.

: .
.

,
.
" "
" " " "
"
" "
"
.

.

. )(Gibbs

) ) (Phase Rule


. :

)2
)P )(phases
)C )(components
) F
). (The number of degrees of freedon

:
F=13+2

F=0
. :
F=1-2+2
F=1
. :
F=11+2
F=2


.

.
:
F=32+2
F=3
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
)
:
-1 One component systems
-2 Two-component systems
-3 Three-component systems

)F

) (Phase diagram
.




.
.
:
.
.

 .
:
:
). (100%
:

.
:


.




.

-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7

.

.

. xA, xB, xc
1 2

) .
Binodal
.curve

.

-1 )
.
F=CP+2
F=31+2
F=4
T P : XA, XB, Xc P T
(Xc = 1-XA - XB) XA, XB
-2 )
:
F=CP+2
=32+2
=3
T P .
.
-4 )
.
.

. -
- )

 )3
)8
)3

-1 55)
-2 155)
-3 )3 )155
-4 , , .

-1
-2

"
" "
.
-3
.

.1 m = . v :
H2O = 0.997g/cm3
C6H6 = 0.873g/cm3
CH3OH = 0.786g/cm3
.2 -:
mB + mm + mw = mT
W:-WATER

M:-METHANOL

: B : BENZENE

.3 -:
% = / )155

111%W =(W/ WT

)
) ,
) )%155
)%5
.

2.2

0.8

0.4

0.7

0.2

0.4

1.746g

2.619g

3.492 g

4.365 g

5.238g

6.111g

7.857g

6.288g

5.502g

4.716 g

3.93 g

3.144 g

2.358 g

0.786g

1.994g 0.3988g 1.1994g 0.0997g 0.3988g 0.7976g 2.1934g

40.57% 29.36% 17.07%

54.66%

68.9%

73.86%

61.48%

61.7%

54.8%

32.81% 46.81%

26.6%

7.39 %

21.44%

8.94%

4.63%

1.18%

12.52%

4.5 %

18.74%

99.99

100

100

99.99

99.99

100

99.99

-:

-:

52%

m=.v
m C6H6= 0.873 2 =1.746g
m CH3OH = 0.786 8 =6.288g
m H2O = 0.997 2.2 =2.1934g
mT = mB + mm + mw
mT = 1.746 + 6.288 + 2.1934
mT = 10.2779 g

-:
%W =(W/Wt( 111
111 %WB =(1.746/ 10.2779
%WB =17.07%
111 %Wm =(6.288 / 10.2779
%Wm = 61.48%

 111 %WW =(2.1934 / 10.2779

%WW = 21.44%

-:

-:

-:

m=.v
m C6H6= 0.873 3 = 2.619 g
m CH3OH = 0.786 7 = 5.502 g
m H2O = 0.997 0.8 = 0.7976 g
mT = mB + mm + mw
mT = 2.619 + 5.502 + 0.7976
mT = 8.9186 g
%W =(W/Wt( 111
111 %WB =(2.619 / 8.9186
%WB = 29.36%
111 %Wm =(5.502 / 8.9186
%Wm = 61.7%
111 %WW =(0.7976 / 8.9186
%WW = 8.94%

-:

-:

-:

m=.v
m C6H6= 0.873 4 = 3.492 g
m CH3OH = 0.786 6 = 4.716 g
m H2O = 0.997 0.4 = 0.3988 g
mT = mB + mm + mw
mT = 3.492 + 4.716 + 0.3988
mT = 8.6068 g
%W =(W/WT( 111
111 %WB =(3.492 / 8.6068
%WB = 40.57%
111 %Wm =(4.716 / 8.6068
%Wm = 54.8%

 111 %WW =(0.3988/ 8.6068

%WW = 4.63%

-:

-:

-:

m=.v
m C6H6= 0.873 5 = 4.365 g
m CH3OH = 0.786 5 = 3.93 g
m H2O = 0.997 0.1 = 0.0997 g
mT = mB + mm + mw
mT = 4.365 + 3.93 + 0.0997
mT = 8.3947 g
%W =(W/WT( 111
111 %WB =(4.365 / 8.3947
%WB = 51.99%
111 %Wm =(3.93 / 8.3947
%Wm = 46.81%
111 %WW =(0.0997/ 8.3947
%WW = 1.18%

-:

-:

-:

m=.v
m C6H6= 0.873 6 = 5.238 g
m CH3OH = 0.786 4 = 3.144 g
m H2O = 0.997 0.2 = 1.1994 g
mT = mB + mm + mw
mT = 5.238 + 3.144 +1.1994
mT = 9.5814 g
%W =(W/WT( 111
111 %WB =(5.238 / 9.5814
%WB = 54.66%
111 %Wm =(3.144 / 9.5814
%Wm = 32.81%

 111 %WW =(1.1994 / 9.5814

%WW = 12.52%

-:

-:

-:

m=.v
m C6H6= 0.873 7 = 6.111 g
m CH3OH = 0.786 3 = 2.358 g
m H2O = 0.997 0.4 = 0.3988 g
mT = mB + mm + mw
mT = 6.111 + 2.358+ 0.3988
mT = 8.8678 g
%W =(W/WT( 111
111 %WB =(6.111 / 8.8678
%WB = 68.9%
111 %Wm =(2.358 / 8.8678
%Wm = 26.6%
111 %WW =(0.3988 / 8.8678
%WW = 4.5 %

-:

-:

-:

m=.v
m C6H6= 0.873 9 = 7.857 g
m CH3OH = 0.786 1 = 0.786 g
m H2O = 0.997 2 = 1.994 g
mT = mB + mm + mw
mT = 7.857 + 0.786 +1.994
mT = 10.637 g
%W =(W/WT( 111
111 %WB =(7.857 / 10.637
%WB =73.86%
111 %Wm =(0.786 / 10.637
%Wm = 7.39 %
111 %WW =(1.994 / 10.637
%WW=18.74%

Barrow, G.M.,Physical Chemistry, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York (1996).

Burns, C.M., Applications of Phase Equilibria, Sandford Educational Press,
Waterloo (1984), chapter 6.
Bromberg, J.P.,Physical Chemistry, Allyn and Bacon, Inc., New York (1984).
Castellan, G.W., Physical Chemistry,3rd ed., Addison-Wesley, New York (1983),
Sections 15.1-15.11.
Daniels, F. and R.A. Alberty,Experimental Physical Chemistry,7th ed., McGrawHill, New York (1970).
Francis, A.W., Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1963).
Laidler, K.J. and Meiser, J.H., Physical Chemistry, Benjamin/Cummings Pub Co.,
Menlo Park, Calif. (1982).
Maron, S.H., and C.F. Prutton,Principles of Physical Chemistry, 4th ed., Macmillan
Co., New York (1965),pp. 344-349 and 376-380.
Moore, W.J., Physical Chemistry, 4th ed., Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs
(1972), pp. 207-208.