
0.490
0.488
0.487
0.485
0.484
0.483
0.481
0.480
0.479
0.478
0.476
0.475

4.5938
4.6885
4.7842
4.8808
4.9783
5.0768
5.1762
5.2765
5.3778
5.4800
5.5831
5.6872
5.7922
5.8981
6.0050
6.1128
6.2215
6.3312
6.4418
6.5533
6.6658
6.7792
6.8935
7.0088
7.1250
7.2421
7.3602
7.4792
7.5991
7.7200
7.8418
7.9645
8.0882
8.2128
8.3383
8.4648
8.5922
8.7205
8.8498
8.9800
9.1111
9.2432
9.3762
9.5101
9.6450
9.7808
9.9175
10.0552
10.1938
10.3333

M1 M2 p2/p1 T2/T1 po2/po1

3.02
3.04
3.06
3.08
3.10
3.12
3.14
3.16
3.18
3.20
3.22
3.24
3.26
3.28
3.30

0.474
0.473
0.472
0.471
0.470
0.468
0.467
0.466
0.465
0.464
0.463
0.462
0.461
0.461
0.460

10.4738
10.6152
10.7575
10.9008
11.0450
11.1901
11.3362
11.4832
11.6311
11.7800
11.9298
12.0805
12.2322
12.3848
12.5383

2.7026
2.7264
2.7503
2.7744
2.7986
2.8230
2.8475
2.8722
2.8970
2.9220
2.9471
2.9724
2.9979
3.0234
3.0492

225

0.3227
0.3172
0.3118
0.3065
0.3012
0.2960
0.2910
0.2860
0.2811
0.2762
0.2715
0.2668
0.2622
0.2577
0.2533

1.7038
1.7203
1.7369
1.7536
1.7704
1.7875
1.8046
1.8219
1.8393
1.8569
1.8746
1.8924
1.9104
1.9285
1.9468
1.9652
1.9838
2.0025
2.0213
2.0403
2.0595
2.0788
2.0982
2.1178
2.1375
2.1574
2.1774
2.1976
2.2179
2.2383
2.2590
2.2797
2.3006
2.3217
2.3429
2.3642
2.3858
2.4074
2.4292
2.4512
2.4733
2.4955
2.5179
2.5405
2.5632
2.5861
2.6091
2.6322
2.6555
2.6790

0.7115
0.7022
0.6928
0.6835
0.6742
0.6649
0.6557
0.6464
0.6373
0.6281
0.6191
0.6100
0.6011
0.5921
0.5833
0.5745
0.5658
0.5572
0.5486
0.5401
0.5317
0.5234
0.5152
0.5071
0.4990
0.4911
0.4832
0.4754
0.4677
0.4601
0.4526
0.4452
0.4379
0.4307
0.4236
0.4166
0.4097
0.4028
0.3961
0.3895
0.3829
0.3765
0.3701
0.3639
0.3577
0.3517
0.3457
0.3398
0.3340
0.3283

II

3.32
3.34
3.36
3.38
3.40
3.42
3.44
3.46
3.48
3.50
3.52
3.54
3.56
3.58
3.60
3.62
3.64
3.66
3.68
3.70
3.72
3.74
3.76
3.78
3.80
3.82
3.84
3.86
3.88
3.90
3.92
3.94
3.96
3.98
4.00

0.459
0.458
0.457
0.456
0.455
0.454
0.454
0.453
0.452
0.451
0.450
0.450
0.449
0.448
0.447
0.447
0.446
0.445
0.445
0.444
0.443
0.443
0.442
0.441
0.441
0.440
0.440
0.439
0.438
0.438
0.437
0.437
0.436
0.436
0.435

12.6928
12.8482
13.0045
13.1618
13.3200
13.4791
13.6392
13.8002
13.9621
14.1250
14.2888
14.4535
14.6192
14.7858
14.9533
15.1218
15.2912
15.4615
15.6328
15.8050
15.9781
16.1522
16.3272
16.5031
16.6800
16.8578
17.0365
17.2162
17.3968
17.5783
17.7608
17.9442
18.1285
18.3138
18.5000

3.0751
3.1011
3.1273
3.1537
3.1802
3.2069
3.2337
3.2607
3.2878
3.3150
3.3425
3.3701
3.3978
3.4257
3.4537
3.4819
3.5103
3.5388
3.5674
3.5962
3.6252
3.6543
3.6836
3.7130
3.7426
3.7723
3.8022
3.8323
3.8625
3.8928
3.9233
3.9540
3.9848
4.0158
4.0469

226

0.2489
0.2446
0.2404
0.2363
0.2322
0.2282
0.2243
0.2205
0.2167
0.2129
0.2093
0.2057
0.2022
0.1987
0.1953
0.1920
0.1887
0.1855
0.1823
0.1792
0.1761
0.1731
0.1702
0.1673
0.1645
0.1617
0.1589
0.1563
0.1536
0.1510
0.1485
0.1460
0.1435
0.1411
0.1388

T/T*

0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00

1.1999
1.1996
1.1991
1.1985
1.1976
1.1966
1.1953
1.1939
1.1923
1.1905
1.1885
1.1863
1.1840
1.1815
1.1788
1.1759
1.1729
1.1697
1.1663
1.1628
1.1591
1.1553
1.1513
1.1471
1.1429
1.1384
1.1339
1.1292
1.1244
1.1194
1.1143
1.1091
1.1038
1.0984
1.0929
1.0873
1.0815
1.0757
1.0698
1.0638
1.0578
1.0516
1.0454
1.0391
1.0327
1.0263
1.0198
1.0132
1.0066
1.0000

p/p* po/po*

54.7701
27.3817
18.2509
13.6843
10.9435
9.1156
7.8093
6.8291
6.0662
5.4554
4.9554
4.5383
4.1851
3.8820
3.6191
3.3887
3.1853
3.0042
2.8420
2.6958
2.5634
2.4428
2.3326
2.2313
2.1381
2.0519
1.9719
1.8975
1.8282
1.7634
1.7026
1.6456
1.5919
1.5413
1.4935
1.4482
1.4054
1.3647
1.3261
1.2893
1.2542
1.2208
1.1889
1.1583
1.1291
1.1011
1.0743
1.0485
1.0238
1.0000

227

28.9421
14.4815
9.6659
7.2616
5.8218
4.8643
4.1824
3.6727
3.2779
2.9635
2.7076
2.4956
2.3173
2.1656
2.0351
1.9219
1.8229
1.7358
1.6587
1.5901
1.5289
1.4740
1.4246
1.3801
1.3398
1.3034
1.2703
1.2403
1.2130
1.1882
1.1656
1.1451
1.1265
1.1097
1.0944
1.0806
1.0681
1.0570
1.0471
1.0382
1.0305
1.0237
1.0179
1.0129
1.0089
1.0056
1.0031
1.0014
1.0003
1.0000

1778.450
440.3522
193.0311
106.7182
66.9216
45.4080
32.5113
24.1978
18.5427
14.5333
11.5961
9.3865
7.6876
6.3572
5.2993
4.4467
3.7520
3.1801
2.7054
2.3085
1.9744
1.6915
1.4509
1.2453
1.0691
0.9174
0.7866
0.6736
0.5757
0.4908
0.4172
0.3533
0.2979
0.2498
0.2081
0.1721
0.1411
0.1145
0.0917
0.0723
0.0559
0.0423
0.0310
0.0218
0.0145
0.0089
0.0048
0.0021
0.0005
0.0000

III


M To/To* T/T* p/p* po/po*
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00

0.0019
0.0076
0.0171
0.0302
0.0468
0.0666
0.0895
0.1151
0.1432
0.1736
0.2057
0.2395
0.2745
0.3104
0.3469
0.3837
0.4206
0.4572
0.4935
0.5290
0.5638
0.5975
0.6301
0.6614
0.6914
0.7199
0.7470
0.7725
0.7965
0.8189
0.8398
0.8592
0.8771
0.8935
0.9085
0.9221
0.9344
0.9455
0.9553
0.9639
0.9715
0.9781
0.9836
0.9883
0.9921
0.9951
0.9973
0.9988
0.9997
1.0000

0.0023
0.0092
0.0205
0.0362
0.0560
0.0797
0.1069
0.1374
0.1708
0.2066
0.2445
0.2841
0.3250
0.3667
0.4089
0.4512
0.4933
0.5348
0.5755
0.6151
0.6535
0.6903
0.7254
0.7587
0.7901
0.8196
0.8469
0.8723
0.8955
0.9167
0.9358
0.9530
0.9682
0.9814
0.9929
1.0026
1.0106
1.0171
1.0220
1.0255
1.0276
1.0285
1.0283
1.0269
1.0245
1.0212
1.0170
1.0121
1.0064
1.0000

228

2.3987
2.3946
2.3880
2.3787
2.3669
2.3526
2.3359
2.3170
2.2959
2.2727
2.2477
2.2209
2.1925
2.1626
2.1314
2.0991
2.0657
2.0314
1.9964
1.9608
1.9247
1.8882
1.8515
1.8147
1.7778
1.7409
1.7043
1.6678
1.6316
1.5957
1.5603
1.5253
1.4908
1.4569
1.4235
1.3907
1.3585
1.3270
1.2961
1.2658
1.2362
1.2073
1.1791
1.1515
1.1246
1.0984
1.0728
1.0479
1.0236
1.0000

1.2675
1.2665
1.2647
1.2623
1.2591
1.2554
1.2510
1.2461
1.2406
1.2346
1.2281
1.2213
1.2140
1.2064
1.1985
1.1904
1.1822
1.1737
1.1652
1.1566
1.1480
1.1394
1.1308
1.1224
1.1141
1.1059
1.0979
1.0901
1.0826
1.0753
1.0682
1.0615
1.0550
1.0489
1.0431
1.0376
1.0325
1.0278
1.0234
1.0193
1.0157
1.0124
1.0095
1.0070
1.0049
1.0031
1.0017
1.0008
1.0002
1.0000

IV


A
c
Ca
CD
cf
CL
cP
cV
D
D
d
e
f
Fr
g
H, h
k
k
L
l
LL
LT
m
.

M
Mr
n
N
p
P
q

R
R
Re
s
T
T
t
U
u
v
v
V
W
w
Wt
z

x

y

229

230

Massey, B
Mechanics of Fluids
van Reinhold
Hughes, W, Brighton, J
Theory and Problems of Fluid Dynamics
Schaum
Rogers, Mayhew
Engineering Thermodynamics, Work and Heat Transfer
Longman
Langhoar, H
Dimensional Analysis and the Theory of Modeling
John Wiley
Goldstein, S
Modern Developments in Fluid Dynamics
Dover Publications
Schlichting, H
Boundary Layer Theory
McGraw-Hill
Anderson, J D, Computational Fluid Dynamics, McGraw-Hill
Hinze, J
Turbulence
McGraw-Hill
Glauert, H
Elements of Aerofoil and Airscrew Theory
Cambridge University Press
Streeter, V
Fluid Dynamics
McGraw-Hill
A. H. Shapiro
Dynamics and thermodynamics of compressible fluid flow. Vol.1, Parts I and
II
Ronald
Leipman, H, Roshko, A
Elements of Gas Dynamics
International Textbooks
Owczarek, J
Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics
International Textbooks
Bolton,W
Engineering Instrumentation & control
Butterworths.
www.cfd-online.com/resources/

0,0
001
2
03
00
0002
001
4,7,15
86
74
0000001

231

0
0
1
2
3

4
5
6
7
02
00

00
01
02
15

0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
02
00


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012-026-27-01-07-02-7-4
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012-063-000
026
025
021-02-02-05-6
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-074-073-071-072-067-063-052
012-007-005-004-022
76
025003--71-6-5
007-063-22-22-15-13
023-76-50
42-37-36
063-003-002-001-022-65-06
022-014-013-010-005-004-003
-65-53-52-32-27-02-01-04-03
020-064-053-046-043-032-021
-027-024-020-72-51-12-07-01
-007-006-004-003-000-000-002
007-002
002
007-007-004-000-002-027-024
007-004-003
000-000
22
-51-50-42-41-22-15-14-03-02-6
074-073-072-032
000-000-46-41
44
-006-025-022-022-030-67-02
007
-030-032-024-021-72-66-10-5
000-000-022-067-063-037
44-02
027-002-70-12-11-07
022
001-30
020-022-001-74-73-70
022-020
010-003-41
021-15-12-07
001-026-024
50-44
026
057-054-022-021
15-07

stress
shear stress
apparent turbulent
stress
Reynolds stresses
one dimensional
friction

Finite volumes
coordinate
roughness height
displacement
stability
continuity
cylinder
momentum
drag

road drag
skin drag
pressure drag
turbulent drag
branched pipes
pipe

pitot-static tube
Bourdon tube
heat transfer

compressible

strain
model
stall
barometer
span
Prandtl
Bernouli
dimensional
Blasius
Bourdon
Boussinesq
entropy
dimensional analysis

232

012-022-017
73-70-00
70
70
007-62-30-30-32-27-10
11
11
11
11
-022-010-77-76-72-65-06-03
022-022-063-051-043-030
76
-052-033-032-023-65-52-05
021-072
50-23-22
020-37-33
-002-021-53-51-50-45-07-05
027-022-000-006-004
022-012-73-66-6-5
012-002-021-73-70-32-5
020-022-017-000-007
-63-62-53-44-30-30-22-22-02
002-001-000-074-046
30-32
-53-52-32-27-02-01-07-05-03-7
063-052-046-030-032-65-62-62
025
007-022-023-022-74
-055-043-042-031-000-025-7
020-067
-020-022-70-52-46-41-11-07-02
000-000-023-001-002-004-003
43
045-044-043-017-001
72
56
76
012-006-000-002-5
037-51-42-17-5
012-002-026
012-006-003
53-52
017-60-57-56-54
51-44-42-5
-015-013-003-002-57-56-51-50
017
-020-067-057-054-045-043-025
000-000-025
-72-62-14-07-02-02-05-00-5
022-063-030-021-017-002-021
-022-017-016-015-002-14-00
007-020
-055-052-040-032-014-013-41

circulation
lubrication
hydrodynamic
lubrication
Hydrostatic lubrication
acceleration
similarity
dynamic similarity
physical similarity
geometric similarity
differential

discretization
integral

iterative
equilibrium
current

three dimensional
two dimensional
airfoil, aerofoil
atmosphere
container
control volume
turbulence intensity
specific heat
critical
dynamic
sensitivity
throat
convective
helicopter
computational fluid
dynamics
streamline
error
stream function
potential function
propeller
thrust, propulsion
accuracy
rotation
subsonic
steady
lift

stagnation

233

001-000-000-025-067-065
007-022-017-021
007-027
-040-022-007-003-001-51-00
074-073-061
-051-032-026-025-024-023-10
007-052
012-015-013
05-03-7-5
022-022
063
012-020
022
-057-042-033-032-030-030-022
001-000
66-02
014-004-5
023
70
14-00
00
025-073-043-040
005-32-6
027-046-030-002-63-62
-000-062-057-055-052-051-021
003
000-051
000-003-001-54-51-00
-025-023-022-17-14-00-02-7
007-004-000-000-002-027-026
21
024
62
007-02-7-5-4
002-001-000-63-44-30-22-02
000-000-46-41
073-043-040
001-000-067-065-053-040-41
02
02
44-02
074-073-057-043-040
-22-21-20-22-14-01-07-04-03-4
-000-004-003-001-54-47-44
-052-032-030-022-021-020-010
007-000-022-064
007-022
-027-026-025-023-022-021-020
-000-002-004-003-001-000-002
012-007-030-000
000
11
76-73-72
51-50-42-37-36-34-33-32

angle of attack
Mach angle
downstream

speed of sound

tip-speed
flow
Rayleigh flow
Fanno flow
Potential flow
Couette flow
Isentropic flow

non-Newtonian flow
uniform flow
Newtonian flow
static
head
total head
choked
radial
rocket
normal shock

oblique shock
downstream
laminar
valve
sonic
compressor
pressure
atmospheric pressure
dynamic pressure
exit pressure
stagnation pressure
vacuum pressure
absolute pressure
gage pressure
back pressure
energy

internal energy
boundary layer

Combined boundary
layer
prototype
numerical methods
buoyancy

234

-022-021-020-70-50-10-12-7
-063-023-022-005-000-027-025
007
007-10
-043-040-037-031-027-023-10
-020-071-067-064-062-057-053
007-025
005-36
76
030-62-50-02
-022-064-063-030-023-005-5
020
027-046-62
66-05
02
76
000-004-003-002
-003-025-47-21-20-22-17-13
007-074-020-000
20-40
007-20
47
51
-020-067-057-055-054-043-026
000-027
027
026-023-022
002-52-47
007-002-57-54-52-47-02-07-4
021-027-020-02-02-7-4
003
007-072-063
063-052-032-021-76-03-4
52-7
52-01-7
007-037-67-07-06-05-03-5-4
047-022
-000-037-030-021-50-34-12-7
012-002
007-34-01-7
063-052
012-027-61-60-54
5-4
017
04
17
-020-70-70-22-15-11-10-12-7
-060-062-032-023-027-023-021
012-025-071-063
010-010-004-003-002
-003-002-020-67-41-14-00-02
017-007
-70-72-67-46-27-14-02-02-06-5
037-021-010-007-006-021
-042-033-032-030-030-022-021

Reynolds number

Froude number
Mach number

moment
finite elements
turbine
perfect gas

combustion chamber
unsteady
vacuum
finite differences
separation
loss

friction loss
local(minor) loss
venturi
ultra sonic
supersonic

hypersonic
Von Karman
orifice
power
shear
electrode
hydraulic diameter
conservation laws
body force
surface force
mass
relative mass
density

relative density
adiabatic
efficiency
continuum
Kutta - Joukowski
elbow
Colebrook-White
dimensionless

irrotational
inviscous, inviscid

incompressible
isentropic

235

001-000-061-060-057-051
073-043-040-001-022
057-043-001
-026-025-021-020-66-14-10-02
030-007-003-003
012-023-02
026
012-002-023-02
-000-027-026-024-021-020-022
022-006
007-004-000-027-025-07-7
4
03
15
003
-022-020-017-004-003-001-41
051-030
-030-000-001-72-47-41-06-00
070
000-022-021
027-002-62-60-60
74-72-71-70
45-44
44
027
007-000-026-025-7
36
36
37
020-01-00
4
073-040-037-06
005
14-02
44
44-43-42-41
003-02-5
004-003
-022-021-73-70-72-67-66-65
007
-063-003-002-001-022-65-06
020
063-16
012-071-063
007-004-065-063-16
007-027-024
007-002-006-004
007-016
042-52-47
002
74-73

convergent
convergent-divergent
viscous, viscid

dynamic viscosity
apparent viscosity
kinematic viscosity
plate

turbulent
fluid
flux vector
PVC (Poly vinyl chloride)

symmetric
ideal
duct
enthalpy
jet engine
bearing
transducer
Pressure transducer
Mach cone
turbulence
metacenter
buoyancy center
couple
lubricant
free path
reservoir
sink
pump
Bourdon gauge
manometer
absolute
Laplace equations
Navier-Stokes equations
Continuity equation
Darcy formula
friction factor,
friction factor, f
skin-drag coefficient
total-drag coefficient
lift coefficient
flow coefficient
road factor
correction factor

236

007-005-53-51-50-47-46
-040-042-037-021-62-06-05-03
007
074
47
7
34
44
52-47
70-53-44-32-02
032
-013-003-001-026-023-020-73
003-043-040
005
032-004-020-67-66-51-5
000-027-074-073-60-22-7
-044-043-040-037-62-47-06
073-062-057-046
022-021-70-70
074-043-040
052-051-030-032-024
057-055-052-051
007-000-004-000-026-025-7
043-000-000-001-6
007-022-023-022
012-015-013
020-022-005-74-73-70
36
00-03-4
003-65-27-06
34
12
54
043-60
027
027

25-06-02
022
021-062-032-70
026-11-07
022-017-001

volume flow rate

mass flow rate
insulated
constriction flow meters
paraboloid
hydrometer
strain gage
orifice meter
gage
piston
gradient
source
uniform
system
nozzle
relative weighing
expansion waves
wave
shock wave
turbulence
diffuser, divergent
specific-heat ratio
tip-speed-ratio
aspect ratio
metacentric radius
SI units
divergence theorem
buoyancy theory
Buckingham theorem
Froude theorem
jet
ramjet
scramjet

crude oil
stall point
reference point
modeling
chord

237


) - (

238

absolute
absolute pressure
acceleration
accuracy
adiabatic
airfoil, aerofoil
angle of attack
apparent turbulent stress
apparent viscosity
aspect ratio
atmosphere
atmospheric pressure
back pressure
barometer
bearing
Bernouli
Blasius
body force
boundary layer
Bourdon
Bourdon gauge
Bourdon tube
Boussinesq
branched pipes
Buckingham theorem
buoyancy
buoyancy center
buoyancy theory
choked
chord
circulation
Colebrook-White
Combined boundary layer
combustion chamber
compressible
compressor
computational fluid dynamics
conservation laws
constriction flow meters
container
continuity
Continuity equation
continuum
control volume
convective
convergent
convergent-divergent
coordinate
correction factor

239

Couette flow
couple
critical
crude oil
current
cylinder
Darcy formula
density
differential
diffuser, divergent
dimensional
dimensional analysis
dimensionless
discretization
displacement
divergence theorem
downstream
downstream
drag
duct
dynamic
dynamic pressure
dynamic similarity
dynamic viscosity
efficiency
elbow
electrode
energy
enthalpy
entropy
equilibrium
error
exit pressure
expansion waves
Fanno flow
finite differences
finite elements
Finite volumes
flow
flow coefficient
fluid
flux vector
free path
friction
friction factor,
friction factor, f
Froude number
Froude theorem
gage
gage pressure
geometric similarity
gradient
head
heat transfer

240

helicopter
hydraulic diameter
hydrodynamic lubrication
hydrometer
Hydrostatic lubrication
ideal
incompressible
insulated
integral
internal energy
inviscous, inviscid
irrotational
isentropic
iterative
jet
jet engine
kinematic viscosity
Kutta - Joukowski
laminar
Laplace equations
lift
lift coefficient
loss
lubricant
lubrication
Mach angle
Mach cone
Mach number
manometer
mass
mass flow rate
metacenter
metacentric radius
minor loss
model
modeling
moment
momentum
Navier-Stokes equations
Newtonian flow
non-Newtonian flow
normal shock
nozzle
numerical methods
oblique shock
one dimensional
orifice
orifice meter
paraboloid
perfect gas
physical similarity
pipe
piston
pitot-static tube

241

plate
Potential flow
potential function
power
Prandtl
pressure
pressure drag
Pressure transducer
propeller
prototype
pump
PVC (Poly vinyl chloride)
radial
ramjet
Rayleigh flow
reference point
relative density
relative mass
relative weighing
reservoir
Reynolds number
Reynolds stresses
road drag
road factor
rocket
rotation
roughness height
scramjet
sensitivity
separation
shear
shear stress
shock wave
SI units
similarity
sink
skin drag
skin-drag coefficient
sonic
source
span
specific heat
specific-heat ratio
speed of sound
stability
stagnation
stagnation pressure
stall
stall point
static
steady
strain
strain gage
stream function

242

streamline
stress
subsonic
supersonic
surface force
symmetric
system
three dimensional
throat
thrust, propulsion
tip-speed
tip-speed-ratio
total head
total-drag coefficient
transducer
turbine
turbulence
turbulence
turbulence intensity
turbulent
turbulent drag
two dimensional
ultra sonic
uniform
uniform flow
unsteady
vacuum
vacuum pressure
valve
venturi
viscous, viscid
volume flow rate
Von Karman
wave