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Introduction TO
Basic Telephone




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 Telephone   
phoneTele- 




 




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    Switch 


  





 Speaker
Microphone












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duplex 

  coil









 8F::CjF

     
   









Digital  switch 

 Concentrator
bit
 





   


 

               
               




        







1,477 Hz 1,336 Hz 1,209 Hz
3

697 Hz

770 Hz

852 Hz

941 Hz


HZ
  HZ  HZ 



                

                   





                 











 Nb;:F;:I;Cj_
 Public switched telephone system  
  Switched  public  
 
. 
  
  digital signal transmission  fiber optics
. 

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 Topology  
 .   (LATA :Local Access and Transport Area)
Central   (Local loop)  Subscriber
exchange  Switching office
 
.  
 " office 
.  

  
 Trunk lines 
. 

  


 Tandem office  Trunk Line
(  )





.  End office  Central office 
  Layers  
.  Switches

  


.  
.  
 Trunk lines  Switching Equipment 
  Time-devision multiplexing  
. 
 Trunk lines  fiber Optics 
 Coaxial cable   .
. 
 
(Twisted pairs cables)

 XX::X<
 
Dial Pulses  Dial tone 
 Ringback tone  busy tone 
.  

  Analog  ON-OFF 


. 

J;G: Io:
    
 
. 






Voice  
  Channel
 Message Channel

  
   
 In-band Signal  
out-band  ( 
Signal

   


.  
    
 (z)  impedance  (e) 
:  (p) 
p=(e^2)/z

 dB   


: 
dB=10*Log(P1/P2)
  P2   P2  P1
  P2 
 dBm

Io:;;rr
  
 Noise     
. 
 .   
  (dBm)  
 (dBm)  (dBm)
 echo .  
  Receiver 
 .  
mismatches
:Multiplexing B;G: ^_G:;fb:

  Local Loop 


 . 
 Multiplexing
 
.  
  TDM  
FDM

:Tones I;:
.  Tones 
: 

  
  
 Pulse dialing 

  Touch-tone dialing  


 dual-tone multifrequency 
.  DTMF
  
. 



:Loop Length Compensation



    Y X   
   
  
      
  
  
( 

: Hybrid Coil

 Full duplex  


    
Electronmagnetic  
   A Coupling
 H     F  C
 

: 

  
    
 Side tone  
 
     
    
.  






Telecommunications Technical Fundamentals
http://www.moultonco.com/new/semnotes/telecomm/tlfpics.htm
Alexander Graham Bell's Path to the Telephone
http://www3.iath.virginia.edu/albell/introduction.html
Telephone ringing circuits
http://www.tkk.fi/Misc/Electronics/circuits/telephone_ringer.html

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