RTN 910 Product Description (V100R001C02 - 03)

OptiX RTN 910 Radio Transmission System V100R001C02
Product Description
Issue Date 03 2010-06-10
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2010. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written consent of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
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and other Huawei trademarks are trademarks of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All other trademarks and trade names mentioned in this document are the property of their respective holders.
Notice
The purchased products, services and features are stipulated by the contract made between Huawei and the customer. All or part of the products, services and features described in this document may not be within the purchase scope or the usage scope. Unless otherwise specified in the contract, all statements, information, and recommendations in this document are provided "AS IS" without warranties, guarantees or representations of any kind, either express or implied. The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Every effort has been made in the preparation of this document to ensure accuracy of the contents, but all statements, information, and recommendations in this document do not constitute the warranty of any kind, express or implied.
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

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OptiX RTN 910 Product Description
About This Document
About This Document
Related Versions
The following table lists the product versions related to this document. Product Name OptiX RTN 910 iManager U2000 Version V100R001C02 V100R001C00
Intended Audience
This document is intended for network planning engineers. Before you read this document, ensure that you have acquired the basic knowledge of digital microwave communication.
Symbol Conventions
The symbols that may be found in this document are defined as follows. Symbol Description Indicates a hazard with a high level of risk, which if not avoided, will result in death or serious injury. Indicates a hazard with a medium or low level of risk, which if not avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury.
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About This Document
Symbol
Description Indicates a potentially hazardous situation, which if not avoided, could result in equipment damage, data loss, performance degradation, or unexpected results. Indicates a tip that may help you solve a problem or save time. Provides additional information to emphasize or supplement important points of the main text.
Change History
Updates between document issues are cumulative. Therefore, the latest document issue contains all updates made in previous issues.
Updates in Issue 03 (2010-06-10) Based on Product Version V100R001C02

This document is the third release for the V100R001C02 version. The updated contents are as follows: Update 1.2 Components 6.1 RF Performance Description
l l
The descriptions of the 28 GHz frequency band HP ODU are added. The descriptions of the 7/8/13/18 GHz frequency band XMC-2 ODU are added.

This document is the second release for the V100R001C02 version. The updated contents are as follows: Update Overall the document 6 Performance Description Deletes descriptions of dynamic tunnels. The specifications of the product are updated.

This document is the first release of the V100R001C02 version.
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Contents
Contents
About This Document...................................................................................................................iii 1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................1-1
1.1 Network Application.......................................................................................................................................1-2 1.2 Components.....................................................................................................................................................1-2
2 Functions and Features..............................................................................................................2-1

2.1 Packet Microwave...........................................................................................................................................2-3 2.2 Modulation Strategy........................................................................................................................................2-3 2.2.1 Fixed Modulation...................................................................................................................................2-3 2.2.2 Adaptive Modulation..............................................................................................................................2-3 2.3 RF Configuration Modes.................................................................................................................................2-5 2.4 Capacity...........................................................................................................................................................2-5 2.4.1 Air Interface Capacity............................................................................................................................2-5 2.4.2 Switching Capacity................................................................................................................................2-5 2.5 Interfaces.........................................................................................................................................................2-6 2.5.1 Microwave Interfaces.............................................................................................................................2-6 2.5.2 Service Interfaces...................................................................................................................................2-6 2.5.3 Management and Auxiliary Interfaces...................................................................................................2-8 2.6 Cross-Polarization Interference Cancellation..................................................................................................2-9 2.7 Automatic Transmit Power Control................................................................................................................2-9 2.8 MPLS/PWE3 Support Capability..................................................................................................................2-10 2.9 Ethernet Service Processing Capability........................................................................................................2-11 2.10 QoS..............................................................................................................................................................2-12 2.11 Clock Features.............................................................................................................................................2-12 2.12 Protection Scheme.......................................................................................................................................2-13 2.13 Network Management.................................................................................................................................2-13 2.14 Easy Installation..........................................................................................................................................2-14 2.15 Easy Maintenance.......................................................................................................................................2-14
3 Product Structure........................................................................................................................3-1
3.1 System Architecture........................................................................................................................................3-2 3.2 Hardware Structure.........................................................................................................................................3-3 3.2.1 IDU.........................................................................................................................................................3-3 3.2.2 ODU.......................................................................................................................................................3-6 Issue 03 (2010-06-10) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. v
Contents
3.3 Software Structure...........................................................................................................................................3-7 3.3.1 NMS Software........................................................................................................................................3-7 3.3.2 IDU Software......................................................................................................................................... 3-8 3.3.3 ODU Software........................................................................................................................................3-8 3.4 Service Signal Processing Flow......................................................................................................................3-8
4 Services.........................................................................................................................................4-1
4.1 Ethernet Services.............................................................................................................................................4-2 4.2 IMA/ATM Services.........................................................................................................................................4-4 4.3 CES Services...................................................................................................................................................4-5
5 Network Management System................................................................................................5-1

5.1 Network Management Solution...................................................................................................................... 5-2 5.2 LCT................................................................................................................................................................. 5-2 5.3 U2000..............................................................................................................................................................5-3
6 Performance.................................................................................................................................6-1
6.1 RF Performance...............................................................................................................................................6-2 6.1.1 Microwave Work Modes........................................................................................................................6-2 6.1.2 Frequency Band......................................................................................................................................6-3 6.1.3 Receiver Sensitivity................................................................................................................................6-5 6.1.4 Transceiver Performance........................................................................................................................6-8 6.1.5 IF Performance.....................................................................................................................................6-12 6.1.6 Baseband Signal Processing Performance of the Modem....................................................................6-12 6.2 Packet Service Capability..............................................................................................................................6-13 6.3 Equipment Reliability...................................................................................................................................6-13 6.3.1 Component Reliability.........................................................................................................................6-13 6.3.2 Link Reliability....................................................................................................................................6-14 6.4 Interface Performance...................................................................................................................................6-14 6.4.1 SDH Optical Interface Performance.....................................................................................................6-14 6.4.2 E1 Interface Performance.....................................................................................................................6-15 6.4.3 Ethernet Interface Performance............................................................................................................6-15 6.4.4 Auxiliary Interface Performance..........................................................................................................6-18 6.5 Clock Timing and Synchronization Performance.........................................................................................6-19 6.6 Integrated System Performance....................................................................................................................6-19
A Glossary..................................................................................................................................... A-1
A.1 0-9..................................................................................................................................................................A-2 A.2 A-E................................................................................................................................................................A-2 A.3 F-J................................................................................................................................................................A-11 A.4 K-O..............................................................................................................................................................A-16 A.5 P-T...............................................................................................................................................................A-22 A.6 U-Z..............................................................................................................................................................A-30
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Figures
Figures
Figure 1-1 Packet microwave transmission solution provided by the OptiX RTN 910.......................................1-2 Figure 1-2 IDU 910..............................................................................................................................................1-3 Figure 1-3 Direct mounting..................................................................................................................................1-5 Figure 1-4 Separate mounting..............................................................................................................................1-5 Figure 2-1 Packet microwave...............................................................................................................................2-3 Figure 2-2 AM......................................................................................................................................................2-4 Figure 3-1 Block diagram.....................................................................................................................................3-2 Figure 3-2 IDU slot layout...................................................................................................................................3-3 Figure 3-3 Block diagram of the ODU.................................................................................................................3-6 Figure 3-4 Software structure...............................................................................................................................3-7 Figure 3-5 Service signal processing flow...........................................................................................................3-8 Figure 4-1 E-Line service illustration..................................................................................................................4-3 Figure 4-2 E-Aggr service illustration..................................................................................................................4-4 Figure 4-3 Application model of the CES service...............................................................................................4-5 Figure 4-4 Compression function for the idle 64 kbit/s timeslots in the E1 signals............................................4-6 Figure 4-5 Retiming synchronization mode of the CES service clock................................................................4-7 Figure 5-1 Network management solution to the transmission network..............................................................5-2
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Tables
Tables
Table 1-1 Introduction of the IDU 910.................................................................................................................1-3 Table 1-2 RTN 600 ODUs supported by the OptiX RTN 910.............................................................................1-4 Table 1-3 RTN XMC ODUs supported by the OptiX RTN 910..........................................................................1-4 Table 2-1 RF configuration modes.......................................................................................................................2-5 Table 2-2 Auxiliary services or paths provided by each microwave interface.....................................................2-6 Table 2-3 Type and number of the service interfaces provided by the system control, switching, and timing board ...............................................................................................................................................................................2-6 Table 2-4 Type and number of the service interfaces supported by adding service interface boards .................2-7 Table 2-5 Type and number of management and auxiliary interfaces ................................................................ 2-9 Table 2-6 MPLS features supported by the OptiX RTN 910.............................................................................2-10 Table 2-7 Capabilities of the OptiX RTN 910 of supporting PWE3..................................................................2-10 Table 2-8 Table 4-7 Ethernet service processing capability...............................................................................2-11 Table 2-9 QoS features.......................................................................................................................................2-12 Table 2-10 Protection schemes...........................................................................................................................2-13 Table 3-1 Functional unit..................................................................................................................................... 3-2 Table 3-2 List of IDUs..........................................................................................................................................3-4 Table 3-3 Service signal processing flow in the transmit direction......................................................................3-9 Table 3-4 Service signal processing flow in the receive direction.....................................................................3-10 Table 4-1 Comparison among L2 Ethernet services stipulated by the standardization organizations.................4-2 Table 6-1 Microwave work modes (IFE2/IFU2 board)........................................................................................6-2 Table 6-2 Microwave work modes (IFX2 board).................................................................................................6-3 Table 6-3 Frequency Band (SP ODU)..................................................................................................................6-4 Table 6-4 Frequency band (SPA ODU)............................................................................................................... 6-4 Table 6-5 Frequency band (HP ODU)..................................................................................................................6-5 Table 6-6 Frequency band (XMC-2 ODU).......................................................................................................... 6-5 Table 6-7 Typical receiver sensitivity values (i).................................................................................................. 6-6 Table 6-8 Typical receiver sensitivity values (ii).................................................................................................6-6 Table 6-9 Typical receiver sensitivity values (iii)................................................................................................6-7 Table 6-10 Typical receiver sensitivity values (iv).............................................................................................. 6-7 Table 6-11 Transceiver Performance (SP ODU)..................................................................................................6-8 Table 6-12 Transceiver performance (SPA ODU)...............................................................................................6-9 Table 6-13 Transceiver performance (HP ODU)...............................................................................................6-10 Table 6-14 Transceiver performance (XMC-2 ODU)........................................................................................6-11 Table 6-15 IF performance.................................................................................................................................6-12 Issue 03 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Tables
OptiX RTN 910 Product Description Table 6-16 Baseband signal processing performance of the modem.................................................................6-13 Table 6-17 Packet service capability..................................................................................................................6-13 Table 6-18 Component reliability ......................................................................................................................6-13 Table 6-19 Link reliability per hop.....................................................................................................................6-14 Table 6-20 C-STM-1 Optical Interface Performance.........................................................................................6-14 Table 6-21 E1 interface performance.................................................................................................................6-15 Table 6-22 GE optical interface performance....................................................................................................6-15 Table 6-23 Allocation of central wavelengths of 1000BASE-CWDM interfaces.............................................6-16 Table 6-24 Performance of the FE optical interface ..........................................................................................6-16 Table 6-25 GE electric interface performance....................................................................................................6-17 Table 6-26 FE electric interface performance....................................................................................................6-18 Table 6-27 Orderwire interface performance.....................................................................................................6-18 Table 6-28 Synchronous data interface performance.........................................................................................6-18 Table 6-29 Clock timing and synchronization performance..............................................................................6-19 Table 6-30 Dimensions.......................................................................................................................................6-19 Table 6-31 Typical weight..................................................................................................................................6-20 Table 6-32 Typical power consumption.............................................................................................................6-20 Table 6-33 Power Supply...................................................................................................................................6-20 Table 6-34 Environment performance................................................................................................................6-21
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1 Introduction
1
About This Chapter
Introduction
The OptiX RTN 910 is one of the series products of the OptiX RTN 900 radio transmission system. 1.1 Network Application The OptiX RTN 900 is a new generation split microwave transmission system developed by Huawei. It can provide a seamless Packet microwave transmission solution for a mobile communication network or private network. 1.2 Components The OptiX RTN 910 adopts a split structure. The system consists of the IDU 910, the ODU, and the antenna system. An ODU is connected to an IDU through an IF cable.
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1 Introduction
1.1 Network Application

The OptiX RTN 900 is a new generation split microwave transmission system developed by Huawei. It can provide a seamless Packet microwave transmission solution for a mobile communication network or private network. The OptiX RTN 900 products are available in two types: OptiX RTN 910 and OptiX RTN 950. The IDU of the OptiX RTN 910 is 1U high and supports one or two IF boards. The IDU of the OptiX RTN 950 is 2U high and supports one to six IF boards. The users can choose an appropriate type based on the actual requirements. The OptiX RTN 910 provides several types of service interfaces and facilitates installation and flexible configuration. The solution can evolve based on the service changes that occur due to radio mobile network evolution. Thus, this solution can meet the transmission requirements of not only 2G and 3G networks, but also future LTE and 4G networks. Figure 1-1 shows the Packet microwave transmission solution that is provided by the OptiX RTN 910 for the mobile communication network. Figure 1-1 Packet microwave transmission solution provided by the OptiX RTN 910
FE FE E1
E1 IMA E1
E1 FE/GE IMA E1 Regional backhaul network GE E1 IMA E1 FE E1
OptiX RTN 910
NodeB
BTS
RNC
BSC
NOTE
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In the solutions, the local backhaul network is optional. The OptiX RTN 910 can be connected to the RNC or the BSC directly. When the OptiX RTN 910 supports the microwaves in three directions or more, you can adopt the NE cascading mode or use the OptiX RTN 950, which is more powerful.
1.2 Components
The OptiX RTN 910 adopts a split structure. The system consists of the IDU 910, the ODU, and the antenna system. An ODU is connected to an IDU through an IF cable.
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1 Introduction
IDU 910
The IDU 910 is the indoor unit of an OptiX RTN 910 system. It accesses services, performs multiplexing/demultiplexing and IF processing of the services, and provides system control and communication function. Table 1-1 lists the basic features of the IDU 910. Table 1-1 Introduction of the IDU 910 Item Chassis height Pluggable Number of microwave directions RF configuration mode Performance 1U Supported 1-2 1+0 non-protection configuration 2+0 non-protection configuration 1+1 protection configuration XPIC configuration
Figure 1-2 IDU 910
ODU
The ODU is the outdoor unit of the OptiX RTN 900. It performs frequency conversion and amplification of signals. The OptiX RTN 900 series products can use the RTN 600 ODU and RTN XMC ODU, covering 6 GHz to 38 GHz entire frequency band.
NOTE
Unlike the other frequency bands that use 14 MHz, 28 MHz, or 56 MHz channel spacing, the 18 GHz frequency band uses 13.75 MHz, 27.5 MHz, or 55 MHz channel spacing correspondingly.
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1 Introduction
Table 1-2 RTN 600 ODUs supported by the OptiX RTN 910 Item Description Standard Power ODU ODU type Frequency band SP and SPA 7/8/11/13/15/18/23/26/38 GHz (SP ODU) 6/7/8/11/13/15/18/23 GHz (SPA ODU) Microwave modulation mode QPSK/16QAM/32QAM/ 64QAM/128QAM/256QAM (SP ODU) QPSK/16QAM/32QAM/ 64QAM/128QAM (SPA ODU) Channel spacing 7/14/28 MHz 7/14/28/56 MHz QPSK/16QAM/32QAM/ 64QAM/128QAM/256QAM High Power ODU HP 7/8/11/13/15/18/23/26/28/32 /38 GHz
Table 1-3 RTN XMC ODUs supported by the OptiX RTN 910 Item Description High Power ODU ODU type Frequency band Microwave modulation mode Channel spacing XMC-2 7/8/13/15/18/23 GHz QPSK/16QAM/32QAM/64QAM/128QAM/ 256QAM 7/14/28/56 MHz
Antenna
The OptiX RTN 910 provides an entire frequency band antenna solution, and supports the singlepolarized antenna and dual-polarized antenna with a diameter of 0.3 m to 3.7 m and the corresponding feeder system. There are two methods of mounting the ODU and the antenna: direct mounting and separate mounting.
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The direct mounting method is normally adopted when a small-diameter and singlepolarized antenna is used. In this situation, if one ODU is configured for one antenna, the ODU is directly mounted at the back of the antenna. If two ODUs are configured for one antenna, an RF signal combiner/splitter (hereinafter referred to as a hybrid coupler) must be mounted to connect the ODUs to the antenna. Figure 1-3 shows the direct mounting method.
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1 Introduction
Figure 1-3 Direct mounting
The separate mounting method is adopted when a double-polarized antenna or big-diameter and single-polarized antenna is used. Figure 1-4 shows the separate method. In this situation, a hybrid coupler can be mounted. That is, two ODUs share one feed boom. Figure 1-4 Separate mounting
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2 Functions and Features
2
About This Chapter
Functions and Features
The OptiX RTN 910 provides plentiful functions and features to ensure the quality and efficiency of service transmission. 2.1 Packet Microwave The Packet microwave refers to the Packet microwave transmission solution wherein various services can be encapsulated through the PWE3 technology and then transmitted in packet mode. The Packet microwave supports the AM function. By using Packet microwave, the utilization of the microwave bandwidth is improved and the statistical multiplexing advantage of the packet network is extended to the access layer. 2.2 Modulation Strategy The Packet microwave supports fixed modulation and adaptive modulation. 2.3 RF Configuration Modes The OptiX RTN 910 supports the 1+0 non-protection configuration, the 2+0 non-protection configuration, the 1+1 protection configuration, and XPIC configuration. 2.4 Capacity The OptiX RTN 910 has a high capacity. 2.5 Interfaces The OptiX RTN 910 features multiple interface types. 2.6 Cross-Polarization Interference Cancellation Cross-polarization interference cancellation (XPIC) is a technology used together with cochannel dual-polarization (CCDP). The application of the two technologies doubles the wireless link capacity over the same channel. 2.7 Automatic Transmit Power Control Automatic transmit power control (ATPC) enables the output power of the transmitter to automatically trace the level fluctuation at the receive end within the ATPC control range. This reduces the interference with neighboring systems and residual BER. 2.8 MPLS/PWE3 Support Capability The OptiX RTN 910 adopts the MPLS that is optimized for the telecom bearer network as the packet forwarding mechanism to implement the packet transmission of carrier services. The
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OptiX RTN 910 adopts the PWE3 technology as the service bearer technology to implement the MPLS network access of various types of services. 2.9 Ethernet Service Processing Capability The OptiX RTN 910 provides the powerful Ethernet service processing capability. 2.10 QoS The OptiX RTN 910 provides improved quality of service (QoS) capabilities and support the following eight per-hop behaviors (PHBs): BE, AF1, AF2, AF3, AF4, EF, CS6, and CS7. Thus, the OptiX RTN 910 can offer various QoS levels of service guarantees and build an integrated network to carry data, voice, and video services. 2.11 Clock Features The OptiX RTN 910 supports the physical layer clock synchronization, IEEE 1588v2 time/clock synchronization, and clock synchronization for CES services. 2.12 Protection Scheme The OptiX RTN 910 provides complete protection schemes. 2.13 Network Management The OptiX RTN 910 supports multiple network management (NM) modes, and provides complete NM information exchange schemes. 2.14 Easy Installation The OptiX RTN 910 supports several installation modes. Thus, the installation of the equipment is flexible and convenient. 2.15 Easy Maintenance The OptiX RTN 910 provides several maintenance features. Thus, the cost of equipment maintenance is effectively reduced.
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2.1 Packet Microwave

The Packet microwave refers to the Packet microwave transmission solution wherein various services can be encapsulated through the PWE3 technology and then transmitted in packet mode. The Packet microwave supports the AM function. By using Packet microwave, the utilization of the microwave bandwidth is improved and the statistical multiplexing advantage of the packet network is extended to the access layer. The Packet microwave solution supports the MPLS and PWE3 technologies. When the TDM E1 service is accessed, the Packet microwave solution implements the CES by using the PWE3 technology to encapsulate the TDM E1 service into PW packets. When the IMA E1 service or Ethernet service is accessed, the Packet microwave solution encapsulates the IMA E1 service into PW packets directly by using the PWE3 technology. The PW packets generated after the encapsulation of various services are transmitted to the microwave port after they are processed uniformly by the packet processing platform, and then mapped into microwave frames. Thus, various services are transmitted uniformly by using the Packet microwave solution. Figure 2-1 Packet microwave
IDU TDM E1 CES IMA E1 ODU
Statistical Packet -mux or Processing emulation Everything over packet
Ethernet
2.2 Modulation Strategy

The Packet microwave supports fixed modulation and adaptive modulation.
2.2.1 Fixed Modulation

Fixed modulation refers to a modulation strategy wherein a modulation mode is adopted invariably on a running radio link. When the OptiX RTN 910 uses the fixed modulation strategy, you can set the modulation mode through the software.
2.2.2 Adaptive Modulation

Adaptive modulation (AM) is a technology wherein the modulation mode can be adjusted automatically based on channel quality.
In the case of the same channel spacing, the microwave service bandwidth varies with the modulation mode. The higher the modulation efficiency, the higher the bandwidth of the transmitted services is. When the channel quality is favorable (such as on days when the weather is favorable), the equipment adopts a higher modulation mode to transmit more user services. In this manner, the transmission efficiency and the spectrum utilization of the system are improved. When the channel quality is degraded (such as on days when the weather is stormy and foggy), the equipment adopts a lower modulation mode to transmit only the services with a higher priority within the available bandwidth and to discard the services with a lower priority. In this manner, the anti-interference capability of the radio link is improved and the link availability of the services with a higher priority is ensured. When the Packet microwave equipment adopts the AM technology, it controls service transmission based on the service bandwidth and QoS policy corresponding to the current modulation mode. Service packets are groomed into the queues with different priorities based on the service type identifiers. The services in the queues with different priorities are transmitted to the microwave port through the SP or WFQ algorithm. When the queues with certain priorities are congested due to insufficient microwave bandwidth, the queues with these priorities discard certain or all services through tail discarding or the WRED algorithm. Figure 2-2 shows the service change caused by the AM. The blue part indicates the packet services. The closer to the edge of the blue part, the lower the priority of the packet services is. The bandwidth for the packet services varies with the channel conditions. When the channel quality is poor, the packet services with a lower priority are discarded. Figure 2-2 AM
256QAM 128QAM 32QAM 32QAM QPSK 64QAM
256QAM Channel capability Packet services
128QAM
16QAM 16QAM 64QAM
The AM technology adopted by the OptiX RTN 910 has the following features:
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The AM technology can use the QPSK, 16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM, 128QAM, and 256QAM modulation mode. The lowest modulation mode (also called "reference mode") and the highest modulation mode (also called "nominal mode") actually used by the AM can be configured.
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l
When the modulation modes of AM are switched, the transmit frequency, receive frequency, and channel spacing do not change. When the modulation modes of AM are switched, the step-by-step switching mode must be adopted. When the AM switches the modulation modes to a lower one, the services with the low priority are discarded but no bit errors or slips occur in the services with the high priority. The speed of switching the modulation modes meets the requirement for no bit error in the case of 100 dB/s fast fading.
2.3 RF Configuration Modes

The OptiX RTN 910 supports the 1+0 non-protection configuration, the 2+0 non-protection configuration, the 1+1 protection configuration, and XPIC configuration. Table 2-1 lists the RF link configuration modes that are supported. Table 2-1 RF configuration modes Configuration Mode 1+0 non-protection configuration 1+1 protection configuration (1+1 HSB/FD/ SD) 2+0 non-protection configuration XPIC configuration Maximum Number of Configurations 2 1 1 1
2.4 Capacity
The OptiX RTN 910 has a high capacity.
2.4.1 Air Interface Capacity

The microwave air interface capacity is related to the specific microwave working mode. The maximum Ethernet throughput of each channel of Packet microwave is 420 Mbit/s when the high power ODU is used or 210 Mbit/s when the standard power ODU is used. If the XPIC technology is used, the service capacity of the microwave channel can be doubled with the same spectrum bandwidth.
Related Concepts
6.1.1 Microwave Work Modes
2.4.2 Switching Capacity

The OptiX RTN 910 has a built-in packet processing platform with the switching capacity of 6.5 Gbit/s.
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2.5 Interfaces
The OptiX RTN 910 features multiple interface types.
2.5.1 Microwave Interfaces

The OptiX RTN 910 provides microwave interfaces on the IF board and the ODU that is connected to the IF board. Each microwave interface transmits one channel of microwave service. In addition, it transmits various auxiliary services or paths through the microwave overheads. Table 2-2 lists the auxiliary services or paths provided by each microwave interface. Table 2-2 Auxiliary services or paths provided by each microwave interface Service/Path Type Synchronous data service Orderwire phone service PTP patha Quantity 1 1 1 Rate 64 kbit/s 64 kbit/s 64 kbit/s
NOTE
The PTP path is used to transmit PTP (namely, IEEE 1588 V2 protocol) packets to transport the high-precision time/clock on radio links.
2.5.2 Service Interfaces

The system control, switching, and timing board of the OptiX RTN 910 provides several service interfaces. In addition, the type and number of service interfaces supported by the equipment can be extended by configuring service interface boards. Table 2-3 lists the type and number of the service interfaces provided by the system control, switching, and timing board of the OptiX RTN 910. Table 2-3 Type and number of the service interfaces provided by the system control, switching, and timing board Type of System Control, Switching, and Timing Board CXPAR Provided Service Interface 75-ohm E1 interface (supporting the TDM E1, IMA E1, ML-PPP E1, and Fractional E1) FE electrical interface
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Quantity
16
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Type of System Control, Switching, and Timing Board CXPBR
Provided Service Interface 120-ohm E1 interface (supporting the TDM E1, IMA E1, ML-PPP E1, and Fractional E1) FE electrical interface
Quantity
16
4 16
CXPGR
75-ohm E1 interface (supporting the TDM E1, IMA E1, ML-PPP E1, and Fractional E1) FE electrical interface GE optical interface or GE electrical interface
4 2 16
CXPHR
120-ohm E1 interface (supporting the TDM E1, IMA E1, ML-PPP E1, and Fractional E1) FE electrical interface GE optical interface or GE electrical interface
4 2
NOTE
The Fractional E1 refers to that in the same E1 channel, several 64 kbit/s channels can form one independent CES channel or IMA channel. In this manner, several channels carrying the same type or different types of services can be transmitted over the same E1 channel.
Table 2-4 lists the type and number of the service interfaces supported by adding service interface boards to the OptiX RTN 910. Table 2-4 Type and number of the service interfaces supported by adding service interface boards Type of Service Interface Board Maximum Number of Boards Provided Service Interface Number of Interfaces Provided by One Board 8 8 2
EF8T EF8F EG2
1 1 1
FE electrical interface FE optical interface GE optical interface
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Type of Service Interface Board
Maximum Number of Boards
Provided Service Interface
Number of Interfaces Provided by One Board 16
ML1
75-ohm E1 interface (supporting the TDM E1, IMA E1, MLPPP E1, and Fractional E1) 120-ohm E1 interface (supporting the TDM E1, IMA E1, ML-PPP E1, and Fractional E1) c-STM-1 interfaces (supporting ATM, IMA, TDM, PPP, ML-PPP and Fractional E1) FE electrical interface GE electrical interface
ML1A
16
CD1
EM6T
4 2 4 2
EM6F
FE electrical interface GE optical interface or GE electrical interface
NOTE
"Maximum Number of Boards" in the Table 2-4 is the maximum number calculated when at least one IF board is configured. The Fractional E1 refers to that in the same E1 channel, several 64 kbit/s channels can form one independent CES channel or IMA channel. In this manner, several channels carrying the same type or different types of services can be transmitted over the same E1 channel. The two c-STM-1 interfaces on the CD1 board can be used at the same time only when the two interfaces are configured into one LMSP.
2.5.3 Management and Auxiliary Interfaces

The OptiX RTN 910 provides the management and auxiliary interfaces through the system control, switching, and timing board.
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Table 2-5 Type and number of management and auxiliary interfaces Interface Specifications Connector Quantity and Type 2 (RJ-45) 1 (RJ-45)
Clock/Timing interface Management interface
Common interface for 120-ohm clock or time 10/100BASE-T(X) Ethernet NM interface NM serial interface 10/100BASE-T(X) NE cascading interface
1 (RJ-45) 1 (RJ-45) 1 (RJ-45) 1 (RJ-45)
Auxiliary interface Alarm interface
Orderwire interface Synchronous data interface Three external alarm input interfaces One external alarm output interface
NOTE
The clock/time interfaces can be used as the clock interfaces or the time interfaces. When used as the clock interfaces, the interfaces support 2048 kbit/s mode or 2048 kHz mode. When used as the time interfaces, the interfaces support 1PPS + Time Information mode or DCLS mode. The CXPGR or CXPHR does not support the NE cascading interface, synchronous data interface, or alarm interface.
2.6 Cross-Polarization Interference Cancellation

Cross-polarization interference cancellation (XPIC) is a technology used together with cochannel dual-polarization (CCDP). The application of the two technologies doubles the wireless link capacity over the same channel. CCDP transmission adopts both the horizontally polarized wave and the vertically polarized wave on one channel to transmit two channels of signals. The ideal situation of CCDP transmission is that no interference is present between the two orthogonal signals although they are with the same frequency. In this manner, the receiver can easily recover the two signals. In actual engineering conditions, despite the orthogonality of the two signals, interference between the signals inevitably occurs due to cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) of the antenna and channel degradation. To cancel the interference, the XPIC technology is adopted. In XPIC technology, the signals are received in the horizontal and vertical directions. The signals in the two directions are then processed and the original signals are recovered from interfered signals.
2.7 Automatic Transmit Power Control

Automatic transmit power control (ATPC) enables the output power of the transmitter to automatically trace the level fluctuation at the receive end within the ATPC control range. This reduces the interference with neighboring systems and residual BER.
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2.8 MPLS/PWE3 Support Capability

The OptiX RTN 910 adopts the MPLS that is optimized for the telecom bearer network as the packet forwarding mechanism to implement the packet transmission of carrier services. The OptiX RTN 910 adopts the PWE3 technology as the service bearer technology to implement the MPLS network access of various types of services.
MPLS Support Capability

Table 2-6 MPLS features supported by the OptiX RTN 910 Feature Basic MPLS functions Description The equipment supports basic MPLS functions and service forwarding based on the static control plane. The equipment uses the LSP tunnel technology and the pseudo wire emulation edge to edge (PWE3) technology to form an MPLS network where multiple services can be accessed. The equipment supports static LSPs. The equipment supports MPLS multicast. MPLS OAM The equipment supports MPLS OAM in compliance with ITU-T Y.1711. The equipment supports the LSP ping and LSP traceroute. The equipment also uses the MPLS echo request and MPLS echo reply to test the usability of an LSP. MPLS protection Others The equipment supports LSP 1:1 protection scheme. The equipment supports the MPLS QoS.
PWE3 Support Capability

Table 2-7 Capabilities of the OptiX RTN 910 of supporting PWE3 Feature Basic PWE3 functions Description The equipment supports the emulation TDM E1 services of the structured emulation mode and the non-structured emulation mode. The equipment supports the transmission of emulation services over an LSP tunnel. The equipment supports the jitter cache technology. The equipment adopts the re-timing synchronization mode and adaptive synchronization mode to recover the service clock.
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Description The equipment adopts the N-to-one or one-to-one mode to emulate ATM/ IMA services, and supports the transmission of a single ATM cell or the cascaded transmission of multiple cells (The maximum number of concatenations is 31). The equipment supports the transmission of ATM/ IMA emulation services over an LSP tunnel. The equipment supports the encapsulation of the Ethernet and the transmission over an LSP tunnel to implement E-Line services. Supports static PWs.
Others
The equipment supports the conversion of different QoSes for processing based on the service type.
2.9 Ethernet Service Processing Capability

The OptiX RTN 910 provides the powerful Ethernet service processing capability. Table 2-8 Table 4-7 Ethernet service processing capability Item Service frame format Ethernet service type Ethernet service bearer mode VLAN MPLS Flow control QinQ Link aggregation Ethernet performance monitoring Performance Ethernet II, IEEE 802.3, and IEEE 802.1q/p. E-Line. by ports, by QinQ links, and by PWs. Adds, deletes, and switches VALN tags that comply with IEEE 802.1q/ p. Supports basic MPLS functions and service forwarding based on the static control plane, and supports establishment of static PWs. IEEE 802.3x. Supported. LAG protection, which is supported for the FE/GE port and microwave port. IETF RFC 2819 compliant RMON performance monitoring.
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2.10 QoS
The OptiX RTN 910 provides improved quality of service (QoS) capabilities and support the following eight per-hop behaviors (PHBs): BE, AF1, AF2, AF3, AF4, EF, CS6, and CS7. Thus, the OptiX RTN 910 can offer various QoS levels of service guarantees and build an integrated network to carry data, voice, and video services. Table 2-9 QoS features Feature Traffic classification Performance Classifies the traffic over an Ethernet interface by the following fields:
l l l
DSCP or IP precedence in an IP packet EXP in an MPLS packet IEEE 802.1p priority in a VLAN packet
Traffic policing Queue scheduling
Supports CAR and policies traffic in the color-blind mode.

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Each Ethernet port supports the queue scheduling of eight priorities. Schedules the CS7, CS6, and EF queues in strict priority (SP) mode. Schedules the AF queues in Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) mode. Schedules the BE queues in SP mode.
2.11 Clock Features

The OptiX RTN 910 supports the physical layer clock synchronization, IEEE 1588v2 time/clock synchronization, and clock synchronization for CES services.
Physical Layer Clock Synchronization Mechanism

OptiX RTN 910 supports extracting the clock information from the following transmission links:
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Synchronous Ethernet link E1 link Radio link
IEEE 1588v2 Clock Synchronization and Time Calibration Mechanism

l
The equipment can use the IEEE 1588v2 protocol to achieve the clock timing synchronization and time information synchronization. The equipment supports the boundary clock, ordinary clock, and transparent clock (including the end-to-end transparent clock and peer-to-peer transparent clock). Each port of the equipment can be configured with different clocks based on the requirement. The equipment supports the clock source protection switching.
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CES Services Clock Synchronization Mode

OptiX RTN 910 supports the retiming mode.
2.12 Protection Scheme

The OptiX RTN 910 provides complete protection schemes. Table 2-10 Protection schemes Protection Object Equipment level protection Radio link protection Input power supply Protection Mode 1+1 hot backup 1+1 HSB/SD/FD LAG protection for Ethernet servic Network level protection MPLS Ethernet ATM over E1 Packet E1 c-STM-1 1:1 tunnel protection LAG protection, which is supported for the FE/GE port and microwave port IMA protection ML-PPP protection 1+1/1:1 linear MSP
2.13 Network Management

The OptiX RTN 910 supports multiple network management (NM) modes, and provides complete NM information exchange schemes.
NM Mode
The OptiX RTN 910 supports the following functions:
l
Accessing the iManager LCT directly at the near end of the NE to perform the single-point management for the NE Using the OptiX iManager U2000 to manage all OptiX RTN NEs on the transmission network and the NEs of Huawei optical transmission products in the concentrated manner and to manage the transmission networks in the unified manner
NM Information Exchange Schemes

At the physical layer, the OptiX RTN 910 supports the inband DCN to ensure the exchange of NM information. The OptiX RTN 910 adopts the inband DCN solution. Thus, the dedicated DCN paths are not required and the cost of network construction is saved. The types of the ports that support the inband DCN are as follows:

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Microwave port FE/GE port E1 Port
2.14 Easy Installation

The OptiX RTN 910 supports several installation modes. Thus, the installation of the equipment is flexible and convenient. The IDU can be installed in the following modes:
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In a 300 mm ETSI cabinet In a 600 mm ETSI cabinet In a 450 mm 19-inch cabinet In a 600 mm 19-inch cabinet In an open cabinet On a wall On a table
The ODU supports two installation modes: direct mounting and separate mounting.
2.15 Easy Maintenance

The OptiX RTN 910 provides several maintenance features. Thus, the cost of equipment maintenance is effectively reduced.
l
The OptiX RTN 910 supports the unified management of the microwave transmission network and the optical transmission network at the network layer by using the iManger U2000. All the indicators and cable interfaces of the IDU are available on the front panel. Each board of the IDU has the running and alarm status indicators. The OptiX RTN 910 provides plentiful alarms and performance events. The OptiX RTN 910 supports RMON performance events. The OptiX RTN 910 supports the MPLS OAM function. The OptiX RTN 910 supports the monitoring of key radio transmission performance specifications such as the microwave transmit power and the RSSI. The OptiX RTN 910 supports various loopback functions of service ports and IF ports. The OptiX RTN 910 has a built-in test system. You can perform the PRBS test of an IF port even when no special test tools are available. The CF card that stores the data configuration file and the software can be replaced on site. Thus, you can load the data or upgrade the software by replacing the CF card. Two sets of software and data are stored in the flash memory of the control, switching, and timing board to facilitate the smooth upgrade. The OptiX RTN 910 supports the regular backup and restoration of the NE database remotely by using the U2000.
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l l
2-14

l
The OptiX RTN 910 supports the remote loading of the NE software and data by using the U2000 to provide a complete NE upgrade solution. Thus, the entire network can be upgraded rapidly. The OptiX RTN 910 supports the NSF function. When the soft reset is performed on the control, switching, and timing board, the data still can be forwarded normally, thus implementing the smooth software upgrade. The OptiX RTN 910 supports the hot patch loading function. You can upgrade the software that is running without interrupting services. The OptiX RTN 910 supports the software version rollback function. When a software upgrade fails, the original software can be recovered, and therefore the original services of the system can be restored.
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3
About This Chapter
Product Structure
This topic describes the system architecture, hardware architecture, and software architecture of the product, and the process of processing service signals. 3.1 System Architecture The OptiX RTN 910 consists of a series of functional units, including the service interface unit, service switching unit, IF unit, control unit, clock unit, auxiliary interface unit, fan unit, power unit, and ODU. 3.2 Hardware Structure The OptiX RTN 910 adopts a split structure. The system consists of the IDU and the ODU. An ODU is connected to an IDU through an IF cable. The IF cable transmits IF service signals and the O&M signals of the ODU, and supplies -48 V DC power to the ODU. 3.3 Software Structure The OptiX RTN 910 software consists of the NMS software, IDU software, and ODU software. 3.4 Service Signal Processing Flow This topic considers the transmission of the TDM E1 services and the FE services that the CXPAR or CXPBR accesses directly as an example to describe the service signal processing flow of the OptiX RTN 910.
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3.1 System Architecture

The OptiX RTN 910 consists of a series of functional units, including the service interface unit, service switching unit, IF unit, control unit, clock unit, auxiliary interface unit, fan unit, power unit, and ODU. Figure 3-1 Block diagram
ODU IDU Ethernet E1 c-STM-1 Service interface unit Service bus Service switching unit IF signal Service bus RF signal
Antenna
IF unit
Control and overhead bus
Orderwire data External alarm data Sync data
Auxiliary interface unit
Clock unit
Control unit
Fan unit
Power unit
Clock/time interface
NM data
-48V/-60V DC
Table 3-1 Functional unit Functional Unit Service interface unit Function
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Accesses E1 signals. Accesses c-STM-1 signals. Accesses Ethernet signals. Performs the corresponding PWE3 encapsulation for various signals that are accessed.
Service switching unit IF unit
Processes the MPLS protocol and forwards packets.

l
Maps service signals to microwave frame signals and demaps microwave frame signals to service signals. Performs conversion between microwave frame signals and IF analog signals. Provides the O&M channel between the IDU and the ODU. Supports FEC.
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Functional Unit Control unit
Function
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Provides the system communications and control. Provides the system configuration and management. Collects alarms and monitors performance. Processes overheads. Traces the clock source signal and provides various clock signals for the system. Processes the IEEE 1588v2 protocol to implement the clock or time synchronization. Provides input and output interfaces for the clock or time. Provides the orderwire interface. Provides the synchronous data interface. Provides the external alarm input/output interface. Accesses -48 V/-60 V DC power. Provides DC power for the IDU. Provides -48 V DC power for the ODU.
Clock unit
Auxiliary interface unit
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Power unit
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Fan unit ODU
Provides the wind cooling function for the IDU.

l
Converts IF analog signals to RF signals, and RF signals to IF analog signals. Provides the O&M channel between the IDU and the ODU.
3.2 Hardware Structure

The OptiX RTN 910 adopts a split structure. The system consists of the IDU and the ODU. An ODU is connected to an IDU through an IF cable. The IF cable transmits IF service signals and the O&M signals of the ODU, and supplies -48 V DC power to the ODU.
3.2.1 IDU
The IDU 910 is the IDU of the OptiX RTN 910. The IDU 910 adopts the card plug-in design. It can implement different functions by configuring different types of boards. Figure 3-2 IDU slot layout
Slot Slot 5 6 (PIU) (FAN) Slot 3 (EXT) Slot 4 (EXT)
Slot 1 & Slot 2 (CXPAR/CXPBR/CXPGR/CXPHR)
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NOTE
The EXT represents an extended slot, which can be inserted with various IF boards and interface boards.
Table 3-2 List of IDUs Board Name CXPAR Full Name System control, switching, and timing board System control, switching, and timing board Valid Slot Slot 1 & slot 2 Description
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Provides 6.5 Gbit/s packet switching. Performs system communication and control. Processes the clock signals, provides two clock/time shared interfaces. Provides 16xE1 interfaces (The CXPAR provides 75-ohm interfaces, and the CXPBR provides 120-ohm interfaces). Provides four FE interfaces. Provides one Ethernet NM interface, one NM serial interface, and one NE cascading interface (the Ethernet NM interface and NM serial interface share one port). Provides one orderwire interface, one synchronous data interface, and threeinput and one-output external alarm interfaces. Provides 6.5 Gbit/s packet switching. Performs system communication and control. Processes the clock signals, provides two clock/time shared interfaces. Provides 16xE1 interfaces (The CXPGR provides 75-ohm interfaces, and the CXPHR provides 120-ohm interfaces). Provides four FE interfaces. Provides two GE optical interfaces or GE electrical interfaces that are equipped with the SFP modules. Provides one Ethernet NM interface, one NM serial interface, and one NE cascading interface (the Ethernet NM interface and NM serial interface share one port). Provides one orderwire interface. Provides one IF interface. Supports the Packet microwave. Supports AM.
CXPBR
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CXPGR
System control, switching, and timing board System control, switching, and timing board
Slot 1 & slot 2
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CXPHR
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IFE2
Packet IF board with a large capacity
Slot 3 or slot 4
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Board Name IFU2
Full Name Universal IF board
Valid Slot Slot 3 or slot 4
Description
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Provides one IF interface. Supports the Packet microwave. Supports AM. Provides one IF interface. Supports the XPIC function of the Packet microwave. Supports AM.
IFX2
Universal XPIC IF board
Slot 3 or slot 4
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EF8T
8xFE service interface board 8xFE service interface board 2xGE service interface board 6 Port RJ45 Ethernet/ Gigabit Ethernet Interface Board 4 Port RJ45 + 2 Port SFP Fast Ethernet/ Gigabit Ethernet Interface Board 16xE1 service processing board (75 ohms) 16xE1 service processing board (120 ohms)
Slot 3 or slot 4
Provides eight FE interfaces.
EF8F
Provides 8xFE optical interfaces.
EG2
Uses the SFP optical module to provide two GE optical interfaces.
EM6T
Slot 3 or slot 4
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Provides four FE electrical interfaces. Provides two GE electrical interfaces that are compatible with the FE electrical interface.
EM6F
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Provides four FE electrical interfaces. Uses the SFP module to provide two GE optical interfaces or GE electrical interfaces.
ML1
Slot 3 or slot 4
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Provides sixteen 75-ohm E1 interfaces. supporting the TDM E1, IMA E1, ML-PPP E1, and Fractional E1.
ML1A
Slot 3 or slot 4
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Provides sixteen 120-ohm E1 interfaces. supporting the TDM E1, IMA E1, ML-PPP E1, and Fractional E1.
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Board Name CD1
Full Name Channelized STM-1 service processing board
Valid Slot Slot 3 or slot 4
Description
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Provides two c-STM-1 interfaces. The two interfaces can be used at the same time only when configured into the LMSP. Otherwise, only the first c-STM-1 interface can be used. Supports the TDM, ATM, IMA, PPP, MLPPP, and Fractional E1.
TNC1PIU TNC1FAN
Power board Fan board
Slot 5 Slot 6
Provides two -48 V/-60 V DC power inputs. Cools and ventilates the IDU.
3.2.2 ODU
The ODU is an integrated system and has various types. The architectures and working principles of various types of ODUs are almost the same.
Block Diagram
Figure 3-3 Block diagram of the ODU
Multiplexer Tx IF O&M uplink Cable port Up-conversion AMP Tx RF Duplexer
CTRL Antenna port Synthesizers
O&M downlink DC
PWR Rx RF
Rx IF
Down-conversion
LNA
Signal Processing in the Transmit Direction

The multiplexer splits the signal coming from the IF cable into a 350 MHz IF signal, an O&M uplink signal, and a -48 V DC power signal. In the transmit direction, the IF signal is processed as follows: 1. Through the up-conversion, filtering, and amplification, the IF signal is converted into the RF signal and then is sent to the AMP amplifier unit.
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2. 3.
The AMP amplifies the RF signal (the output power of the signal can be controlled by the IDU software). After the amplification, the RF signal is sent to the antenna through the duplexer.
The O&M uplink signal is a 5.5 MHz ASK-modulated signal and is demodulated in the CTRL control unit. The -48 V DC power signal is sent to the PWR power unit where the secondary power supply of a different voltage is generated and provided to the modules of the ODU.
Signal Processing in the Receive Direction

In the duplexer, the receive RF signal is separated from the antenna signal. The RF signal is amplified in the low noise amplifier (LNA). Through the down-conversion, filtering, and amplification, the RF signal is converted into the 140 MHz IF signal and then sent to the multiplexer. The O&M downlink signal is modulated under the ASK scheme in the CTRL unit. The 10 MHz signal is generated through the modulation and is sent to the multiplexer. The CTRL unit also detects the received signal power through the RSSI detection circuit and provides the RSSI interface. The IF signal and the O&M downlink signal are combined in the multiplexer and then sent to the IDU through the IF cable.
3.3 Software Structure

The OptiX RTN 910 software consists of the NMS software, IDU software, and ODU software. Figure 3-4 shows the software structure. The NMS software communicates with the NE software through the Qx interface. The Qx interface uses the OptiX private management protocol. Figure 3-4 Software structure
NMS software Qx interface IDU software ODU software
3.3.1 NMS Software

Huawei provides a transmission network management solution that meets the requirements of the telecommunication management network (TMN) for managing all the OptiX RTN products and other OptiX series transmission products on the network.
Related Concepts
5.1 Network Management Solution
3 Product Structure
3.3.2 IDU Software

The IDU software consists of the NE software and the board software. The NE software manages, monitors, and controls the running status of the IDU. Through the NE software, the NMS communicates with the boards, and controls and manages the NE. The NE software communicates with the ODU software to manage and control the running of the ODU. The board software manages and controls the running status of other boards of the IDU except the system control, switching, and timing board. The boards except the EM6T/EM6F board in the IDU do not have their independent board software. The board software of the boards except the EM6T/EM6F board in the IDU is integrated as software modules with the NE software and runs in the CPU of the system control, switching, and timing board.
3.3.3 ODU Software

The ODU Software manages and controls the running status of the ODU. The ODU software controls the running of the ODU based on the parameters transmitted by the IDU software. The ODU running status is reported to the IDU software.
3.4 Service Signal Processing Flow

This topic considers the transmission of the TDM E1 services and the FE services that the CXPAR or CXPBR accesses directly as an example to describe the service signal processing flow of the OptiX RTN 910. Figure 3-5 Service signal processing flow
IDU E1 FE CXPAR/ CXPBR Service bus IF signal RF signal
IFE2
ODU
Antenna
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Table 3-3 Service signal processing flow in the transmit direction NO. 1 Component CXPAR/CXPBR Signal Processing Description
l
Accesses E1 signals and FE signals, and extracts E1 service payloads and Ethernet frames. Performs the PWE3 encapsulation for E1 service payloads in CES emulation mode to form the Ethernet frames that carry PW packets. Performs Ethernet Layer 2 processing for Ethernet frames based on the configuration and the Layer 2 protocol, and then performs the PWE3 encapsulation to form the Ethernet frames that carry PW packets. Processes the Ethernet frames that carry and isolate PW packets based on the service configuration and the Layer 3 protocol, and then forwards the processed Ethernet frames to IFE2. Selects the proper modulation mode based on the quality of the channel. Accesses the Ethernet frames transmitted from the CXPAR or CXPBR. Maps Ethernet frames into the microwave frame payload area to form microwave frames along with the microwave frame overheads. Performs FEC coding. Performs digital modulation. Performs D/A conversion. Performs analog modulation Combines the analog IF signals and ODU O&M signals. Transmits the combined signals and -48 V power to the ODU through the IF cable. Splits the analog IF signals, ODU O&M signals, and -48 V power. Converts the analog IF signals into RF signals through up conversions and amplification. Transmits the RF signals to the antenna through the waveguide.
IFE2
l l l l l l
ODU
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Table 3-4 Service signal processing flow in the receive direction NO. 1 Component ODU Signal Processing Description
l l
Isolates and filters RF signals. Converts the RF signals into analog IF signals through down conversions and amplification. Combines the IF signals and the ODU O&M signals. Transmits the combined signals to the IF boards. Splits the received analog IF signals and ODU O&M signals. Performs A/D conversion. Performs digital demodulation. Performs time domain adaptive equalization. Performs FEC decoding. Synchronizes and descrambles the frames. Extracts overheads from microwave frames. Extracts Ethernet frames from microwave frames, and then transmits the Ethernet frames to the CXPAR or CXPBR. Processes the Ethernet frames that carry PW packets based on the service configuration and the Layer 3 protocol, and then forwards the processed Ethernet frames. Extracts Ethernet frames and E1 service payloads from PW packets. Outputs Ethernet frames that are processed according to the configuration and the Layer 2 protocol, through the FE interface. Outputs E1 service payloads through the E1 interface.
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IFE2
l l l l l l l
CXPAR/CXPBR
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About This Chapter
Services
The OptiX RTN 910 supports the Ethernet services, IMA services, and CES services. 4.1 Ethernet Services The OptiX RTN 910 provides E-line and E-Aggr services over the public PSN for customers by using the L2VPN technology. 4.2 IMA/ATM Services The OptiX RTN 910 provides ATM emulation services by means of PWs in the packet-based transport network. 4.3 CES Services In a packet-based transport network, the CES circuit emulation technology is used to transparently transmit TDM circuit switching data. The OptiX RTN 910 supports emulated transparent transmission of the TDM E1/Fractional E1 services.
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4.1 Ethernet Services

The OptiX RTN 910 provides E-line and E-Aggr services over the public PSN for customers by using the L2VPN technology.
Service Forms
Standardization organizations such as ITU-T, IETF, and MEF stipulate the model frames for Eline services. Table 4-1 lists the model frames. The OptiX RTN 910 adopts the model frame that is stipulated by MEF. Table 4-1 Comparison among L2 Ethernet services stipulated by the standardization organizations Service Type Service Multiplexing (Access Side) Physically isolated Physically isolated VLAN Transmission Channel (Network Side) Physically isolated VLAN MPLS Physically isolated VLAN MPLS IETF Model ITU-T Model MEF Model
Pointtopoint service
Line Virtual line
VPWS VPWS
EPL EVPL
E-Line
E-Line Service Illustration

Figure 4-1 illustrates the E-line service that is provided by the OptiX RTN 900 product. Company A has branches in City 1 and City 3. Company B has branches in City 2 and City 3. Company C has branches in City 1 and City 2. The branches of Company A, Company B, and Company C require data communication among themselves within the Company. The OptiX RTN 900 equipment can provide E-line services for Company A, Company B, and Company C respectively to meet the communication requirements. In this case, the OptiX RTN 900 can ensure that the service data of each company is fully isolated.
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Figure 4-1 E-Line service illustration
Company A
Nationwide/Global carrier Ethernet
Company A
Company C City 1
Company B City 3
E-Line1 E-Line2 E-Line3 Company B
OptiX RTN 900 Company C
OptiX packet transmission product
City 2
E-Aggr Service Illustration

The E-Aggr service is a point-to-point bidirectional convergence service. Figure 4-2 illustrates the E-Aggr service provided by the OptiX RTN 900 products. To construct a 3G network, an operator needs to converge services from each NodeB and transmit the converged services to the RNC. The data flow between the NodeB and the RNC is taken as a service. At the convergence node, overall bandwidth is specified for the services to ensure the QoS.
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Figure 4-2 E-Aggr service illustration
FE
FE
GE
FE
OptiX RTN 900
Node B
RNC
4.2 IMA/ATM Services

The OptiX RTN 910 provides ATM emulation services by means of PWs in the packet-based transport network. The OptiX RTN 910 accesses ATM services on the source node, encapsulates ATM cells into PWs, and transmits the PWs to the sink node. On the sink node, the ATM cells are recovered. In this way, the ATM service emulation is achieved. The OptiX RTN 910 supports the following modes to map the ATM cell flow to the PW.
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1:1 virtual channel connection (VCC) mapping scheme: one VCC is mapped into one PW. N:1 VCC mapping scheme: N (N16) VCCs are mapped into one PW. 1:1 virtual path connection (VPC) mapping scheme: one VPC is mapped into one PW. N:1 VPC mapping scheme: N (N16) VPCs are mapped into one PW.
The OptiX RTN 910 can access ATM services directly through the E1 interface or by using the IMA technology. It supports the following IMA operations:
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Querying the IMA link state. Querying the IMA group state. Adding E1/Fractional E1 links to an IMA group. Deleting E1/Fractional E1 links from an IMA group.
ATM specifications supported by the OptiX RTN 910 are listed as follows:
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4 Services
A maximum of 31 ATM cells can be encapsulated in a PW packet. A maximum of 8 IMA groups can be supported by the ML1 and ML1A boards. A maximum of 32 IMA groups can be supported by the CD1board.
4.3 CES Services

In a packet-based transport network, the CES circuit emulation technology is used to transparently transmit TDM circuit switching data. The OptiX RTN 910 supports emulated transparent transmission of the TDM E1/Fractional E1 services.
Application Model
The OptiX RTN 910 can access CES services by using the PWE3 technology. The CES service mainly applies to the wireless service and the enterprise private line service. The 2G base station or enterprise private line accesses the OptiX RTN 910 by using the TDM line. The OptiX RTN 900 equipment slices and encapsulates the TDM signals into data packets, which are then transported to the opposite end through the PW in the metropolitan transport network. See Figure 4-3. Figure 4-3 Application model of the CES service
Backbone layer
IP/MPLS backbone network
Convergence layer
RNC
BSC
Access layer
NodeB
BTS
BTS
NodeB
CES
OptiX RTN 900
OptiX packet transmission product
In the case of a local CES service, it is like that there are two links on the equipment. The CES service is transmitted upstream over one link and is transmitted downstream over the other link.
4 Services
Emulation Mode
The OptiX RTN 910 supports CES services of the two modes known as the structured emulation mode and the unstructured emulation mode. The structured emulation mode is referred to as structure-aware TDM circuit emulation service over packet switched network (CESoPSN). In this mode:
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The equipment senses frame structures, frame alignment modes, and timeslots in the TDM circuit. The equipment processes the overhead and extracts the payload in TDM frames. Then, the equipment delivers timeslots of each channel to the packet payload according to a certain sequence. Thus, services of each channel in the packet are fixed and visible. Each data packet that carries the CES service loads a fixed number of TDM frames. The encapsulation time can be configured from 0.125 ms to 5 ms. The jitter buffer can be configured from 0.375 ms to 16 ms.
The unstructured emulation mode is referred to as structure-agnostic TDM over packet (SAToP). In this mode:
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The equipment considers the TDM signals as bit streams at a constant rate instead of sensing structures in the TDM signals. The entire bandwidth of the TDM signals is emulated. Overheads and payloads in the TDM signals are transparently transmitted. The encapsulation time can be configured from 0.125 ms to 5 ms. The jitter buffer can be configured from 0.375 ms to 16 ms.
l l l
In the CESoPSN mode, the OptiX RTN 910 provides the compression function for the idle 64 kbit/s timeslots in the TDM E1 signals, to save the transmission bandwidth. See Figure 4-4. Figure 4-4 Compression function for the idle 64 kbit/s timeslots in the E1 signals
0 1 2 3 ... 2 9 30 31
BTS
PW 1 2 29 PW 1 3 30 31
3 29 30 3 ... 2 0 1
BTS
0 1 2 3 ... 29 30 31 PW 1 2 3
BSC
BTS
0 1 2 3 ... 29 30 31
Timeslots in the E1 frame
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4 Services
Service Clocks
TDM services have high requirements for clock synchronization. The OptiX RTN 910 supports the retiming synchronization mode. In the retiming synchronization mode, the system clock of the PEs are synchronized and the system clock is used as the service clock (retiming). Thus, all the PEs and CEs are synchronized and the service clocks of the TDM services on all the CEs and PEs are synchronized. See Figure 4-5. Figure 4-5 Retiming synchronization mode of the CES service clock
BTS
TDM
PE
CES
PE
TDM
BSC
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5 Network Management System
5
About This Chapter
Network Management System
This topic describes the network management solution and the NMS software that contributes to this solution. 5.1 Network Management Solution Huawei provides a complete transport network management solution compliant with TMN for different function domains and customers on telecommunication networks. 5.2 LCT The LCT is a local maintenance terminal. The LCT provides the following management functions at the NE layer: NE management, alarm management, performance management, configuration management, communication management, and security management. 5.3 U2000 The U2000 is a network-level network management system. A user can access the U2000 server through a U2000 client to manage Huawei transport subnets in the unified manner. The U2000 can provide not only the NE-level management function, but also the management function at the network layer.
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5.1 Network Management Solution

Huawei provides a complete transport network management solution compliant with TMN for different function domains and customers on telecommunication networks. The NM solutions include the following:
l l
iManager LCT local maintenance terminal iManager U2000 unified network management system
Figure 5-1 Network management solution to the transmission network
Network-level NM
iManager U2000
Local craft terminal
iManager LCT
5.2 LCT
The LCT is a local maintenance terminal. The LCT provides the following management functions at the NE layer: NE management, alarm management, performance management, configuration management, communication management, and security management.
NE Management
l l l l
Search of NEs Addition/Deletion of NEs Login or logout of NEs NE time management
Alarm Management
l l l
Setting of alarm monitoring strategies View of alarms Deletion of alarms
Performance Management
l l l
Setting of performance monitoring strategies View of performance events Resetting of performance registers
5-2
Configuration Management
l l l l l l
Basic NE information configuration Radio link configuration Protection configuration Interface configuration Service configuration Clock configuration
Communication Management
l l l l
Communication parameter management Inband DCN management HWECC protocol management IP protocol management
Security Management
l l l l l l l l
NE user management NE user group management LCT access control Online user management NE security parameters NE security log NMS user management NMS log management
5.3 U2000
The U2000 is a network-level network management system. A user can access the U2000 server through a U2000 client to manage Huawei transport subnets in the unified manner. The U2000 can provide not only the NE-level management function, but also the management function at the network layer.
NE Level Management
l l l l l l
NE object management NE level alarm management NE level performance management NE level configuration management NE level communication management NE level security management
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Network Level Management

l l l l l l l
Topology management Network level alarm management Network level performance management Network level configuration management Network level communication management Network level security management Network-wide clock management
Others
l l
Report function Northbound SNMP interface
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6
About This Chapter
Performance
This topic describes the technical specifications of the OptiX RTN 910. 6.1 RF Performance This topic describes the radio frequency (RF) performance and various technical specifications related to microwaves. 6.2 Packet Service Capability The product provides the powerful packet service capability to meet the relevant requirements of operators. 6.3 Equipment Reliability Equipment reliability includes the component reliability and the link reliability. 6.4 Interface Performance This section describes the technical specifications of various services and auxiliary interfaces. 6.5 Clock Timing and Synchronization Performance The clock timing performance and synchronization performance of the product meet relevant ITU-T recommendations. 6.6 Integrated System Performance Integrated system performance includes the dimensions, weight, power consumption, power supply, EMC, lightning protection, safety, and environment.
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6 Performance
6.1 RF Performance
This topic describes the radio frequency (RF) performance and various technical specifications related to microwaves.
6.1.1 Microwave Work Modes

This topic lists the microwave work modes that are supported by the OptiX RTN 910. Table 6-1 Microwave work modes (IFE2/IFU2 board) Channel Spacing (MHz) 7 7 7 7 7 7 14 (13.75) 14 (13.75) 14 (13.75) 14 (13.75) 14 (13.75) 14 (13.75) 28 (27.5) 28 (27.5) 28 (27.5) 28 (27.5) 28 (27.5) 28 (27.5) 56 (55) 56 (55) 56 (55)
6-2
Modulation Mode QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM QPSK 16QAM 32QAM
Air Interface Service Capacity (Mbit/s) 10 20 25 32 38 44 20 42 51 66 78 90 42 84 105 133 158 183 84 168 208
Ethernet Throughput (Mbit/s) 9 to 11 19 to 23 24 to 29 31 to 37 37 to 44 43 to 51 20 to 23 41 to 48 50 to 59 65 to 76 77 to 90 90 to 104 41 to 48 84 to 97 108 to 125 130 to 150 160 to 180 180 to 210 84 to 97 170 to 190 210 to 240
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6 Performance
Channel Spacing (MHz) 56 (55) 56 (55) 56 (55)
Modulation Mode 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
Air Interface Service Capacity (Mbit/s) 265 313 363
Ethernet Throughput (Mbit/s) 260 to 310 310 to 360 360 to 420
Table 6-2 Microwave work modes (IFX2 board) Channel Spacing (MHz) 28 (27.5) 28 (27.5) 28 (27.5) 28 (27.5) 28 (27.5) 28 (27.5) 56 (55) 56 (55) 56 (55) 56 (55) 56 (55) 56 (55) Air Interface Service Capacity (Mbit/s) 42 84 104 132 159 182 83 167 214 263 312 360 Ethernet Throughput (Mbit/s) 41 to 48 84 to 97 103 to 120 130 to 150 160 to 180 180 to 210 83 to 97 170 to 190 215 to 245 260 to 305 310 to 360 360 to 410
Modulation Mode QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
NOTE
l l
The channel spacings 13.75 MHz, 27.5 MHz, and 55 MHz are applied to the 18 GHz frequency band. The channel spacings listed in the table are the minimum channel spacings supported by the product. The channel spacings larger than the values are also supported.
6.1.2 Frequency Band

The ODUs of the different series and different types support different operating frequency bands.
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6 Performance
Frequency Bands (Standard Power ODU)

Table 6-3 Frequency Band (SP ODU) Frequency Band 7 GHz 8 GHz 11 GHz 13 GHz 15 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz 26 GHz 38 GHz Frequency Range (GHz) 7.093-7.897 7.731-8.496 10.675-11.745 12.751-13.248 14.403-15.348 17.685-19.710 21.200-23.618 24.549-26.453 37.044-40,105 T/R Spacing (MHz) 154, 161, 168, 196, 245 119, 126, 266, 311.32 490, 500, 530 266 315, 322, 420, 490, 728 1008, 1010, 1560 1008, 1200, 1232 1008 700, 1260
Table 6-4 Frequency band (SPA ODU) Frequency Band 6 GHz Frequency Range (GHz) 5.915-6.425 (L6) 6.425-7.125 (U6) 7 GHz 8 GHz 11 GHz 13 GHz 15 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz 7.093-7.897 7.731-8.496 10.675-11.745 12.751-13.248 14.403-15.348 17.685-19.710 21.200-23.618 T/R Spacing (MHz) 252.04 (L6) 340 (U6) 154, 161, 168, 196, 245 119, 126, 266, 311.32 490, 500, 530 266 420, 490 1008, 1010 1008, 1232
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6 Performance
Frequency Bands (High Power ODU)

Table 6-5 Frequency band (HP ODU) Frequency Band 7 GHz 8 GHz 11 GHz 13 GHz 15 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz 26 GHz 28 GHz 32 GHz 38 GHz Frequency Range (GHz) 7.093-7.897 7.731-8.497 10.675-11.745 12.751-13.248 14.400-15.353 17.685-19.710 21.200-23.618 24.549-26.453 27.520-29.481 31.815-33.383 37.044-40.105 T/R Spacing (MHz) 154, 161, 168, 196, 245 119, 126, 151.614, 208, 266, 311.32 490, 500, 530 266 315, 322, 420, 490, 644, 728 1008, 1010, 1560 1008, 1200, 1232 1008 1008 812 700, 1260
Table 6-6 Frequency band (XMC-2 ODU) Frequency Band 7 GHz 8 GHz 13 GHz 15 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz Frequency Range (GHz) 7.093-7.897 7.731-8.497 12.751-13.248 14.400-15.358 17.685-19.710 21.200-23.618 T/R Spacing (MHz) 154, 160, 161, 168, 196, 245 119/126, 151.614, 208, 266, 311.32 266 315/322, 420, 475, 490, 640, 644, 728 1010/1008, 1092.5, 1560 1008, 1200, 1232
6.1.3 Receiver Sensitivity

The receiver sensitivity reflects the anti-fading capability of the microwave equipment.
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6 Performance
NOTE
l l
For a guaranteed value, remove 3 dBm from the typical value. The 6 GHz ODU does not support the modulation mode of 256QAM and the channel spacing of 56 MHz. The value of the receiver sensitivity is unavailable (NA) in the case of the 6 GHz ODU.
Table 6-7 Typical receiver sensitivity values (i) Performance (at 7 MHz Channel Spacing) Item QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
RSL@ BER = 10-6 (unit: dBm) @6 GHz @7 GHz @8 GHz @11 GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHz @23 GHz @26 GHz @28 GHz @32 GHz @38 GHz -92.5 -92.5 -92.5 -92 -92 -92 -92 -91.5 -91 -90.5 -90 -89.5 -86.5 -86.5 -86.5 -86 -86 -86 -86 -85.5 -85 -84.5 -84 -83.5 -82.5 -82.5 -82.5 -82 -82 -82 -82 -81.5 -81 -80.5 -80 -79.5 -79.5 -79.5 -79.5 -79 -79 -79 -79 -78.5 -78 -77.5 -77 -76.5 -76.5 -76.5 -76.5 -76 -76 -76 -76 -75.5 -75 -74.5 -74 -73.5 NA -73.5 -73.5 -73 -73 -73 -73 -72.5 -72 -71.5 -71 -70.5
Table 6-8 Typical receiver sensitivity values (ii) Performance (at 14 MHz Channel Spacing) Item QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
RSL@ BER = 10-6 (unit: dBm) @6 GHz @7 GHz @8 GHz @11 GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz -90.5 -90.5 -90.5 -90 -90 -90 -83.5 -83.5 -83.5 -83 -83 -83 -79.5 -79.5 -79.5 -79 -79 -79 -76.5 -76.5 -76.5 -76 -76 -76 -73.5 -73.5 -73.5 -73 -73 -73 NA -70.5 -70.5 -70 -70 -70
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6 Performance
Performance (at 14 MHz Channel Spacing) Item @18 GHz @23 GHz @26 GHz @28 GHz @32 GHz @38 GHz QPSK -90 -89.5 -89 -88.5 -88 -87.5 16QAM -83 -82.5 -82 -81.5 -81 -80.5 32QAM -79 -78.5 -78 -77.5 -77 -76.5 64QAM -76 -75.5 -75 -74.5 -74 -73.5 128QAM -73 -72.5 -72 -71.5 -71 -70.5 256QAM -70 -69.5 -69 -68.5 -68 -67.5
Table 6-9 Typical receiver sensitivity values (iii) Performance (at 28 MHz Channel Spacing) Item QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
RSL@ BER = 10-6 (unit: dBm) @6 GHz @7 GHz @8 GHz @11 GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHz @23 GHz @26 GHz @28 GHz @32 GHz @38 GHz -87.5 -87.5 -87.5 -87 -87 -87 -87 -86.5 -86 -85.5 -85 -84.5 -80.5 -80.5 -80.5 -80 -80 -80 -80 -79.5 -79 -78.5 -78 -77.5 -76.5 -76.5 -76.5 -76 -76 -76 -76 -75.5 -75 -74.5 -74 -73.5 -73.5 -73.5 -73.5 -73 -73 -73 -73 -72.5 -72 -71.5 -71 -70.5 -70.5 -70.5 -70.5 -70 -70 -70 -70 -69.5 -69 -68.5 -68 -67.5 NA -67.5 -67.5 -67 -67 -67 -67 -66.5 -66 -65.5 -65 -64.5
Table 6-10 Typical receiver sensitivity values (iv) Performance (at 56 MHz Channel Spacing) Item QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
RSL@ BER = 10-6 (unit: dBm)
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6 Performance
Performance (at 56 MHz Channel Spacing) Item @6 GHz @7 GHz @8 GHz @11 GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHz @23 GHz @26 GHz @28 GHz @32 GHz @38 GHz QPSK NA -84.5 -84.5 -84 -84 -84 -84 -83.5 -83 -82.5 -82 -81.5 16QAM NA -77.5 -77.5 -77 -77 -77 -77 -76.5 -76 -75.5 -75 -74.5 32QAM NA -73.5 -73.5 -73 -73 -73 -73 -72.5 -72 -71.5 -71 -70.5 64QAM NA -70.5 -70.5 -70 -70 -70 -70 -69.5 -69 -68.5 -68 -67.5 128QAM NA -67.5 -67.5 -67 -67 -67 -67 -66.5 -66 -65.5 -65 -64.5 256QAM NA -64.5 -64.5 -64 -64 -64 -64 -63.5 -63 -62.5 -62 -61.5
6.1.4 Transceiver Performance

The performance of the transceiver includes the nominal maximum/minimum transmit power, nominal maximum receive power, and frequency stability.
Transceiver Performance (Standard Power ODU)

Table 6-11 Transceiver Performance (SP ODU) Item Performance QPSK 16QAM/ 32QAM 64QAM/ 128QAM 256QAM
Nominal maximum transmit power (dBm) @7 GHz @8 GHz @11 GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHz 27 27 26 26 26 25.5 22.5 22.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 18.5 18.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 16.5 16.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5
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6 Performance
Item
Performance QPSK 16QAM/ 32QAM 20.5 19.5 17.5 64QAM/ 128QAM 16.5 15.5 13.5 256QAM 14.5 13.5 11.5
@23 GHz @26 GHz @38 GHz Nominal minimum transmit power (dBm) Nominal maximum receive power (dBm) Frequency stability (ppm)
24 23.5 22 -6
-20
-25
Table 6-12 Transceiver performance (SPA ODU) Item Performance QPSK Nominal maximum transmit power (dBm) @6 GHz @7 GHz @8 GHz @11 GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHz @23 GHz Nominal minimum transmit power (dBm) Nominal maximum receive power (dBm) 26.5 25.5 25.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 22.5 22.5 0 24 21.5 21.5 20.5 20 20 19 19 23 20 20 18 18 18 17 16 16QAM/32QAM 64QAM/128QAM
-20
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6 Performance
Item
Performance QPSK 16QAM/32QAM 64QAM/128QAM
Frequency stability (ppm)
Transceiver Performance (High Power ODU)

Table 6-13 Transceiver performance (HP ODU) Item Performance QPSK 16QAM/ 32QAM 64QAM/ 128QAM 256QAM
Nominal maximum transmit power (dBm) @7 GHz @8 GHz @11 GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHz @23 GHz @26 GHz @28GHz @32 GHz @38 GHz 30 30 28 26 26 25.5 25 25 25 23 23 28 28 26 24 24 23 23 22 22 21 20 25 25 22 20 20 19 19 19 17 17 17 23 23 20 18 18 17 17 17 15 15 15
Nominal minimum transmit power (dBm) @7 GHz @8 GHz @11 GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHz @23 GHz @26 GHz
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9 9 6 3 3 2 2 2
6 Performance
Item
Performance QPSK 16QAM/ 32QAM 64QAM/ 128QAM 256QAM
@28GHz @32 GHz @38 GHz Nominal maximum receive power (dBm) Frequency stability (ppm)
2 1 1 -20 -25
Table 6-14 Transceiver performance (XMC-2 ODU) Item Performance QPSK 16QAM/ 32QAM 64QAM/ 128QAM 256QAM
Nominal maximum transmit power (dBm)

NOTE When the working frequency is 7 GHz and the channel spacing is 56 MHz, the value of this counter in each modulation format reduces by 3 dBm. When the working frequency is 8 GHz and the channel spacing is 40 MHz or 56 MHz, the value of this counter in each modulation format reduces by 3 dBm.
@7 GHz @8 GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHz @23 GHz
26.5 26.5 25 25 24 24
25.5 25.5 22 22 21 21
25 25 20.5 20.5 19.5 19.5
22 22 17.5 17.5 16.5 16.5
Nominal minimum transmit power (dBm) @7 GHz @8 GHz @13 GHz @15 GHz @18 GHz 6.5 6.5 5 5 4
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6 Performance
Item
Performance QPSK 16QAM/ 32QAM 64QAM/ 128QAM 256QAM
@23 GHz Nominal maximum receive power (dBm) Frequency stability (ppm)
4 -20 -25
6.1.5 IF Performance
The IF performance includes the performance of the IF signal and the performance of the ODU O&M signal. Table 6-15 IF performance Item IF signal Transmit frequency of the IF board (MHz) Receive frequency of the IF board (MHz) Impedance (ohm) ODU O&M signal Modulation mode Transmit frequency of the IF board (MHz) Receive frequency of the IF board (MHz) ASK 5.5 10 350 140 50 Performance
6.1.6 Baseband Signal Processing Performance of the Modem

The baseband signal processing performance of the modem indicates the FEC coding scheme and the performance of the baseband time domain adaptive equalizer.
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Table 6-16 Baseband signal processing performance of the modem Item Encoding mode Adaptive timedomain equalizer for baseband signals Performance Low-density parity check code (LDPC) encoding. Supported.
6.2 Packet Service Capability

The product provides the powerful packet service capability to meet the relevant requirements of operators. Table 6-17 Packet service capability Item Number of supported VLAN tags Number of supported tunnels Number of supported PWs Number of E-Lines Performance Specification 4K 512 1024 1024
6.3 Equipment Reliability

Equipment reliability includes the component reliability and the link reliability.
6.3.1 Component Reliability

The component reliability reflects the reliability of a single component. Table 6-18 Component reliability Item Performance IDU (1+0 Nonprotection Configuration) MTBF (h) MTTR (h) Availability 354749 1 99.99972% IDU (1+1 Protection Configuration) 547272 1 99.99982% ODU
481788 1 99.99979%
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6 Performance
6.3.2 Link Reliability

The link reliability reflects the reliability of a microwave hop and reflects the reliability of all the involved components. Table 6-19 Link reliability per hop Item Performance 1+0 Non-protection Configuration MTBF (h) MTTR (h) Availability 102155 1 99.99902% 1+1 Protection Configuration 258929 1 99.99961%
6.4 Interface Performance

This section describes the technical specifications of various services and auxiliary interfaces.
6.4.1 SDH Optical Interface Performance

The performance of the SDH optical interface is compliant with ITU-T G.957/G.825.
C-STM-1 Optical Interface Performance

The performance of the STM-1 optical interface is compliant with ITU-T G.957/G.825. The following table provides the primary performance. Table 6-20 C-STM-1 Optical Interface Performance Item Nominal bit rate (kbit/s) Classification code Fiber type Transmission distance (km) Operating wavelength (nm) Mean launched power (dBm) Receiver minimum sensitivity (dBm) Minimum overload (dBm)
6-14
Performance 155520 S-1.1 Single-mode fiber 15 1261 to 1360 -15 to -8 -28 -8 L-1.1 Single-mode fiber 40 1263 to 1360 -5 to 0 -34 -10 L-1.2 Single-mode fiber 80 1480 to 1580 -5 to 0 -34 -10
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Item Minimum extinction ratio (dB)
Performance 8.2 10 10
NOTE
The OptiX RTN 910 uses SFP modules for providing optical interfaces. You can use different types of SFP modules to provide optical interfaces with different classification codes and transmission distances.
6.4.2 E1 Interface Performance

The performance of the E1 interface is compliant with ITU-T G.703/G.823.
E1 Interface Performance
Table 6-21 E1 interface performance Item Nominal bit rate (kbit/s) Code pattern Wire pair in each transmission direction Impedance (ohm) Performance 2048 HDB3 One coaxial wire pair 75 One symmetrical wire pair 120
6.4.3 Ethernet Interface Performance

The performance of the Ethernet interface is compliant with IEEE 802.3.
GE Optical Interface Performance

The performance of the GE optical interface is compliant with IEEE 802.3. The following table provides the primary performance. Table 6-22 GE optical interface performance Item Nominal bit rate (kbit/s) Optical interface type Performance 1000 1000BASELX (0.5 km) Fiber type
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1000BASESX (10 km) Single-mode
1000BASEVX (40 km) Single-mode
1000BASEZX (80 km) Single-mode
1000BASECWDM (40 km) Single-mode

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Multi-mode
6 Performance
Item Central wavelength (nm)
Performance 770 to 860 1270 to 1355 1270 to 1355 1500 to 1580 For details on wavelength allocation, see Table 6-23. 0 to 5
Mean launched optical power (dBm) Receiver sensitivity (dBm) Min. overhead point (dBm) Extinction ratio (dB)
-9.5 to 0
-11 to -3
- 5 to 0
-2 to 5
-17
-19
-22
-22
-19
0 9
-3 9
-3 9
-3 9
-3 9
Table 6-23 Allocation of central wavelengths of 1000BASE-CWDM interfaces No. 1 2 3 4 Wavelength (nm) 1464.5 to 1477.5 1484.5 to 1497.5 1504.5 to 1517.5 1524.5 to 1537.5 No. 5 6 7 8 Wavelength (nm) 1544.5 to 1557.5 1564.5 to 1577.5 1584.5 to 1597.5 1604.5 to 1617.5
NOTE
The OptiX RTN 910 uses SFP modules for providing GE optical interfaces. You can use different types of SFP modules to provide GE optical interfaces with different classification codes and transmission distances.
Performance of the FE Optical Interface

The FE optical interface complies with IEEE 802.3. The following table describes the primary performance. Table 6-24 Performance of the FE optical interface Item Nominal bit rate (kbit/s)
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Performance 100
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6 Performance
Item Optical interface type Fiber type Central wavelength (nm) Mean launched optical power (dBm) Receiver sensitivity (dBm) Min. overhead point (dBm) Extinction ratio (dB)
Performance 100BASE-FX (15 km) Single-mode 1261 to 1360 - 15 to - 8 -28 -8 8.2 100BASE-FX (40 km) Single-mode 1263 to 1360 - 5 to 0 -34 -10 10 100BASE-FX (80 km) Single-mode 1480 to 1580 -5 to 0 -34 -10 10
NOTE
The OptiX RTN 910 uses SFP modules for providing FE optical interfaces. You can use different types of SFP modules to provide FE optical interfaces with different classification codes and transmission distances.
GE electric Interface Performance

The GE electric interface is compliant with IEEE 802.3. The following table provides the primary performance. Table 6-25 GE electric interface performance Item Nominal bit rate (Mbit/s) Performance 10 (10BASE-T) 100 (100BASE-TX) 1000 (1000BASE-T) Code pattern Manchester encoding signal (10BASE-T) MLT-3 encoding signal (100BASE-TX) 4D-PAM5 encoding signal (1000BASE-T) Interface type RJ-45
FE electric Interface Performance

The 10/100BASE-T(X) interface is compliant with IEEE 802.3. The following table provides the primary performance.
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Table 6-26 FE electric interface performance Item Nominal bit rate (Mbit/s) Performance 10 (10BASE-T) 100 (100BASE-TX) Code pattern Manchester encoding signal (10BASE-T) MLT-3 encoding signal (100BASE-TX) Interface type RJ-45
6.4.4 Auxiliary Interface Performance

The auxiliary interface performance includes the performance of the orderwire interface and synchronous data interface.
Orderwire Interface Performance

Table 6-27 Orderwire interface performance Item Transmission path Orderwire type Wire pair in each transmission direction Impedance (ohm) Performance Uses the Huawei-defined byte in the overhead of the microwave frame. Addressing call One symmetrical wire pair 600
Synchronous Data Interface Performance

Table 6-28 Synchronous data interface performance Item Transmission path Nominal bit rate (kbit/s) Interface type Interface characteristics Performance Uses the Huawei-defined byte in the overhead of the microwave frame. 64 Codirectional Meets the ITU-T G.703 standard.
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6.5 Clock Timing and Synchronization Performance

The clock timing performance and synchronization performance of the product meet relevant ITU-T recommendations. Table 6-29 Clock timing and synchronization performance Item External synchronization source Frequency accuracy Pull-in, hold-in, and pull-out ranges Noise generation Noise tolerance Noise transfer Transient response and holdover performance Performance 2048 kbit/s (compliant with ITU-T G.703 9), or 2048 kHz (compliant with ITU-T G.703 13) Compliant with ITU-T G.813
6.6 Integrated System Performance

Integrated system performance includes the dimensions, weight, power consumption, power supply, EMC, lightning protection, safety, and environment.
Dimensions
Table 6-30 Dimensions Component IDU ODU Dimensions 442 mm (width) x 220 mm (depth) x 44 mm (height) < 280 mm (width) x 92 mm (depth) x 280 mm (height)
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Weight and Power Consumption

Table 6-31 Typical weight Component IDU Typical Weight 4.1 kg, (1+0 non-protection) 4.6 kg, (1+1 protection) ODU < 4.6 kg
Table 6-32 Typical power consumption No. Configuration (Service Interface, RF configuration) 1 16xE1+4xFE, 1+0 non-protection (1xCXPAR+1xIFE2+1xSP ODU+1xFAN +1xPIU) 2 16xE1+4xFE, 1+1 HSB protection (1xCXPAR+2xIFE2+2xSP ODU+1xFAN +1xPIU) 155 W Typical Power Consumption (IDU+ODU) 118 W
Power Supply
Table 6-33 Power Supply Component IDU Performance
l l
Compliant with ETSI EN300 132-2 Supporting two -48 V/-60 V (-38.4 V to -72 V) DC power inputs (mutual backup) Compliant with ETSI EN300 132-2 Supporting one -48 V (-38.4 V to -72 V) DC power input that is provided by the IDU
ODU
l l
Electromagnetic Compatibility
l l l l
Passes CE authentication. Compliant with ETSI EN 301 489-1. Compliant with ETSI EN 301 489-4. Compliant with CISPR 22.
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l
6 Performance
Compliant with EN 55022.
Lightning Protection
l l
Compliant with ITU-T K.27. Compliant with ETSI EN 300 253.
Safety
l l l l
Passes CE authentication. Compliant with ETSI EN 60215. Compliant with ETSI EN 60950. Compliant with IEC 60825.
Environment
The IDU is a unit used in a place that has weather protection and where the temperature can be controlled. The ODU is an outdoor unit.
Table 6-34 Environment performance Item Component IDU Major reference standards Operation Transportation Storage Air temperature Operation Transportation and storage Compliant with ETSI EN 300 019-1-3 class 3.2 ODU Compliant with ETSI EN 300 019-1-4 class 4.1
Compliant with ETSI EN 300 019-1-2 class 2.3 Compliant with ETSI EN 300 019-1-1 class 1.2 -5C to +55C -40C to +70C 5% to 95% < 7.2 bel, compliant with ETSI EN 300 753 class 3.2 attended 5% to 100% -35C to +55C
Relative humidity Noise
Earthquake Mechanical stress
Compliant with Bellcore GR-63-CORE ZONE 4 Compliant with ETSI EN 300 019
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A Glossary
A
Terms are listed in an alphabetical order. A.1 0-9 A.2 A-E A.3 F-J A.4 K-O A.5 P-T A.6 U-Z
Glossary
Issue 03 (2010-06-10)
A-1
A Glossary
A.1 0-9
1+1 protection An architecture that has one normal traffic signal, one working SNC/trail, one protection SNC/trail and a permanent bridge. At the source end, the normal traffic signal is permanently bridged to both the working and protection SNC/trail. At the sink end, the normal traffic signal is selected from the better of the two SNCs/trails. Due to the permanent bridging, the 1+1 architecture does not allow an extra unprotected traffic signal to be provided. The standard electronics industries association (EIA) rack unit (44 mm/1.75 in.) 802.1Q in 802.1Q (QinQ) is a VLAN feature that allows the equipment to add a VLAN tag to a tagged frame.The implementation of QinQ is to add a public VLAN tag to a frame with a private VLAN tag, making the frame encapsulated with two layers of VLAN tags. The frame is forwarded over the service provider's backbone network based on the public VLAN tag. By this, a layer 2 VPN tunnel is provided to customers.The QinQ feature enables the transmission of the private VLANs to the peer end transparently.
1U 802.1Q in 802.1Q
A.2 A-E
A
ABR ACAP Access Control List See Available Bit Rate See adjacent channel alternate polarization Access Control List (ACL) is a list of IP address. The addresses listed in the ACL are used for authentication. If the ACL for the user is not null, it indicates that the address where the user logged in is contained in the list. See Access Control List A technology that is used to automatically adjust the modulation mode according to the channel quality. When the channel quality is favorable, the equipment adopts a highefficiency modulation mode to improve the transmission efficiency and the spectrum utilization of the system. When the channel quality is degraded, the equipment adopts the low-efficiency modulation mode to improve the anti-interference capability of the link that carries high-priority services. See Analog to Digital Converter Add/Drop Multiplexing. Network elements that provide access to all or some subset of the constituent signals contained within an STM-N signal. The constituent signals are added to (inserted), and/or dropped from (extracted) the STM-N signal as it passed through the ADM. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is an Internet Protocol used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses. It allows hosts and routers to determine the link layer addresses through ARP requests and ARP responses. The address resolution is a process in which the host converts the target IP address into a target MAC address before transmitting a frame. The basic function of the ARP is to query the MAC address of the target equipment through its IP address.
ACL adaptive modulation
ADC add/drop multiplexer
Address Resolution Protocol
A-2
Issue 03 (2010-06-10)
A Glossary
adjacent channel alternate polarization ADM Administrative Unit
A channel configuration method, which uses two adjacent channels (a horizontal polarization wave and a vertical polarization wave) to transmit two signals. See add/drop multiplexer The information structure which provides adaptation between the higher order path layer and the multiplex section layer. It consists of an information payload (the higher order VC) and an AU pointer which indicates the offset of the payload frame start relative to the multiplex section frame start. See Assured Forwarding See Automatic Gain Control A collection of objects that makes a whole. An aggregation can be a concrete or conceptual set of whole-part relationships among objects. See Alarm Indication Signal When an alarm is generated on the device side, the alarm is reported to the N2000. Then, an alarm panel prompts and the user can view the details of the alarm. The shunt-wound output of the alarm signals of several subracks or cabinets. An NE reports the detected alarm to the element management system (EMS). Based on the filter state of the alarm, the EMS determines whether to display or save the alarm information. If the filter state of an alarm is set to Filter, the alarm is not displayed or stored on the EMS. The alarm, however, is still monitored by the NE. A code sent downstream in a digital network as an indication that an upstream failure has been detected and alarmed. It is associated with multiple transport layers. Note: See ITU-T Rec. G.707/Y.1322 for specific AIS signals. A function used not to monitor alarms for a specific object, which may be the networkwide equipment, a specific NE, a specific board and even a specific function module of a specific board. See adaptive modulation An electronic circuit that converts continuous signals to discrete digital numbers. The reverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). See Automatic Protection Switching See Address Resolution Protocol amplitude shift keying Assured Forwarding (AF) is one of the four per-hop behaviors (PHB) defined by the Diff-Serv workgroup of IETF. AF is suitable for certain key data services that require assured bandwidth and short delay. For traffic within the limit, AF assures quality in forwarding. For traffic that exceeds the limit, AF degrades the service class and continues to forward the traffic instead of discarding the packets. A data transfer technology based on cell, in which packets allocation relies on channel demand. It supports fast packet switching to achieve efficient utilization of network resources. The size of a cell is 53 bytes, which consist of 48-byte payload and 5-byte header. See Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM Permanent Virtual Circuit
AF AGC aggregation AIS Alarm automatic report alarm cascading Alarm Filtering
Alarm Indication Signal Alarm suppression
AM Analog to Digital Converter APS ARP ASK Assured Forwarding
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
ATM ATM PVC
Issue 03 (2010-06-10)
A-3
A Glossary
ATPC attenuator AU Automatic Gain Control Automatic Protection Switching automatic transmit power control Available Bit Rate
See automatic transmit power control A device used to increase the attenuation of an Optical Fibre Link. Generally used to ensure that the signal at the receive end is not too strong. See Administrative Unit A process or means by which gain is automatically adjusted in a specified manner as a function of a specified parameter, such as received signal level. Automatic Protection Switching (APS) is the capability of a transmission system to detect a failure on a working facility and to switch to a standby facility to recover the traffic. A method of adjusting the transmit power based on fading of the transmit signal detected at the receiver A kind of service categories defined by the ATM forum. ABR only provides possible forwarding service and applies to the connections that does not require the real-time quality. It does not provide any guarantee in terms of cell loss or delay.
B
Backward Defect Indication bandwidth When detecting a defect, the sink node of a LSP uses backward defect indication (BDI) to inform the upstream end of the LSP of a downstream defect along the return path. A range of transmission frequencies that a transmission line or channel can carry in a network. In fact, it is the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies the transmission line or channel. The greater the bandwidth, the faster the data transfer rate.
Base Station Controller A logical entity that connects the BTS with the MSC in a GSM network. It interworks with the BTS through the Abis interface, the MSC through the A interface. It provides the following functions: Radio resource management, Base station management, Power control, Handover control, and Traffic measurement. One BSC controls and manages one or more BTSs in an actual network. Base Transceiver Station BDI BE BER best effort A Base Transceiver Station terminates the radio interface. It allows transmission of traffic and signaling across the air interface. The BTS includes the baseband processing, radio equipment, and the antenna. See Backward Defect Indication See best effort See Bit Error Rate A kind of PHB (Per-Hop-Behavior). In the forwarding process of a DS domain, the traffic of this PHB type features reachability but the DS node does not guarantee the forwarding quality. Basic Input Output System Bit-Interleaved Parity An incompatibility between a bit in a transmitted digital signal and the corresponding bit in the received digital signal. Bit error rate. Ratio of received bits that contain errors. BER is an important index used to measure the communications quality of a network.
BIOS BIP bit error Bit Error Rate
A-4
Issue 03 (2010-06-10)
A Glossary
blank filler panel BPDU Bridge Protocol Data Unit
A piece of board to cover vacant slots, to keep the frame away from dirt, to keep proper airflow inside the frame, and to beautify the frame appearance. See Bridge Protocol Data Unit The data messages that are exchanged across the switches within an extended LAN that uses a spanning tree protocol (STP) topology. BPDU packets contain information on ports, addresses, priorities and costs and ensure that the data ends up where it was intended to go. BPDU messages are exchanged across bridges to detect loops in a network topology. The loops are then removed by shutting down selected bridges interfaces and placing redundant switch ports in a backup, or blocked, state. A means of delivering information to all members in a network. The broadcast range is determined by the broadcast address. See Base Station Controller See Base Transceiver Station A storage area used for handling data in transit. Buffers are used in internetworking to compensate for differences in processing speed between network devices. Bursts of data can be stored in buffers until they can be handled by slower processing devices.
Broadcast BSC BTS Buffer
C
C-VLAN cable ladder Customer VLAN (1) A cable ladder is a frame which supports electrical cables. (2) Two metal cables usually made of stainless steel with rungs of lightweight metal tubing such as aluminum, six or eight inches wide spaced about eighteen inches apart. It can be rolled into a compact lightweight bundle for transport ease. The tape used to bind the cables. The trough which is used for cable routing in the cabinet. Captive nuts (or as they are more correctly named, 'tee nuts') have a range of uses but are more commonly used in the hobby for engine fixing (securing engine mounts to the firewall), wing fixings, and undercarriage fixing. See committed access rate See Constant Bit Rate See Circuit Cross Connect See Co-Channel Dual Polarization See continuity check message See Customer Edge The CPU is the brains of the computer. Sometimes referred to simply as the processor or central processor, the CPU is where most calculations take place. See Circuit Emulation Service See compact flash Cisco Group Management Protocol Cable distribution plate A component which is used to arrange the cables in order.
cable tie cabling trough captive nut
CAR CBR CCC CCDP CCM CE Central Processing Unit CES CF CGMP
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A-5
A Glossary
CIR Circuit Cross Connect Circuit Emulation Service
See Committed Information Rate An implementation of MPLS L2VPN through the static configuration of labels. A function with which the E1/T1 data can be transmitted through ATM networks. At the transmission end, the interface module packs timeslot data into ATM cells. These ATM cells are sent to the reception end through the ATM network. At the reception end, the interface module re-assigns the data in these ATM cells to E1/T1 timeslots. The CES technology guarantees that the data in E1/T1 timeslots can be recovered to the original sequence at the reception end. See Common and Internal Spanning Tree A switch of the highest priority is elected as the root in an MSTP network. A class object that stores the priority mapping rules. When network congestion occurs, the class of service (CoS) first processes services by different priority levels from high to low. If the bandwidth is insufficient to support all services, the CoS dumps the services of low priority. The method to keep the time on each node being synchronized with a clock source in a network. A channel configuration method, which uses a horizontal polarization wave and a vertical polarization wave to transmit two signals. The Co-Channel Dual Polarization is twice the transmission capacity of the single polarization. A signal transmission technology that multiplexes widely-spaced optical channels into the same fiber. CWDM widely spaces wavelengths at a spacing of several nm. CWDM does not support optical amplifiers and is applied in short-distance chain networking. A packet whose priority is determined by defined colors. Two or multiple BTS cabinets of the same type are combined to serve as one BTS. A traffic control method that uses a set of rate limits to be applied to a router interface. CAR is a configurable method by which incoming and outgoing packets can be classified into QoS (Quality of Service) groups, and by which the input or output transmission rate can be defined. The rate at which a frame relay network agrees to transfer information in normal conditions. Namely, it is the rate, measured in bit/s, at which the token is transferred to the leaky bucket.
CIST CIST root Class of Service
Clock tracing Co-Channel Dual Polarization Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing Colored packet Combined cabinet committed access rate
Committed Information Rate
Common and Internal Common and Internal Spanning Tree. The single Spanning Tree calculated by STP and Spanning Tree RSTP together with the logical continuation of that connectivity through MST Bridges and regions, calculatedby MSTP to ensure that all LANs in the Bridged Local Area Network are simply and fully connected. compact flash Compact flash (CF) was originally developed as a type of data storage device used in portable electronic devices. For storage, CompactFlash typically uses flash memory in a standardized enclosure. A process that combines multiple virtual containers. The combined capacities can be used a single capacity. The concatenation also keeps the integrity of bit sequence. A plate that connects two adjacent cabinet together at the cabinet top for fixing.
Concatenation connecting plate for combining cabinets
A-6
Issue 03 (2010-06-10)
A Glossary
Connectivity Check
Ethernet CFM can detect the connectivity between MEPs. The detection is achieved by each MEP transmitting a Continuity Check Message (CCM) periodically. This detection is called CC detection. constant bit rate. A kind of service categories defined by the ATM forum. CBR transfers cells based on the constant bandwidth. It is applicable to service connections that depend on precise clocking to ensure undistorted transmission. An extension of shortest path algorithms like OSPF and IS-IS. The path computed using CSPF is a shortest path fulfilling set of constrains. It simply means that it runs shortest path algorithm after pruning those links that violate a given set of constraints. A constraint could be minimum bandwidth required per link (also know as bandwidth guaranteed constraint), end-to-end delay, maximum number of link traversed etc. CSPF is widely used in MPLS Traffic Engineering. The routing using CSPF is known as Constraint Based Routing (CBR). An alternative to RSVP (Resource ReSerVation Protocol) in MPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switching) networks. RSVP, which works at the IP (Internet Protocol) level, uses IP or UDP datagrams to communicate between LSR (Label Switched Routing) peers. RSVP does not require the maintenance of TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) sessions, although RSVP must assume responsibility for error control. CR-LDP is designed to facilitate the routing of LSPs (Label Switched Paths) through TCP sessions between LSR peers through the communication of label distribution messages during the session. CCM is used to detect the link status. A pipe which is used for fiber routing. See Class of Service See Central Processing Unit See Constraint-based Routed-Label Distribution Protocol See Cyclic Redundancy Check A technology used in the case of the Co-Channel Dual Polarization (CCDP) to eliminate the cross-connect interference between two polarization waves in the CCDP. See Constraint Shortest Path First A part of BGP/MPLS IP VPN model. It provides interfaces for direct connection to the Service Provider (SP) network. A CE can be a router, switch, or host. See Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing A procedure used in checking for errors in data transmission. CRC error checking uses a complex calculation to generate a number based on the data transmitted. The sending device performs the calculation before transmission and includes it in the packet that it sends to the receiving device. The receiving device repeats the same calculation after transmission. If both devices obtain the same result, it is assumed that the transmission was error free. The procedure is known as a redundancy check because each transmission includes not only data but extra (redundant) error-checking values.
Constant Bit Rate
Constraint Shortest Path First
Constraint-based Routed-Label Distribution Protocol
continuity check message corrugated tube CoS CPU CR-LDP CRC cross polarization interference cancellation CSPF Customer Edge CWDM Cyclic Redundancy Check
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A Glossary
D
Data Circuit-terminal Equipment Data Communication Network Also Data Communications Equipment (DCE) and Data Carrier Equipment (DCE). The basic function of a DCE is to convert data from one interface, such as a digital signal, to another interface, such as an analog signal. One example of DCE is a modem. A communication network used in a TMN or between TMNs to support the Data Communication Function (DCF).
Data Communications The data channel that uses the D1-D12 bytes in the overhead of an STM-N signal to Channel transmit information on operation, management, maintenance and provision (OAM&P) between NEs. The DCC channels that are composed of bytes D1-D3 is referred to as the 192 kbit/s DCC-R channel. The other DCC channel that are composed of bytes D4-D12 is referred to as the 576 kbit/s DCC-M channel. Datagram DC DC-C DC-I DC-Return Common (with Ground) DC-Return Isolate (with Ground) DCC DCE DCN DDF DDN DE Detour LSP diamond-shaped nut A kind of PDU which is used in Connectionless Network Protocol, such as IP datagram, UDP datagram. See Direct Current See DC-Return Common (with Ground) See DC-Return Isolate (with Ground) A power system, in which the BGND of the DC return conductor is short-circuited with the PGND on the output side of the power supply cabinet and also on the line between the output of the power supply cabinet and the electric equipment. A power system, in which the BGND of the DC return conductor is short-circuited with the PGND on the output side of the power supply cabinet and is isolated from the PGND on the line between the output of the power supply cabinet and the electric equipment. See Data Communications Channel See Data Circuit-terminal Equipment See Data Communication Network See Digital Distribution Frame See Digital Data Network See discard eligible The LSP that is used to re-route traffic around a failure in one-to-one backup. A type of nut that is used to fasten the wiring frame to the cabinet.
Differentiated Services A service architecture that provides the end-to-end QoS function. It consists of a series of functional units implemented at the network nodes, including a small group of perhop forwarding behaviors, packet classification functions, and traffic conditioning functions such as metering, marking, shaping and policing. Differentiated Services Differentiated Services CodePoint. A marker in the header of each IP packet using bits Code Point 0-6 in the DS field. Routers provide differentiated classes of services to various service streams/flows based on this marker. In other words, routers select corresponding PHB according to the DSCP value. DiffServ Digital Data Network See Differentiated Services A high-quality data transport tunnel that combines the digital channel (such as fiber channel, digital microwave channel, or satellite channel) and the cross multiplex technology.
A-8
Issue 03 (2010-06-10)
A Glossary
Digital Distribution Frame digital modulation
A type of equipment used between the transmission equipment and the exchange with transmission rate of 2 to 155 Mbit/s to provide the functions such as cables connection, cable patching, and test of loops that transmitting digital signals. A digital modulation controls the changes in amplitude, phase, and frequency of the carrier based on the changes in the baseband digital signal. In this manner, the information can be transmitted by the carrier. Electrical current whose direction of flow does not reverse. The current may stop or change amplitude, but it always flows in the same direction. A bit in the frame relay header. It indicates the priority of a packet. If a node supports the FR QoS, the rate of the accessed FR packets is controlled. When the packet traffic exceeds the specified traffic, the DE value of the redundant packets is set to 1. In the case of network congestion, the packets with DE value as 1 are discarded at the node. Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol. The DVMRP protocol is an Internet gateway protocol mainly based on the RIP. The protocol implements a typical dense mode IP multicast solution. The DVMRP protocol uses IGMP to exchange routing datagrams with its neighbors. A DS node that connects one DS domain to a node either in another DS domain or in a domain that is not DS-capable. In the DifferServ mechanism, the DS domain is a domain consisting of a group of network nodes that share the same service provisioning policy and same PHB. It provides point-to-point QoS guarantees for services transmitted over this domain. A DS node located at the center of a DS domain. It is a non-DS boundary node. A DS-compliant node, which is subdivided into DS boundary node and ID interior node. See Differentiated Services Code Point
Direct Current discard eligible
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol DS boundary node DS domain
DS interior node DS node DSCP
dual-polarized antenna An antenna intended to radiate or receive simultaneously two independent radio waves orthogonally polarized. DVMRP See Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol
E
E-AGGR E-LAN E-Tree EBS ECC EF EFM Electro Magnetic Interference Ethernet-Aggregation See Ethernet LAN See Ethernet-Tree See Excess Burst Size See Embedded Control Channel See Expedited Forwarding See Ethernet in the First mile Any electromagnetic disturbance that interrupts, obstructs, or otherwise degrades or limits the effective performance of electronics/electrical equipment.
Issue 03 (2010-06-10)
A-9
A Glossary
electromagnetic compatibility
Electromagnetic compatibility is the condition which prevails when telecommunications equipment is performing its individually designed function in a common electromagnetic environment without causing or suffering unacceptable degradation due to unintentional electromagnetic interference to or from other equipment in the same environment. [NTIA]
ElectroStatic Discharge The sudden and momentary electric current that flows between two objects at different electrical potentials caused by direct contact or induced by an electrostatic field. Embedded Control Channel EMC EMI Engineering label EPLn equalization ERPS ES-IS ESD ESD jack ETH-CC ETH-LB ETH-LT Ethernet An ECC provides a logical operations channel between SDH NEs, utilizing a data communications channel (DCC) as its physical layer. See electromagnetic compatibility See Electro Magnetic Interference A mark on a cable, a subrack, or a cabinet for identification. See Ethernet Private LAN A method of avoiding selective fading of frequencies. Equalization can compensate for the changes of amplitude frequency caused by frequency selective fading. See ethernet ring protection switching End System to Intermediate System See ElectroStatic Discharge Electrostatic discharge jack. A hole in the cabinet or shelf, which connect the shelf or cabinet to the insertion of ESD wrist strap. Ethernet Continuity Check Ethernet Loopback Ethernet Link Trace A technology complemented in LAN. It adopts Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection. The speed of an Ethernet interface can be 10 Mbit/s, 100 Mbit/s, 1000 Mbit/ s or 10000 Mbit/s. The Ethernet network features high reliability and easy maintaining.. Last mile access from the broadband device to the user community. The EFM takes the advantages of the SHDSL.bis technology and the Ethernet technology. The EFM provides both the traditional voice service and internet access service of high speed. In addition, it meets the users' requirements on high definition television system (HDTV) and Video On Demand (VOD). Ethernet LAN. A L2VPN service type that is provided for the user Ethernet in different domains over the PSN network. For the user Ethernet, the entire PSN network serves as a Layer 2 switch. Both a LAN service and a private service. Transport bandwidth is never shared between different customers. protection switching mechanisms for ETH layer Ethernet ring topologies. A service that is both a LAN service and a virtual private service. etherenet tree. An Ethernet service type that is based on a Point-to-multipoint Ethernet Virtual Connection.
Ethernet in the First mile
Ethernet LAN
Ethernet Private LAN ethernet ring protection switching Ethernet Virtual Private LAN Ethernet-Tree
A-10
Issue 03 (2010-06-10)
A Glossary
ETS ETSI ETSI 300mm cabinet European Telecommunications Standards Institute EVPL EVPLn Excess Burst Size
European Telecommunication Standards See European Telecommunications Standards Institute A cabinet which is 600mm in width and 300mm in depth, compliant with the standards of the ETSI. A standards-setting body in Europe. Also the standards body responsible for GSM.
Ethernet Virtual Private Line See Ethernet Virtual Private LAN excess burst size. In the single rate three color marker (srTCM) mode, the traffic control is realized by the token buckets C and E. Excess burst size is a parameter used to define the capacity of token bucket E, that is, the maximum burst IP packet size when the information is transferred at the committed information rate. This parameter must be larger than 0. It is recommended that this parameter should be not less than the maximum length of the IP packet that might be forwarded. An operation to check if the protection switching protocol functions normally. The protection switching is not really performed.
Exercise Switching
Expedited Forwarding Expedited Forwarding (EF) is the highest order QoS in the Diff-Serv network. EF PHB is suitable for services that demand low packet loss ratio, short delay, and broad bandwidth. In all the cases, EF traffic can guarantee a transmission rate equal to or faster than the set rate. The DSCP value of EF PHB is "101110".
A.3 F-J
F
Failure If the fault persists long enough to consider the ability of an item with a required function to be terminated. The item may be considered as having failed; a fault has now been detected. A type of Ethernet with a maximum transmission rate of 100 Mbit/s. It complies with the IEEE 802.3u standard and extends the traditional media-sharing Ethernet standard. The likn pulse that is used to encode information during automatic negotiation. Frame Check Sequence See frequency diversity See Forward Defect Indication See Fast Ethernet See Forward Error Correction Fast Failure Detection A device installed at the end of a fiber, optical source or receive unit. It is used to couple the optical wave to the fiber when connected to another device of the same type. A connector can either connect two fiber ends or connect a fiber end and a optical source (or a detector).
Fast Ethernet fast link pulse FCS FD FDI FE FEC FFD Fiber Connector
Issue 03 (2010-06-10)
A-11
A Glossary
fiber patch cord Field Programmable Gate Array
A kind of fiber used for connections between the subrack and the ODF, and for connections between subracks or inside a subrack. A type of semi-customized circuit used in the Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) field. It is developed on the basis of the programmable components, such as the PAL, GAL, and EPLD. It not only remedies the defects of customized circuits, but also overcomes the disadvantage of the original programmable components in terms of the limited number of gate arraies. See First in First out A member of the TCP/IP suite of protocols, used to copy files between two computers on the Internet. Both computers must support their respective FTP roles: one must be an FTP client and the other an FTP server. A stack management mechanism. The first saved data is first read and invoked. See fast link pulse This function forces the service to switch from the working channel to the protection channel, with the service not to be restored automatically. This switch occurs regardless of the state of the protection channels or boards, unless the protection channels or boards are satisfying a higher priority bridge request. Forward defect indication (FDI) is generated and traced forward to the sink node of the LSP by the node that first detects defects. It includes fields to indicate the nature of the defect and its location. Its primary purpose is to suppress alarms being raised at affected higher level client LSPs and (in turn) their client layers. A bit error correction technology that adds the correction information to the payload at the transmit end. Based on the correction information, the bit errors generated during transmission are corrected at the receive end. Also referred to as the data plane. The forwarding plane is connection-oriented, and can be used in Layer 2 networks such as an ATM network. See Field Programmable Gate Array Piece of a larger packet that has been broken down to smaller units. Process of breaking a packet into smaller units when transmitting over a network medium that can not support the original size of the packet. A frame, starting with a header, is a string of bytes with a specified length. Frame length is represented by the sampling circle or the total number of bytes sampled during a circle. A header comprises one or a number of bytes with pre-specified values. In other words, a header is a code segment that reflects the distribution (diagram) of the elements prespecified by the sending and receiving parties. A diversity scheme that enables two or more microwave frequencies with a certain frequency interval are used to transmit/receive the same signal and selection is then performed between the two signals to ease the impact of fading. See File Transfer Protocol The system that can transmit information in both directions on a communication link.On the communication link, both parties can send and receive data at the same time.
FIFO File Transfer Protocol
First in First out FLP Forced switch
Forward Defect Indication
Forward Error Correction Forwarding plane FPGA Fragment Fragmentation frame
frequency diversity
FTP Full duplex
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Issue 03 (2010-06-10)
A Glossary
G
gateway network element GCP GE A network element that is used for communication between the NE application layer and the NM application layer See GMPLS control plan See Gigabit Ethernet
Generic traffic shaping A traffic control measure that initiatively adjusts the output speed of the traffic. This is to adapt the traffic to network resources that can be provided by the downstream router to avoid packet discarding and congestion. GFP Gigabit Ethernet Generic Framing Procedure GE adopts the IEEE 802.3z. GE is compatible with 10 Mbit/s and 100 Mbit/s Ethernet.It runs at 1000Mbit/s. Gigabit Ethernet uses a private medium, and it does not support coaxial cables or other cables. It also supports the channels in the bandwidth mode. If Gigabit Ethernet is, however, deployed to be the private bandwidth system with a bridge (switch) or a router as the center, it gives full play to the performance and the bandwidth. In the network structure, Gigabit Ethernet uses full duplex links that are private, causing the length of the links to be sufficient for backbone applications in a building and campus. A global navigation satellite system. It provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services to worldwide users . The OptiX GMPLS control plan (GCP) is the ASON software developed by Huawei. The OptiX GCP applies to the OptiX OSN product series. By using this software, the traditional network can evolve into the ASON network. The OptiX OSN product series support the ASON features. See gateway network element See Global Positioning System See Graceful Restart In IETF, protocols related to Internet Protocol/Multiprotocol Label Switching (IP/ MPLS) such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Intermediate System-Intermediate System (IS-IS), Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), Label Distribution Protocol (LDP), and Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) are extended to ensure that the forwarding is not interrupted when the system is restarted. This reduces the flapping of the protocols at the control plane when the system performs the active/standby switchover. This series of standards is called Graceful Restart. A visual computer enviroment that represents programs, files, and options with graphical images, such as icons, menus, and dialog boxes, on the screen. (electricity) Opposition of the earth to the flow of current through it; its value depends on the nature and moisture content of the soil, on the material, composition, and nature of connections to the earth, and on the electrolytic action present. See Generic traffic shaping See Graphical User Interface Components to guide, position, and support plug-in boards.
Global Positioning System GMPLS control plan
GNE GPS GR Graceful Restart
Graphical User Interface ground resistance
GTS GUI guide rail
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A Glossary
H
H-QoS HA half-duplex Hierarchical Quality of Service See High Availability A transmitting mode in which a half-duplex system provides for communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time (not simultaneously). Typically, once a party begins receiving a signal, it must wait for the transmitter to stop transmitting, before replying. High Density Bipolar Code 3 See High level Data Link Control procedure The ability of a system to continuously perform its functions during a long period, which may exceeds the suggested working time of the independent components. You can obtain the high availability (HA) by using the error tolerance method. Based on learning cases one by one, you must also clearly understand the limitations of the system that requires an HA ability and the degree to which the ability can reach. A data link protocol from ISO for point-to-point communications over serial links. Derived from IBM's SDLC protocol, HDLC has been the basis for numerous protocols including X.25, ISDN, T1, SS7, GSM, CDPD, PPP and others. Various subsets of HDLC have been developed under the name of Link Access Procedure (LAP). A modulating-demodulating algorithm put forward in 3GPP R5 to meet the requirement for asymmetric uplink and downlink transmission of data services. It enables the maximum downlink data service rate to reach 14.4 Mbit/s without changing the WCDMA network topology. The priority of the tunnel with respect to holding resources, ranging from 0 (indicates the highest priority) to 7. It is used to determine whether the resources occupied by the tunnel can be preempted by other tunnels. A network connection between two distant nodes. For Internet operation a hop represents a small step on the route from one main computer to another. A mechanism of ensuring device running security. The environment variables and storage information of each running device are synchronized to the standby device. When the faults occur on the running device, the standby device can take over the services in the faulty device in automatic or manual way to ensure the normal running of the entire system. Higher Order Path See High Speed Downlink Packet Access Hitless Switch Mode High Tributary Bus The hybrid transmission of Native E1 and Native Ethernet signals. Hybrid radio supports the AM function.
HDB3 HDLC High Availability
High level Data Link Control procedure
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
Hold priority
Hop hot standby
HP HSDPA HSM HTB hybrid radio
I
ICMP IDU
A-14
See Internet Control Messages Protocol See indoor unit

A Glossary
IEC IEEE IETF IF IGMP IGMP snooping
See International Electrotechnical Commission See Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers The Internet Engineering Task Force See intermediate frequency See Internet Group Management Protocol A multicast constraint mechanism running on a layer 2 device. This protocol manages and controls the multicast group by listening to and analyze the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) packet between hosts and layer 3 devices. In this manner, the spread of the multicast data on layer 2 network can be prevented efficiently. See Inverse Multiplexing over ATM The indoor unit of the split-structured radio equipment. It implements accessing, multiplexing/demultiplexing, and IF processing for services. A method of looping the signals from the cross-connect unit back to the cross-connect unit. A society of engineering and electronics professionals based in the United States but boasting membership from numerous other countries. The IEEE focuses on electrical, electronics, computer engineering, and science-related matters. The area for the interface boards on the subrack.
IMA indoor unit Inloop Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Interface board area
intermediate frequency The transitional frequency between the frequencies of a modulated signal and an RF signal. Intermediate System The basic unit in the IS-IS protocol used to transmit routing information and generate routes.
Intermediate System to A protocol used by network devices (routers) .IS-IS is a kind of Interior Gateway Protocol Intermediate System (IGP), used within the ASs. It is a link status protocol using Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm to calculate the route. Internal Spanning Tree Internal spanning tree. A segment of CIST in a certain MST region. An IST is a special MSTI whose ID is 0. International Electrotechnical Commission International Organization for Standardization Internet Control Messages Protocol Internet Group Management Protocol Internet Protocol The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is an international and nongovernmental standards organization dealing with electrical and electronical standards. ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is the world's largest developer and publisher of International Standards. ICMP belongs to the TCP/IP protocol suite. It is used to send error and control messages during the transmission of IP-type data packets. The protocol for managing the membership of Internet Protocol multicast groups among the TCP/IP protocols. It is used by IP hosts and adjacent multicast routers to establish and maintain multicast group memberships. The TCP/IP standard protocol that defines the IP packet as the unit of information sent across an internet and provides the basis for connectionless, best-effort packet delivery service. IP includes the ICMP control and error message protocol as an integral part. The entire protocol suite is often referred to as TCP/IP because TCP and IP are the two fundamental protocols. IP is standardized in RFC 791.
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A Glossary
Internet Protocol Version 6
A update version of IPv4. It is also called IP Next Generation (IPng). The specifications and standardizations provided by it are consistent with the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) is also called. It is a new version of the Internet Protocol, designed as the successor to IPv4. The specifications and standardizations provided by it are consistent with the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).The difference between IPv6 and IPv4 is that an IPv4 address has 32 bits while an IPv6 address has 128 bits. Inverse Multiplexing over ATM. The ATM inverse multiplexing technique involves inverse multiplexing and de-multiplexing of ATM cells in a cyclical fashion among links grouped to form a higher bandwidth logical link whose rate is approximately the sum of the link rates. This is referred to as an IMA group. See Internet Protocol See Internet Protocol Version 6 See Intermediate System to Intermediate System See International Organization for Standardization See Internal Spanning Tree International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Standardization Sector Independence VLAN learning
Inverse Multiplexing over ATM
IP IPv6 IS-IS ISO IST ITU-T IVL
J
Jitter Short waveform variations caused by vibration, voltage fluctuations, and control system instability.
A.4 K-O
L
L2VPN Label Switched Path See Layer 2 virtual private network A sequence of hops (R0...Rn) in which a packet travels from R0 to Rn through label switching mechanisms. A label-switched path can be chosen dynamically, based on normal routing mechanisms, or through configuration.
Label Switching Router The Label Switching Router (LSR) is the basic element of MPLS network. All LSRs support the MPLS protocol. The LSR is composed of two parts: control unit and forwarding unit. The former is responsible for allocating the label, selecting the route, creating the label forwarding table, creating and removing the label switch path; the latter forwards the labels according to groups received in the label forwarding table. LACP LAG LAN LAPD LAPS See Link Aggregation Control Protocol See link aggregation group See Local Area Network Link Access Procedure on the D channel Link Access Procedure-SDH
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A Glossary
Laser
A component that generates directional optical waves of narrow wavelengths. The laser light has better coherence than ordinary light. The fiber system takes the semi-conductor laser as the light source. A data forwarding method. In LAN, a network bridge or 802.3 Ethernet switch transmits and distributes packet data based on the MAC address. Since the MAC address is the second layer of the OSI model, this data forwarding method is called layer 2 switch.
layer 2 switch
Layer 2 virtual private A virtual private network realized in the packet switched (IP/MPLS) network by Layer network 2 switching technologies. LB LCAS LDPC line rate forwarding Link Aggregation Control Protocol See Loopback See Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme Low-Density Parity Check code The line rate equals the maximum transmission rate capable on a given type of media. Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) is part of an IEEE specification (802.3ad) that allows you to bundle several physical ports to form a single logical channel. LACP allows a switch to negotiate an automatic bundle by sending LACP packets to the peer.
link aggregation group An aggregation that allows one or more links to be aggregated together to form a link aggregation group so that a MAC clientcan treat the link aggregation group as if it were a single link. Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme Link Protection The Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) is designed to allow the dynamic provisioning of bandwidth, using VCAT, to meet customer requirements. Protection provided by the bypass tunnel for the link on the working tunnel. The link is a downstream link adjacent to the PLR. When the PLR fails to provide node protection, the link protection should be provided. Linear Multiplex Section Protection A network formed by the computers and workstations within the coverage of a few square kilometers or within a single building. It features high speed and low error rate. Ethernet, FDDI, and Token Ring are three technologies used to implement a LAN. Current LANs are generally based on switched Ethernet or Wi-Fi technology and running at 1,000 Mbit/ s (that is, 1 Gbit/s). When the switching condition is satisfied, this function disables the service from being switched from the working channel to the protection channel. When the service has been switched, the function enables the service to be restored from the protection channel to the working channel. See Loss Of Frame Loss Of Multiframe A troubleshooting technique that returns a transmitted signal to its source so that the signal or message can be analyzed for errors. See Loss Of Pointer See Loss Of Signal A condition at the receiver or a maintenance signal transmitted in the PHY overhead indicating that the receiving equipment has lost frame delineation. This is used to monitor the performance of the PHY layer.
LMSP Local Area Network
Locked switching
LOF LOM Loopback LOP LOS Loss Of Frame
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A Glossary
Loss Of Pointer
Loss of Pointer: A condition at the receiver or a maintenance signal transmitted in the PHY overhead indicating that the receiving equipment has lost the pointer to the start of cell in the payload. This is used to monitor the performance of the PHY layer. Loss of signal (LOS) indicates that there are no transitions occurring in the received signal. The subrack close to the bottom of the cabinet when a cabinet contains several subracks. Lower Order Path Link State Path Through See Label Switched Path See Label Switching Router
Loss Of Signal Lower subrack LP LPT LSP LSR
M
MA MAC MAC MADM Maintenance Association Maintenance association End Point See Maintenance Association See Medium Access Control See Media Access Control Multi Add-Drop Multiplexer That portion of a Service Instance, preferably all of it or as much as possible, the connectivity of which is maintained by CFM. It is also a full mesh of Maintenance Entities. A MEP is an actively managed CFM Entity, associated with a specific DSAP of a Service Instance, which can generate and receive CFM frames and track any responses. It is an end point of a single Maintenance Association, and terminates a separate Maintenance Entity for each of the other MEPs in the same Maintenance Association. The Maintenance Domain (MD) refers to the network or the part of the network for which connectivity is managed by CFM. The devices in an MD are managed by a single ISP. Maintenance Point (MP) is one of either a MEP or a MIP. A type of database used for managing the devices in a communications network. It comprises a collection of objects in a (virtual) database used to manage entities (such as routers and switches) in a network. A protection switching. When the protection path is normal and there is no request of a higher level switching, the service is manually switched from the working path to the protection path, to test whether the network still has the protection capability. The MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) is the size of the largest datagram that can be sent over a network. Maximum Burst Size See Message Communication Function See Maintenance Domain See Medium Dependent Interface The average time that a device will take to recover from a failure.
Maintenance Domain Maintenance Point Management Information Base Manual switching
Maximum Transfer Unit MBS MCF MD MDI Mean Time To Repair
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A Glossary
Media Access Control
A protocol at the media access control sublayer. The protocol is at the lower part of the data link layer in the OSI model and is mainly responsible for controlling and connecting the physical media at the physical layer. When transmitting data, the MAC protocol checks whether to be able to transmit data. If the data can be transmitted, certain control information is added to the data, and then the data and the control information are transmitted in a specified format to the physical layer. When receiving data, the MAC protocol checks whether the information is correct and whether the data is transmitted correctly. If the information is correct and the data is transmitted correctly, the control information is removed from the data and then the data is transmitted to the LLC layer. A general reference to the low-level hardware protocols used to access a particular network. The term MAC address is often used as a synonym for physical addresses. The electrical and mechanical interface between the equipment and the media transmission. See Maintenance association End Point The MCF is composed of a protocol stack that allows exchange of management information with their prs . See Management Information Base Maintenance Intermediate Point See Multi-link Point to Point Protocol An L-shape steel sheet. One side is fixed on the front panel with screws, and the other side is fixed on the installation hole with screws. On both sides of a rack, there is an Lshaped metal fastener. This ensures that internal components are closely connected with the rack. Normally, an internal component is installed with two mount angles. See Maintenance Point Maintenance Point Identification See Multi-Protocol Label Switch The MPLS L2VPN provides the Layer 2 VPN service based on an MPLS network.In this case, on a uniform MPLS network, the carrier is able to provide Layer 2 VPNs of different media types, such as ATM, FR, VLAN, Ethernet, and PPP. The MPLS OAM provides continuity check for a single LSP, and provides a set of fault detection tools and fault correct mechanisms for MPLS networks. The MPLS OAM and relevant protection switching components implement the detection function for the CRLSP forwarding plane, and perform the protection switching in 50 ms after a fault occurs. In this way, the impact of a fault can be lowered to the minimum. Multiprotocol Label Switching Traffic Engineering In the case of reroute deployment, or when traffic needs to be transported through multiple trails, multiple LSP tunnels might be used. In traffic engineering, such a group of LSP tunnels are referred to as TE tunnels. An LSP tunnel of this kind has two identifiers. One is the Tunnel ID carried by the SENDER object, and is used to uniquely define the TE tunnel. The other is the LSP ID carried by the SENDER_TEMPLATE or FILTER_SPEC object. See Multiplex Section See multiplex section protection
Medium Access Control Medium Dependent Interface MEP Message Communication Function MIB MIP MLPPP mount angle
MP MPID MPLS MPLS L2VPN
MPLS OAM
MPLS TE MPLS TE tunnel
MS MSP
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A Glossary
MSTI MSTP MTBF MTTR MTU Multi-link Point to Point Protocol Multi-Protocol Label Switch
See Multiple Spanning Tree Instance See Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol Mean Time Between Failure See Mean Time To Repair See Maximum Transfer Unit A protocol used in ISDN connections. MLPPP lets two B channels act as a single line, doubling connection rates to 128Kbps. A technology that uses short tags of fixed length to encapsulate packets in different link layers, and provides connection-oriented switching for the network layer on the basis of IP routing and control protocols. It improves the cost performance and expandability of networks, and is beneficial to routing. A process of transmitting packets of data from one source to many destinations. The destination address of the multicast packet uses Class D address, that is, the IP address ranges from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. Each multicast address represents a multicast group rather than a host. Multiple spanning tree instance. One of a number of Spanning Trees calculated by MSTP within an MST Region, to provide a simply and fully connected active topology for frames classified as belonging to a VLAN that is mapped to the MSTI by the MST Configuration. A VLAN cannot be assigned to multiple MSTIs. Multiple spanning tree protocol. The MSTP can be used in a loop network. Using an algorithm, the MSTP blocks redundant paths so that the loop network can be trimmed as a tree network. In this case, the proliferation and endless cycling of packets is avoided in the loop network.The protocol that introduces the mapping between VLANs and multiple spanning trees. This solves the problem that data cannot be normally forwarded in a VLAN because in STP/RSTP, only one spanning tree corresponds to all the VLANs. The MST region consists of switches that support the MSTP in the LAN and links among them. Switches physically and directly connected and configured with the same MST region attributes belong to the same MST region. The attributes for the same MST region are as follows: Same region name Same revision level Same mapping relation between the VLAN ID to MSTI The trail between and including two multiplex section trail termination functions. A function, which is performed to provide capability for switching a signal between and including two multiplex section termination (MST) functions, from a "working" to a "protection" channel.
Multicast
Multiple Spanning Tree Instance
Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol
Multiple Spanning Tree Region
Multiplex Section multiplex section protection
N
N+1 protection NE NE Explorer A radio link protection system composed of N working channels and one protection channel. See Network Element The main operation interface, of the U2000, which is used to manage the OptiX equipment. In the NE Explorer, the user can configure, manage and maintain the NE, boards, and ports on a per-NE basis.
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A Glossary
Network Element
A network element (NE) contains both the hardware and the software running on it. One NE is at least equipped with one system control board which manages and monitors the entire network element. The NE software runs on the system control board. The network management system in charge of the operation, administration, and maintenance of a network.
network management system
Network Service Access A network address defined by ISO, through which entities on the network layer can Point access OSI network services. Network to Network Interface next hop NLP NMS NNHOP NNI Node This is an internal interface within a network linking two or more elements. The next router to which a packet is sent from any given router as it traverses a network on its journey to its final destination. Normal Link Pulse See network management system Next-Next-Hop See Network to Network Interface A node stands for a managed device in the network.For a device with a single frame, one node stands for one device.For a device with multiple frames, one node stands for one frame of the device.Therefore, a node does not always mean a device. A parameter of the FRR protection. It indicates that the bypass tunnel should be able to protect the downstream node that is involved in the working tunnel and adjacent to the PLR. The node cannot be a merge point, and the bypass tunnel should also be able to protect the downstream link that is involved in the working tunnel and adjacent to the PLR. A network element whose communication with the NM application layer must be transferred by the gateway network element application layer. See non-gateway network element See Network Service Access Point Not Stop Forwarding Network Serial Multiplexed Interface
Node Protection
non-gateway network element non-GNE NSAP NSF NSMI
O
OAM ODF ODU One-to-One Backup Open Shortest Path First See Operation, Administration and Maintenanc See Optical Distribution Frame See outdoor unit A local repair method in which a backup tunnel is separately created for each protected tunnel at a PLR. A link-state, hierarchical interior gateway protocol (IGP) for network routing. Dijkstra's algorithm is used to calculate the shortest path tree. It uses cost as its routing metric. A link state database is constructed of the network topology which is identical on all routers in the area.
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A Glossary
Open Systems Interconnection
A standard or "reference model" (officially defined by the International Organization of Standards (ISO)) for how messages should be transmitted between any two points in a telecommunication network. The reference model defines seven layers of functions that take place at each end of a communication. Operation, Administration and Maintenance. A group of network support functions that monitor and sustain segment operation, activities that are concerned with, but not limited to, failure detection, notification, location, and repairs that are intended to eliminate faults and keep a segment in an operational state and support activities required to provide the services of a subscriber access network to users/subscribers. A frame which is used to transfer and spool fibers. A channel that provides voice communication between operation engineers or maintenance engineers of different stations. See Open Systems Interconnection OptiX Software Platform See Open Shortest Path First The outdoor unit of the split-structured radio equipment. It implements frequency conversion and amplification for RF signals. A method of looping back the input signals received at an port to an output port without changing the structure of the signals. The ranger of optical energy level of output signals.
Operation, Administration and Maintenanc
Optical Distribution Frame orderwire OSI OSP OSPF outdoor unit Outloop Output optical power
A.5 P-T
P
Packet over SDH/ SONET packet switched network Packing case Path/Channel A MAN and WAN technology that provides point-to-point data connections. The POS interface uses SDH/SONET as the physical layer protocol, and supports the transport of packet data (such as IP packets) in MAN and WAN. A telecommunication network which works in packet switching mode. A case which is used for packing the board or subrack. A logical connection between the point at which a standard frame format for the signal at the given rate is assembled, and the point at which the standard frame format for the signal is disassembled. See peak burst size See Printed Circuit Board PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) bus. A high performance bus, 32-bit or 64-bit for interconnecting chips, expansion boards, and processor/memory subsystems. See Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy Protocol Data Unit See Provider Edge
PBS PCB PCI bus PDH PDU PE

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A Glossary
peak burst size
A parameter used to define the capacity of token bucket P, that is, the maximum burst IP packet size when the information is transferred at the peak information rate. This parameter must be larger than 0. It is recommended that this parameter should be not less than the maximum length of the IP packet that might be forwarded.
Peak Information Rate Peak Information Rate . A traffic parameter, expressed in bit/s, whose value should be not less than the committed information rate. Penultimate Hop Popping Penultimate Hop Popping (PHP) is a function performed by certain routers in an MPLS enabled network. It refers to the process whereby the outermost label of an MPLS tagged packet is removed by a Label Switched Router (LSR) before the packet is passed to an adjacent Label Edge Router (LER). A forwarding behavior applied at a DS-compliant node. This behavior belongs to the behavior aggregate defined in the DiffServ domain. See Per-Hop-Behavior See Penultimate Hop Popping Protocol Independent Multicast-Dense Mode See Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode See Peak Information Rate
Per-Hop-Behavior PHB PHP PIM-DM PIM-SM PIR
Plesiochronous Digital A multiplexing scheme of bit stuffing and byte interleaving. It multiplexes the minimum Hierarchy rate 64 kit/s into the 2 Mbit/s, 34 Mbit/s, 140 Mbit/s, and 565 Mbit/s rates. Point-to-Point Protocol A protocol on the data link layer, provides point-to-point transmission and encapsulates data packets on the network layer. It is located in layer 2 of the IP protocol stack. polarization A kind of electromagnetic wave, the direction of whose electric field vector is fixed or rotates regularly. Specifically, if the electric field vector of the electromagnetic wave is perpendicular to the plane of horizon, this electromagnetic wave is called vertically polarized wave; if the electric field vector of the electromagnetic wave is parallel to the plane of horizon, this electromagnetic wave is called horizontal polarized wave; if the tip of the electric field vector, at a fixed point in space, describes a circle, this electromagnetic wave is called circularly polarized wave. See Packet over SDH/SONET A direct current power distribution box at the upper part of a cabinet, which supplies power for the subracks in the cabinet. See Point-to-Point Protocol Provider Provisioned VPN See Priority Queuing Pseudo-Random Binary Sequence Primary Reference Clock A board used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks, or traces, etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate.
POS Power box PPP PPVPN PQ PRBS PRC Printed Circuit Board
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A Glossary
Priority Queuing
A priority queue is an abstract data type in computer programming that supports the following three operations: 1) InsertWithPriority: add an element to the queue with an associated priority 2) GetNext: remove the element from the queue that has the highest priority, and return it (also known as "PopElement(Off)", or "GetMinimum") 3) PeekAtNext (optional): look at the element with highest priority without removing it An area for the processing boards on the subrack. A cable which connects the equipment and the protection grounding bar. Usually, one half of the cable is yellow; while the other half is green. A specific path that is part of a protection group and is labeled protection.
Processing board area protection grounding cable Protection path
Protocol Independent A protocol for efficiently routing to multicast groups that may span wide-area (and interMulticast-Sparse Mode domain) internets. This protocol is named protocol independent because it is not dependent on any particular unicast routing protocol for topology discovery, and sparsemode because it is suitable for groups where a very low percentage of the nodes (and their routers) will subscribe to the multicast session. Unlike earlier dense-mode multicast routing protocols such as DVMRP and PIM-DM which flooded packets everywhere and then pruned off branches where there were no receivers, PIM-SM explicitly constructs a tree from each sender to the receivers in the multicast group. Multicast packets from the sender then follow this tree. Provider Edge A device that is located in the backbone network of the MPLS VPN structure. A PE is responsible for VPN user management, establishment of LSPs between PEs, and exchange of routing information between sites of the same VPN. During the process, a PE performs the mapping and forwarding of packets between the private network and the public channel. A PE can be a UPE, an SPE, or an NPE. An emulated connection between two PEs for transmitting frames. The PW is established and maintained by PEs through signaling protocols. The status information of a PW is maintained by the two end PEs of a PW. Pseudo-Wire Emulation Edge to Edge (PWE3) is a type of end-to-end Layer 2 transmitting technology. It emulates the essential attributes of a telecommunication service such as ATM, FR or Ethernet in a Packet Switched Network (PSN). PWE3 also emulates the essential attributes of low speed Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) circuit and SONET/SDH. The simulation approximates to the real situation. See packet switched network Packet Transport Network See Pseudo wire See Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge-to-Edge
Pseudo wire
Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge-toEdge
PSN PTN PW PWE3
Q
QoS QPSK See Quality of Service See Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
Quadrature Phase Shift Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a modulation method of data transmission Keying through the conversion or modulation and the phase determination of the reference signals (carrier). It is also called the fourth period or 4-phase PSK or 4-PSK. QPSK uses four dots in the star diagram. The four dots are evenly distributed on a circle. On these phases, each QPSK character can perform two-bit coding and display the codes in Gray code on graph with the minimum BER.
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A Glossary
Quality of Service
Quality of Service, which determines the satisfaction of a subscriber for a service. QoS is influenced by the following factors applicable to all services: service operability, service accessibility, service maintainability, and service integrity.
R
Radio Freqency A type of electric current in the wireless network using AC antennas to create an electromagnetic field. It is the abbreviation of high-frequency AC electromagnetic wave. The AC with the frequency lower than 1 kHz is called low-frequency current. The AC with frequency higher than 10 kHz is called high-frequency current. RF can be classified into such high-frequency current. A device used in the RNS to control the usage and integrity of radio resources. A packet loss algorithm used in congestion avoidance. It discards the packet according to the specified higher limit and lower limit of a queue so that global TCP synchronization resulted in traditional Tail-Drop can be prevented. An evolution of the Spanning Tree Protocol, providing for faster spanning tree convergence after a topology change. The RSTP protocol is backward compatible with the STP protocol. See Remote Defect Indication The received wide band power, including thermal noise and noise generated in the receiver, within the bandwidth defined by the receiver pulse shaping filter, for TDD within a specified timeslot. The reference point for the measurement shall be the antenna Receiver sensitivity is defined as the minimum acceptable value of average received power at point R to achieve a 1 x 10-10 BER. See Random Early Detection See Remote Error Indication A signal transmitted at the first opportunity in the outgoing direction when a terminal detects specific defects in the incoming signal. A remote error indication (REI) is sent upstream to signal an error condition. There are two types of REI alarms: Remote error indication line (REI-L) is sent to the upstream LTE when errors are detected in the B2 byte. Remote error indication path (REI-P) is sent to the upstream PTE when errors are detected in the B3 byte. A manage information base (MIB) defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). RMON is mainly used to monitor the data flow of one network segment or the entire network. The Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) is designed for Integrated Service and is used to reserve resources on every node along a path. RSVP operates on the transport layer; however, RSVP does not transport application data. RSVP is a network control protocol like Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). A traffic control method. In telecommunication, when detecting that the transmit end transmits a large volume of traffic, the receive end sends signals to ask the transmit end to slow down the transmission rate. See Radio Freqency Request For Comment
Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. A-25
Radio Network Controller Random Early Detection Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol RDI Received Signal Strength Indicator Receiver Sensitivity RED REI Remote Defect Indication Remote Error Indication
remote network monitoring Resource Reservation Protocol
Reverse pressure
RF RFC
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A Glossary
RIP RMON RNC Root alarm route Routing Information Protocol
See Routing Information Protocol See remote network monitoring See Radio Network Controller An alarm directly caused by anomaly events or faults in the network. Some lower-level alarms always accompany a root alarm. A route is the path that network traffic takes from its source to its destination. In a TCP/ IP network, each IP packet is routed independently. Routes can change dynamically. Routing Information Protocol: A simple routing protocol that is part of the TCP/IP protocol suite. It determines a route based on the smallest hop count between source and destination. RIP is a distance vector protocol that routinely broadcasts routing information to its neighboring routers and is known to waste bandwidth. A table that stores and updates the locations (addresses) of network devices. Routers regularly share routing table information to be up to date. A router relies on the destination address and on the information in the table that gives the possible routes--in hops or in number of jumps--between itself, intervening routers, and the destination. Routing tables are updated frequently as new information is available. Reed-Solomon encoding Received Signal Level See Received Signal Strength Indicator See Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol See Resource Reservation Protocol Radio Transmission Node
routing table
RS RSL RSSI RSTP RSVP RTN
S
SD SDH SDP SEMF Service Level Agreement See space diversity See Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Serious Disturbance Period Synchronous Equipment Management Function A management-documented agreement that defines the relationship between service provider and its customer. It also provides specific, quantifiable information about measuring and evaluating the delivery of services. The SLA details the specific operating and support requirements for each service provided. It protects the service provider and customer and allows the service provider to provide evidence that it has achieved the documented target measure. Severely Errored Second The priority of the tunnel with respect to obtaining resources, ranging from 0 (indicates the highest priority) to 7. It is used to determine whether the tunnel can preempt the resources required by other backup tunnels. See Signal Fail See Small Form-Factor Pluggable
SES Setup Priority
SF SFP
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side trough signal cable Signal Fail Signal Noise Ratio
The trough on the side of the cable rack, which is used to place nuts so as to fix the cabinet. Common signal cables cover the E1cable, network cable, and other non-subscriber signal cable. SF is a signal indicating the associated data has failed in the sense that a near-end defect condition (not being the degraded defect) is active. The SNR or S/N (Signal to Noise Ratio) of the amplitude of the desired signal to the amplitude of noise signals at a given point in time. SNR is expressed as 10 times the logarithm of the power ratio and is usually expressed in dB (Decibel). A network management protocol of TCP/IP. It enables remote users to view and modify the management information of a network element. This protocol ensures the transmission of management information between any two points. The polling mechanism is adopted to provide basic function sets. According to SNMP, agents, which can be hardware as well as software, can monitor the activities of various devices on the network and report these activities to the network console workstation. Control information about each device is maintained by a management information block. Of or relating to a telecommunications system in which only one message can be sent in either direction at one time. See Service Level Agreement To divide data into the information units proper for transmission. A specification for a new generation of optical modular transceivers. See SubNetwork Connection See SubNetwork Connection Protection See Simple Network Management Protocol See Signal Noise Ratio Strict Priority A diversity scheme that enables two or more antennas separated by a specific distance to transmit/receive the same signal and selection is then performed between the two signals to ease the impact of fading. Currently, only receive SD is used.
Simple Network Management Protocol
simplex SLA Slicing Small Form-Factor Pluggable SNC SNCP SNMP SNR SP space diversity
Spanning Tree Protocol Spanning Tree Protocol. STP is a protocol that is used in the LAN to remove the loop. STP applies to the redundant network to block some undesirable redundant paths through certain algorithms and prune a loop network into a loop-free tree network. SSM Static Virtual Circuit See Synchronization Status Message Static virtual circuit. A static implementation of MPLS L2VPN that transfers L2VPN information by manual configuration of VC labels, instead of by a signaling protocol.
Statistical multiplexing A multiplexing technique whereby information from multiple logical channels can be transmitted across a single physical channel. It dynamically allocates bandwidth only to active input channels, to make better use of available bandwidth and allow more devices to be connected than with other multiplexing techniques. Compare with TDM. STM STM-1 See synchronous transport module SDH Transport Module -1
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A Glossary
STM-1e STM-1o STP sub-network
STM-1 Electrical Interface STM-1 Optical Interface See Spanning Tree Protocol Sub-network is the logical entity in the transmission network and comprises a group of network management objects. The network that consists of a group of interconnected or correlated NEs, according to different functions. For example, protection subnet, clock subnet and so on. A sub-network can contain NEs and other sub-networks. Generally, a sub-network is used to contain the equipments which are located in adjacent regions and closely related with one another, and it is indicated with a sub-network icon on a topological view. The U2000 supports multilevels of sub-networks. A sub-network planning can better the organization of a network view. On the one hand, the view space can be saved, on the other hand, it helps the network management personnel focus on the equipments under their management. The technique used by the IP protocol to determine which network segment packets are destined for. The subnet mask is a binary pattern that is stored in the client machine, server or router and is matched with the IP address. A "transport entity" that transfers information across a subnetwork, it is formed by the association of "ports" on the boundary of the subnetwork.
subnet mask
SubNetwork Connection
SubNetwork A working subnetwork connection is replaced by a protection subnetwork connection if Connection Protection the working subnetwork connection fails, or if its performance falls below a required level. SVC SVL Switch See Static Virtual Circuit Shared VLAN Learning To filter, forward frames based on label or the destination address of each frame. This behavior operates at the data link layer of the OSI model.
Synchronization Status A message that is used to transmit the quality levels of timing signals on the synchronous Message timing link. Through this message, the node clocks of the SDH network and the synchronization network can aquire upper stream clock information, and the two perform operations on the corresponding clocks, such as tracing, switchover, or converting hold), and then forward the synchronization information of this node to down stream. Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH is a transmission scheme that follows ITU-T G.707, G.708, and G.709. It defines the transmission features of digital signals such as frame structure, multiplexing mode, transmission rate level, and interface code. SDH is an important part of ISDN and BISDN. It interleaves the bytes of low-speed signals to multiplex the signals to high-speed counterparts, and the line coding of scrambling is only used only for signals. SDH is suitable for the fiber communication system with high speed and a large capacity since it uses synchronous multiplexing and flexible mapping structure.
synchronous transport An STM is the information structure used to support section layer connections in the SDH. It consists of information payload and Section Overhead (SOH) information fields module organized in a block frame structure which repeats every 125 . The information is suitably conditioned for serial transmission on the selected media at a rate which is synchronized to the network. A basic STM is defined at 155 520 kbit/s. This is termed STM-1. Higher capacity STMs are formed at rates equivalent to N times this basic rate. STM capacities for N = 4, N = 16 and N = 64 are defined; higher values are under consideration.
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A Glossary
T
tail drop A type of QoS. When a queue within a network router reaches its maximum length, packet drops can occur. When a packet drop occurs, connection-based protocols such as TCP slow down their transmission rates in an attempt to let queued packets be serviced, thereby letting the queue empty. This is also known as tail drop because packets are dropped from the input end (tail) of the queue. A congestion management mechanism, in which packets arrive later are discarded when the queue is full. This policy of discarding packets may result in network-wide synchronization due to the TCP slow startup mechanism. Tag Control Information See TransmissionControl Protocol See Time Division Multiplexing See traffic engineering See Traffic Engineering DataBase
Tail drop
TCI TCP TDM TE TEDB
Telecommunication The Telecommunications Management Network is a protocol model defined by ITU-T Management Network for managing open systems in a communications network.An architecture for management, including planning, provisioning, installation, maintenance, operation and administration of telecommunications equipment, networks and services. TIM Time Division Multiplexing Trace Identifier Mismatch It is a multiplexing technology. TDM divides the sampling cycle of a channel into time slots (TSn, n=0, 1, 2, 3......), and the sampling value codes of multiple signals engross time slots in a certain order, forming multiple multiplexing digital signals to be transmitted over one channel. A technique used in best-effort delivery systems to prevent packets that loop endlessly. The TTL is set by the sender to the maximum time the packet is allowed to be in the network. Each router in the network decrements the TTL field when the packet arrives, and discards any packet if the TTL counter reaches zero. See Telecommunication Management Network A ToS sub-field (the bits 0 to 2 in the ToS field) in the ToS field of the IP packet header. See Tributary Protection Switch A task that effectively maps the service flows to the existing physical topology. TEDB is the abbreviation of the traffic engineering database. MPLS TE needs to know the features of the dynamic TE of every links by expanding the current IGP, which uses the link state algorithm, such as OSPF and IS-IS. The expanded OSPF and IS-IS contain some TE features, such as the link bandwidth and color. The maximum reserved bandwidth of the link and the unreserved bandwidth of every link with priority are rather important. Every router collects the information about TE of every links in its area and generates TE DataBase. TEDB is the base of forming the dynamic TE path in the MPLS TE network. It is a way of controlling the network traffic from a computer to optimize or guarantee the performance and minimize the delay. It actively adjusts the output speed of traffic in the scenario that the traffic matches network resources provided by the lower layer devices, avoiding packet loss and congestion.
Time To Live
TMN ToS priority TPS traffic engineering Traffic Engineering DataBase
Traffic shaping
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A Glossary
trail
A type of transport entity, mainly engaged in transferring signals from the input of the trail source to the output of the trail sink, and monitoring the integrality of the transferred signals. The protocol within TCP/IP that governs the breakup of data messages into packets to be sent via IP (Internet Protocol), and the reassembly and verification of the complete messages from packets received by IP. A connection-oriented, reliable protocol (reliable in the sense of ensuring error-free delivery), TCP corresponds to the transport layer in the ISO/OSI reference model. Tributary protection switching, a function provided by the equipment, is intended to protect N tributary processing boards through a standby tributary processing board. See Two Rate Three Color Marker See Time To Live Tributary Unit A channel on the packet switching network that transmits service traffic between PEs. In VPN, a tunnel is an information transmission channel between two entities. The tunnel ensures secure and transparent transmission of VPN information. In most cases, a tunnel is an MPLS tunnel.
TransmissionControl Protocol
Tributary Protection Switch trTCM TTL TU Tunnel
Two Rate Three Color The trTCM meters an IP packet stream and marks its packets based on two rates, Peak Marker Information Rate (PIR) and Committed Information Rate (CIR), and their associated burst sizes to be either green, yellow, or red. A packet is marked red if it exceeds the PIR. Otherwise it is marked either yellow or green depending on whether it exceeds or doesn't exceed the CIR.
A.6 U-Z
U
UAS UBR UDP underfloor cabling UNI Unicast Unspecified Bit Rate Unavailable Second See Unspecified Bit Rate See User Datagram Protocol The cables connected cabinets and other devices are routed underfloor. See User Network Interface The process of sending data from a source to a single recipient. No commitment to transmission. No feedback to congestion. This type of service is ideal for the transmission of IP datagrams. In case of congestion, UBR cells are discarded, and no feedback or request for slowing down the data rate is delivered to the sender. The subrack close to the top of the cabinet when a cabinet contains several subracks. Uninterruptible Power Supply Cables or fibres connect the cabinet with other equipment from the top of the cabinet.
Upper subrack UPS upward cabling
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A Glossary
User Datagram Protocol
A TCP/IP standard protocol that allows an application program on one device to send a datagram to an application program on another. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) uses IP to deliver datagrams. UDP provides application programs with the unreliable connectionless packet delivery service. Thus, UDP messages can be lost, duplicated, delayed, or delivered out of order.UDP is used to try to transmit the data packet, that is, the destination device does not actively confirm whether the correct data packet is received.
User Network Interface A type of ATM Forum specification that defines an interoperability standard for the interface between ATM-based products (a router or an ATM switch) located in a private network and the ATM switches located within the public carrier networks. Also used to describe similar connections in Frame Relay networks.
V
V-NNI V-UNI Variable Bit Rate See virtual network-network interface See Virtual User-Network Interface One of the traffic classes used by ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). Unlike a permanent CBR (Constant Bit Rate) channel, a VBR data stream varies in bandwidth and is better suited to non real time transfers than to real-time streams such as voice calls. See Variable Bit Rate See Virtual Channel Virtual Container -12 Virtual Container -3 Virtual Container -4 Virtual Channel Connection See Virtual Chanel Connection See virtual concatenation group See Virtual Channel Identifier Virtual Channel Connection. The VC logical trail that carries data between two end points in an ATM network. A logical grouping of multiple virtual channel connections into one virtual connection. Any logical connection in the ATM network. A VC is the basic unit of switching in the ATM network uniquely identified by a virtual path identifier (VPI)/virtual channel identifier (VCI) value. It is the channel on which ATM cells are transmitted by the sw virtual channel identifier. A 16-bit field in the header of an ATM cell. The VCI, together with the VPI, is used to identify the next destination of a cell as it passes through a series of ATM switches on its way to its destination. A group of co-located member trail termination functions that are connected to the same virtual concatenation link A point-to-point, layer-2 channel that behaves like a leased line by transparently transporting different protocols with a guaranteed throughput.
VBR VC VC-12 VC-3 VC-4 VCC VCC,VPL VCG VCI Virtual Chanel Connection Virtual Channel
Virtual Channel Identifier virtual concatenation group Virtual Leased Line
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A Glossary
Virtual Local Area Network virtual networknetwork interface
A logical grouping of two or more nodes which are not necessarily on the same physical network segment but which share the same IP network number. This is often associated with switched Ethernet. A virtual network-network interface (V-NNI) is a network-side interface.
Virtual Path Identifier The field in the ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) cell header that identifies to which VP (Virtual Path) the cell belongs. Virtual Private LAN Service Virtual Private Network Virtual Private Wire Service Virtual Routing and Forwarding A type of point-to-multipoint L2VPN service provided over the public network. VPLS enables geographically isolated user sites to communicate with each other through the MAN/WAN as if they are on the same LAN. The extension of a private network that encompasses encapsulated, encrypted, and authenticated links across shared or public networks. VPN connections can provide remote access and routed connections to private networks over the Internet. A technology that bears Layer 2 services. VPWS emulates services such as ATM, FR, Ethernet, low-speed TDM circuit, and SONET/SDH in a PSN. A technology included in IP (Internet Protocol) network routers that allows multiple instances of a routing table to exist in a router and work simultaneously.
Virtual Switch Instance An instance through which the physical access links of VPLS can be mapped to the virtual links. Each VSI provides independent VPLS service. VSI has Ethernet bridge function and can terminate PW. Virtual User-Network Interface VLAN VLL Voice over IP virtual user-network interface. A virtual user-network interface, works as an action point to perform service claissification and traffic control in HQoS. See Virtual Local Area Network See Virtual Leased Line An IP telephony term for a set of facilities used to manage the delivery of voice information over the Internet. VoIP involves sending voice information in a digital form in discrete packets rather than by using the traditional circuit-committed protocols of the public switched telephone network (PSTN). See Voice over IP See Virtual Path Identifier See Virtual Private LAN Service See Virtual Private Network See Virtual Private Wire Service See Virtual Routing and Forwarding See Virtual Switch Instance
VoIP VPI VPLS VPN VPWS VRF VSI
W
Wait to Restore Time A period of time that must elapse before a - from a fault recovered - trail/connection can be used again to transport the normal traffic signal and/or to select the normal traffic signal from. See Wide Area Network
WAN
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A Glossary
Web LCT
The local maintenance terminal of a transport network, which is located on the NE management layer of the transport network
Weighted Fair Queuing Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) is a fair queue scheduling algorithm based on bandwidth allocation weights. This scheduling algorithm allocates the total bandwidth of an interface to queues, according to their weights and schedules the queues cyclically. In this manner, packets of all priority queues can be scheduled. Weighted Random Early Detection WFQ Wide Area Network A packet loss algorithm used for congestion avoidance. It can prevent the global TCP synchronization caused by traditional tail-drop. WRED is favorable for the high-priority packet when calculating the packet loss ratio. See Weighted Fair Queuing A network composed of computers which are far away from each other which are physically connected through specific protocols. WAN covers a broad area, such as a province, a state or even a country. A tool for fiber routing, which acts as the corrugated pipe. Wire speed refers to the maximum packet forwarding capacity on a cable. The value of wire speed equals the maximum transmission rate capable on a given type of media. Wholesale Managed Services See Weighted Random Early Detection Weighted Round Robin See Wait to Restore Time
Winding pipe wire speed WMS WRED WRR WTR
X
XPD XPIC Cross-Polarization Discrimination See cross polarization interference cancellation
Issue 03 (2010-06-10)
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RTN 910 Product Description (V100R001C02 - 03)

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OptiX RTN 910 Radio Transmission System V100R001C02

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

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OptiX RTN 910 Product Description

About This Document

About This Document

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

About This Document

OptiX RTN 910 Product Description

Updates in Issue 03 (2010-06-10) Based on Product Version V100R001C02

Updates in Issue 02 (2010-01-30) Based on Product Version V100R001C02

Updates in Issue 01 (2009-09-30) Based on Product Version V100R001C02

OptiX RTN 910 Product Description

2 Functions and Features..............................................................................................................2-1

OptiX RTN 910 Product Description

5 Network Management System................................................................................................5-1

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OptiX RTN 910 Product Description

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

OptiX RTN 910 Product Description

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

OptiX RTN 910 Product Description

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OptiX RTN 910 Product Description

1.1 Network Application

E1 FE/GE IMA E1 Regional backhaul network GE E1 IMA E1 FE E1

OptiX RTN 910

OptiX RTN 910 Product Description

Figure 1-2 IDU 910

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OptiX RTN 910 Product Description

OptiX RTN 910 Product Description

Figure 1-3 Direct mounting

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OptiX RTN 910 Product Description

2 Functions and Features

Functions and Features

2 Functions and Features

OptiX RTN 910 Product Description

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OptiX RTN 910 Product Description

2 Functions and Features

2.1 Packet Microwave

Statistical Packet -mux or Processing emulation Everything over packet

2.2 Modulation Strategy

2.2.1 Fixed Modulation

2.2.2 Adaptive Modulation

2 Functions and Features

OptiX RTN 910 Product Description

256QAM 128QAM 32QAM 32QAM QPSK 64QAM

256QAM Channel capability Packet services

16QAM 16QAM 64QAM

OptiX RTN 910 Product Description

2 Functions and Features

2.3 RF Configuration Modes

2.4.1 Air Interface Capacity

2.4.2 Switching Capacity

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2 Functions and Features

OptiX RTN 910 Product Description