American Rule

By Nikki Lim Noriega in N1-Philippine History (8:00-100AM, M-F) Edit Doc Delete Course Code: HISS001 Philippine History Topic: AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF THE PHILIPPINES Sub-Topic: Teacher: Carmel T. Tresvalles-Padilla Consultation: TTh 10:30-12:00a.m.; FSA 10:30-12:00, 3:00-4:30pm Consultation Venue: Social Science Office or College Faculty Room E-mail address: carmel_padilla@yahoo.com ; padilla.carmel@gmail.com

American Policy: Democratization of the Filipino People The Philippines are ours not to exploit, but to develop, to civilize, to educate, to train in the science of self-government. US President McKinley Message to the US Congress But there were other objectives in colonizing the country: To pursue a manifest destiny for America as a world power. To use the Philippines as source for raw materials for US industries. Market for US manufactured products. Military and Naval base. Refueling port for American ships servicing their interests in China. Military Government (1898-1901) A military government was established under General Wesley Meritt as first Military Governor on August 14, 1898 whose powers flow from the President as the Commander-in-chief of the US Armed Forces during the period of active warfare. The following are the Military Governors of the Philippines: Gen. Wesley Meritt Gen. Elwell S. Otis Gen. Arthur MacArthur This government pacified the country and laid the foundations for the establishment of a civil government. It introduced the American school system with soldiers as teachers, organized civil courts including the Supreme Court with Cayetano Arellano as first chief justice, local governments were established, and the first election under American flag. The Schurman Commission (1899) This is also known as the First Philippine Commission appointed by President McKinley on January 20, 1899 headed by Dr. Jacob G. Schurrman, President of Cornell University, to make a survey of Philippine conditions for the achievement of the peaceful extension of American sovereignty to the Philippines. Due to the war it wasnt able to finish its objective and returned to the US on January 31, 1900 with the following recommendations: Establishment of a territorial government with two legislatures: upper house as half appointive and half elective and a lower house as elective. Withdrawal of Military rule in pacified areas. Conservation of natural resources for the Filipinos. Establishment of autonomous local government. Opening of free elementary schools. The appointment of highly capable men for office. The Taft Commission (1900) This is also known as the Second Philippine Commission appointed by McKinley on March 16, 1900 headed by Judge William H. Taft to initiate a civil government in war-ravaged Philippines. It issued the basic democratic principles of the American Policy called the Magna Carta of the Philippines. It reminded the commission that the government to be established in the Philippines is not designed for our satisfaction or for the expression of our theoretical views, but for the happiness, peace and prosperity of the people of the Philippines.

It is more successful than the first Commission. Its first law is the appropriation of PhP 2,000,000.00 for the construction and repair of roads and bridges and it enacted a total of 499 laws. Peace or Resistance? Filipino leaders were divided as regards resistance or peace. Dr. T.H. Pardo de Tavera, Cayetano Arellano, Felipe Buencamino, Dr. Pedro A. Paterno, and Florentino Torres established the Federal Party, the first political party in the Philippines, and worked with the Taft Commission for the establishment of peace and renewal of collaboration with the Americans. ApolinarioMabini, ArtemioRicarte, Gen. MaximoHizon, Gen. PiodelPilar, and Pablo Ocampo headed the resistance despite defeat and were exiled to Guam. Spooner Amendment Senator John C. Spooner sponsored the amendment for the establishment of a civil government in the Philippines which was still under the authority of the President of the US through his military powers. The amendment transferred the authority over the Philippines from the President to the Congress. This marked the beginning of the civil regime in the Philippines. On July 4, 1901, the Civil Government was inaugurated in Manila making William H. Taft as the Civil Governor transferring to him the powers of the Military Governor. The title Civil Governor was changed later to Governor General on February 6, 1903. The civil government exercised jurisdiction over the pacified areas while military rule continued to unpacified regions until 1902 and in the Moro land until 1914. The Commission became the legislative body. Unlike the Spaniards, the Americans opened the government to Filipinos and shared power. The local government was completely under the rule of able and elected Filipinos. Cayetano Arellano pioneered the Chief Justice position, Pardo de Tavera, Benito Legarda, Jose Luzuriaga, and Rafael Palma became members of the Commission. Gregorio Araneta became the first Filipino to hold executive office as Secretary of Finance and Justice. Further appointments were made for civil services. Taft Administration Taft dealt with the remaining revolutionaries and the economic problems of his administration. Joblessness, epidemics, drought, etc were among his many problems. The US Congress voted in 1903 a relief fund of $3,000,000.00 (P6,000,000.00) to aid the economic suffering of the Filipinos. He went to the US to work for the passing of the Philippine Bill of 1902 and the Purchase of Friar lands. He visited Pope Leo XIII about the purchasing of the Friar Lands to settle the agrarian unrest and purchased the lands on December 1903, a total of 423,000 acres for $7,237,000.00. He captured the confidence and admiration of the Filipinos especially due to his policy, The Philippines for the Filipinos. He left back to US to become the Secretary of War under President Roosevelt. The following were his successors: Luke E. Wright (1904-06) Henry C. Ide (1906) James F. Smith (1906-09) W. Cameron Forbes (1909-13) The Philippine Bill of 1902 This is the first Congressional law of the US to the Philippines also known as the Cooper Act. It was passed on July 1, 1902 with the following provisions: Extension of the Bill of Rights to the Filipinos except trial by jury. Appointment of two resident Filipino commissioners to Washington. Establishment of elective Philippine Assembly. Retention of the Philippine Commission as upper house and Philippine Assembly as lower house. The conservation of the natural resources of the Philippines for the Filipinos. The First Philippine Census A year after the inauguration of the civil government and proclamation of total peace and cessation of hostilities, the first official census of the Philippines under the Americans was declared on March 2, 1903. The Filipinos totaled to 7,635,426. Suppressed Nationalism The Filipinos, however, never stopped nationalistic ideals and circulated newspapers containing Philippine Nationalism. The Americans issued the Sedition Law to suppress and censor Filipino Media. Another is the Flag Law which banned the display of the Philippine Flag. Earlier nationalist parties emerged but the Immediate Independence Party and the Nationalist Union are among the most influential. In the 1907 elections, both parties unified to establish the PartidoNacionalista (Nationalist Party) to combat the pro-American Federal Party now then called PartidoNacionalProgresista (National Progressive Party). Both clashed in the July 30, 1907 elections for 80 seats in the First Philippine Assembly. The First Philippine Assembly

The PartidoNacionalista, bearing the slogan, immediate, absolute, and complete independence, won by landslide majority electing 59 representatives against 16 of the Progresistas and 5 Independents. The 29 year old Governor of Cebu, Sergio Osmena, became Speaker of the Assembly, and his classmate, Manuel L. Quezon as majority floor leader. The first Bill enacted by the Philippine Assembly is the Gabaldon Law (IsauroGabaldon) appropriatoing 1M pesos for the establishment of barrio schools. In 1912, the Democratic Party came to power in America. Being more sympathetic to the Philippine situation, the Philippine Commission assumed the majority of Filipino membership of five and four Americans. Francis Burton Harrison became Governor and implemented the Filipinization of the Government. Filipino self-government was further intensified by the Jones Law passed by the US Congress on August 19, 1916 through Congressman William Atkinson Jones. Quezon was president of the Senate and Osmena Speaker of the House. The Nacionalistas dominated both Houses of the Philippine Legislature.