تعليم المدافعين

eeCG dG SDe
:eCH UdG dG c
fEG M Y aGd sY
l GN
QNCG LGj jdG
eGB
l H
pffGE e
WdG ce
jU IlQS
jbdG IPN
edG e
GC
b
b
G F
S l
j
FRONT LINE
DEFENDERS
j
d
G
eBG dG FSh
G c
JtdG e
SdG dG
QeCG GE HjEG IdG
H
QdG QGG dG
IOdG e
Shd
dG
dG e
edG
ffdG G
GjdG h WG YG
dG c h QGSCG
FOdG LQG dG
G
dG eCdG
IG IQfEG
j
d
u S
IfG uj dG G G
PdG UGC :pdG

WMG G
QGdG Is
o G G
hdEG jdG ,JGdG bQGC
fEG M Y aGd eeCG G dO
YGdG FdG
MG
eeCG dG SDe
:eCH UdG dG c
fEG M Y aGd sY
l GN
QNCG LGj jdG
FRONT LINE
DEFENDERS
eeCG dG b e 2011 Y a fo
fEG M Y aGdG jd dhdG SDdG
Front Line
Grattan House, 2nd Floor
Temple Road
Blackrock
Co Dublin
Ireland
Phone: +353 1 212 3750
Fax: +353 1 212 1001
eeCG dG SDd Xe 2011
dG M
`fL GO :dG J
dGE dMEG jT Jje e AmL f hGC e SbH jo .fEG M Y aGdG d Gg dG c QGUGE sJ
.duDdG h QdG
www.frontlinedefenders.org
eeCG d fhdEG bdG Y lMe QGUEG Gg e fdG fhdEG dG

.jjGC H HdG dG dGE aVEH ,ShdG h ,fSEG h ,fdG h ,jfEG dH ae QGUEG
:dGE HdG Ljo ,dG c e f d

workbook(at)frontlinedfenders.org
.YGC dGE QodG GdG Y SGe hGC

.dG h dG f dGE aVEH hQj 20 dG
ISBN: 978-0-9558170-7-6
:dhDdG Y H
hdG L eAe hGC ,GSG IASGE AGRGE Gg dG c oJ sJ dG edG da eeCG dG SDe J
.eGSG H j QV GC Y dhDe d h ,dG
aGdG e mfo b e oLGe sJ h .eeCG dG SDe id jQdG hDT ue ,pjQ GB b e Gg dG c OGYGE sJ
,LQL e ,Jf fGB h ,fhfGE e ,SGfc e h dfG dGd dhdG cdG e ,M Yo :fEG M Y
.(eGC
m SC SG M
o ) ShCG dG e fEG M Y aGe h
:aY
a e jQjGE jfGE Vh dG ,fEG M Y aGd jdG dO a OQh dG gdG dGE Gg dG c j
Qe h jQjGE jfGE e wc Vh dG ,fEG M Y aGd jdG sodG jdG dO h ,HhQhCG dG ,dhdG dG
eeCG d MsU PGE ,dhdG jdG d e fGE .Protection InternationaldhdG jdG e e ,GQc
m e GSH
.fEG M Y aGd jdG sodG jdG dO e
gd dc h ,eCG hDdG a dG jNBG AGdG e OY esb dG gd dG feG Y
o pod fGE h
AdG JGSG Y fWGC h ,LGj dG WdG e GH e ,IY hX a j e fEG M Y aGdG
.j dG
edG
o Kn
ii
1
9
26
42
48
61
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eue :hCG dG
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WdG J :fdG dG
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GjdG J :ddG dG
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JdG h adG :HGdG dG
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .eCG dG Vh :edG dG
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J a dG dG oa :SOdG dG
67
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QOdG
68
68
69
70
72
74
76
78
79
81
85
87
89
91
92
95
98
100
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :MdG
. . . . . SWOT GjdG h UdG h dG h IdG ee J IGOGC :e
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J a dG dG H J SGC :e
. . . . . . . .seuCoG dG e GjdG h WdH udG FdG
o H
. . . . . . fEG M Y aGdG gOM c edG GQdG :tJ F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG eGC :tJ F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . `dG eGC :tJ F
. . . . . . . . . . . LdG hGC OdG hGC cudG e ,pdG ojM :tJ F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GgdG :tJ F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NG /YG /bdG :tJ F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG AGYG dP a H ,AGYG :tJ F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jdG WdG dGE dG :tJ F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jQGOEG GAGLEG :tJ F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fEG M Y aGdH dG :tJ F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JdG h SdG ILGC eGC :tJ F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dSGC h bGdG LdJ
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eCG dG pehe Y tdG
. . . . . . . . . . . . fEG M Y aGd dG GP dH lFb
QNCG LGj jdG fEG M Y aGd sY

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
J
:dG ddG j h ,fGE lY g GE fEG M Y aGc Y sGE .sL
l j LGJ'
.HT e h ,eGdG h ,IG jM LGC e f fGE
bG h ,jOG Jb J Y MCG H Gg fLGC d h .fCH dG h dG fT d
fGE .jNBG f LGC e ImH dG Ise GP
IG f fC h ,kb h Oe jd sC GH f
dG GMH df fC h ,dTGC L
eG e h ,JSDe e h dhdG e f
fd ,GdG fC GH f fGE .cG h
.kde kj
Y aGG jH G Gg dG c sGE
dG gCG M etCd lUa fEG M
h YG h OGaCG u fGE .oY H j
dG h ,fGC Y dG e CG h G
.cfG fGOGE h bH
e faL Qj QcdG
f H FG eCG SQG JG sGE
eSG e GPGE .e ej jdG ADg h JFY eS h eS j edG dYCH
jZ fc GE h dG ,JG h dG eCG N Vd ddG Gg nj dG eG
sGE .jQ hO ffEG LGC e h ,fEG M LGC e G e j dG e S fEa ;gCG
d h GLGJ .QGUEG h VGdG h YdH sJ h ,G e fQ e jjGC H G
.'keobo fCH Gad dP c GE h M ,AGQdG GE IMGh IN
e faL Qj QcdG
.JGH ,CALAS YLG h dG jdG a ffdG tdG ce Y je
.2009 d ,QNCG LGj jdG fEG M Y aGd eeCG G SDe IFL Y FG
Y aGG e mUH h ,jM h fEG M Y aGG eH eeCG G SDe J

.guJ dG eGdG N e ,fEG M
M h e
C d ec mjf Y J IjL JGSG GE fEG M Y aGG j
M Y aGG jM Ho Vho dG ,Gg dG c sGE h .dGdG h ,jG h ,eGdG h ,fEG
.dGE L
s e g GE ,fEG
fEG M Y aGG pSQ Y CJ dG UG VhCG GE fG LJ GE j h
b dG GjdG h eCG OGG h ,bsG Z WG h ,dG e ed gOGYGE GE h , onY
.eCG H QdG h JdG e edG GE h ,VhCG g hM e GE kjGC j fGE h .fLGj
Y aGG IM HjGE H KsGC b fGC f fEa ,JGSG H fGC fG PGE h
m HSG J JGSG J sCH YsdG ApG Qhe j GE h ,fEG M
L GE
o
s
h ,dG hDdG e e ,fEG M Y aGG h aGG Y e CJ dG G
...GG Ya H j b dG WG h ,edG WdG HdG
M Y aGG eS LGC e pSsG eeCG G SDe GQGUGE iMGE ,KdG H Mf fGE
ii
eeCG dG SDe
.'aY h fEG
hQcH fJc L
TdG eJ c dG dG eCG
.WGdG fdG jQH , bG
aGd eeCG G SDe IFL Y IFG
d ,QNCG LGj jdG fEG M Y
.2007
hQcH fJc L
g dCJ h .2009 Y e dG jJ e dG jQL cG G YG J'

neo ee J LGC e SCJ h ;fEG M eY ShQ e IY e YG
e iMGE sEa ,dP GE aVEH .dG jQL fEG M cfG M bGe GP h
jb dH sG dG H J dG dsdG Z dG SGC a g YG
.dG NG h jdG
m GAGLEH NCG hO d c e Y sGE
Y GAGLEG g e ee OLh sGE .jL eGC
fK Y J I ,ShQ e IsG hdG GP G g dH dG e e b edG
.k GT Y
Y J dG eCG GAG LEG J
AGG gQs W dG Q aCG cG G
fQphS
o e Gg sGE .eeCG G id edG
jG h eCH G g dG H ddG
keo eGC kN sGE .fEG M Y aGd
.'QNCG LGj bM Tf C SSGC leGC
cG G YG
ShQ
aGd eeCG G SDe IFL Y IFG
d ,QNCG LGj jdG fEG M Y
.2011
cdG dG YdG

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
iii
AGgGE
fEG M Y aGdG L dGE lSseo Gg dG
o c
dG SDe e Y e ,QNCG LGj jdG
fEG M Y aGdG e hdG cnQnT d .eeCG
h ,pahe h ,gLGh dG WdH dG pJGN
h ,dG da h eCG e H adG e
UGe e Gd gXsh dG bdG JGSG
oae KGC d .jdG e sM dG J dG Y
.dEG Y kYH fc h ,JM h Y gojGE
ee :hCG dG
gRJ e fEG M Y aGdG k GM H j k GeGC c eCG dG GC
o MGC c'
Rj h ibGC AndG oj dG Gg Y dH dG sGC BG QOGC fGE .WdG GLGd YdG
.jaGC e fEG M Y aGe .'H j dG dG da
h .LGj dG WdG e
m fL dGE Vj h ,fEG M Y aGd kjJ dG Gg uj
m UJ uj h ,eGC mN Vh GN Y IkLe kd dc uj
h jdG h eCG gd
h H dG j lb ljJ K ,dG jf a h .Gg dG c a kGc OOS dG edG
.eCG bGh Y oJ
MJ
jdG fEG M Y aGd Y
k gGC
l GN :eCH UdG dG c nepe H
.QNCG LGj
hGC MGC LGC e ndG Y HdH dG dH j jdG UTCG g fEG M Y aGdG
LGC e edG Gg j h .fEG d ddG YEG a Y UdG dG L
a dG LGC e edG h ,adG h ,dG h ,jObG h ,YLG h ,SdG h ,fdG dG
de h YndG e dG UTCG M h ,AdG M LGC e edG e e ,IGhdG
.dG
h ;ffdG IYdG jd ke ojJ lYe :fEG M Y aGdG Y eCG H e
h ;cfG g e LdG dGE dG uJ h ,(ZG dP a H) jdG OGM KuJ lYe
e h ;ItdH sodG h Adc ,dG U fJ dG hGC sdG YdG M LGC e edG
dG YL AYR h ;AdG AGjGE QhO a edG h ;OdG ae a TdG kjGC eCG
dG LGC e edG h ;dG jJ Y
t dG h ;Je M Y aGj e UCG
H a fGC fEG M Y aGdG c b h .dG L
t dG h dG jdG Y dG a
L
h
R
L
h
R
d
P
e
C
G
e
h
,
d
G
d
G
d
G
GhGCH K ,cfd jV dG
l
n
o
ANG FGL Je jJ LGC e d jdG FY OGaGC H J ,dG ANd kV
jOe j h ,MCG H a bM e a fEG M Y aGdG j .dGdG dGE
.iNGC mMGC a
dG dG H WdG dGE Vse dndG e e c a aGdG sGE
dP a H - jdG h ,AGYG WdG g J b h .H ej
a kWV Io
o dG j b h .ZG M h ,dG h ,dG jdG
cd AY hGC ,GQSG ILGC a UY hGC ,WdG RL hGC dG
dG hGC ,sdG VQdG Yd ndGe hGC ,dG IOe
jdG YdG hGC ,jOe UTGC b e jQLCdG ndG hGC ,dG
M Y aGdG FY e k GOGaGC M h ,dG a k GOGaGC hGC ,adG
.fEG
MdG QOdG xd ke jnLGC d

- edG Z dG ShGC a d
FSh h ,ffdG IYdG Ye
fGE ...dG YdG h ,dG YEG
eY fSG j H BG f
.'kjQhV dP j
.HhQhGC T e ,fEG M Y aGe
dG h jdG e d nFGW nK sEa ;WdG J oM h ,gJe c kjsGC h ,WdG fc kjsGC

.AGYG GC KCJ e
eGC mN Vh GN
e ,k GH N e cGC e fEG M Y aGdG e dG QJ dGE Gg dG
o c SG d
aGdG ADg Sh a c d .jdG h eCG M eeCG dG sf dG dG TQh GhM
h ,se mf Y Vh H Geb fsGE .eCH gd GN GhJG fC Y GUGj GC
l GN :eCH UdG dG c
jdG dO dGE j Gg dG c sGE .UdG ahX FJ

dSGC h JGSG GhQW
m be dGE h n , fEG M Y aGs d
,eCG hDdG a dG AGdG e OY e jLGCo
kahX LGj e ,GdG a fEG M Y aGdG e gGS h a cQdG ge dGE h
.j dG AdG JGSG Y fWGC h ,LGj dG WdG e ADg H b h ,IY
1
fEG M Y aGd) d h d - eGC N Vh GN N Gg dG c cOj

m JGSG OGYGE Y dG h ,eCG Vh d ke kHQe j h .(e id j e
u
.dGE VtdG h WdG ie e d
n dSGC h
:GdG g sJ
J a dG dG J
WdG J
GjdG J
eCG dG Vh
oLGe h dG oJ
j e kdZ dG AY sGC IjY GH a fEG M Y aGdG e Y N e f fGE
GC hj eY ,kfL eCH gG GN
s Jo GC j b h .IOhe OQGe e Gg m aGj h ,kL
e j jdG UTCG e a Ghj GC Y sGC hj aGdG sC hGC ,
c oZ bdG
LGC e dG h bdG H GN jdG aGdG sGC Z .dG eH gG e kH LGC
MG e j GC dP CT e sC ,AdG j c eCG sGC fhNGC eGC IQGOGE Y JQb jJ
m
a kda cCG Gfj GC Y UTCG Yj h JdG e t
o j C h ,Mf e eGC KOM dGE VtJ
.fK Mf e ,Y
M Y aGdG MGC oSG e GPGE
L jH f fEa ,fEG
OdG a jNBG bdG TdG
GC j gY h .YO nT Gpd
T GC hGC dhO FGH j T
dG b Y dH Pf GP
L Gg CT e sGE .dG LGj dG
j g h ,M HGC dGE Y b
.'dG dEG VtJ e ddH
HhQhGC e ,fEG M Y aGe
.bdG
Gg Otnen h .adG h JdG hj

k a Gg dG c p H bo d
IY AGsL e ,jdG JdG e fj fGC fhj aGdG sGC dGE
.eOdG QdG h ,GjdG h ,bdG h ,dG AY H e ,eGY
dGE ODj GC h ,f eCJ Y JQb e JdG dGE oVtdG j GC j
aGC H edG Y dG Gg cYj GC eCf fGE .bW OSG
.fLGJ dG JdG e
j GC H OGjo fsGC Y ,bdG H sj dG Gg Y WG sGE
dG Y cYd h ,eCG jdH Yh Rd pVho d .kjf
k Y
.GjdG e dG c a
fEG M Y aGdG eSG H dSGC Y keGC Gg dG c a dGE VGC d

- VH ITe U GP IQhdH J d GE h - eCG g J GC eCf fGE .keGC cGC Gfd
dG dG UGe cQhe a j H ,LGJ dG WdG e dG c a dG Y
.keGC h keS pdG dG cCH hODJ dG
GC Qj PGE AdG GC pdG e sGE ?WdG e edG Y IQdG fsGC GC ?dG Z Oose eCG g
MG sJ b u dG h OGaCG sEa ,ndG M LGC e j ,fEG M Y kaGe j
oH kjGC S h ,NGB dGE S h H dGE H e jJ g GE .e We dGE VtdG
u dGE fH ,LGC e j dG YdG J h fGC J keG`dG aGdG Y GE .bdG
bdG dG QGSG H J fGE h ,JGdG dH m gG ne d dCdG sGE .eCG
aGe .'IQhV fsGE ,kaJ d fsGE .b P e cGC jdH gH j fsGE .ndG Y HdH
.HhQhGC e ,fEG M Y
h ,2005 Y a eeCG dG SDe b e fo .HhQhCG dG ,dhdG dG a /jQjGE jfGE ,'fEG M Y aGd jdG dO' 1
fhdEG be Y e
2
eeCG dG SDe
:e
l Me
L VhGC Y
o oJ sb ndG sGE .fGC euDJ cY c cj GC c GC Sh a d
m HSG VJ jdG VhCG sGC c .dndG M jOdG aGdG
hdG GC e ,e
m JGSG J b JGP
c sGC e ZdG Y h .e kUTGC dGE Vsj eY IOe
jJ j a dG Y cud h Vd LQOGCo fsGC GE ,tJ FGd h eGC j Gg dG
.M uCH aGh kJ kN d h ,eGC
dGE Fe kHSG fc GPGE GE dsa J d g sGC Z .GAGLGE VH kFL eCG IQGOEG J
GC a dG ee h GjdG e fLGJ e jH dG g k GPGE dG sGE .LGJ dG WdG
.J a dG VhCH FGdG YdH dG Gg oJGE K ,FdG pdG Y bh
a GhNCJ GC dGE dH dG e sEa ,e k GQNGC LGj dG UTCG c sd h
Y aGdG LGJ ,dG e a .WdG dGE kVJ cGC J b dG FdG cQYG
,aVGE nWe ;dG de h YndG e dG UTCG M Y aGdG h ,fEG M
dG FdG eH Gg dG c a b d .fGC Y huj H dG jdG h jg H
.em bGC a e edG e kH ,L
t dG h jdH
,dsdG JGdG GSH dG UGdc) sL nae aGdG dGE J LddG sGC e ZdG Y
dG SGH bdG dG AfGE h ,fhdEG jdG N e YH edG f h
H OGjo h .d VQdG NJ h bGdG We kjGC e J fEa ;(NGB dGE ,YLG
dG ,hU a eCG dGE jdG d ofo d h - bsdG eCG M kJ
k dO j GC Gg dG
:eeCG dG SDe h duc LdJ cJ H hdH sYpGCo
https://security.ngoinabox.org/ar
hU a eCG
h SdG ILGC eCH dG ,Y HGdG dG e xc a SSCG FdG nH hS fsGC Y
.dSGC h bGdG LdH dG ,Y edG dG h ,JdG
.eCG h UdH J SC ,ahe UTGC dGE oJo dG c a edG eCG sGE
Y aGe e cGC hX H dG dGE dG H a dG VGh Y h ,ASCG J sJ d
.fEG M

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
:jJ
jd Jo GC j dG GAGLEG h fEG M Y aGdG Y Gg dG c gG j
Gj GC kjGC fEG M Y aGdG Y sj .j H dG dG eGC h dG eGC
S h ,(gGS h ,OdG h ,cudc) LGC e hGC e j jdG UTCG eGC h eH
.dc d kaf a dGE QodG eCG GAGLEG e jdG
:e dG c ej
.IsdG aCG e GS h dG Y JdG iPCG e hGC WdG e eo AodG j GC :eCG
k
h
.eCG jd YdG e gGS h fEG M Y aGdG gj dG GAGLEG g h :jdG
:e dTm H WdG dGE dG Gg j
h ,OGdc) IsdG Z aCG Y JdG iPCG e hGC WdG e AodG ajo GC :edG
.(VdG h ,dG gGdG
H IQdG odY eGC LGJ dG GjdG GC a d bdG H J odG e fsGC Z
.fL e J ,WdG e d GAGLGE e j e h ,JM SGC hGC JSQe hGC ,H
,cdG OGc ,KhM j dG WdG CT e dG dGE
k e ncGC fj SdG sGC GM)
.(Gdc ,kKhM bCG CT e dG dGE h
eCG Vh a dG
GC a ZJ HQ .LGJ dG eCG VdG a cJ M b edG g J GC eCf
J h ,eGC cGC fCH hJ J dG eGdG Y FdG cQaGC ddG dG Y GLQJo
T hGC SQ N e dH Gej GC dG j HQ) .keGC tbGC fCH OYG Y J dG
.(eGdG g j fH
M e Vd m Y H bo GC H
GjdG MGC sGC cQOGC ,edG h eCG
a j dG ,e be g idG
GQfG a J Qme jW
.'fG fQb GC c h .jdG
.SGB e ,fEG M Y aGe
d .fH a Ilc cdG OGM sGE'
GC XdG Y sGC gGOsDe IkYb Vh
,dG j eY GQdG GhOj
.'jQGVG hdG ASH
.jaGC e ,fEG M Y aGe
eC mN Vh OH fJ eY edG g Jo GC j
.dG
GQOGE Y Lj M ,dG c a OJ dG jQdG L :Me
g Y oa j FU Y lYe ,UTGC Y UJ
.e eGB e a H GJ GC uJ b PGE ,YdG
?eCe a fCH TGC J eGdG GC
jJ
?eCe
o d fCH TGC eGdG GC
jJ
WdG J :fdG dG
ed bdG OjGE dhDe JY Y sGC Z ,WdG f GC aGc fQhe a d
.jeCG e ,fEG M Y aGe .'e
- WG ndOe uj h .fEG M Y aGG LGj dG WG H GE dG Gg j
K h .gKCJ e j`J hGC WG J dG G fuG j JY IlGOGC g h
JGdG J GE e u kj h ,dP H .YW ,WG dOe Y J mdM oSGQO
WG pa
l T sJ e GE aVEH g h .LGJ dG Wd
gGC J Y JY ,KCdG ie h hG dMG ge J dG ,
.LGh dG WG
:ee
hP dd kjJ ouj b fEG M Y aGe UH H eJ e
,da cGC Y c c h .Ic Wd nVuj GC dG e h ,PdG
a IjY mGH a aGdG LGj .dG dGE nofGC pjJ MG OGORG
.Y H WdG ddG
PJG h ,eEG QH WdG LQO J Y IoQdG g g dG sGE
.e dH dG GAGLEG
Gg a sGE .J a dG UdG dG Y j WdG J sGE
H b b h .dqa eGC GAGLGE PJG e d e
l T dG
dG oa :SOdG dG) dG c jf a VdG Gg hjm a
jGH a IkOY Vj b Gc
k a GC e ZdG Y h .(J a dG
dGE k Gf - GnUhGC fEG M Y aGdG sEa ,eCH dG GQGUEG
H AdG aCG e sCH - dH d leGC jQdG H AdG sGC
.kMGGE cGCG QeG
adG MGC oFdG nYGC'

.kFN fEG H dG
jNBG adG L Y h
,Y aGJ dG dG Hc dGE
.'jM a Gg YS b h
e ,fEG M Y aGe
.ShCG dG
AGdG MGC e Ye Y
o c'
o J eY ,JQS ue a
e GkOY sCH j kJg kJG
GhUM b sdG dG
dGE e dG M b h .e
ADg iGCQ eY h ,dG
,H c dG dG
.'QdG Y GLGJ
.SGB e ,fEG M Y aGe
fCH
u ho'
l GjJ GkQGe sdEG L
Y bJGC d e Y NCS
AfEH
o b h .bdG Wf
oj d H ,UdG Yhe
.'cjo lKCJ GjdG g d
T e ,fEG M Y aGe
.HhQhGC
WdG
h GjdG fGC Y h ,cH a VdG Y k GOYG WdG jJ
jg Y h ,HdG e I
o dG aGE LQO h ,Je NG h ,GAGYG
e jdG a .dc fe h H j dG dG f h Wf ie h OdG
UTCG M Y aGdG h ,fEG M Y aGdG J ,GdG
j jdG aGdG j h ;gGS e Wd kVtJ ncGC dG de h YndG e dG
GC j jdG AdG hGC SDdH Kh JG hO h OQGdG e bGC Qb e jdG WdG a
Y aGdG LGj dG WdG e jdG sGC Z .ZCG Y Wd kVtJ ncGC jdG Gej
:e e ,He W GP fEG M
,'HdG id AY' ,'jd hOe' ,'dhd hOe' fsCH fEG M Y aGdG Uh
.J FdG h ,'hSa' ,'Hue' ,'ApdG a eY' ,'sdG VQdG YL a AYGC'
.jNBH YLG h JHc a h ,JJ h gS a NdG
.('oS HG sEa ,JWf bJ d GPGE' :
k e) RG`HG
hCG ,J de mee jJ VJ dG dc - jQGOEG GAGLEH aGdG GSG
cGC k GeGC J IOYGE hGC dG J L hGC ,NsdG SdG eH IRM JKGE
.HU
.(
k e Hdc Gse hGC OGaGC b e) dG h dG AGYG
.dG J a Ua hGC FXh Gc - aGdG e SGC j dG AGYG
.edG hGC jdH ,dG hGC ,dG hGC ,cdc - dG Y AGYG
l GN :eCH UdG dG c
m eJG Y kFb j b dG - dG /YG /bdG

jb GE k Ge hGC ,se hGC FGR
.dH J FL hGC fe
.jdG /eG IASGE
.NG
.dG
Yb hGC ,PdG GP YG hGC ,cdG hGC ,d GAGYG Je j GC G e
.G e
,dCG g dG Ad h .WG e d W K fsGC Z ,Y`fG Y kYH FdG g hJ b
.WG dOe g ,Gg dG c SSGC IGOGC Y oS fEa
WG dOe
d VdG ie x
GQdG
GjdG
= WG
:g MUG g jJ sGE
.QV Y S Fbh hM dMG Risk: WG
p
.(QdG hGC L
s DG) QdG hGC ,dG hGC ,iPCG jE V hGC leo lsf Threat: jdG
fEG M Y aGd dG (pdG h feEG a ) QOe GC Capacity: GQdG
.eGC jJ IYd eGSG
GE VtdG hGC ,iPCG GE VdG dMG e j`J dG eGdG Vulnerability: d VdG ie
.Ye i
k PGC
bGh GE f fYO d ,AdG H k Gse Gg hj b
LGj fEG M Y aGe dGE VsJ M
.dOG d G fuG jd ,QNCG
Hb keM ,jdG e LQ f
Y WGCo dG ed G RdG
dè
10
eeCG dG SDe
,fEG M Y aGe Y e LQ j keg uj :QGhOCG d

eCG dG J VJ Ve a
jJ
,GN LGj dG GjdG h WdG g e OJ dG JMe GV ,dG IAGH eJ H
.dG dGE VJ ie h ,GQb e j e h
sGC jeCG a dG de h YndG e dG UTCG M Y aGe g h ,GN nY
MGC a .kjGC GdH d h ,e H J dG d AGdG e dG j dG dG
H GN sJ h .Y Kj fGC GH h ,dGE Gj L
o Q HGC h ,IdG a j c ,jCG
.dG dG dGE dP
e h .e WdG h hDbUGC LGj jGC H Ojo ,Id gP 'ljN' QtJ a c h
.FbUGC MGC MU c ,jb mcO dGE kjS
ZGE dGE sdG Y K .QdG e iNCG MdG Y sj SdG e GkM sdG h GN iGCQ
(jQH) INe e ,sdG Jg GN e c h .NdG Y fdG JdG SGC h ,dG
m c mUH h ,fe
dG a H j T g h) aQe MCH JG .ddG AGLE
sdG Jg GOGYGE sZ b c h - (dG Gg e Fbd sSG b c ,eCG HdG GP FQdG
.jdG JG Fb Y kLQe dG Gg bQ j H
,aGdG IYd Y OYG j dG) dG WdH JH QdG Y jdG dP b
.(IUdH J HS YGC dGE dH
.dG H tj o
n dG c H ,GN KZGC h ,WdG Ib Uh

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
11
................................................................................................................................................ WdG
..............................................................................................................................................GjdG
........................................................................................................................... d VdG ie
................................................................................................................................................ GQdG
:bd J H h dGE osUJ e H GHpb
:WdG
(dG AGYG dP a H) jdG /AGYG
dG
(dGE FdG cstdG h sdG LGj We kjGC g)
- e je KK Y GjdG a dG dG e :GjdG
M GC g h) 'keGC kKOM' Gg sjo GC j .Y Kj h GN dGE Gj fc GdG LdG (1
!d
o hj `dG dH c eCG hj b h - (a j hGC GjJ dGE j b fGC hJ
.keJ kVGh dCdG J d ,MdG g M
.QdG e iNCG MdG a hj GhGCH jdG UTCG M (2
.cdG LH
n dG Gg b (3
:d VdG ie
.OodG dG
de h YndG e dG UTCG M Y kaGe QYH ed kahe T c
.dG
.YdG J a k GMh fc
.(cGQ Z GC)
k LpGQ fc
:GQdG
jdG JG Fb dc h ;ddG AGLE adG UdG h ,fdG INdG hP ,sdG JdG
.FQdG dG a GSd
.WdG h ,FQdG dG a H j dG dG h ,sdc :AdG h AbUCG
.Id gP 'kjN' Vc - dG dG
.TCL WHQ h FhH AdG MG - dG GQYG
ie a KDj Gg sEa ,gUY MGC sJ e GPGE fsC ,dOe IQU a sjo WdG J sGE
.WdG
e bGC k GN j Gg sEa ,FGY mf Y e HbG GN dGE GQTGC jdG nLdG sGC d :GjdG
.bGC S (dG hGC AGYG We) WdG fc h ,Omem L tJ
GC) AeR KH kHe c fGC hGC ,GN d kjOe j d dG sGC d :d VdG ie
sEa ,(
k LGQ d GC) jQf LGQO Oj c fGC hGC ,(k GOe d
e QhH tj dG eCG ,bGC d c dG dGE VJ ie
.WdG
k GUQ j j d hGC ,dG a sdG Jg GN J d :GQdG
GjdG e edG Y JQb sEa ,ddG AGLGE e uj
j d d h .WdG e uoS e g h ,H bGC hS fc
kVtJ cGC S fsEa ,KdG AdG hGC AbUCG ADg jd
UGCo b c Ha ,N sYGC b j d GE h .VGh g c d
LGC e hgj GZH e OGaGC
ddG g a dG c h ,k GH dG hM h YtdG e dH
dH UdG VQCG M jM
Jg bhGC b c Ha ,FhH j d d h .Y S
hH a UCG
.c a J h sdG
12
eeCG dG SDe
,WdG dOe Y h g ddG SGQO Y J

:fEG M Y aGe b e
k a ,edG id k GL kahe c fsGC oM dGC' :J

,k GjJ dG dG b e mc h Qmf e fc Y
'?dG f iMGE J GC e kH
H c YLG bdG sEa ,dG Gg a :HSG
g e h ,be Z IjL IkQTGE hGC kfYGE j d fsGE .dG
dGE VdG ie e j`J dG dG f e jo fsEa
S Y ,dG a IRQdG dG iMGE sGC d .dG
e SGC b YGPGE ef H a d b b f c , dG
UTCG M Y aGdG OW s j fsGC KO dG
sEa ,jdG QN dGE dG de h YndG e dG
dP Jaf Y lM dGCo GPGE h .k GjJ o S c G g
e j d GPGE) keGC kKOM oS c Gg sEa ,dG
ldSQ MU e GPGE) k GjJ hGC ,(GPd h dG H b dG
h YndG e dG UT
C d kjOe kHN J
.(dG de
ke J d Wda - e a j d Gg sGE :J
kjS dG dGE hGC ,dG dGE GN j d GPd' h .JH
'?sdG dGE WdG aH j dGC ?ILGC IQS a
m bS dG bGe d sGE ,f :HSG
h ,je
GN id c d .OHCG e V f h GQ b
dP a bd d kah QnGb JG d ,iNGC
l GQN
sjo kLPf J GC J ddG SGQ H OG jo . dG
g a aGC fGC e ZdG Y) LdG JGSd
.WdG dOe fe Vd gOGjGE sJ d .(ddG
aGC ,VjdG OdG g c ,dOe g sGC H :J
(2) GN g c GPGE ?Ff lHLGE g J GC j
oY h ,d VdG ie j`J V f (5) N h
2) (1) g dG sGC Gg j GC ,GQb (10)
10 = 5
fe WdG J dG GH h ,(1 = 10 Y ee
?jd
dGE h jdG adG dGE WdG dOe J :HSG
Gg Y bQGC e dGE doG`NG j b .JGdG dG
Y JYd IGOGC J GC dOdH OGjo .k GN k GeGC dG
mHLGE J GC d h ,LGJ dG WdG UY jJ
.ffGE dCe Y VjQ
:j e a g SSCG idG sGE
Y dc h ,jdG ie Y k GOYG J WdG sGC(1
.V f e ff e h ,GQb e jd e ie
YdG dGE dH e J b W dG sGC(2
f h JGQb jJ dGE dH ,f bdG a dG
.V
dG dG a M WdG e dG Y hQOb fsGC (`L
hGC JGQb jJ N e ,jdG ie J Y f a
.UN dG f dJ
WdG e dG
fEG M Y aGdG j ,GdG H a
PGE ,eQdG SdG em c WdH JG Y
dG Gj dG H AGQh W dG sGC h j
WdG e aGdG j ,iNGC GH a .fnsj
dOGC jd le
l J g h .Kh mf Y
e dG CH fEG M Y aG e H
:WdG
h .aGgGC MGC WdH bY jJ e L d'
GMh SCd L dGE kL WdG e Y
M .OdG Y td IOdG nNQ QJ e
dG OGaGC h WdG UY Y dH Gg
M Y aGe .'S RJ GH h ,AGdG Y
.SGB e ,fEG
dGE J GC H jdG dGE TdG MCG VsJ'
,fEG H dG UdG IdG eCG Qe
M Y aGe .'dGE j dG W dG es b h
.SGB e ,fEG
fGE j h gMGC fGj a ,WdG dGE KJ GPGE'
VdG Gg e ef H dG jdG sGE .he
JG Y WdG e eJ j GC g
Y aGe .'idG aQ dhDdG e SdG
.jaGC e ,fEG M
f fGC Z ,WdG dGE
n dG k Gc f fGE'
bo a ,Gd h .SSGC leGC dG H ebGE sGC
jH edG Z dG e T V
dG ,WdG VsH mae Y c MGh mT
.'Je L b e JG f QhH UGC
.jeCG e ,fEG M Y aGe
JQG WdG sGC Je AYGC H j'
e U GC f GC Y sGC h ,FdG e dG
c GPGE fsGC dGE gP JOb sGC Z .g U Y
ebGE LGC e dG e sJ b jfe f
e f GC Sh a sEa ,f
s S e dG
M Y aGe .'fOH e LGC e WdG
.HhQhGC e ,fEG
Z ,fhOj jdG dhGC YJ WdG GC f fGE'
h ,eY AHGC h ,d lGNGE WdG V H sGC
j eY fjH ej h .eGb SQe aQ
Y aGe .'YG M hGC IQZ sJo GC QdG e
.jaGC e ,fEG M

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
13
a esGE - g ddG SGQO Y

l J MCG H a fEG M Y aGdG id j
:GN fG dG dSCH j a hGC ,WdG dOH j
?af IkGOGC WdG dOe Jo npd
ddG a bGE GC a eGSG a ,fGdG IOe h d lHb IlGOGC fC

.Vh GC a J j h fpe IlGOGC fC
g a h - dG a kjQhV k GeGC JRM S dG GQdH Dd eGSG dG e sC
.dG a J b c WdG h GjdG jH odG Y Lj ddG
e H ,WdG e dG LGC a .e UY Y cdG e uJ WdG dOe sC
:ddG KdG FbdG e ImMGh hM
.(ddG dG a Gg a S h) GjdG e dG
.WdG dGE VdG ie a OjORG Y j dG dG f e dG
.JOjR h GQdG jJ
,adCe Z ge OdG J M adG hGC d Fe J b fsGC Z
c M jH Md ddG dG Y WG j .dG S Y seCoG dc
.seCoG dG e GjdG h WdG jb H
14
eeCG dG SDe
GQdG h dG f h Wd J
H dG dG f a Ghua h ,fLGJ dG WdG GQOE hdG GSH BG Geb
.be jd Y dG j dG GQdH K ,dH fJ dG GQdH K ,e
Y dG sj dG GQdG
dH MdG GQdG
dG f
WdG
:Me
jJ
2.1 dG
m J oN jdG Gg Y J GC Vj
kdJ AS e SGH dG g jH S .Fe
o
n
t
a h jJ e
jaGC e fEG M Y aGe g h ,Ke e lb le Gg :e
dH MdG GQdG
dG f
WdG
SGM c AbG H kesDe dG c

,QGfGE f h ,S - L
bGd Gec h
k GMh odG
NG
GSG feGE
sdG eJG
YG
Y dG sj dG GQdG
Hm hL AHGE ,VdG bd UTCG GdG Uj

AS GPGE h .AedG MGC e JcJ Y J dG GMCG h
HG Aj GC j fEa ,VdG
JQG
E d Y
.e dG h eb
Je AedG MGC e JG
eS cCd kej
QGd iNGC ceGC K

dG M a a
fdH IdG adG
edG Jg bQ M g h WG Y *edG
RL e NGCo M a eGS e j e PJ e
GAGLGE
sdG JdG
`dG hGC dG a d
fCT e OGe GC
hGC dG dGE jJ
eJG
L a e jhOCG M
bhCG
FGhdG dG OLh U Vh e fYGC

se
Y aGe N dGE edG dG a S .ffdG GAGLEG sJo ,GdG H a :Me*)

.(dG g e H a YG N LGj fEG M
sGE .fLGJ N uH dG GQdG h dG f a dH kFe GeJ GC dG e sGC hnS
d h ;ffb Z f Y Nd oVJ e GPGE e leGC fdH ae e jd H fG
.dG e a oYG GPGE kT Y dG fGL j
h ,Fb LGd FbO H Gha ,IOe We H lce GQdG h dG f e jdG sGE
.ke cdG dG f dGE OJ dG QNCG H Geb
.gOLh cQOGC dG hGC e fJ dG dG f e dP iS a GhJ GC kjGC dG e fsGC Z)
LH V f e dG sEa Gd h ,fLGJ dG WdG ec ke GaJ GC Sh a d
.(GjdG e f GC e j HU cGC kSSGC S Y

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
17
a fEG M Y aGdG jQH J ,ee h fEG M Y aGe ,jGHGE GQfGC

ffdG hDdG a NGRc
18
eeCG dG SDe
ke GQdG h dG f h WdG oL
3.2 dG
dG f
WdG
Ye
WdG

1

2

3
jJ
dG sj dG GQdG dH MdG GQdG

Y
.e We H lce (GQdG h) dG f H sGC uj le Gg :e

4.2
sj dG GQdG dH MdG GQdG

Y dG
dG f
k GMh odG
dG d N Vh UdG ce eGC
cdG h ,SGC dG
bh h ,eSGC dG
h dG e dGE LdG
e IOdG
k GMh odG
h WG Y edG
e PJ e g
GAGLGE e j
ocGC e ae
h dG jH ktJ
dG
IdG adG
fdH
WdG
dG
Ye
WdG
NG 1 YdG
dGE VtdG
AGYG
YG 2 YdG
UndG
hGC dG a d
e OGe GC `dG
dGE jJ fCT
eJG hGC dG
,(dG f e of tjo dG) edG GQdG H Y edG e k Gje HGdG dG a hJ

.fEG M Y aGe gOM c
c a GhJ GC BG FdG e UGC h ,GQdG h dG f h WdG Y Y lWG BG jd
.dG GjdG JJ

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
21
gKCJ h QNCG bh dMG J - WdG oae

e sEa ,jW bd IN hX J fEG M Y aGdG tj eY ,MCG H a
m bd dG IQdG ie d AGQdG dGE IH Gej GC Y dG
fsEa ,dP dGE aVEH .e
m GAGLGE PJG Y Lj Me GC Y kehO VGdG e j ,kLGJ aGdG Vh j eY
.dG td
e fEG M Y aGdG sGE'
jW bd IN hX a j
j gY dG MdG kFGO cQj
uJ GC j .IQN cGC e
Vho GPGE .Qbp a mYH VdG
S fEa ,QdG AdG a YdG
Y aGO Ame a Vho GPGE eGC .kjS
,AH JJ AdG IQGM NGC h ,bdG
S h ,dP dGE J d YdG sEa
f GC Y sGE !J GC dGE eCG H
.'J IOYGE h WdG H QGSH
GC j .WdG ae g dndG a YJ dG GhOCG iMGE sGE

fsGE .eCG N Vh a ddG IdG gQYH adG Jo
bdG J H ,LGJ dG WdG a dG Y cYJ
J dG WdG hGC ,KhM jo dG WdG a dG a
.H P QmH
e HS Ve a gJOM dG WdG e xc a dH khGC Geb
:dnGDS fGC Y GMWG h ,dG Gg
?Gg dG be hM dMG g e(1

?KhM M a Y d S dG KCdG e(2
s
jQJ Y S HSG sGC Z ,(YVdG of GC) JGP leGC Gg sGE ?dMG uJ c
GC Y d ,JGP QhH g WdG KCd J sGE .aGdG V L
h dG aCG h dG
m a sGC ctJ e ,H h UTCH j b dG Qu do G dG a GhNCJ
aGdG e e
e dG UTCG M Y aGdG h ,fEG M Y aGdc - fEG M Y
.bGdG H a WdG dGE kVtJ cGC fC aVGE nWe LGJ ;dG de h YndG
SGQhg ,jeJ CG
22
eeCG dG SDe
me
k GL me
Se
4 Je
k GL Je
KCdG
k GL fe
fe
Se
dMG
S e h KhM dMG M e LGJ dG WdG e

k c GuU ,fOGC WdG ae Y
aGdG) GN j GC H j c dG dG Y ke ddG dG Y hS h .KCJ e d
.We e LGj e JH (dG Gg jGH a IOQGdG dG dGE QTGC dG
5.2 dG
nUN pWpdG oae
4 Je
k GL Je
jJ
dMG fc GPGE hGC ,jd kfe gKCJ c h ,fe WdG MGC hM dMG fc GPGE
h - aCG LQdG GP jOedG jdG S g sEa - (kJe gKCJ c GE h) k GL e
.IOdG eCG JGAGLGE GSG GUGJ GC h ,de nWe WdG g GhJ GC j
GP jdG) Je hGC Se KCJ GP d h ,
k e KhM j dG WdG dGE dH esGC
MG d tJ N Vh Sh a sEa ,(hdG a OedG dG e SdG LQdG
.KhM
,(ZCG LQdG GP jOedG jdG) Je) k GL JdG hGC JdG KCdG GP WdH sj a
M a H dG sj dG e - e xd ,QGd N dc h tJ N Vh dG e sEa
.gKCJ e dG LGC e ,bGdG g dH KM
GH UdG pWpdG oae
KCdG
5
dG
k GL Je
4 Je
3
2
AGYG
Se
dG
me
k GL me
dG VtJ
g dGE
1 k GL fe
2 fe
Se
4 Je
k GL Je
dMG
dG sGE - g dGE dG VtJ
,dG dG b e WdH J
ce e He Y j dG sGC Z
eGC g dGE VJ Ea Gd h ,WdG
MG H
KhM j dG WdG e Gg - dG
m WMG dG j h .dG a
e
m ue hGC
m Gse M Y H
dY
.SM ee hGC ,dG
hM dMG fG - dG h AGYG
dGE SdG dMG e jdG jg
.jRQdG AedG MGC bo GC H JdG
h goKCJ
o M e WdG J sGE
Y a SSGC AlL Ypbh odMG UTCG e Ye e IMGh fc (IQdG j) cGH GLe
iMGE AKGC AGYG dGE GVJ e YdG e dG
Gg GpJo GC le H fsGC nZ .eGC jJ
Fb iYO ebGC d .OGH a tJ dG ddG

m GAGLGE h
m cH dG
sCH - a
t
.AGYG sf dG HdG IOb
MG e dG fCT e e H GeJ
H dG j d k GQtJ GJ CH h ,(tdG nN dG c a g sJo h) dG dG J
b h .QGdG N h tdG N e
k c edG dG j .(QGdG N g h) GCSCG bh GPGE
.GjdG - WdG dOe e fdG dG Y cS fEa ,Jg cGE a f GC
l GN :eCH UdG dG c
25
GjdG :ddG dG
fsGE .GjdG gj e k Gc fsGC fEG M Y aGdG e JGQGM e f fGE
L
u j jdG ADd SG QU e IlQU g fsGE jdG dGE fG sGC kfMGC hj
dG e jdG K sGC kjGC f fsGC Z .odG JGSG g QfEG sGC hj hGC ,jdG
Ghjo GC hO ,HdG jCG a GjJ GsJ GC H dG dGE GVsJ fEG M Y aGd
.'HSG sGC
.eeCG dG SDe ,jdG Ff ,SQfGC hQfGC
dG Y dG e kja dG sT h .GjdG JGC
o GCH ,e je ZG H'
FQ Y KCdG c a jdG AYGC H f h .GjdG e dG fCT e dG dG
esb dG J e UH h - GQdG e YdG H hNGB sgG h .eCG jRh h WdG
jJ a bdG f h .fH e gOd FdG hdG V ,eCG h dG enf dGE IYdG
.'H Jse kHSG dP fc d .dG AKGC h `dG a jM
SGB e ,fEG M Y aGe
j h .Y keGC uj h ,eCG OGdG
n U h GjdG e dG GfCG dG Gg ujo
M Y aGdG MC dM SGQO g h .e mjJ J Y Y HLEG J SGC N
dG GjdG Y dG SCG J j K .a Ghd QNCG LGj jdG fEG
H dG Gg jo h .bGdG Y NGB b h ,eCG OGdH j lb g h .fnJ
.GjdG e d adG JGSG
?GjdG g e
hGC leo lsf fsGC Y jd mjJ VH b GC S d
.QdG hGC ,dG hGC ,iPCG jE pV
hGC ,e V hGC ,csV k GTe k GjJ jdG j b
.FY V
gJ dG ITdG GjdG Y eCG H e
:j e fEG M Y aGdG
'jdG dG d J d fsGE'
'e GMGE S'
dG a (ffdG VdG) dG e J d'
'dG e dG Gg UGh GPGE ,dG
'HZG h HG NH S'
mfGM c - jedG GjdG dGE aVEH Gg
.
k e FdG NdG Y af
j ea -
k eo k GjJ jdG j GC j h
fGC J d Ke jb Y j hNGB aGe
a ddG dG GfJ GC dG e sEa ,mGjJ Y
.GjdG M
g h - eCG OGdG dGE dG Gg a kjGC S
J hGC GjJ dGE J b fGC hJ dG GMCG
.a
:eCG OGdG Y eCG e
.e bGe hGC bGH j e kT CH cOYG
J QhO H J dG e GB - hO
.bG dGE ce hGC e hGC dè VtJ
dGE HSG h dH jJ
.QdG de Jg JG J
26
eeCG dG SDe
?jdG dGE VsJ GPd
,HGC e H bGC c e
o JGC eY
Gkseo
o c d .d Gke GkjJ
o c
GE ,dDdG UH Y SG VH
Y H jdG GC kM cQOGC fGC
.'dG dGE VsY b dG Gg
e k Gc .H eJ Y bdG Y oM g - g kFGO jd j
hP Y ij eY GjdG fEG M Y aGdG j
.KCJ e d d xM Vh H OGjo h - sa Y GC uj jdG sGE .PdG
dG aCH jdG e edG H RGdG dP J g dG sGE
.ddG e JGP idH f bdG a MG h ,dG .HhQhGCeiTMGEe,emfHEGeAGMLEY aYGOe'
o o
GC adG dGE LhoGC d h .IdG
dGE d d jdG dGE Vse L dG dG a odG dG e sGE LS dG Su CG Y GQSG

.dG AGYG He AL ,SdG J a h .dGE
dG h J Y IQdG jdG Y QU dG dG id J b
.kac dP j GC eCj g h jdH a ,Y AGYH
dG SdG d kcQe jdG Y QU dG dG j b
bdG a ke dG Y bh dH hj h ,Y AGYG Y S
.aj AmGYG a QtdG bGY JpGP
SdG j dG dG fda .kjS j b VdG Gg sGC Z
I
o dG j mf Y SdG VdG j HQ h ,Y Rj GC j
e H fEa ,Gd h .Y AGYG J tJ h IWd OGSG Y
td jQhdG GdG Jo GC h ,eJ jH GjdG L NDJ GC
.WdG
jdG J dGE HSG

m H dG UTCG j h .edG J lHJ jJ J sGE
.e
sYGCo h ,jRdG e jLGCo dG d kdJ

S Me a bGC J d
je IQS H ,dP H .Y jd
.'HSC dè eGC kHGeo
VJ IGCeG dGE IYdG bGC c'
oYG h .njL b e ZG dGE
.cdG QfG a GoMG h jsdG
J Ib f FSQ JGC GCH h
boS FY OGaGC sGE J GjJ
h .Kj h oS FY SG sGC h ,AMGC
SQGC e GC sJ ,eCG a dG H
jdG jdG L
n hR g GjdG
e J fc h ,ce Gj
h .dYGE Qe h LhR GJ GC
J Y JQOb d fGC
o cQOGC
.'JGjJ
dG dG OhOQ GjJ GJ e fEG M Y aGdG j

:HSG e je kWfGC uj h ,ghnHGC
.'T GC dGE JGC d h ,jdG a dG h `dG a dH
o cG !jdG YhsQ d'
.(jdG AGRGE dG e dH HSG)
Odc JM HJ .ajE AT CH dG Sh a GC d j d ?e d j HQ ,GkPGE'
.(OLh gH jdG dGE HSG) 'M h
.(jdH j d pf njJ AdG dhe) 'ddG HhdG e Gkje bYGC GCH'
.(jdG J) 'dG J GC h H bGC GC j a h jdG eGC a MJ h FeR e
o L'
d
Z
G
g
Q
d
G
b
G
,
d
G
d
G
d
G
d
G
J
eY'
k
o
s
n k
.SGB e ,fEG M Y aGe .'QGdG M a h FH JJG a eSG
.VdG e edG Y cYJ IAsH lHSG jdG J sGE
e mjJ J c
m ee dGE UdG g jdG J e VdG sGE
e dG h ,jdG M eEG QH maGh
.dH jdG J MG J
h ,dG Gg a e kYVe cGC fj b h .K Ve g e AneR e dG j GC sjo
,jdH KsCS e eCG jf a fsGC Z) .bd e GJ jJ Y jQOb fj HQ
.(dGE MJe d JG a aO sj GC j h

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
27
:e mjJ d mSGC oN
.SCG g L Y
l HLGE IQhdH jd J GC GbJ :Me
?jdH dG FdG Y dH faJ dG e. 1
?c h ,dP c e h ,GPe UhGC e
?dG a c dG e f tCa ,Jg JG SGH jdG jGE J GPGE
?od h jdG d fc GPe
?(HQ IjdG) JWf MGC ojdG YGC g
?esdG ue Y GjdG e lVGh lf g g 2
:j e GjdG sJ GC j
.jdG JG h FSQ e kS J
.eGC j JGP bGd HG N h ,ed tJ sJ
.d BG oYoSG b h .bJ sJ h ,dG b e GSd NGB aGe YoSG
:H e eGdG e OH sJ fGC g j b
.oLJ sJ dG jdG f
.(NGB dGE ,JdG GSH ,T H) jdG LJ sJ SGH dG SdG
.(bdG h SCG jGC tGC) jdG bJ
.(kee YdG c GPGE) jdG Y QU dG dG
.jdG LJ sJ a dG dG
.VdG M aU H QGUEH e J Cc ,jdG J dG FbdG
.IQN cGC UGC VdG GC Y TDe Gg sEa ,k GJ cGC jdG fGC hJ eY :Me
ZG ndnhne e f ,SGQhg e H lTf ,jOGZ jQ

28
eeCG dG SDe
?jdG
o g fsGC Y hj dG e. 3
GPGE ?J GC e jdG Qe jj dG e jdG e kVGh hj g
e jdG e VdG SG j GC dG e sEa ,kVGh Gg j d
?k GNDe H b hGC ,H dG J dG aCG e - bJ N
aGdG ADg L' sGE fH FQ b

Gg L b h .'HgQGE fEG M Y
GkOY cGC Ld jdG UTCG
Gg dGE HSd fQpoVG h .kY sTGC h
Y aGe .'jdG YGC Y jdG
.jeCG e ,fEG M
?jdG L
s h dG e aJ g. 4
.LSH hdG dGE GYQJ a ;aJ ZCG Y fsGE
cGe GC a ,WdG V MGC Y ,
k e ,k GQOU jdG c GPEa ;eEG QH jOe Gfc
?JQ g e h ?dG Gg j WdG
dG dG hGC dG b e dH
c
G
P
E
G
e a GbuO ;AeEH
k
k jseo jdG c GPGE
.oSG oSG
. GC jdG J Y IQdG YdG id fc GPGE a Ghfa ;jdG L
h
d
G
aJ c GPGE
s
.a AGYH jJ JEH j GC MG e jj Gg sEa ,dc eCG c GPGE
?dG Ve VS jdG sGC hJ a ,YGC IQcdG SCG J H h ,k GNGC 5
.dG a e jcCe GfJ GC cQhe a d h ,H dG j lJ Gg
aSG dG GAGYG jQJ dP a H ,J a dG dG dG a HSG NCS
.HdG e aEG LQO h ,I
o dG GQb h ,cH a fEG M Y aGdG
.nnSGC d hj e adG e GhQNG ,dG cQhJ eY
dGE sUJ ,jd jdG dG H kdJ ?jdG Y WdG HEH GeJ GC Y g
:fEG M Y e aGe
e ,fEG M Y aGe .'fdG Y adG Y ldhDe WdG h ljL jdG sGE ,LGC'
.HhQhGC
Y aGe .'c a FY dGE YoGC dGE L
h
d
G
H
C
G
f
E
a
G
N
Ba ,'
u o
.ShCG dG e ,fEG M
dCdG af fEa ,AGLGE CH dG WdG J d GPGE - fH a fdG PfGE d f fGE'
.jaGC e ,fEG M Y aGe .'dG dG dGE
h ,e mjL Y H
E d IOdG GAGLEG L JJG fGC KGE cQhe a c GPGE ,LGC'
JOQGC GPGE ,dc Gg GSG Sh a sEa ,jM LGC e AT CH dP e WdG J
.jeCG e ,fEG M Y aGe .'dhdG dBG GSG
.dG a J a dG UdG dG GhNCJ GC Y GC VGdG e
dH dG e sGC cQOGC fEa ,LJ dG dG JGP g J b WdG sGC e ZdG Y
m U f GC dGE
d WdG FQ e Me jLGC d .jdG YGC Y WdG e
.fEG M Y aGdG Y WdG GAGYG a Y JS dG SdG d kcQe
WdG J d h .ce a H dGCo h ,WT nLQ b e e AYGC MGC oNG ,dP H h
ASCH fQNGE h H JG e J h .sdG Jg j G`j c h ,bO H a b
LH QhH JG h ,eCH YGC h ,WdG FH JH QdG Y b h .WdG nLQ
c eR Ea ,dG g e bGC b f d d h .S a j eR GcJ jdG ,WdG
.jaGC e ,fEG M Y aGe .'LQ hO d

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
29
dM SGQO
H GfQb h ,dGE VdG S dG dG SCG a Gha h ,ddG ddG SGQO dGE GhfG
.fEG M Y hNGB aGe eb dG HLEG h HLGE
dM SGQO
Md jdG dG MGC dGE IYdG jd e b e fEG M Y aGe aphGCo
V kjJ Gke dG c h .ja H f eJ dGE h BG h`f dGE ODS xS J Y
a dG Ua e GkOY aS fC dG ebGE jDJ fc IU Ye K sGC e ZdG Y ,AdG
.jdG idG Y AdG b
Y LhR aGC a J GC Y' b h ,aGdG
n hR WdG RL a HV bhGC ,jCG MGC a
.'J e aGC f
'!GE h - cdG IQKGE Y GbJ' J ,e H Y Ye dSQ uYo ,dP e SGC H
bo b h ,obG b d ,dè dGE aGdG OY ,IdG bh ufom M kdJ h ,jGC KK H
p fGC fS' J dSQ g cJo h ,gOhGC j dG dG
.'!ddG
GC j aGdG H jdG GC hJ c GPGE Y J dGE GUJ h ,dG SCG a GhofG
.dG e Y NDj
?jdH dG FdG dH g e.1
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
?esdG ue Y GjdG e lf g g.2
.........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
?jdG
o g fsGC Y hj dG e.3
.........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
?jdG L
s h dG e aJ g.4
.........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
?dG Ve VS jdG sGC hJ a ,YGC IQcdG SCG J H h ,k GNGC.5
.........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
dG GQdG h e fJ dG dG f a Gha ?jGCQ a H dG aGdG Y Lj dG e
.GQdG e eeGC g e a K ,jd
.........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
30
eeCG dG SDe
:ddG g Y fEG M Y aGdG J e

l fL Gg
.dG dP V FbdG a dG e H h ,gCG jZ a dG sGE

Gg sGE - dG dP e k GAL aGdG hd WdG LQ jJ j b .GjdG e f K
m e e dG j k GOa QYH j WdG HV c GPGE e kVGh d h ,eGC OM
.eCG bGh a GjdG hGC Lj fGC GC ,HnGC
ibGC sGC H h .GpdG Y dG IYe Y aGdG jGE g jdG e VdG GC hj
QdG gOL J GC e b Je GC uj Gg sEa ,nH hGC MG AKGC L
u ho GjdG
.dH
he GC e H fGC Z ,jdG Y QU jdG UTCG g e jdG Lh Y kahe d
sGC c .(
k e Wdc ,dhdG ILGC e UY eCG a Qj a Gd h) dhdH j dG
AcdG H e ,dG dGE J hGC fEG H J b dG ,LCG cdG hGC edG
GC j Gg h - VdG Gg eN a GeCG e c Vho d .J jdG aGC a dG
e dG a dG dG sEa ,iNGC Mf e .KCJ h Pf GP dG LGJ dG ddG
,dG he a AcdG e de ADg j b h - jdG L
u e fj b hdG hjDj
.Y e hGC
:g jdG J MG dGE J dG dG idG edG sGE
.LH Geb e LQCG Y g jdG J Y IQdG d e PdG hP YdG sGC
Y IQdG dGE j (dG b h ,dG bG a
k e) jdG f a dG sGC h
.H fdG jo GC e dG b dGE h dG JQG
eGB fCH hj I
o dG GC dP ,dG a HdG e aEG e kNe K GC hj
.QdG Vh a aGdG è b j H
S
C d N be Gg sGE .LQCG Y H g HLEG ?j GC j jdG GC hJ g
.YCG IQcdG
:aGdG Y dG f H e
FSh J hGC ,a IKDdG GdG J d h ,dG GH dG jM fsGC
.dP SG
.WdG dGE gQhH Ve gOGaGC j b h - e FY J fsGC
:aGdG J dG GQdG H e
.dG dG
hO N be dGE SQGCo fc ,dG f H e Gg sCH dG j fsGC e ZdG Y) e
?ac OQGe hGC eGC N
WH ,fhGC a dG jdG Ye
b Y Kuj dG GCH eY .fhGC
GjJ j GhGCH ffdG Z QTCG
e hNGB AYGC mFY dM
s dG b h .dH
.jM LGC e e

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
31
?H dG aGdG Y j dG e
K sC h ,dG Y j eCG sGC dGE kFL Gg Lj h ,GDdG Gg Y 'U' HLGE g d
FGH H h - GQdG H J ddG sGC Z .be c a ae dGE UdG j UY
.eG`dH e OY J j M a ,d
.J GC FY h aGdG jJ a MdG
e dP cGC AlGS - WMG OQGdG h dG h LdG d H JH QdG Y dG
.IQOdG dGE VG M a hd JGSG Y aGdG h - GdG hGC /h UTCG
e jM h ,T H jM j H dG dG a dG dG OGaGC e MdG
.aGodm f GSH HQ - FY h
.jdG Je Y edG L dG d j H dG dG a MdG
.Gg dG bh a J a aGdG ZJ dG dG YdG a dG
:ddG GQdG a J GC aGdG Sh a Ea ,TdG g Ff Y k GOYG
.QdG Y dG IQOe dGE FY e J GC
.a J dG dG Y FY OHEH J GC
.(?SQM GSG) aGC H e eCJ N e dG eGC jJ
hHm Y Y e AYGC MGC j GC h ,gOH FdG J GC hGC gOH J GC V
.bhCG L a JcJ
dG dGE VJ dG hdG e J bhGC J a - ke J JJ a dG IOYGE
.gGS e cGC
LGh Y GC uS fEa ,
e
G
e
C
G
d
G
E
G
h
M
)
d
G
Y
WdG HGE
k
k
.(jdG KH f bdG a J h ,eCH gG
dG dG d dhdG h WdG ILGC GC dGE dG UJ GPGE) dhdG e hGC WdG e jdG W
.(jdG Y QU
.GjdG Y YEG h ,aU JDe Y dGE IYdG
.bEG hGC dG iNCG fEG M e e dG
dG LCG edG fc GPGE UH h) dG J GC j dG dhdG dG e UGdG
.(dG he a kaW fEG d YGdG S d
h .da FSdG cGC L
d
G
d
G
J GC Y h ,dG ebGE Y MG dSGC a dG

s o
d dG ebGE a AcdG e LG W c GPGE a dG Y sEa ,dG Y k GOYG
.kaf k GeGC S dG Ze
32
eeCG dG SDe
UN WG
?jdH dG FdG dH g e.1

..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
?esdG ue Y GjdG e lf g g.2
.........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
?jdG
o g fsGC Y hj dG e.3
.........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
?jdG L
s h dG e aJ g.4
.........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
?dG Ve VS jdG sGC hJ a ,YGC IQcdG SCG J H h ,k GNGC.5
.........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
?fhS dG GAGLEG g a ,fJ dG GQdG h e fJ dG dG f dGE dH
.........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
jJ
J a dG GdH d bdG H Ga ,H HLEG fc GPGE ?GjJ J g

.jdG
eCG OGdG
GC S c .a J hGC GjJ dGE J b dG FbdG fCH eCG OGdG asY GC S
:jnNGB dne cg h .dG Gg jGH a Y eCG H Y cWGC
.bGd j fhdEG cjH sCH OYG Y j e K j GC
.AedG hGC GdG Y Y SGC H jdG de UTGC j GC
m GQTGE eCG OGdG J b
aj dG jdG j GC jo a dG bdG Y jd e
.ke dogGE j GC j h ,k GJ
?eCG OGdG dGE VdG Y H dG Lj dG e

.JHe h eCG OdG Fbh H QdG Y dG
.FeR e OdG H
.oS dG AGLEG CH QGb PJG h eCG OdG J
.1
.2
.3
eCG OGdG e dG LGh GPGE a j dG e

J h .eCG OGdG dGE dc h GjdG e mS dGE aGdG Vj ,GdG H a
Uh h ,bdG dH - J e Qb FdG e GJ GC j .ddG g a JoGP OdG
OGd c J sEa ,VdG Gg a c GPGE .NGB dGE ,GQdG Md bQGC h ,UTCG
Y GhOJ GC j K .fLGJ eGC OM hGC jJ c G
u J GC j M ,IL Ila eCG
.OGdG h jdG f a J K c GPGE e k Gj cGC f
c a eGC OM GC j GC XdG e Oa c Y j fEa ,e a J c GPGE
,dè dGE j e kT sGC gMGC YG GC
k e M GPEa .a do ImYc ,GP eCG OGdG
c g Ea ,H GhQGR je kUTGC sGC dd jo h ,NB Oj dG dG SdG oS h
GC d Qj e g dG N j Ha ,IMGh GE FbdG g e j d GPGE h .
s J h KsJ
sGC Y VGh IQTGE g Ea ,Ib Ia N kL KM GPGE eGC .bdG H e eCG
.e i
k e dGE eCG dG f e H fGC h ,OGO`j dH dG H gG
dG a edG c e Gkc h .e e eGC J GCH ILCG ce sGC M
FS c h .IOdG L c jdG ILCG GQS be dGE dG e kH g ej
.dG dP a j Gfc Y gjGE FS ,cdG dGE dG hGCj GQdG
m GAd J e fc h
a h .eCG gjb h Y a Md iNGC e e jQhO
Gfc e iNCG dG AYGC QOGC gY h .eCG OdG Gg cP Y JGC ,ddG LG
.kjGC Je eGC J GCH b fc ILCG GQS GC mM jVM
eCG RL UY GC hGC ,sY edG d FdG J fGC eGE dG GC SG h
.ILCG GQS FS QhH ej Gfc
Gdj GC dGE edG sf fGC Z ,kT f d fCH gf GC g dG SGC sGC dP H fQb
e kH ,CT GP Z YVH FdG e TOQdG J GC h ,ILCG GQS a Y Y kT
.jeCG e ,fEG M Y aGe .'dP
bGdG
Y) gGS hGC dG b e bGd VN fsGC LQCG Y j eCG OGdG e kf sGE
.(dP GJ GC hO dG H dG Y k GQOb j b jd kae bGe ja GC e ZdG
:bGdG J VH I
o dG d e SGC KK K
.(I
k e Gg j b h) edG L
o dG JWf OJ YL hGC H Jd hGC ,JWH
l GN :eCH UdG dG c
35
.jdG
.Y AGYG hGC ,aNG hGC ,bd OGYEG
dG a GdG H hGC ,cG fGC I
o dG j e Y k GOYG ,bGdG YGH J GC j
.SdG
cGC OGdG jQJ h JN N e GuJ GC cAeR h Y sEa ,bGd VN c GPGE
HUEG J h jQhdG GAGLEG PJG H RGdH MG dG e h .kfLQo bGdG SGC
.jfGQdG /JQG SnH
GhQuJ GC QNCG LGj aGc d dG e sEa ,dc GfJ d GC bGd VN cGC AlGS
:fOo njc h .bdG GQOGE GQe
IQH e k GeGC M b a ,e CkN g GC hJ c GPGE - SM dj e dGE GSG
.bdG e hd e kctJ GhJG - YGh Z
S bGdG ja sEa - e h dè QN bGdG MG dGE UN H e Gfc
.eY IQH ,jg MGC dG dP S h ,fhS fGC e KGh fj M 'jGH f'
e) bdG Z jGdG ,OdG Z dG ,AHdG UTCG - dCdG Y QN AT GC GM
.(J ILCH e J GC j PGE ,g OsJo GC aCG
c GPGE Gg cYS - faJ d H gU h ,H J jdG UTCG GM
.e bGe a hj JGP UTCG
.MdG bQ h dG h RGdc ,FdG JU cJ GhsJ h cdG GM
:JBH Ujo sEa ,bGdG j a
GaGJ GC j - dH Gg d j GC b dCdG e aS H dG d N GV
h ,FY h FeR H h H FSdG a J ,S c hGC ,jS GQY hGC c Y ke
ce GS JdG GhJ GC h ,SH
k
s e j QGdG d kJg GJ GC
.hdG J a J
JYG GPGE) ?bd OGYEG GC ?jdG GC ?edG L g g - bGdG e VdG Gub
.(eGB e dGE AdG h bdG Gg e Id GAGLGE GhJG ,N a fGC
e ,dhGC pJQe fEG M ee ,'bGdG dGE fEG M Y aGdG JG NGE fH j'

36
eeCG dG SDe
bGG e ed N
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
jJ
dG GAGLEH mFb OGYEH Gea ,dc J b fGC hGC ,bGd VN fGC hJ c GPGE
:bdG e ed fhS
J b dG) bGd dH VN fsGC GVaa ,T jd fc GPGE

.(ce hGC ,JGg hGC ,T
.WdG dGE dG jJ GJ
a dG QN If AdGE j ,bGdG e d - W H GaJ
e k GS bGj GC H gGC MGC dGE GWGC hGC ,jdG LJ eY dG
.dG e dGE dG hQOJ eY j
dGE LJ a dG (jCG M h) bhCG GYuf :edG cQe GhuZ
H DdG j mGOY GhJ h ,eGC GE e kbW GhJG h ,dG
mbh h j a dG hGC VjdG cdG hGC dG dGE kehO Ldc)
n
.(jOnse
j eCG c c Qf GC b
dGE f c ,IWdG Y
ej jdG UTCG J
gPGC c !bdG GW bGdH
bQGC Md GkQU dGC h
kee gLd h Jce
.j dG sdG JdG RL
d fCH gJGC fEa ,BG eGC
.'gQnGC
e ,fEG M Y aGe
.jaGC
:ddH dG Lh Y jo
cGC jH bGdG UGe Y Gg j b h) bGdG J j fGC hJ T GC uJ
.(IOLe fGC FY GcQJ d h ,dG a jS h k GQM
cM h GJ sC) LdG LGh a dc ,bGdG J a RGdG Y dSCG GSG
ce c J fsEa) e IQS Y OHH GSEG hGC ,(bGdG a fJ Y J b cL
.(H J jdG a
bGdG LdH dG ,Y edG dG Y WG j ,aVGE med
.dSGC h
f cJ e d eeCG dG SDe e e Y dG a Ob H U e M
e a QGfGE
l GN :eCH UdG dG c
39
Y Jo GC j eCG N Vh Y GhGCJ GC j dG dG L sGC GhcJ :Me

.eGB me a Jo GC h ,Gg dG c
GC H .GAGYG h jdG dGE HSG Y e h cYJ GC edG HdG GP a
C d j'
L - jeQ kda bGC h ,dG H b ,Jje H IQOe h e gGe J
.'fEG M LGC e dd e jJ f GC eGB h QgdG eM
j GC ,FSG oS H ,Sh a c e dG a FdG adG MGC edG dN

.Gc m d IOdG NdG bGdG fj GC hO ,jdG b M dG dGE Me kdSQ
jdG e dG
J dG sGE .WdG dOe GSG a UCG fdG g GjdG e dG sEa ,kfGB cPo c
dG dGE LdG j) Y IdG j GeGC fC k Gjo cGC GQdG jJ h dG f
.(fEG M Y aGdG gOM c edG GQdG :HGdG
e cGC GeJ GC j .jdG e dG SGH j dG FGdG H K fsGC Z
.dGE dH kf cCG S jtGC GhQJ GC Y h .JGP bdG a JGSG
jdG GLGh
ffb Y fGC j hGC ,H eJ e keJ j a) I
d
G
e
G
Q
G
M
G
bGC
k
o
.he h
AGYG hGC cjJ Y JdG IdG SdG dG Y I
o dG WE kbW GhLp
h AM d GC uj GC fCT e H
k e Geb) dG SGH hGC Te H ,Y
.(LQN h OdG NGO a Pf hP jUe
.fJ dG GjdG Y AfCG H Geb
fGC jGCQ GPGE gJ h .eGB YJG GC hJ c GPGE a JGSG g GeSG :Me
.k GJ bdG j`S
40
eeCG dG SDe
jdG GSJ
e dH J GC e kH FG V d IdG edG H Geb
.IOe
SH GcG h - HT e h SdG jQdG GhYGC jdG OGaCG ASGC GJ
.dG
jdG GJ
oJ fCH GhgJ hGC) kS gfG j dG dH dG Y kbDe Gc
.(dG Gg Y
.keGC cGC e dGE kbDe GfG
:
k e e ,iNGC H eCG JGAGLGE jH Geb
.bhCG L a e T j GC e cCdG .edG ef h fJ dG dG J .jdH fGC ghQOJ d jdG OdG QdG e k GL jQM Gfc Fd H KdG UTCG MGC e JcJ Y kJ khL GcJG .dG N QhO H eS Y j GC QhH Y h ,eCG .dG dP YGE hO ke dG efdG Y GLJ IAGb hGC dH DdG Sh a d fGC Y cCdG dG e Ea ,eCG jf a
d hJ dG HSG PJG kFGO aCG e Ea Gd h ,bO H dG QaGC
.SCG
dGE HhQhGC e fYO b h .WdG dGE Vse fCH TGC h GjdG JGC c'
MG Y k GH h ,L H kahe UGC h .dG dP a Y LG c
.'!AGYG
e GjJ J GC H'
,adG jdG YdG
cGC MGC FH JG
aGh h .eSEG dG
b ,Y LG J Y
sb b h .Y Yj fGE a
.'GjdG e Gg
e ,fEG M Y aGe
.jeCG
dG ILGC f c'
J tf c .Gkc
,jf He C IQse
fCH sfo GC j H
eY h .f d kT b
fQsU ,e J sJ
j a ,cCH bGdG
e ldOGC Y sSJo GC ke
RL jd .J ILGC hGC
h ,JdH e J
GC J e j Gg
Gg GE .gf GjJ
.'jM Y Yj
e ,fEG M Y aGe
.HhQhGC T
dG IFL Y IFdG ,fGQ U jK IQcdH M

u J TGB jKc HhQhCG OJd dG dG
.2010 d eeCG
l GN :eCH UdG dG c
41
JdG h adG :HGdG dG

h .fEG M Y aGdG eGC h JdG H dG a f K .JdG g e dCe a g f
f h ,JdG e eJ Ve a fEG M Y aGdG gcP dG QaCG H OQf
.JdG e ed dG N Vd dG FYEH
?JdG g e
Y .H dG jdG dGE fOLGC J H dG jdG fsGE - keJ Wm a OtQ JdG
j h ,dG V Jj h ,dG YS OGO`J :ddG VGYCG H j GC l j ,dG dG
GC eGE dG ,dG OhOQ MC kjL he BG fGE - dG tdG GCj h dG a H AdG
h ,
k jW kbh Gg hj e IkOY h .dG hGC ,ehdG h dG hGC ,bdG AGRGE dG OdG J
.dG FGOGC dGE fOLGC OJ e YS
JdG GC Z .ddG h aGhdG e Rj GC j PGE ,HjGE leGC JdG e e je OLh sGE
M Y aGdG dGE dH .eCG jW h KCG jT j eY e dGE ODj GC j
m Ga LGj b e ,fEG
j b VdG Gg e edG Ea ,JdG dGE VdG e dse
.kjJ
:ddG S
C d ,JdG e ed MGh wM K d
LGj NGB Y JGP HSG dGE ODj b e md H j a - T dCe JdG sGC
.JGP bdG
f KCG d j b se bh a e d H j a - bdG eH kjGC ue JdG GC
p
GP UGC JGP JdG GC hGC ,JdG
u Jo JN GC dGE dP Oj b h ,NGB bh a f dG Y
.VGYGC e j`j e ,cGJ KGC
eY dG g c ,je bS a He GN jd J Ca - dH e JdG GC
.JdG e HJ QL f Y uJ GC j ,YGO
l bY jd J
dG
:j e JdG VQGY J GC j
cdG VGYCG GdH dG VGYCG

jdG dG Hf
Y`fH QdG
dG hJ a dG hGC IOjdG
cGC H ddG HhdG Ibe
b P e cGC NdG
YLG fG
jdG VGYCG
dG
GdG
dG
dG dG
cG
dG fGC tJ
JQG Sg
gQEG
IpdG dG aGdG a dG
dG dG HGVG
GdG tJ
QGhdH QdG
eCG h ,fEG M Y aGdG h ,JdG

.JdH Y H kJe QN
C d VdG fEG M Y aGdG IM J GC j
hGC ,fJ dG GjdG hGC ,fCH fhJ dG fEG M cfG f Gg j b
UTCG IYe hGC ,OdG e Y J dG FdG hGC ,Y H fLGJ dG WdG
h ,J fGC d c hJ dG dG e e edG hGC ,edG e dM dGE GVJ jdG
e FdG h bY dhDe H h ,Mf e Y H adG he J dG HdG
a IKDdG eGdG MGC fGC Y JdG e edG fEG M Y aGdG OM d .iNGC Mf
dG dG fGdG e k GOY dG JdG e jW mGa GLGh jdG e ADg sH b h .eGC
42
eeCG dG SDe
:e ,eCH J
.dG dGE e Z AdG hj GC
.GQGdG PJG HH QdG
.dG gQEG
dG AGsL e YdG QOe Y OHG
.LGdG hGC VdG
.ddG HhdG e jdG SG
.keJ `è hGC lne fCH AdG QT
adH Md
l GhOGC
fCH oYG e GPGE bGC QH a JdG KDS
:ddG HQCG dG a ,kej L H
dG TQh iMGE Y ANSG
hJ h SdG Y GUMG - FGdG dG
h cdG e dG Y J fRGe Lh
HhdG h WCG h dG h Idc ,udG e Gb h .jdG LdG GJ .GhdG
.iNGC U e dGE aVEH WY H g J GC j PGE ,jdG
fOGYGE e VdG Fc ce fOLGC RGaGE a JdG j - VjdG jdG SQe
fGdG OUH j dG dG c eY HSG aGC Jg fc HQ h .ndG hGC ud
U jW VjdG jdG sGE !edG J a ,d dH fGC Z ,AdG e d jdG
S Y dc ,dG e bO KH j c dG ag a .J JdG ce e d
c ,dG e IOjR a J jH SCG a Ge HQGC hGC K GeJ GC GdhM h ^dG
e dG SQe b GfJ d GPGE .bO KK h jY H Id ,NGB dGE ,dG hGC ,bdG hGC ,IdG
T e VdG eS e GJ h ,kjQJ bdG IOj`H Gea k GNDe jdG WdG
,adH cQT Y jQa
l GKCJ IOY VjdG jd sGE .khGC edG dG a e
.IjY U ae dGE aVEH
e Gg j GC j h .ANSG e Y h cL d kej bdG H GN - ANSG
e k GAL ANSG Wf GLG .Y SfGC H NCH M hGC ,etCdG hGC ,IdG hGC ,ZdG N
.YSCG eGH M cfG GC d c eCG hj kfMGC'
dG GC Z ,NGB dGE T e dG dGE LdG J) - dG AMG e a dG e .J fEG
J c GPGE d h - (YS fK h S H kbh Lj jJ dGE Udc - IdG JGRfEH
sEa ,ANSG h jtdG h FGdG dG M e k GL fCH Y Gg fYj h .cdG MGC d Lf
.e GC j e IkOY dG fGC Qf fGE .QeCd HjGE jhDH MG
fEG M Y aGdG j a dG dG Y Lj
edG Y FYGC IYe j H dG dG a dG Y
:N e dG S Y ,fLGj dG JdG je e
.J Ve WdG Y e mf Y jdG GC J
mYS dG Y oK h ,Y /GRLGE NGC Y UTCG
t M
IOY) dG a fJ dGE j keSh Gg QYH ,Ie jW
a jW YS j jdG gdG UTCG j e
.(dG Yf LGJ
h jdG hQ jJ fCT e jeQ hGC /h Y da J
.jJ
hJ e GPGE d ,L MMR Y OGaCc hLY

eCG jf a f fEa ,IM e wc
dG e ,fEG M Y aGe .'jJ
.ShCG
efH jJ Y eeCG dG SDe J'
f L SGC c f h ,JdG e ed
.gJ dG dSCG SQe h QNH a
Wf kjGC f .e kc Fj e kT K GE
VhdG h ,dG Ic jQc - jQhO YLG
Qe .'ddG e gGS h ,dG h ,dG
.eeCG dG SDe Ije ,dd
JdG e edG M gQaGC Y fj fEG M Y aGdG

aGe WGC b h .MGdG h ANSG dGE J dG WdH dG H j eG sc sGE
dG WdG g Y ,ShCG dG h ,HhQhGC h ,jeCG h ,SGB h ,jaGC e fEG M Y
:JdG e dG fCT e
l GN :eCH UdG dG c
43
.jdG e fehQ bhGC Ab

.hdG e dH d hdG
.ddG J
.dG e c hJ h S a SdG
.UN YdG T dGE HdG
.AdG hDj dG QdH dG
.VjdG cdG dGE LdG
.SdG dGE SG
.YS d JdG ZGE
.MGC AH f IoCae
.jW M NGC
Gg h - FdG HdH kfMGC bGC) HdG

(dG e j a dG hO HdG j
.Id IOdG e dGE LdG
.jW H dG
.eCdG SQe
.dG Ic d
.NGCo dGE hGC deo dGE dG
dH TGC dG jdG Y e Hc
.gAGRGE
.dWGC e dG
m f a bdG
.e
dG d ljJ
.fLGJ dG JdG e ed tJ N Vh bh GB
.cJJ e d VdG bdG a H eJ a Gha
.........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
?k GQJ cGC f Y dG dH dG j g
dG FdG dGE GhfG ?HJ a ZQ hGC ,d bdG OjGE JOQGC dd dG iNCG dSCG e
?d k Ge a OQh e wGC S g - HdG dG a fEG M Y hNGB aGe MbG
m eG`dH mFb GV
S H dG d e N h ,JdG e d JY Y fhNCJ
.JM e k GAL JdG J Wf L Y
kGQcSG ,QgdG h QMCH kjeQ ka ODJ - WGjdG fdG jQL T e ,ef jOfH
fEG M Y aGd
44
eeCG dG SDe
adG jd N
2 .4 dG
GCW dG dG
FGdG dG
VjdG jdG
ANSG SQe
dP Z
jJ
QtdG
:fEG M Y aGdG MGC e ke cog

3 .4 dG
QtdG
GCW dG dG
U c
QaEG Lh hd SdG
M h AHQGC h KG c
dG j
kej bCG Y Yd
dG a Ge K
FGdG dG
udG VjdG jdG

AbUCG e IdG d
(HdG e cGC) dWGC e dG
Y a gdG
ANSG SQe
dG dGE dG e M Y bdG
dP Z
NGC h LhR e JdG SGC H

GW - dG e b dG dGE gdG
.dG jGC
kgGC jj H dG GhOCG cGC sGE .JdG e dG Y IYd MdG GhOCG e jdG K sGE
e GhQJ GC bh M a ,dG eH JdG e fJ fGC fCH cQJ eY .cJ g
.dCdG CH fS dG
kje S fsGC Z ,fL e bdG H J sJ lY LGJ dG JdG e dG sGE
sGE .AGdG Y JbY h Y a da cGC h ,ehe tTGC h ,IOS cGC fCH hJ S PGE
J a da cGC aGe jQ hO g JdG e bGC je LGj fEG M Y kaGe
.VGZGC
GC H OGjo eeCG dG Y QOdG dG c e dG Gg a OQh e GC GJ GC H Qj
j eY ,dG Gg a dG ej dG IYdG U e GS hGC d
k jH j
.ke h kjQhV dP
dG ,GQjJ ,fEG d hQH S e AYGC .eJ lbh

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
47
eCG G Vh :eG dG
GC AdG Sh a d ,dG eCH d fGE .IY ke S eGC N Vh GC MGC c
.'k Ge kT J GC QhdG e d .IdG j h j H e AnGLGC Qj
.ShCG dG e ,fEG M Y aGe
GC fYG eY ,jd a fEG M Y aGd Y TQh YC jaGC L e aS'
d .jb jb a JQe aGe h dGB TTQ e QdG WGE U S ,d GP h .fG dG
.'BG jGQO cGC fGE .H dG j Y ej N GC d J
.'JM fGC gnJ h eGC N nnU sGE'
h ,tdG JGSG :eCG b e ed e JGSG K dGE S ,dG Gg a

.Jd h fC ,eGC N Vh c dGE S K .OdG JGSG h ,jdG JGSG
ee
GhOCG e gJ dG UdG GeJ GC BG j .Gg dG c e INCG MdG H
h ,WdG ae h ,WdG dOe h ,J a dG dG J - H fQe dG HdG
.JdG e ed N h ,jdG H dG SCG
eGC JGSG K
hGC /h fGC GfJ GC j .eCG b e eJ dG HQdG e fGC KK dGE S ,AdG a
e GC Z ,g JGSG fGC MC
k J hGC kSS se hGC W H J b e
.e xc jGe eCf h ,kL KK a f GC dG
h ,dG dG - YdG GWCG L e VhdG J lHQe g :tdG JGSG
h dG OLd YO e Y j e h bdG d GWCG g tJ d ;NGB dGE ,dG
YJ GC j fsGC h ,QdG dG J JGSG g GC e ZdG Y h .H J dG dG
kIOY h .GjdG e d dG idG Y da JGSG cGC J b fEa ,dG e dG
dG M J e e J j fsEa Gd h ,QdG h dG e k Gc k GQb H VJ e
.f
x H dG h dG Y dG e dG
LQdH gG j h .jdG UY h eCG GAGLEG dGE J lHQe g :jdG JGSG
jd jNCG JGSG e Jo GC j h .dG f e dG Y kse dhCG
.jdG
dG dG h fGC d Jhe fc d
H
Q
g
:
d
G
JGSG
L
C
G
e
I
O
d
G
d
G
J
l
e aGC e IkMGh GkQX h kY cGC H f
,jdG dGE e le VJ GPGE ,dG S Y .jdG eCJ
f eY .jdG VGZC H b
QUGC dG dG Y Fb iYO ebEH J b fEa
h bEG dG a IRQdG dH
.e QlU d Jo GC Y tf fEa ,dhdG
Je dGE HSG hGC ,bGdG Y AfGC f N e hGC ,jdG
.'dG gGj d e e a VH f h
GC j h .dhdG fGOEc - jdG J bGY VH dG
.SGB e ,fEG M Y aGe
AnM h bO ee J c GPGE GE HQdG g Jo
.Pf hP
jGC e jb jU e SCG d NGC'
h .edG FGhdG iMGE a BG j ,SQdG
Gg a IdG edG e dG fj
.'ANSG Y YdG dG
48
dG dG a Ghfa ,eCG N Vh OH fJ eY
GQdG Fb uSJ GC OdG h jdG h dG Ud j H
.dGE dH dG
eeCG dG SDe
dG - LGdG OdG Y e ZS jZQe fEG M Y aGdH dG IdG eCG IQe

jdG a kdM
eCG dG Vh
dGE Vse aGdG j M ,fEG M e a .eCG dG Vh c a BG S
f Y dYCH dG e J h edG jM a YS Je eGC N sEa ,QNCG
AYCG hGC /h edG sEa ,e edG `J h QNCH tJo se fc GPGE .da cGC
.dG d h d cGC Akh hS h ,YdG e mjH nj fCH hS
jdG fEG M Y dG aGdH j Gg h .Od eCG dG a dH GCS fGC Z
.jOdG eCG N d kaf dG g j b e V j kaGe sGC Y .jOe j
dH da cGC nY LH S Je eGC N Y dG h OGaCG H aGdG d
h ,IdG h ,dG h ,dG LdG h ,dc) je FN Oa d sGC e ZdG Y h .d
dGE kVtJ bGC hGC cGC J b
l GQYG g h ,(NGB dGE ,dG be h ,dG a fdG
Lh h GdG dGE hj eY aGC eGC N Vh dGE Uj keY OGaCG sEa ;WdG
.YdG a Oma uc id dG
G`dG dGE
k e cGC OdG j ,eGC laK h Je lG`dG Lj a ,sJ e dGE aVEH
YS W jOa jGf fGC a J jOdG eCw G dG We GE .Y dG eCG GAGLEH
.QeCG AJ eY FdG VY H jo e
e h ,Y a kY h IN cCG aGdG sGC g h ,IjY e a j NGB k GN K GE
eCG dG Vh dhDe ec JY Y hNCj ,dG a FeR e cGC ahe fj
dG Jo GC j h ,YdG a jNBG OGaCG GQb AH Y YJ jH pJQGOGE h
J b JdG eCG dG sGC Y .SudG dG dP JOb Y J e GPGE dH
a ,Gd h ;Jm H dP J bCG Y hGC ,OGa
C d dG IdG a WdG e dG ke
l GN :eCH UdG dG c
49
m eG c j GC adG e j
sGE .JdG J dGE aVEH dG eCG N Vh dGE
.Je N VH J IAsH bd kM k GOGYGE j HQ dG eCG dG Vh
a kY cGC hj h dG Y e Oe fCH L
k e ,fEG M Y aGe Y sS
o hR j ,
jdG e edG c ,dG eCG N Vh Y ,gQYG a NCJ GC ,e edG
.GdH dè Y QOdG jG`dG
.ee h Je eGC N Vh Y a S K

.

.
T eGC N Vh .1
a fCH hJ J dG ,hCG dG a IQTEG S c ,eGdG jH b g :cJ
fdG Gg LGH Gea ,H HLEG fc GPGE ?dP H QdG Y J dG J h ,eCe
e lje BG jd j GC Vjo .N e k GAL J b gJOM dG UdG H sGE .BG
.eCH cQT jd aVGE Sh a dG UdG
.QGdG N dGE aVEH ,eCG SdG h GAGLEG H dG eCG N J GC j
kKK hGC fLGJ dG WdG e KG Y cdH dG eCG N Vh GhGCJ GC j
Y jj k GOY WdG e LGJ d h .(kjGC 2 .3 dG a HQ h ,1 .3 dG a gc dG)
hGC WdG e KH AGHa ,kM iNCG WdG aVE LdG j ,ddG g a h ,K
M Y aGdG e Qj .k Gjo cGC peGOGE h dG Vh Y e S Y cdG h K
e Ohe OY Y cdG fEG
KCJ GP J dG ,WdG
JdG h SdG H Ge hGj
KhM MG hGJ h ,jd
jd JdG h SdG H
.(fdG dG fGC)
,
k b Gg oa b GfJ d GPGE
dG WdG e xc a Ghfa
WdG ae Y gVh
ie J N e ,(5 .3 dG)
e h ,(dMG) KhM eGE
M a Y KCJ e d S
Y sEa ,GH d h .KhM
h dG JH fSG
.gGdG SdG bdH aH
.(YVe Z) JGP lJ Gg sGE
,H af e UGj HO e a fEG M Y aGe

fEG d odG IdG eCG Vse
sEa ,jd JdG h SdG H hGj KhM MG GC Y gJOM dG WdG dGE dH
.bdG dP hM MG e dG g dP e jdG .tJ nN GJ GC Sh a
Y GsJ GC j .fGC be a d kLPf j GC H OGjo h - kse ke fOGC hJ
fGC Z .Gg dG H dG a ,dG a gNGC j dG GQYG Y eCG e je
50
eeCG dG SDe
dG eCd N
:WdG
........................................................... KCdG ............................................................ hdG MG

:jdG J
:dG f
GQdG
:tdG N
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
........................................................... KCdG ............................................................ hdG MG

:jdG J
:dG f
GQdG
:tdG N
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
jJ
.......................................................................................................................................... hCG dG
........................................................... KCdG ............................................................ hdG MG

:jdG J
:dG f
GQdG
:tdG N
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
:e
T eGC N
/JdG RL /kbGQhGC JQOe h `dG H WdG b S a YG = dG
dG SdG
.k GNDe Ke mGAGLEH hNGB aGe oSG a - Je dGE Se :hdG dMG
.e h FY dGE h dGE dH Je dGE Se :KCdG
.dhCG dG YS a gGdG s H WdG J e IkOY :jdG J
:dG f
QM a M jo d h ,J Ice K J d - se ffdG GAGLEG d
.ee
.SdG dH ee e e a es f fGE
.`dG a e QdG dWGC j
:GQdG
J b dG FdG e j odG HSG c a dG dG sGE) dG Y IQdG
.(H
:tdG N
hb M a H JG j dG dG Y YWGE h ,jdG e WdG a MdG .1
c GPGE ,dG J Ghj GC AbUCG hGC AedG H dGE dH Gg j b h) WdG
e) kM JG j H QNGE h ,(gQhH YG N dGE oVuj gQM
.(
k e fEG M
.WdG OGTG bhGC a
k e psY H a WCG d JJ PJG .2
.KhM Y FbdG g J h bGd jdG GB GSG feGE a dG .3
d
E
G
h M) OOJ hO H ddG e JC ,bdG AKGC bH Y Y cGC GC .4
o
.(LQCG Y g bM eoGC
.eH JH d oS M a Y Y d ,jQhdG UdG Ym e oWGE .5
s
.dG a dH J SM eH MG Y eG .6
.JdG e h SdG RL e SdG edG L e .7
Qqj H ,keJ kffb (dGE e h FGdc) dG fhDT L c e cCdG .8
JdG hGC JdG KCdG GhP e ,fLGJ We uC h ,kdJ
M a GSd N h tJ N Vh j ,Y jd
aGdG MGC IN dGE j Lem e Y fOGC GWG .QGdG
m YL b e NG LGh ,fEG M Y
.snbn
.e e a dY eCG UY AL
h .L IQKGE hO YG Ghuj GC GhOGQGC h
Ye dGE Ib f dSH kjS
o H
Y dGE Yj ,ke Y m e meH ,SdG e
dGE kT N Uh eY h .LY LG
.'dG eCG UY QOZ ,dG
.SGB e ,fEG M Y aGe

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
53
T eGC N
NG = dG
h haj e fEG M Y aGdG Vj PGE - e xM dGE IOQGh :hdG dMG
e k Gc h .MCG H a dG YdG b e NG dGE jdG WdG a j
.Y H jdG WdH teGC
NBG dG VJ h ,M ee NG jV H b - k GL Je dGE Se :KCdG
.dG hGC ,ZG hGC ,AGYG dGE
Y k GOYG jJ ,e b YL dGE NG Je j e IkOY :jdG J
.K SGC JRH J GC j h ,dG
:dG f
YdG J Y sJ GC dH j h ,aNG a J We dGE dG Y L
s j
.jZ c
:GQdG
.eCG GAGLEG Yd e e id
Gd VJ MG e j odG HSG c a dG dG sGE) dG Y IQdG
.(dG
:tdG N
H kHe - Y cGC jH aSGC GC dEG dH eBG e c GPGE a dG .1
hGC ,k GL esDe H hGC ah V hGC ,he
jJj dG dG JQGC GC hGC ,edG UGdG FSh SGC Cc ,kJ cGC jH aSGC GC .2
.dG gGC
Cc ,d jdG e kYf OLh S aQ hGC eR e aSGC GC j ,ke dP c GPGE .3
.NGB dGE ,bEG d j hGC ,dG dG e dG Gg j
.Lho a Ke JG Hd JdG PJG hO aSGC GC .4
kej Je gNoGC GC h ,se AeR e cdG h dG h dG H kefH JGC GC .5
.Gjo e Y AT c GC chDC
e ,e e GY GC S jdG jdG QH JG eH Fb OGYEH bGC GC .6
id iNGC JGC h ,FdG g e f e MGC GC h - WdG e GVhj GC j
.e
.dG Y Ie c JGP ddG h dG JGC GC .7
.KdG dG JG HV H Uj dG ceCG dGE GE idG a gPGC GC .8
GH GPGE k GQa JGC GC h ,(bdH YdG) bhCG L a dM e j d ke HGC GC .9
.W Z e kT GC
:QGdG N
:Nd
o VsJ e GPGE
Je dG j PGE ,NG J hGC UH h - TCL WHQ h FhH MG .1
.d HJQG jo h ,M bGC dGE YCG
.GCSGC g H dG e`j dG GC kVGh GH GPGE GE - dG hMGC GC .2
.e dGE dSQ SQGE k GQa WGC GC .3
.e e mU ebGE h dG GMG f hMGC GC .4
.aGC ee H ddG e ,dG AGHGE hO d eGhCG YWGE .5
.jQdG SQe h ,L H dG :H gG .6
tY h ,a le fGC jo dG VGdG h ,dG UhCc ;UdG H fG .7
.NGB dGE ,J dG jCG
e AT H S fGC h ,MGS WGE LGC e Vhd N e id sGC cJGC GC .8
.dP d
54
eeCG dG SDe
OGdG e GY H a k Ge c dG dG cQOGC h .d dGe UY b e oNG

MGS WGE k GNGC sJ eY h .GSd N h Y Yo d .jdG Y c dG jdG
H e e FGQ h JU H HQ N e dG MGC Y tdG e kM J
dP dGE eJG Ld ac J d edG g GC e ZdG Y h .ej dG bdG
Y SGC fCH k GQT bdG dP a em Gh mf Y edG g H dG sEa ,dG
.SGB e ,fEG M Y aGe .'bdG
.MdG e je e ,NG h bdH e tJ F j SdG dG sGC GM
InOY fC GhLp .MG sc J b fsGC Z ,eCG Vh a SSGC
l pd eCG dG sGE
HSG Y JQb Quj GC Gg CT e h ,'?(e bGh KM GPGE) BG aC c GPe' a dG
.kjGC kbse j d d fGE h ,a kHM d oM e dGE
kHe J GC e H fsGC Z ,Ic b GP
l GhOGC eCG GAGLEG h dG GC a T
.FdG MCG h ,QeCH dG dG h ,bdH YdH
Je eGC N Vh .2
.ee a K ,JdG eCG dG Vd H Uf dG dG a khGC S
dG g H Y Y Gfc .iNGC dGE dhO e bdG dG Xd ffdG dhDdG J
.fCG J e H ,eCH dG Jbe a IQGOEG e AYGC GcpTGC h ,cH a Y
Je eGC N Vh oY 1 .2
d dGE LM a fS fEa ,GsdG dGE dH h .dhCG Td kej GJ CH Uf
.Y eGS bQh FU h ,QdG Y Hd
c ,Fb a J h fLGJ dG WdG d H KdG FeR FS GLG 1 .1 .2
GCj GC bdG g a XdG e e OY cGC cQe CT e GE .dG a j OGaCc h
a hYdG XdG j b .eCG GAGLEH G`dG Rj h ,eCG FdH YdG AH a
HQ fGC Z ,WdG h GSG dGE kVJ XdG cGC SG Xe hGC Fdc dG
e sc GhN h ,TdG Gg a gdG Y Oa c G
u T .eCG OGdG Uj e hGC fj
.jH
HdG AGdG ,WdG Jsf gGe bGY

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
55
e Ldc - YdG h OGaCG e e J H dG jdG kjGC Jbe a GuV

hQJ b h) .dH dJG H fLGj b dG WdG h - NGB dGE ,OdG h ,dG MGC
fGdG a eCG N ihL e e d ADg e e kYLG M bh a GhJ GC
.(H J dG
dGE UdG GdhM ,J e N ud .WdG ae nee ,Wd jdhCG GYGC 2 .1 .2
dGE dH - KhM M a KCJ e d j GC jo h ,dG bh MG ie M aGJ
ae e mf Y GQYG g G
u S h .dG dGE dH h ,ITe dG UTCG
dGE SdG KCdG GP WdG J Y engG cJ GC QS dG e sGE .WdG
Oj GC j ,g be S a .dc JdG dGE SdG dMG GP h ,JdG
m GQN cQdG
g tJ j GC j h .fOCG WdG e ed ,dG e h S
.eL cCG WdG Y H fG hO d ,eGC GPGE goJ h MdG
.(H J
eeCG dG SDe dse ,fEG M d bGdG Gec fGC

AGYG h dG dGE kVe e c GPGE ,dG S a .Ye a WdG GuU 3 .1 .2
IQY GVGC d) 'dG eGC OJ dG WdG' Jo ka GhLJ GC a ,aGe Y OdG
.(edG H Ike WdG hJ H ,dH ke j GC OGjo d jJ
u
Y .VdG Gg M QmaC fOGC fdG dG GhfGC - eCG dG ee Y GaGJ 4 .1 .2
.QGdG N dc h ,eCG GAGLEG h SdG GuJ GC
e GKuh h ,GaGJ h ,GMJ ,UTCG e Ic mYc h .WdG cGC e IkMGh GhQNG 5 .1 .2
56
eeCG dG SDe
e jd c GPGE .WdH j a JGQb IOjR h V f e d N e k GAL S

fG N e GH GeJ GC j) .WdG e mje e edG SGQH Geb ,bdG e j
c dGE GWG h .H Ye c d H k GN GhOM h .bd k GQNG ,IU Ye dGE
c H Geb .Vh dG dG dGE J GC h ,dGE UJ H IdG YdG J GC Ye
.(WdG g e ed FdG dG Y GaGJ h ,YdG J H sJ e
Y QbCG UTCG dGE xe N uc e ed N he Vh Y dhDdG GhSGC 6 .1 .2
Y aGdG h Md YdG dP a k GOe GLG h ,dG OGYE kFf k GYe GhOM.dG U
.JdG eCG dG e FdG dG h ,dG Wd FdG dG
- fGL ac Y eCG dG Y AH GAGLGE PJG Y sj jdG UTCG GWGC 7 .1 .2
,dG Y dG J Sh a fGC e ZdG Y h .dG a edG L Gg T d GsM h
eCG dG h eCG gGC H Oa ud d ,T H dGE jJ g aCG sEa
.JdG
h .LGe h JdG eCG dG J He Y khDe MGh lT j GC e GhcsCJ 8 .1 .2
.iNGC ImjY nZe h AnYCH j dG ,dG FQ dG dP j GC aCG e j b
IjL dSGC a J bh GC a jJ e H .Ie lY JdG eCG dG sGE 9 .1 .2
GC e cCd ,e mjJ J Y hGC ,IjL We GCJ eY LGe J GC j h .eCH J
GPGE e d ,dG Oj GC H oLGe J GC sj h .dG e ed kFe dSGC J
,eCG dG LGe J eY .j c ufo fsGC e h ,bdG dP a kaf eCG dG fc
J dG dG tGC ksL j d ,VH gQGUGE jQJ h KsdG dG bQ jJ e H a
.MCG g eCG dG e H
p edG'
eCG Vd 'FdG
o GOGYGE 2 .2
GQTGE cJo FV eY Y J se N Vh fEG M Y aGdG H ouj
GC h ,Odc j AT sc GC j Gg sEa ,'NCG' dGE j jdG ie c GPGE .QhdG
sGC j Gg sEa ,'dJdG' dGE j jdG ie c GPEG .IOe eGC WMG PJ IQhV
dGE j jdG ie c GPGE esGC .eCG WMG e OY PJG sj fGC h ,k GjGè k GN g
GC e uc Y .eCG GAGLEG bGC PJG e g H h ,sL We
o be Gg sEa ,'MCG'
,UdG bS dGE k GOSG eCG VdG dGE J dG FdG ed UdG JGOGYGE J
Y e le Gg .GQb e J e h ,dG f e fJ e h ,GjJ e LGJ e h
.dG Gg e Pf
p edG'
eCG Vd 'FdG
o GOGYGE :e
h dG eCdH dG J h ,eGC jd eRdG ddG IYdG kS fdG e f'
.'dG hGC dG dGE VsJ e GPGE JFY YO c h ,IdG Y eCdG
p edG GOGYGE Ie sGE
,SdG e c Od foJ dG a .oWH g eCG Vd FdG
mHe ,e Je eGC d
k jH d fsGC Z .eCG bdG sj eY goJ h
.dG a eCG FdH YdG uM jH

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
57
dG
dG
dG Yhe
edG jdG ie
IOdG eCG GAGLEG
GOe
GOe
NCG
.SGM GSG YhdG J

.jFGdG NH dG Y e g h) SdG
CH jo GC e dG b j GC j
H (ke OJ
dG a SM ee
.bDe
.edG Re a hGC
OGaGC hGC GdG J
ee QNGE
.H KdG dG dG .VhCH dG
H SG
dP c GPGE) WdG J
.YCG
.(kFe
VdG UTCG j
h) gGS e cGC d
b j GC j e g
.dRe e (ke OJ
e Oa GC j GC
dG a edG
QN hGC ,dG a k GOe
a d IQdG YdG
.dG
JG j H cdG
.FQdG dG a H
OGaGC hGC GdG J
KdG dG dG
.H
dJdG
.dG bGE YCG L J

.bDe IQH
.aVGE SGM GSG
fdG QNGE
.bdH
ebGE e J
VdG UTCG
h) gGS e cGC d
ADg j GC j
dfG e h UTCG
.(ke OJ b
hNBG edG Aj GC
MCG
JdG eCG dG oee 3 .2

h ,UdG bS H ,e H dG uS Je eGC N VH J me c sGE
.GQb e J e h ,dG f e fJ e h ,GjJ e LGJ e
QYG a gNGC a ZJ b dG SSCG GQYG e k GOY ddG dG Y hJ
.JdG eCG N a d
sGC aj h .e j c aj h .dG Ice hJ c dG a edG L j'
VsJ GPEa ,Gd h .kjGC UTCG J MU J fEa ,dG d JGC e GPGE dG
dG `dG jhGS a IsdG dG SdG ILGC ANEH f fEa ,dG dGE e
.HhQhGC T e ,fEG M Y aGe .'jJf
58
eeCG dG SDe
dG
Me
oJ j dG iodG Y eGC
VdG
h k GL
k e
n e Gg j GC j UTCG dGE ffdG IYdG jH f' :
Sh a j H ,k GOse
.m 'e JGC aO j jdG
kjS hOOj GC edG
f Y) IQhdG Y
.(
k e jdG Y J
dG e
GPGE e H dG edG aj GC j
kS dP KDj GC hO) jd IN fGC Y gsb
.(dG a Vh h fe Y
dG be
FdG e
eCG
fGE h ,M h GAGLEG YWEH eCG sj

a QeCH dG dG h bdH YdG SQH
.bhCG L
kfL e lT gGC GPGE - dG j eCG sGE
dGE cCH dG Vuj GC j Gg Ea ,ke
.dG
sj Y lH
eCH
.eCG Y edG dhDdG j dG dG

j e dP a H ,jNBG edG LGh
.dG h ,eCdG h ,dG h ,dH
;GAGLEG h YGdH G`dG :jOdG dhDdG
h ;eCG OGdG Y HEG ;WdG e dG
.dG IdG a eCG NJ
h QGhOCG
dhDdG
FdG
m jJ Vh
Z FQdG d a AdG uJo dG QGdG d
.dG g J
bdG
d AfGE :dP a H ,dhDdG h QGhOCG
h ,edG e UGdG eGOGE h ;eRCH e
.NGB dGE ,fdG h ,YEG h ,dG h ,QbCG
IQGOGE N
eRCG
XdG sdG GSG

ASGC dGE IQTEG e lN
k e tbGC a - UTCG
.tdG dGE
Y kbue idG S
h .J a dG dG
h SdG H WS
sGC Me e ,GAGLEG
e aGC GAGLEG QGJ
h IOdG MEG
.udG
d GPe' `H J N g
dG J h .'..Gc M
Y dGE LJ dG
Y h UdG bS
.fLGJ dG WdG
.dG eGC
h SdG
.`dG eGC
.NGB dGE ,OdG h ,AdG e edG eCG GAGLEG
.JdG h SdG eGC
QGdG N
.jJ h edG IQGOGE
.fGe H dG
.eGSG h cdG fU
a H ,d VtdG h ,bdG) AGYG tJ
.(dG AGYG dP
.jdG ddG e edG
.YEG FSh e edG
.dG e edG
.dG a JdG e dG
IadG /NG /YG /bdG
.dG AGYG dP a H ,AGYG
.FdG dG Y fG hM dM a

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
59
S jJ Y (IQdG j) d aS dG fEG M Y aGdG sYGC FKh a YS d

jM jJ h aGc
60
eeCG dG SDe
J a dG dG oa :SOdG dG
kGeGC J a dG dG H dG e J dG SCG H dGE S ,dG Gg a
dG SCG - dG d JGOGC uS h .e h ,H dG Y L
s j e e h ,kaf
g ,hCG dG a WH cGC IlGOGC kjGC g h .YdG GWCH sj lJ h ,dG H
. SWOT GjdG h UdG h dG h IdG ee J IGOGC
YdG GWCd H ej eCH e jQJ a cQdG
?kaf kGeGC J a dG dG H dG jo GPd

dG g a j fEG M Y aGe j GC e H h !sdG YdG e jdG K sGE'
d GPGE .dSGC h ,VGZGC h ,gUY e h ,be - J e Ye uc dGE tdG Y GkQOb
JGSG ae Y jQOb GfJ d fEa ,se kLQ ojGCQ h ,QeCG H jGQO Y GfJ
g fhjj e c sGC YGC fEa ,W b GE dG j d GPGE .dGE dH dG jdG
fsEa ,GQdG Hue e Gfc GPGE eGC .S a eGC fYS h ,eSGC dG cdG bS
a jdH adG g fQsW d !QGdH dG e ddG g a d H a Gd h ,b dhS
Y dG GQTEG e e edG Qj GC e csCf fGE h - dG dG e hdH ,dG
.'dG bGe MGC a Jo dG GAGLEG aGC j GC jo e h ,ghUj GC
sGC e a H d .jd mSh aGC g fH a PdG hP UTCH dG sGE'
gsL sGC f c ,JeR iMGE bhGC eY h .H
l U d fc idG aQ UTCG
Gg c d - MGS WGE LGC e dG dGE Wo h ,edG a jRQdG dhDdG MC ljU
.'kLf kHSGC
.ShCG dG e ,fEG M Y aGe
dG dH se ae fQsW b h ,fEG H dG Y a dsa f GC Sh a sGE'
c h ,fhjDe h fVQe c e Y h .aK h ,SdG ef h ,jQJ - f a
h adG g f c a uf d fGC cQOGC ,FdG g H eY h .cuj e h ,j
H dG dG a d bdG H N K !SdG eCG hDdH j a e IOSG
.'eCG N a FdG ssV h ,eCH eGdG g J
.HhQhGC e ,fEG M Y aGe
l GN :eCH UdG dG c
61
m bS a fEG M Y aGdG j
e dG h YdG e jdG e ,dG mdH
ae j jW bd JGP dG a j jdG fEG M Y aGdG sGE .ddG
.Y H Y
S eCG S a J IOYGE h adG g ge U IOYE bdG H J sGC Z
m H d f GP
JG feEc ,IjdG edG a QdG e j fEa .IY
.JN e IOSG hNBG j H ,QOe e jd e KJ h ,
k e IKDdG GWCH
M dG a YdG GhRJ GC h ,eCH j a H e IjL mYp USG j
.IjdG UdG GJ GC h ,bd S jhDQ GJ GC h ,JGSG dG h cdG
J a dG dG H eJ e h e e
h QdG Y sGE .H KdG AedG e Ye e tj eY j e aGC dG J j
Gj GC e IN bCG AedG uJ h ,eCG H QdG fGL AH uJ g YdG dG
.aGC H hDdG e H j e e Gej h eGC
K j eY hGC) ddG dG Id e N VH eb Ia g GH d bh nN sGE
j dG VGd VGh ljJ dG g Y S .(J a dG eCG dG a uH J
j JnGOGC fOGC f fGE .dYGC f e k GAL jdG h eCG JGSG J GC a
.odG Fd ne eGSG sjo h ,dG g a eGSG
sGC Z ,bdG g a dG a T c Qj a ,dG ie h ,dG M Y k GOYG
h ,aj GC dG a jNBG Y Lj e J h ,SSCG dG KH dG dG e
.VH
M Y dG aGdG e fJ Hsa ,Vh Y me Z HdG GdG fc GPGE eGC
H (eGC GPGE jNGB e) GhGCJ GC f fEa ,ddG g a h .jOe j e ,fEG
a ,eCG j a kWH cCG IGOCG g h , SWOT GjdG h UdG h dG h IdG ee
.hCG dG
JGSG fc ,dG h dG e GH j e h ,bS a d bdG J eGC GPGE
.k GcJ h kMVh cGC jd
6.1
dG
:dG H J SGC
fGdG QYG a GhN) ?dG Gg a fEG M Y KDJ dG SSCG FdG e
.1
(YLG h jObG h SdG
GP SDdG h OGaCH Ghua) ?SSCG FdG J a jKDdG YdG tgGC e
.2
.(iNCG hdG h ,YCG H h ,dhdG h bEG h WdG h dG dH h ,PdG
YdG ADg de Y HjGE hGC S H KDj GC bdG d j c
.3
?dG Gg M JHSG fc c h - FdG
GC c kd) j e cGC AGYG dGE Ve fEG M Y aGdG j e
.4
RmeQ dGE kY IQTEG hGC e jQJ f H ,FGLGE AKGC hGC HfG bo :e) ?(kjL
.(NGB dGE ,idG aQ GQjdG h ,jQcdG ddG h ,GgdG hGC ,H
62
eeCG dG SDe
d d
l GhOGC
dG H dG SCG .1
GhJ GC j) .dG J a Y HLEG jJ cS dG SCG e k GOY fOGC hJ
qGE .(J a dG dG H J SGC :fdG dG a dG iMGE HLGE Y ke
Vd keAe cGC J GC j e SGC GC hnJ b h ,H oTjo keGC GE d SCG
.UdG
V SCG H e GPGE FdG aGC dGE US fsEa ,e a J c GPGE :cJ
.Ye
ib JJ dG cfG e gGS h dG OGH dG edG KJ h UH f c'
dG) dpc Y a NdG IOYE VhJ dhdG GCH .SdG b Y J dG dhdG
Z e je oYG .(fEG M cfH Jj H SdG H J dGE J
M Y aGe .'dhdH J FGR AfGC hGJ h QGUGE' `H
l eJG dGE Lho h ,edG
.jaGC e ,fEG
.(nUGdG dhdG h dG dG e QT H ,Y eJG SGE M bh a sJ)
SSGC JGSG jb Y mf Y isJ edG Z dG J Y GC VGdG e
h ,fEG M cfG dGE dhdG fG LJ N e ,eCG Gb h edG dGE dH
.'jObG de dH gjJ
.GP hGC dG Gg dGE ,PdG hd SSCG VGZ
C d k GjJ Y uj b dG JWf H SGC c f'
fsEa ,JGSG ddG iMGE dGE IkTe tj KCJ c GPGE
.'eGC Y KCJ e d S e h
f Y k GKDe Y hj eY jdG dG dGE VtdH hWJ .jeCG e ,fEG M Y aGe
.b P e cGC KCJ GMGE Y k GQOb j GC jo eY hGC ,jGè
aCG d dG nSGC a dG sj ,pe eGC lJ jd j GC ,g dG h ,dG e sGE
bhGC a ,H GSG hGC JOjR hGC w eCG GAGLEG jJ dGE cOj h ,dG J dG
.dG J
JU h ,YdG dGE kJ cGC mf Y dG a kdJ dGE VS dG IoGOCG Jo
.H H U h - eCG VH
YdG GWCH sdG dG .2
eH gG jd jdG ADd a J Y cYj GC YdG GWCG J CT e sGE
ODj h ,YGdG h egG jJ Y S c .a jKDdG h ,eGC a HjEG hGC dG
h ,nuSj h adG JYb Rj GC j h .e J GC jo dG pd af jhDQ dGE H
.eCH j a kda GAGLEG cGC QNG Y kjGC cYj
a hGC kjS JLeo jJ dEG LM K S h) bdG H dG g jJ j b
dG Y k GQe S fGC Z ,(dG bhGC
a OQGdG - SWOT GjdG h UdG h dG h IdG ee J g) kWH cGC IGOGC K :cJ
.(hCG dG
.IdG h adG a QdG jd ,Ye V dG Gg AGLGE sjo :cJ
l GN :eCH UdG dG c
63
1.
?jdG SDG eG KDJ c
2.
2.
iNCG hdG
G
Z WdG
eG
H G
fEG
CG ch
IG
YL
VQG
sG
G
Z dhdG
eG
YEG
SDG
jdG
WdG
eG
g H eG J GC e dG h .IL aU OGe h YVe Y G e (GC

.fEG M Y aGG j me f h ,GMCG J ( .dG Y ajGE hGC FSdG
.Se - jG d OGSG(O .Je - jG Y IQdG (`L
1.
G VQG YL dhdG G YEG jdG SDG

sG
eG Z
?eG jdG SDG KDJ c
hdG eG Z WdG G CG ch
iNCG
fEG H G
IG
.6.2 dG
YdG GWCG :e
WdG eG
J g GH d dG aGC sGE .TCdG bGC h bQdG FdG H dGE LM a fS

.ac Me d Jo d ,IdG bQdG FdH e a FGdG MGC e fL
AlGS) YdG dG h bdG hP GWCH Fb OGYEH bQdG FdG Y Geb :dhCG IdG
HjEG hGC dG eH gG jd e ,(Jg h JSDe iS e GC dhdG ILGC e fcGC
SGC Y HLEH kS Gg oa b fJ HQ h) .c ,fEG M Y aGc ,eGC a
,WdG ,dG ,NGdG IQGRh ,FdG e :dP eGC e j b h .(YGC 1 .6 dG a bdG
,jQdG YhdG ,YEG FSh ,jdG YdG ,SdG GMCG ,dG VQdG YL
dG IOdG ,LCG GQdG ,edG Z WdG dG ,edG Z dhdG dG
.bdG GP YdG h ,dG Qpc h
gG e kH ,bEG hGC dG J Y GhcJ GC hQJ a ,jQ e a J c GPGE
.c jdG Y dH GeJ GC H Qj fsGC Z .WdG odG a bdH
a a
n Qjo GC j YdG uGC a GhfG ,edG FdG OGYGE e J eY :fdG IdG
S Y .jdG YdG H aNG dGE AH j GC fCT e dG dG Y ,Ya
dGE uj d h d lVQe NCG Gg h) WdG RL Y dhDe NGdG IQGRh J a ,dG
a g J b h) fEG M Y aGdG jH se ImMh Y dc h ,.(FJm H jdG
m
dG a aNG K J GC kjGC L
s dG e .(CdG Gg a M S jd OdG H QW
jdG YdG dc h ,UdG J h ,dhdG J dG YEG FSh e aGdG j dG
.NGB dGE ,jdG dG h ,dG hdG GQS h ,dG
e k GOY sj khL GfGC h ,gJOM jdG YdG OY AMEH kdJ Geb :ddG IdG
.(aCG) dG e JGP OdG h ,1 + MGh dGE kae YdG ADg OH (ddG) IYCG
.kjOY h kaGC f JdG a YdG GLQpOGC K ,J hO odG odG fdG GYO
GhfGC) aCG h OdG jdG a
k Ke YdG dG SG a j fN ud :HGdG IdG
:JBG GQOEH Geb ,(x eY J dG fdG
.Y AGYG hGC fEG M Y aGdG jH j e a de h YdG VGZGC (GC
.Y AGYG hGC fEG M Y aGdG dGE jdG jd JJGSG (
,fGC Y g UJ j) jM hGC fEG M Y aGdG V AGYG J Y JQb (`L
.(Je /Se /fe ;AGYH GC jdH JGC AlGS
/xe fGC Y Gg UJ j h) jM hGC fEG M Y aGdG Y AGYd gOGSG (O
.(Je /Se
.dG Gg Y ke L
Y
EG fN GC hnJ
o
aGdG jH j a YdG H dG a GhJ GC Y sEa ,fdG H dGE dH
a QcdG dG fL e GKCdG h dG a Ghua ,YCG dG e k GAH .fEG M Y
.fdG J e Wj dG NBG YdG dG h ,dG YGC
aCG dG e Wj dG h ,jdG SDdG j dG (ddG) OdG a ,dG S Y
dG OdG a h ,edG a jdG SDdG KDJ H dG dG a Ghua ,edH dG
KDJ H dG dG a Ghua ,jdG SDdH dG aCG dG e Wj dG h ,edH
.jdG SDdG a edG
g N e d sJ dG SSCG edG M JMe GfhuO ,dG e J eY
.dG
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
65
:YdG J Y J b dG pdG J Y eCG e

m pU GC oH pfo d dR e *
M Y aGdG jM Y IQdG j e YdG H e
.fEG
Gfj GC f bdG a jo e ,fEG M Y aGdG aj e YdG H K *
kSM FdG j b :
k e) jM Y IQdG d e jNGB Ya b e GKCJ dGE Vse
.(YEH sj a jd
e ed OGSG UY H LH ej e PdG hP YdG H id j b *
?dGE sJo dG UdG f fGJoGC Y dG Y dG
Y
h
.
'
d
h
d
G
h
Y
'
QYH dG id fGL H Th'

o
s
mFY GhGCH h ,fEG M LGC e odG kM j e hQuj GdG GCH ,dGY cGC hH AHdG
.HhQhGC T e ,fEG M Y aGe .'dGE YdG ej
neue H dG eY h .Y e WJ GC j d adG dG iMGE Que GC Vf c'
m MH
h ,H JU AdG Gg RY d !JMGbG c Y aGh ,UCG dG IYd IOe
.jaGC e ,fEG M Y aGe .'k GQtJ cGC mf Y f dG ddG J oU NGC
:eN
l J
p
bdG g H dG tdG oS MGC sGE .eCG Vh jJ ApH a SSGC
e
C
dG sGE
l
HSG Y JQb Quj GC fCT e dG eCG ,'?..Gc M d GPe' a d fJ dG
.kjGC kbse j d d fGE h ,a kHM d oM e dGE
kHe J GC e H fsGC Z ,Ic b GP
l GhOCG eCG GAGLEG h dG GC a T
.FdG MCG h ,QeCH dG dG h ,bdH YdH
m J uCH eeCG dG SDe MJ
:dGE doSQGE e Ljo .Gg dG c Y
u
,GdjGC FQ e 2005 Y a Ie hC eeCG dG IFL Y FdG ,GOdG e gGHGE hGe QcdG

.dce Qe IdG
66
eeCG dG SDe
:IQeo oLGe
M) dc a M h jfEG dH LQdG jhdG GP J eGC ^HdH Me HdG dH fOGC dGE QdG YdG
.(2011 dj /RJ T
LGC e LdG tdG hU .sco ,nehpb ,nuU ,nQpUGC :fEG M Y aGd eCG JGSG ,Qjf Iga ,QuH L
.2008 ,eeCG dG h ,c pJ c SDe ,fEG M
Barry J, Nainar V, Women Human Rights Defenders' Security Strategies: Insiste, Persiste, Resiste, Existe, Urgent
Action Fund, Kvinna Till Kvinna, Front Line, 2008
http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/files/en/Insiste%20Persiste%20Resiste%20ExiAste%20rabic.pdf
Operational Security Management in Violent Environments (Revised Edition),
Humanitarian Practice Network, 2010,
http://www.odihpn.org/report.asp?id=3159
.2005 ,eeCG dG ,fEG M Y aGd jdG dO ,jQjGE jfGE

Eguren E, Protection Manual for Human Rights Defenders, Front Line, 2005
http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/ar/manuals/protection
.2008 ,dhdG jdG e ,fEG M Y aGdG jd jdG ddG ,GQc Qe ,jQjGE jfGE
Eguren E & Caraj M, New Protection Manual for Human Rights Defenders,
Protection International, 2008
http://www.protectionline.org/IMG/pdf/manual_arabic_pi__1st_edtition_2009__web.pdf
.eeCG dG h duc LdJ cJ ,hU a eCG ,chh ,da ,ZH

Bugusz W, Vitaliev D, Walker C, Security in-a-box, Tactical Technology Collective & FrontLine
https://security.ngoinabox.org/ar
,HjR h fhfGE h edc a fEG M Y aGdG jM :Ad

l JGSG ,jGE Ke
.2010 ,eeCG dG SDe
Easton M, Strategies for Survival: Protection of Human Rights Defenders in Colombia, Indonesia and Zimbabwe,
Front Line, 2010
http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/ar/node/13924
OJd SeHdG dG euJ GC j dG jdG e :fEG M Y aGd eeCG dG SDe dO ,dc jc

.2008 ,eeCG dG ,?jhdGh HhQhCG
Collier, C, Front Line Handbook for Human Rights Defenders: What Protection can EU and Norwegian and
Diplomatic Missions Offer?, Front Line, 2008
http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/files/FL_Handbook_EU_Guidelines_ARABIC.pdf
dhdG QSHc ,QGdG d HSG IsYo

http://www.capacitar.org/kits/ArabicCapacitar%20Kit.pdf
Security Risk Managment - NGO Approach, Interaction Security Advisory Group
http://www.eisf.eu/resources/item.asp?d=2551

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
67
dG
hCG dG
SWOT GjdG
h UdG h dG h IdG ee J IGOGC :e
:dG AL g e h) GjdG h UdG h dG h IdG ee J j SWOT IGOCH dG sGE

J GC) 'NGO' Fe dG h IdG ee sGE . strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats
.cH hGC bGE a LQdG dG dGE gOta ,GjdG h UdG eGC ,(H
.eCH sj
k e fOGC d uf fGC Z ,be GC a IGOCG H dG jo GC j
:SWOT IGOGC GSH bdm H d
se g c) AGLGC HQGC dGE e Ic bQh U GeSG ,AedG e Ye V :dhCG IdG
.Oa uc ge GfhO .oaVGE J dG UdG M kgP kY GhLGC h ,(fOGC
m J N GV h ,(N h OHu KK H) sjdhCG oS dG OdG a Ghua :fdG IdG
Se
t
.jdhCG H J
(eCH j a) dG ee
(eCH j a) IdG ee
e edG H adG a QdG j

.M
s e mf Y GjdG
.dG Wf h d eGC N K d
Y dhDdG g h) adG IQGRH dG dG
.(dG
.JWf j dhdG Id VdG YEG
.dG a edG jj dG G`dG

.GjdG e edG a QdG XdG IN
.edG a PdG hH dG H
.d dG YEG YO
h bEG fEG M H IdG dG
.dhdG
(eCG LGJ dG) GjdG
(eCH j a) UdG
sdG VQdG YL dc h dG L
Y J dG iNCG edG Z dG
u j
J dG edG Z dG dGE GjdG
,ffdG FdG h ,anGodG :fEG M jb
.fEG M jb Y
.nsdG IQdG h YdG h
Va fCT e fb he QGbGE j GC jo
Y aGdG jd HhQhCG OJG GOTQGE
dG edG Z dG Wf Y IdG .GQdG e IYdG W j - fEG M
.jJ h fEG M jb Y J
:LGJ dG odG GjdG Y cuJ GC dG g Qb - M h le) tdG h jdhCG jJ

:jdhCG
KK H :gRfGE Ye) .fCH jNBG e Qhj h eGC N IOse HH j GC eGdG je Y
.(TGC
a e GMd ,adG IQGRh a BG j dG ,HdG AedG MCH odG IQGOEG AYGC h jdG j
.(dG SCG :YdG) adG IQGRh e bdG jd JGSG
VQdG YL Y KCdG h PdG UGC e jdG AYdG MCH odG IQGOEG AYGC h jdG j
dG :YdG) - (f jdG YdG FY dGE j dG a QdG dhDdG MGC GC cjo) sdG
.(dG
dG fdG hH KCJ GC jo dG iNCG edG Z dG dG e e LG J
HSCG N :YdG) cdG anGdG GQOe a Md ;fEG M e Y IdG Vj
.dG KdG
.eGdG je h jdG :He h jdhCG g J Y GTEG Y dhDdG UTCG
68
eeCG dG SDe
*
*
*
.
.(
.1
.2
.4
.3
dG

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
69
dG
ddG dG
seuCoG dG e GjdG h WdH udG FdG
o H
g e a h .GhdG h GjdG V bM jH sa f Y seCG dG e jdG J
.VjdG T H ,WdG dCe d dG
n fGC WdG dOe J b ,dG
.WdG dOe fue d kjW ,QhOGcEG e fEG M Y aGe g h ,fS d Vh
h .YdG J jb SH Geb ,V iMGE Y h .f H j d VQCG Y IQU SH Geb
.Y IlU dG MGC b Y
.jdG JG a dG SGC IdG aO hj kGU kLQ IQdG dGE GVGC K
IdG ad aGc ej dG ,dG LdG j a fJ ,Ic kY IQdG dGE GVGC ,kGNGC h
.dG SGC
:YdG OGaGC Y ddG SCG GMWG
?(e h jdG LGJ b dG) WdG g e
aU a j hGC ,
l HUGE SdH J GC h ,edG dGE jdG VJ C kMG K sCH j b)
.(b
IQdG Qtd dG MGdG e xc a jdG ie Y GdCSG
J fdG dG GC h ,VQGC Ig bh M a j dhCG dG a dG GE dH j b)
GkN j UGC bdG sEa ,ddG dG a eGC ,IdG MMR j LdG sC ,sL We gQhH
.(OGORG LdG GQb sC ,k Gc
MdG GQdG GuH h - dG bGd e M aVEH IQdG jJ h AdG dGE YdG OGaGC GYOG
m HSG Mj b .dG J e xc a
:e e
.keGC cGC e dGE IdG uL
a e QGfGE U Y GhdG jQJ j GC j - YdG d dG QGfEG FSh a Ghua
.IOe IQTGE hGC md kHSG ,SGh Me
.dG Y LMJ e GPGE IdG tJ bd cdG QsdG Jf hGC QTCG H QR j GC j
.dG Y canoes fdG QGb a dG
.NGB e dGE kbDe fG
.aGQ e jJ hGC ,SCG dGE LdG UG h dG dGE OdG
.fEG H e e e hGC IQhe e e IYdG W
k GOYG GP hGC dG Gg dGE dsa J GC j ,IY GQN K sGC dGE GJ GC h QaCG GuJ GC j
.da cCG S juGC J h GQdG L a dG g dG sGE .MdG hdG Y
.dG dP ka LGJ dG jdG dGE bdG GL
u h ,dG Gg H H
70
eeCG dG SDe
1.
2.
3.
dG

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
71
dG
HGdG dG
fEG M Y aGdG gOM c edG GQdG :tJ F
SSCG edG g UdG bS sGE .eCG be a sjo kLPf J GC g tdG FH OGjo
j b e h ,GjJ e fLGJ e dG a GhNCJ GC sj .GAGLGE e PJG sj e jJ a
.Vd eAne cGC gJ h ,QhV g e FdG g Y Gd ,dG f e jd
:adG
.LGJ dG GjdG h WdH
.dhdG h WdG dG h ,cH a H dG jdG h ,ffdG bH
.j dG SdG dG h aK h H
.JdG e edG H
:pdG
.YGdG dG dG
.b bh a SdG e c OY jJ Y IQdG
.PdG GP dG h ,YEG FSh h ,fEG M c - dG pdG
.dG YdG h ,WdG h ,edG ShGC a dG
jd IOe GOTQGE jd dG ,(jhdG h HhQhCG OJG hO UH h) LCG GQdH dG
dG jdG e - fEG M Y aGd eeCG dG SDe dO fGC) fEG M Y aGdG
(1 ? jhdGh HhQhCG OJd SeHdG dG euJ GC j
.2 fEG H dG dhdG h bEG dG h dG
:dG
.edG Wd eCG dG
.WdG GCSGC J M a WMG lN
.(be Z N J M a) QGdG d N
.eCG FdG M VGh dhDe
.dG N a SSGC b eCG L
.eCG d jQhdG LGdG
:dG /dG
.edG id dG odG
OGdG d fN /Ub h ,esDdG aGdG h GHCG h ,bCG h ,HGdc - jOdG eCG e aJ
.NGB dGE ,IdG IQfEG h ,dG
.(
B d MT j H) dG e Vh
k e J f Y ,jo a jN
.be h WdG H Yj dG dG dG
h SdG Sha e jdG h , firewall QdG QGdG eH
k e) edG LdH dG eCG
fhdEG jdG jhY h ,ffEG ge GSG We a h ,dG d f h ,dG edG
.(FKdG eJ h ,esDdG
.SdG edG e ed VGdG fCG GSG
.dG e dGE d sdG Z UTCG NO d ,jFGdH J eQU SS
72
eeCG dG SDe
:dP Z
.fdG MCH G`dG - dG dG
.FdG e IfdG h YdG J
.eCG d GPGE eGB e a ebEG feGE
.eGB IQH dG
.ddG OQGdG
.dG eCdG
.JdG e edG Y IQdG
.jJ Y Lj a Ghua - GQdG g a lf g dG f sGE
:eeCG G be Y HdG dH ddG Y WG 1.

http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/les/FL_Handbook_EU_Guidelines_ARABIC.pdf
.fEG M Y aGd dG GP H kFb sj dG ,Y HdG G fGC
2.
dG

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
73
dG
edG dG
dG eGC :tJ F
edG g UdG bS sGE .eCG be a sjo kLPf J GC g tdG FH OGjo
,GjJ e fLGJ e dG a GhNCJ GC sj .GAGLGE e PJG sj e jJ a SSCG
eAne cGC gJ h ,QhV g e FdG g Y Gd ,dG f e jd j b e h
.Vd
:QGdG M a Jo dG JG .1
Z dG dG jhY h JdG bQGC J hdG ojb h Kse lFb g g
?SEG eN h ,AWEG RL h ,WdG h ,dG h ,iNCG edG
(NGdG h e LQdG) jOdG h dG LGdG .2
.dG h ,GQdG ,aGdG ,dG GHGC ,SCG /LQdG HGdG AGOGC h dM e GJ
jdG jdG ILGC h ,jdG GB h ,QGfEG ILGC h ,LQdG IQfEG AGOGC h dM e GJ
.Nd
WfGE h ,ese h eGB f Y kase JdG J GC dP a H ,SSCG GAGLEG e GJ
Vh a of h JdG J GC h ,se H f h JdG Y GTEG Y dhDdG
e J j GC h ,bdG dGE VJ hGC JdG J eY bCG J j GC e GhcCJ .L
.OGdG S a FbdG g
?'eGB' UN laZ jd g
e dG LGC e GjdG jG`J bhGC a e SG dGE J dG adG G`fGE j GC j g
?WdG dGE VtJ ie
:dG a edG .3
UdG FSQ a hJ h ,SGsdG dP a H ,k GM H KdG UTCG XH eJ g
?fj dG
?dG GP eCG dG Y dG a edG L jQJ j g
?dG gGe dGE YdG e gGS hGC dG Y M a eGS N jd g
?SM YCG cGC CH ,'oae j e' `H sJ kSS huJ g
hGC de e fj fGC Y GPGE UH h ,edG L e M QmGM eGOEH eJ g
.(jN k GAGYGC heudG edG hj GC j) ?e f e d Vj fGC
h ,dG c h ,eCG GAGLEG H eJ a ,dG a dG XdG MGC j eY
?dG dG Y ,JdG
:'filters dG f' h jFGdG SG GAGLGE .4
L cQj g h ?jFGdG U L Y dG e dGE NdG GAGLGE J j g
?dG a edG
c J GAGLEG fc GPGE sY NdG GAGLGE H IkOY ej jdG XdG GDH Geb
.J dG dG Y h ,j
,d`Y
e
)
H
G
O
d
G
J
G
P
E
G
d
G j dG e XdG j g
k
k
k
.(dH JG ,a Y eG
m YLG hj jdG ADg a H) jFGdG ASGC J g
eCG c GPGE ?(e a
u
dG dG h RedG SGH) ?jH eJ c h ,SM edG g a ,dc
.(dG S Y UN IH
74
eeCG dG SDe
:(JdG h SdG ILGC eCH udG ,Y HGdG dG kjGC fGC) edG eGC .5
QN eGB e a H J h ,Je e WMG f OGYEH QhO f Y eJ g
?dG
?Je Y che SdG edG GYj GC gCG edG j g
?
k e OdG hGC cudH dG c ,jsdG edG d eGB f jd g
Y tdG Qsj H ,eGB AnSGC (fhdGE hGC bQh fcGC AlGS) SdG Jd J g
?dH
:OGdG M a eCG .6
h AHdG He h ,AdG HU h ,HfGC h RdG eU h ,jdG Be dM e GJ
.(Lho GE) JoGdue h JHc
:jQdG h dhDdG .7
AGLEG dP c g h ?e UTCH WfGE h dG eGC Y dhDdG jJ h J sJ g
?ksa
h ?LGdG g sJ dG fGdG L j g h ?dG eCH j jQJ efH nK g
?sa jQdG g h ?jQdG dGE OdG XdG L N g
;HhQhCG G ,dhdG dG a e jQjGE jfGE ,SdG dG ,fEG M Y aGd jG dO :Y tH hGC ,Y
k f
.2005 ,eeCG G SDe Y QOdG
dG

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
75
dG
SOdG dG
`dG eGC :tJ F
.Vd eAne cCG gJ h ,QhV g e FdG g Y Gd ,dG f e jd
e a kjOY k GeGC eGSG jo dG J h ,dJ tJ j dG jdG GhOGC aGC GeSG
feGE a Ghua .e kHJQG cGC jNBG J b fEa IOe Z eGC GAGLGE eSG GPGE ,bGdG Gec ,QGfEG ILGC ,jdG dG ,SCG ,HGdG ,aGdG Y dG ,bCG :GSG
.NGB dGE ,`dG nM IdG IQfEG
dc h ,AWEG eN ,SEG ,Wdc - JdG QGL dGE QGdG M a Jo dG bQCG GHGC
.IQhdG Y H JG j jdG AdG hGC AedG JGg bQGC
.dhCG aSEG IY h ,jdG Be h ,jdG e QGfEG ILGC aJ J a
.eGC GE ,NdG Y e QGd e K a
ILGC a Qj GC c xGC Sh a g - ce a cJ dG UG e eGC ie a GhfG
.QhdG dG GhuJ GC Y sEa ,dc eCG c GPGE ?Sf IkY hGC bGd
FGMG M a be Z jjH OhW GC Gsj GC Y CH dG a eY sGC h FdG OGaGC GpYGC
.Ge Y
GC dGE cj GC H KdG GdG Qhe a sGE .fGH dG dG jd dG h bdG GN
Geuj GC h ,(NGB dGE ,Y kSGC Mj jdG UTCG h ,cdc) QGdG a JQG Y j AT
.Jse Y d
k S d
We J M a eGS N jd d h :eEG QH JFY e dG WdG GHG
.e
H h) fLGj dG WdG Y AT c jT QNEH fEG M Y aGdG H j :jdG
,AT CH gAcT hj a NBG dG eGC ;(dG eCG bGdG a H dG jdG Y sj
.JbY ojsdG oeuJ b - d fGC g a Ghua .jdG S WdH dG GC e ksX
GC hO eGB J jH gOGYGE j H dG dG a h ,jGE gQNGE j a Gha :WCG
GaGj qGC hGC ,SGC Mj jdG UTCG h ,AHdG dGE GKj qCH gQNGE dP a H - dG d J
.jZ T GC
pLG' ge j h ,'se eOo' `H dG h gPG' e ,gGdG dG M a eGS S IQY a Ghua
.'uY H dGE
Y j SQdG e WCG UG CH ghNGC h ,dpWGC SQue e W kbY GhQuW :SQudG
.dH d sdG UTCG
h ,a H KdG UTCG XH Geb :(NGB dGE ,SQdG ,FdG ,d`dG edG Xse) edG
:Y gHQuO
a hLGj jdG AHdG h ,IOdG Z cdc - jdG Y j AT GC Y HEG .dG
.fPGE hO `dG dGE T GC NOEH Gej GC NO hjj fsGE dj fU hGC UGE sY GC e ,(JdH JG SGH) Gj GC ke cf Y j UTCG ADg GYJ h .dG ,AHdG ,JdG YGC c ,dG
.dG a gOLh GW
p edG' f Y J e QGW N GSG feGE a GhofG
:eCG VdG dGE IQT
E d 'FdG
s
.Odc j AT qc = NCG Uc ,UdG eCG WMG e OY PJG sj h ,jGè N K = dJdG .SQM GSG h ,dGE h SQdG e WCG
me dGE FdG c ,eCG GAGLEG bGC PJG e g H h ,sL We
o be = MCG .kS Qe eGB
76
eeCG dG SDe
.`dG a SdG FKdG GJ

.kSM gGe c GPGE dG dGE dG e M GsJ
.NGB dGE ,jQhdG fCG h ,
k e dG FGdc ,fCG h fGdH G`dG e GhcCJ
uSO dM a) d ahe Z UTGC e cCdG hGC HhdG GJ a ,dG QN dGE oYOo GPGE
.(a Qe
dG

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
77
dG
HdG dG
LdG hGC OdG hGC cudG e ,ndG ojM :tJ F
fEG M Y aGdG j GC j dG SSCG FdH k GcJ J GC g dG FH OGjo
hGC ,N a fj b e ,(NGB dGE ,dG e LdG ,OdG) cue e ej eY d cQe
.H dJG H d Ve j
GMJ h ,dG Gg d GeJ GC j d ,H U f QN eGC e edG e VdG d
.fCH eCG N Vh Y
xCH Y Y c GPGE) GjdG h WdG J h ,WdG dOe dGE IOdH H UdG dG F GhGCHG
.cudG ADd ,GQdG h ,dG H h ,(e
.H dG j e h ,e J Gbsj GC j e h ,e H J e VH cud GuH
.(NGB dGE ,dG W SG AHGE N e dG S Y) dGE jdG jJ Y JQb d GMTG
uGC Y gQNEH Gs SG h ,H dJG AGsL e dGE Vse fGC hj dG WdG Y gdCSG
.kHM d GqM b fj b AT
VN g hGC fGC GfJ GC jo c GPGE keGC FSdG cGC GhQNG :cudG e UGdG dGE dH
.bGd
m
AKdG j H dCS'
U
G
e
Q
O
G
Y
E
G
h
,
(
f
O
C
G
f
C
G
)
H
A
j
k
os o
a ,(MGh j b) KEG j H dCS' dP j GC j h ,'kMU IY jOdG YdG a
.GP dG YLG a AdG e GhQub h .(IMGh YS b) kMU ITdG YdG
.(eGB Z fc GPGE dGE ndG Geub h) fuj dG UGdG jW Y cudG GdCSG ee GC JdG Y GdJ a ,dc eCG c GPGE ?bGdG J GfJ GC jo g - JdG h .ke c GPGE ,LQCG Y leGB
l SGC fdG e jS eH SGH WdG GE .CT GP
JoNG GPGE ,JG H a fdG e edG JGdG SGH JG jo GC j
.e hGC dè e mHe Y J dG edG JdG f
d GPGE ? riseup.net .hGC gmail e ,keGC cGC fhdGE GY cudG id g - fhdEG jdG GAdG JJ Y GeG h ,SdG edH j b dG dG Gsa ,dc eCG j
.fhdEG jdG SGH
:bGd VN GfJ GC jo eY cdH AdG
.nSCG QdG g em H IkOe FGdG J M jdG LdG j kMOe e sGE j GC dG e .cdG J ce hGC ,dè hGC ,e a AdG J GPGE eGC Oj GC j
PGE ,JnGP jdG j jdG dGE GfG h ,udG GUGh d ,keGB k GQN
k e jc Y e
.k Ge N Ho Y e dsa dG J h dG ILGC J GC j
dG aZ sGE .YLG Z h JdG GJ ,`dG hGC dG a AdG e sHo c GPGE .tdG ILCH kYhQe J C kMG tbGC GdG hGC (dsdG J e)
m ee H kM bo GPGE
kT sGE .gGdG Vh e k GOe e GhcCa ,cudG dP b dGE J
Gg Y VdG sJ e GPGE hGC GjJ J GPGE jGCQ uj b ,JQU f hGC SG GSG Y aGh GC S
.GP hGC dG
dGE aO hGC bpGNG LGC e OT fGC Ysj kUTGC fEG M Y aGdG H OU :Me
.dH QmH JpU e dH dd Geb .pN be
78
eeCG dG SDe
edG dG
GgdG :tJ F
SCoG GV
jgdG U a Y aGJ K g) d VH Gg GuH h - kVGh IgdG e VdG d
.(eodG dG a dG GhYCa ,dc eCG j d GPGE ?dG
.(NGB dGE ,eCG V h ,dG KCdG GME) aCG dG GhOM
:eCG dG
?g gaOJ GC jo dG tdG bh he hGC VQdG e
m je GC e ed WdG Y OYG j g
IgdG fc GPGE a Ghua ,dc eCG j d GPGE .
.bdG Gg a LMG Y d odG njdG
jdG oY
:dG S Y ,dhDdG H Geb
be e YLG YEH dG dG h QsdG dG dP a H) eYEG JGSG .tdG SH WdG h ,(a
.WdG e eRdG JG ,bdG a d kfY Gfj GC j jdG UTCG jJ dP a H) YGdG e JQG h dG .(IgdG VQe hGC GVd QOGH CH QdG Y eYE
.LdG YO GE dG j J b dG dhdG dH JG ?aU a YG sJ M a d em e K g - ffdG IQdG h - eCG sJ GPGE IgdG AdGE dP a H - dG eCG VdG Y dG Y hDdG) eCG dG .(NGB dGE ,dG W J h ,d e AGLGE h ,IgdG Y adG AanodG jQJ
.(YsdG ,GQdG ,adG) FSdG ue .(dG jYdG aGe bGC e dG bCG Y hGC) dG YdG -

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
79
dG
HS bh a
OGSG Y eH e c hGC ,ee e a c GE h M) dG e kjJ GhQSG
.(INCG dG a Qj b dG dG jE dG GdH ae Y h ,d
m c
m bh b WdG e dH Geb
,fdG id dG h ,eCH dG Ze CH eEG QH
.(JQG V GhOM h
.GsdG e dGE e h dG Gue Y GMG
.IgdG Fbh Ghd jje bGe IYH Geb
.IgdG S dG jd ke GhtYpGC
hT GC Y dc h ,ed edG hdG h IgdG Lho Y h ,jdG Y IgdG AaYo GHQuO
GCW M a j H h ,IgdG AfG Y eGB H cQdG jJ c h ,dG Va
ghOhuR h ,(fCH IgdG J j jdG UTCG e edG Gdj GC j) LM VhGC
.(GQdG Y IQT Vh hGC dG dc) dG H jJ fCT e H h ,JG ILCH
je AGM h ,AGYG dGE VJ M a
k e jL Imc - jM Y YJ He AGJQH Geb
.dG e uj
Hj GC IgdG a Oma c Y - UTGC HQGC e Ye a IgdG J feGE a GhfG
b dG c GPGE e k Gjo cGC f Y GsJ GC M bh a j H ,Ye a jNBG KdG
.YG dGE GVJ
.H eCG dG QNGE h e GC UQ e uJ e ceGC hj Igd bGe GhtYpGC
dG
m a SSfG bJ c GPGE
T Y Jge bGE feGE a Ghfa ,IgdG Y jd e
g fG d QoPCH JdG dGE jgdG d LQdG dG Y UTCG j CH) jH S
.(UdG
IgdG AKGC
hGC jW bd gQfG GO GPGE MEH Ghj GC j PGE) KhM Y FbdH jgdG IL GHGC
.(dH j e e Z Gfc
.fhUj sSe UY hGC e CH eCG dG QNEH IgdG bGe j
h ,dhdG dG e j GC e H - dG a SSCG UTCG c IgdG a
o Qpj
.jb e a ,gGS h ,ffdG QdG
.AGLEG Gg dGE hdG YO GPGE IgdG jd e Gfc
H a dG d IlsYo ,Prides against Prejudice dG MCG V AjdG
k f
o bhp :(tH) Y
.ILGA-Europe HhQhGC - YdG e d dhdG dG ,jOe
80
eeCG dG SDe
SdG dG
NG /YG /bdG :tJ F
oWe ;(YdG e gGS hGC dG b e) NG h ,(dG b e) bdG hGC YG sGE
.e WdG g dGE f GC H kjsM c g e h .UdG H a J fsGC Z ,e
kidnap h abduction :NG e Yf K h .YG M kjGC j FdG g a bdG :Me
.se
m e nJ hGC jH ddG sj NCG sGC Z ,(LdG :HdG a H dG dGE pgGC d)
bdG /YG
m bh am e eN eCJ Y GYa ,YG N LGJ c GPGE .1
H K) eGC GPGE e
a nedG sM J GH a j e ,fEG M Y aGe MbGE fOGC JGSG
.(cH AdG
JG AGLE e mUH nJ b fsGC Z ,sdG Jg e NDj b - ee Jg bQ GMG .2
.Jg
g bH GdW h ,(NGB dGE ,FY QNGE hGC ,
J
G
A
G
L
E
c
)
Y
Gfc .3
k
.H
a dG dG dGE jo h ,SCG Y j GC gdG dGE jo :
k e - fdH ae Y Gfc .4
.enujo GC j AT GC Y j GC
d GPGE) ddG Ve ae GWG h .AGLEG Gd OdG dG Y bJ J dG dG e GSG .5
.(jd kee dP j
.ee QM hO SGC GC Y GJ .6
.bhCG c a e jQhV jhOGC GC GMG .7
.RMG Lho dGE aGj FeR MGC GJ GC eGC GPGE GdhM ,dYG j eY .8
GeJ d GPGE cOjE eRdG GAGLEG PJH d ,QGdG M a H Jd T jd a .9
e GPGE dGE hNCoS dG ceCH jGQO Y j GC Vjo h ,Y e bhGC a d eS cCH
.oYG
.dGE eJG e jè LJ h ,AGYG dGE VJ a Gg j GC j - YG GehJ .10
AdG a sM J dG GdG a fEG M Y aGdG eSG dG JGSG H g
:eH
h - WdG ce eGC kT N f sJ h ,a h jJ Y Ib dSQ SQGC'
M Y aGe .'Y GaEG dGE GhVa ,jS a dYG j GC hjj dhDdG c
.SGB e ,fEG
.ShCG dG e ,fEG M Y aGe .'AT GC cJGC fGE ,VdH TGC fGE
o b'
h dG dGE VJGC b fEa AH
o QbGC e GPGE fGC YGC - AT c QfGE dGE YGC fGE'
.jaGC e ,fEG M Y aGe .'aVGE ee jJ Y d AGYG
dG
Y AfCG H b h ,YEG a aQe MCH JG ,j WdG UY jGCQ eY'

.SGB e ,fEG M Y aGe .'M bh a MGS WGCo K ,bJ

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
81
dG
YnH NG
NG N c GPGE H e H jGQO Y J GC j .g SSGC KOdG j dG dG sGE
.e JT dG NG M fG c h ,dG l S h ,dGE VsdG g e h ,
k Ke
:j e NG ld JGSG S
m pU GbGC .1
.bdG QNCG dGE J j jdG UTCG e e
GeJ GC j :
k e) dGE jdG jJ j e PdG hP dG UTCG e U GbGC .2
.(dG e Sd GYnjo GC hGC ,NG dGE VJ e GPGE dG SG
.dG hDdG h QeCG WGH aQdG jjo dG FdG SSGC Y kFGO GasJ .3
:bdH YdG GSQpe .4
Y S h .J e`j Gfc GE NG b bGdG J dG j GC dG e kjGC fGC) bGdG Y eY GC dGE ue Gfc - fS h ,coS h Y H LQCG
.(dSGC h bGdG LdJ :dG F - Y edG dG
h ,Y cCG bGdG j b Nd N OLh GTDe MGC Ea ,dH bGd VN c GPGE .fj jdG UTCG OY IOjR
WdG dGE fj b fEa ,(`dG a h dG e a) fGH M
l bY jd fc GPGE .jdG
dP a J sdG YdG GC Y keY J b dGE e h IQdG bdG h ZQdG GSCG sGE .dG
DdG j f Y JGP dG JG GsJ h .H KdG UTCG GE J h cS H GpJ .5
.H
j e HdG e GhJQG h ,jdG d keGC dG S cGC a Ghua - eEG Qb OdH GNG .6
.fd e
GeJ d GPGE cOjE eRdG GAGLEG PJH d ,QGdG M a H Jd T jd a .7
.Y e bhGC a d eS cCH
.jOe FH hO j e GAGLEG e GhJG ,sdG WdG bhGC a .8
Nd VtdG AKGC H dG j dG e
dGE aj h cS gtj HQ h - IdG b h Y WdG j b) Fhg Y GaM .1
CH fdG OYG Y j e K c GPGE GE ehdG hGC GdG dGE GhCJ GC dG e d .(dG
.Jf S dSCG g
GC Gdha ,GehJ GC Sh a c GPGE .dG dGE VS fsCG e J GPGE GE - dG GdhJ .2
hGC ,(jdG h fdG H e e) HQCG a dG H Geb
k e) e QV bCH d GJ
.dH JOQe e j H ;(dG Y
GC j PGE :JdH pHndG dG N UH h ,dG SGH UGdH sj a ue Gfc .3
PGE) jSGB GLGh .dG JQG dGE fdG aj b dG eCG ,QMG hGC ,dG hGC ,dH pdG J
.GdG AdG GsJ d ,(AdG LGj H iPCG dGE cGC j
.Y GJ GC Gdha ,Ye V c GPGE .4
.ShhDQ a jjGC GHGC h ,AZ Y GHG h ,VQCG Y Gfa ,IdG J PfGE dhe K c GPGE.5
hGC /h ,HQGC dGE GhY h haRG K ,HQGC dGE GhtY h dG dGE kY kf GhN :tdG dSGC GSG j *
Y IlQOb fsGC jo dG dG e OY hGC lc hGC
l U :GfdG) mantra Gfe GhOOuQ hGC ,e IkU GJG
.(LdG .HjGE Ima Y cdG GC) affirmation e k GcCJ hGC ,(LdG .MhdG tdG J
dG e bdG - NG Ia Y tdG
.e e kpU GbGC h ,dG GMG fn GdhM .1
.WCG h FdG Y jdG g IdG YVdG MGC sGE ;d Ie YVe Y dG GsJ .2
.dG AGHGE hO d eGhCG GWGC .3
.gsV hS fsGC dGE ke GhJ h ;gjJ hGC gjJ hGC dG InCLe GsJ .4
82
eeCG dG SDe
a QeCG AS e GPGE dhDdG cuj GC j PGE ,e dGE MGbG jJ e jQM Gfc .5

.MbG AmH j
euj Gg sGE .YdG eGC SH WdG d kT GhQNa ,nne UTGC IY K c GPGE .6
.H Y H dCH H dG YJ ouj h ,Se c
.dG H dGE fej dG edG L dGE GhfGC .7
H d PCj GC hO JG Gg H GeJ .oNG fCH eYGE h H Jd kfPGE GdG .8
.dG
hGC dJ GC dGE Wo e M h Gda ,Qse J SGH hGC JdG hGC jdG Y tdG dGE Wo GPGE .9
.kaO dP dGE dG aO GE M ,VhdG GaQG h ,dJ CH d oS e
.cjsGE aNG Qj Gg sGC GhcsJ d ,e b e WdH QT jd dsj HsQ .10
dG h jdG dG - NG Ia Y tdG
.cG h IjT eU dM a fsCH GhJ GC dG e .1
.jCG d xH GJ GC GdhM .edG e jW Id je GtJ GC j fsGC MG GsJ .2
m LY uCH e GpYGC .3
.fJ c W
se Z dG e dGE jo e c GE h M) FGH gG N e UH h ,H GgG .4
.etCdG SQe hGC GdG AGOC dc h ,jQdG h jtd kefH Ghuf h ,(dGE dH
h c GhcSG h ,etCdG hGC ,IdH Gea ,Me HdG GhOGC hGC dG J d GPGE .
k e Y GHGC .5
.d ca a GN h ,kSe kd GduGC h ,sdG eaGC
.dG LdG Ab h ZG FSh e j e Y dG GWG h ,kJe h kf dM e GHGC .6
.jNBG Y fG hGC ,SGsdG hGC ,dG c :Gd kgP e Gfc .7
d - W
S
G
dG e hGC dCG e dG sGE .e hGC e jH edG dGE VJ b .8
l
.eCG GhJ
.cjJ dGE Ud Sh a e c J fGC h ,eRCG e ed kN e id sGC GnYG .9
GdG WGE
Jd IkQKGE bhCG cGC g dG Y GaEG Me dc h NG J e dhCG IdG sGE .1
:kjGC Y d ,bH eGhCG GWGC h Fhg Y GaM .pdG dGE dH
.jM f LGC e dG dGE htJo b - e GtJ GC .2
.eCG H QdG h LCd je GfJ GC .3
.MGS WE jQdG VhdG a NtdG GdhJ GC .4
Y j dG RdG Y eCG j GC j PGE :e dG OH d GJ qGC GdhJ GC .5
.dG dGE Va ,dG MGC j h jdG
.ShhDQ a jjGC GHGC h ,AZ Y GHG h ,VQCG Y Gfa ,IdG J PfGE dhe K c GPGE .6
NG d jH N
FYGC MGC Vn tJ M a jH N spJo GC dG L Y sEa ,
k Ke k GjJ NG c GPGE
:j e g J GC j h .Nd

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
83
dG
fGC j gMGC c GPGE H JG sj dG dG (pJg bQ b X Y j h) dG j .1

.NG dGE VS
:e e ,FYC SSCG QGhOCG kS QJ h ,J eRCG dd d AfEH dG J .2
h ,jQdG h ,bdG h ,dG UTCH J dG UdG e gGS h ASCG h ,NG Uh .bdG
.(YSG QH e mf Y) e b e h dG RMG e e eEG QH tdG .(JdG dd J RL GhtYpGC h) H GJG e GPGE dG dGE dH sdG dG jJ .VhdG Me a IYdG jJ Y jQOb Gfj GC j e PdG hP UTCH JG .kFe dP c GPGE dG e edG .dGE YdG jJ h ndG FH JG -
dG
.kFe dP c GPGE dhdG h WdG h bEG h dG fEG M YH JG Cf sJ e GPGE ,IQM eYGE lJGSG o L
u Jo h - YEG FSh id dG SH WdG jJ .NG
h ,dG IQSG ,NG bGh e ad IkRLGE dG e ,dG dGE LdG) YO N Vh e TdG QhdH gJ tj h) QjO dGE JOY hGC MGS WGE Y sJo ,d (edG e gGS
.(FY OGaGC hGC /h dG dG
.Fe g c ,QeCG jH WG Y dG a jNBG edG AHGE .LdG J c jKCdG Aed YLG h dG YdG jJ h ,dsa NG d JoG dG GdG fc GPGE e J h GMCG LGd L J :eRCG H e .3
.VdG d HSG e uJ GC d j c
84
eeCG dG SDe
TdG dG
dG AGYG dP a H ,AGYG N :tJ F
:eY
l UJ
h ,j e cGC AGYG N dGE Vse fJ a dG GMCG a Ghua - WdG H Geb
j dG dSCG e h ,gJe j GC j e h ,GAGYG hM MG OGO`J a dG ceCG
m Ge Y k GOYG jd N S .gej GC
.c
u
GsJ h ,dG dGE Vse fJ eY jOe GLJ - WdG e j`j k GMh AdG c sGE
.cGC H d Vse fJ M ceCG
.kfeGC dG FSh cGC GeSG
jQc dG b e Jo GC hGC ,dG b e cV g Jo GC j - SCG GJ
.dY
.dG M a jNBG J hjJ eY a d IapU e GMG
h) dG dGE Vj eY 'OL' dH Hj SdG e dG GE - Id kW GdG Y GHQsJ
.(tdH o oM
o jo
.Le Lh a edG QuH
e
G
b
,
j
C
G
a
A
C
G
G
S
G
,
d
G
d
E
G
V
J GPGE
k
.adG FSh aGC j e k Gc dG sGE - je jMGC GhJQG h ,bd Y GaM
J GC j He GhJQG ;dG dGE GVJ GC jo M ,
k e Igc ,e kda hS c GPGE
.He J ise kbQh GV h ,jL Imc ,jdG e kT
e e ,jd Hb jM JGSG GJ GC j g h - AGYG hue j GC j a Ghua
?'(PdG hP UTCG MGC) `d ljU fGE'
.GU hO udG Jue Y d fGC GhtYGC
e JRH j b e GhJ qGC h ,H GhJ CH AGYd kHGsL kag fGC e GJ GC GsJ
.(NGB dGE ,dG SdG ,JdG ILGC) ub Gse hGC dZ Gge
.IYdG Y d LdG j jGC dGE h ,bhCG c a a hLGJ dG dH ae Y Gfc
.ksU fGC GeuDJ GC Y GUMG

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
85
dG
:(S e dGE aVEH) dG AGYG

d GPGE .bdG dP nLGJ eY GE H noS e naJ b h ,VdG Gg e ed SSGC W KK K
e gdG dhe hGC ,dG K dG Y adG eGE g qoJpGQN sEa ,QdG Y dG qoSh a j
.dGE dG hGC ,fH dG
nbo
e
)
e
Q
b
C
C
G
d
h
a
,
e
h
J
h
A
G
G GhtJ GC qcoQhe a c GPGE

k
n
.dH qoJpOQe e j H ;(dG Y hGC ,(jdG h fdG H e e) HQCG a dG H
.dd kf kY cGC j b dG sEa ,kjS nHJ d K qoehb GPGE
- qoJpGhP e qcojJ Y QmOH d dG GC e GcCe sco ,GCSCG M GPGE - kf qopfGC nOpYGC
.qcoL Y qoY H kgP dG Y AGYG hM AKGC ncuQ
c GPGE) ?'dG sd' b e dsa jM JGSG neJ GC qj g - jdG jg a nua
aGdG iMGE db) ('dO' `c eGS U Wa Vd fGC nOpYCa ,SCG Gg j GC j
d d h ,e dG SQe a ZQGC fGE ,f' Y AGYG hM dG d fEG M Y
.IQOdH d S b h ,'...k GZ LQGC GC j - BG dG
dG nJ GC j e g h) e bGdG M QYG a nNo ,ZG N dGE Ve sc GPEG
.kjfGC kbGh jJQG hGC ,(eGSH
dG j e IkOY - eGdH SMEG e cCG QdH nasJ GC eGC GPGE ndhM AGYd qoVJ GPGE
.QdG Gg a tSdG h AdG ujo HQ h ,dG Y JpnH QdG dGE LdH kYae dG
dG
MGC d c GPGE Y ondCJ GC j ,dG S Y - T SSGC Y dG e WdG ndhM ,eGC GPGE

?Ke AmGY VqJ dG dP sGC d H d c sY h ,ouS e a HdG
:dG AGYG dP a H ,AGYd AedG MGC VsJ GPGE
GOe NGC e H ,ZG dM a .dG jYdG j GC j M eGB me dGE dG GhN
YdG f eRd dG ,a GB JGE ShH ihdG td) anti-retrovirals jdG ShdG
m bh a h ,LBG bGC a (RjGE /dG
kjGC NDJ b h .dhCG dG h KG YdG ij
.( GC dG id lM MGC AlGS ,dG VuJ dG) ddG dG dc h jdG GOdG
.(J hO jdG e GHG h) Lho GE JHUE QU dH Geb
dG M e edG Y HQse
l V K c GPGE e Ga ,jdG Y HEG a dG ZQ GPGE
.dG
.Gj qGC GhQNG GPGE jGCQ GeMG d ,AGYG Y dG HGE a dG dGE YdG Geub
.bY hP jNGB UTGC C h ,d jQhdG IQSG GJuQ
86
eeCG dG SDe
Y OdG dG
(dP dGE e h HCG AGLGE VGZC) jdG WdG dGE dG :tJ F

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
87
dG
dG H QNCG dGE kVtJ cGC fJ fsEa ,IOdG ebGE hGC Y e Y k GH haJ eY

hJ H mH a haJ c e GPGE J dG ee OGO`J h .dG dG GH adG a
.NGB dGE ,OdH AdG e sJ h ,kSM kYVe
m c
m bh b d dG a AdG a ,WdG Y J kMQ g fc GPGE
.
.e dG oS h bdG WdG Y IOe ee GLG
GgJ GC Y Lj g ?WdG td OGSG Y fGC g ?WdG J adG fc GPGE a Ghua)
(?kfeGC cGC f Y dH d NGB T J eEG a GC GC ,fCH
.keGC cCG jdG a h ,fd mShp nSGC a Ghua
H fG Sh a j H) FdG Lho Y e kYf H me a ebEG jGe a Ghua
JdG e wGC j eY ,WdG bd ITdG dG QN GfJ GC h ,kf mYH VdG
.(JQjR eCH dG
WdG e dUh Y h HgP b GJ h .Lho a bCG Y MGh Ke JG HV jd a
.dG
:dG S Y ,e aj GC j a Lho H Ghua h - jOe GhaJ
.(GOdG h dc) H IL jGQO Y T hGC /JGP dG J e T .(cS jd Qmc hGC ,aK
m SC kfeGC cGC fGC hGC cP aGe OLh j b) aGdG dG L .jQhV e ae j T .dhDdG h d VGh J K a
.JL mae h jGQO MU h kbKe kT j GC sjo fEa ,FS eN a c GPGE
.eCH J eRGC bh e GPGE H dG j dG e j ,QGdG d JG HV jd a
,fS dG jdG) H eS e H VGh h J hL Y e H dG dP GWG
FH GMG h .(VZ C h jGC h e h ,Lh a H S jdG UTCG ,ebGE e
H) dGE IYdG jd H KdG j e ,cS MGe ac a H JG j jdG UTCH
GC hO QdG efdG Y GLJ .(aVGE UJ h ,dG h ,JG ee h ,ASCG dP a
.QGdG H dG JG HV dH GJ
h bGh JJ GC hGC) dG S Y kej Je dP j Cc ,dG dP LGd efH Y GaGJ
c dGE aVEH ,(dG a edG h dG dG h feGE e atJ J e Y k GOYG ,Fe
.eRCG a Jo Ieseo
.dG b feS dG cd dBG dH Geb
g .NGB dGE ,eGdG h jQdc - jdG OGdG dP a H - e fJ dG OGdG /GQhCH Ghua
?dG dGE JoRM VuJ GC jo
.GMCG AS GPGE gJ jGC h /H dG j dG e - d lJGSG jd a
SGE j IcGP IGOGC SGH) NGB dGE ,QdG h ,Hdc ,SdG edG f d N OGYEH Geb
(?gH dG K e dGE fhdEG jdH dSQGE hGC ?
k e HGQL a fHuJo USB H
:e GMG
.(
d
G
c
)
Q
G
d
G
Sd ke k
.FGN .AdG h dG .dhCG aSEG IYo -
dG
:(kaf dP c GPGE) j e e GJ GC QYG a GhN

GE
d
P
d
G
JdG ILGC) jRnL Y J qGC sjo - Fe JG Gse s

s
b kL e GJ h - NGB dGE ,YdG QbCH dG JGdG h ,dG SdG RL h ,eGC
.(IQOdG
.(ja Gec) QsdG dG dGB H dG dG YJ dG FKdG hGC) LdG J c dG FSQ ,jdG FKh :ffdG FKdG .(dG hGC Ad YQsJ
:e GhNCJ qGC a GhfG
Z h jL NGB Y GMG h ,`dG a Jg GHGC) bGdG J fGC hJ c GPGE ,sdG Jg .(eGC GE ,
s e
.dG dGE JoRM VuJ GC jo dG ,NGB dGE ,eGdG h jQdc - jdG OGdG /OGdG /GQhCG .dG M H dG h dG GsJ
.NGB dGE ,dG hJ a GSEG GJ ,dG fGdG GeMG - hDe mf Y GasJ
88
eeCG dG SDe
Y fdG dG
fEG M Y aGdG V jQGOEG GAGLEG :tJ F
fdG h QSdG fdG g GNBG YdG h) dG fd KdG SSCG hdG oMGC QGOEG fdG
dGE lce (fCH fMGC INCG g Jo h) jQGOEG GAGLEG hGC fGdG J S sGE .(FdG
.jQGOGE lHY epodG jQGOEG fCG de Y JsJ e IkOY h .jQGOEG ILCG
.pbh T h fEG M Y aGdG jd b P e cGC jQGOEG GAGLEG Jo
:eCG H g h - GdG NH jJ H jQGOEG GAGLEG Jo GC j
:Nse Z eH IRH dG eJ
T J eH GC h ,jdG edG L AdEH h ,feJ dG edG LGH Geb edG H Geb h .(dG SGM Y d`dG dG GSc) NdG bJG N
m eH GhTG hGC ,QdG Me (fdG)
.dG a GSd Ne
.NdG edG GY h AGdG Uh H GMG :jdG
u S e QdG dH ddG
.Re Se jd j GC e GhcCJ .FGdH dG dG h dH Md J h bO kfGC GfGC :jdG U NH fCG joJ
WdG h ,dhdG jdG h ,jdG YtdH J e ffb fGC K fc GPGE e GJ .AYCG ge h ,jQdG
:jdG ddG e ed IdG sdG
bdG GSH YadG J GC j .e a jdG ddH edG LH jo k GeGC GhQUGC edG Z AGdG HM dGE aVEH ,dG a ed dG adG HdG dGE h ,k GM
.iNCG dG HM h ,dG a
:edG Z e J
VdG Gd GJ h ,e aGe H b e GC e h ,dG e H eJ jGQO Y fsGC e GhcCJ .eCG d GPGE AGdG Ff
:GgdG J hGC dG TQh H jdG
qGC We dG a GhN hGC ,d GeG h ,WdG g H dG ffdG dH Y Y Gfc jGC ae h ,YG dM a e d em e jd j GC) bGdG e ed GN h ,GJ
.(Ige AKGC AGYG dGE VJ GPGE dG jYdG J j
dGE Lho M a) fdH eG`dG Y
C d IQse J OGYGE Y GYG ,eGC GPGE k dO d GM
.(fdG fH
l eJG cQdG
:dG J
.Y dG d j e h ,ddG g a dG ffdG MCH Y Y Gfc GPGE ,H dG j dG e h ,JG Y Lj H Y Y dG a edG L j GC j .J Ice eubo e

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
89
dG
:eY Ff
dG) jQGOEG dG hGC bdG gQ UT
C d cOH a jdG J dG dH jGQO Y Gfc
.(NGB dGE ,FdG QNGE a dG ,dG jYdG J a dG ,edG QNG a dG ,m H JG a
.jQGOEG fGdG N iYH ,jQGOEG dG hGC bdG dEG VsJ GPGE f GP Gg S
dG) WdG dG dGE h fe dGE e eJ CG j dG jQdG H khL GhtYpGC
h ,(NGB dGE ,YdG hU h YLG dG hU ,AMEG ch ,FGdG e ,FdG
.hdG GH Ge`dG
GHGC .se hGC k GOhW cGC AlGS ,jdG J GQTGE h ,WdG dG e SGd H GMG
dG
,FdG dG ,NGdG hDdG ,dG YdG e) XdG dG a dhDdG e JdG JG

j PGE) UN jjH eN SGH SGdH Y GSGh ,fOCG guM a (NGB dGE ,FGdG e
.(Jg de a nb e KGE M bh a dG e j GC
xS Y JGAeGE Gjo GC dG a edG dGE GWG :QGdG M a td N OGYEH Geb
.dG g Y WG dG GC Vj
hGC ,FcT hGC ,FYGC hGC ,SDe e HsdG UTCG e OY GHEH e J qGC e GhcCJ
.QGOEG h ddG OdG o T j Gg c ,JQGOGE
c h ,ajo H dG jdG GfGC M iNCG edG Z dG e e f Y GMJ
.nfGC pjM
.ShQ ,J aH ,edG Z d AGORA e GOTQGE :(tH) Y
k f
90
eeCG dG SDe
Y ddG dG
fEG M Y aGdH dG :tJ F
e Gg j`S a ,SG GPGE ?IMGh Ike fLGJ mKOM e bGdG g g .dG S a GhfG
KCJ S e ?Y dG IM jG`J g hGC ,ShCG e c a le g g ?H dG ieo hGJ
odG aGC GhQJ GC Sh a Ea ,SCG g J dGE k GOSG ?e Y h Y dG
.HSd
.jd e e YO sGE - odG HSG a GMJ h ,H KdG FeR e dG dCe GHG
h FdG e j e e ,IMGa IkMGh dG YGe a AL e MO dGE Y Qj mH tGC j GC j
.k GOe keg GtJ .fSCG
:GQdG
.dG gJ
.FM h eCG L Y ,NGB dGE ,fdG h ,jjDe h ,FeR WGE
.ffdG IQdG Y GMG
.a OQh H dG GP dH dG YGe pMO dGE GhYG
Y e GhGCHG hGC ,dG Z YGdG e GHG ,jd kee dH j dG dG c GPGE
.H Ke Sh N e WSh
.Y Fb iYO GbCa ,d kee YdG c GPGE h ,KOdH WdG GHGC
.J GC j dG c GPGE e d VdG He M uc a GUGh
:sJ e dGE aVEH IOdG MdG H g
:NGB dGE ,fhsdG ,YLG UGdG T ,fhdEG bGdG - ffEG GSH dG
.dG J dG OGdG aQ bdG je dGE GWGCo .FdG jJ e ,JGP bdG Y dGE GSG hGC .YGdG J a MJ ,fhse hGC fhdEG be Y mH H Geb .YdG Y Fb iYO ebGE feGE a GhfG GQdG GSH dG
.JGP ceCG a jRJ Y GYG h ,FdG j Qe OGYEH Geb dG HdG h fdG
.J h dG dGE HSd ,NGB dGE ,YGPGE He AGLE GJuQ hGC ,kU k GJDe GhYG RedG e ,e PdG hP UH h jjDe bGJ j h ,kec FdG sj kaU kfH GhQUGC .fEG M e h ,GMH J dG
.JdG Y YdG GMCG g a dG YdG J dGE LM a c GPGE a GhfG ,k GNGC
dG

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
91
dG
Y HGdG dG
JdG h SdG ILGC eGC :tJ F
kjGC fsGE .Vd eAne cGC gJ h ,QhV g e FdG g Y Gd ,dG f e jd
m ed http://security.ngoinabox.org/ar hU a eCG IQGUGE GhfGC .SSCG dH lFb
aVGE
.Ic J h
- hU a eCG he a YdG bH Y kjGC LJ dG FdG e k GOY edG g J
.YGC HGdG fGC
:RcdG /bdG h dG edG e HSM jH Geb .1
kjQf k GQGL h ,dG ed IOe iNGC h ,Shd IOe eGH GeSG
a d k Gf ,WdG ddH h Qd Vse J a - UdG edG GeJ
.Ne Z eH IRH JG Y
k a ,edG g jJ
HQd Spybot efH e ,AVAST QdG Me fdG edG GSG feGE a GhfG
.QdG Comodor QGL h ,dG ed IOdG FOSS eH h ,ShdG
.eCH UN GOGYGE j dG ,Firefox e ,keGC cGC ffGE e GSG a Ghua
jM c M edG e jd hU a eCG IQGUGE e hCG dG Y WG j
.H UdG SdG
.firewall
:Y GaM h eGB xS c GhtYpGC .2

GC h ,(bJ eY hGC k GOY hGC kaM) k GeQ Y KG Y j`J GC j h ,aGC dP c dG c dW c
) eGE hdG Jo jfEG dG a :VJ) odG h odG ddG a kahM J
Ga h ,UdG RedG h ,bQCG dGE aVEH ,(LdG (Lower case: a,b,c) hGC (Upper case: A,B,C)
.eGC GPGE space
Y d Me ee hGC /h SedG a LJ c H UdG dG c J qGC sdG e
hGC ,bQGC hGC e ReH gdSG hGC dG H Geb .sdG jdG SG hGC OdG jQc ,T
.cGC hGC d H GNG
e) ZGC e ke hGC e c GY Gg j GC j h ,dG c d IQY GSG feGE a Gha
.(bQCG hGC RedH hdG GSG
.HQe bhGC a dG c GhuZ
,fH jH Geb h ,eN c a e d h ,(J hGC acG j GC) jb S c GhtYpGC
j - dG c L d KeePass GSG feGE a GhfG) dG c Y k GMGC GJ h
.(KeePass Y edG e jd hU a e
C G IQGUGE e ddG dG Y WG
.H UdG dG c Y WEG Y T GC GJ
.H UdG dG c jH eGH h fhdGE bGe C ke GJ
.eBG dG c Y edG e jd hU a eCG IQGUGE e ddG dG Y WG j
:SdG RL Y SdG dG jM c .3
.eGB e a dH GMG h ,fH d WMG f OGYEH Geb
.dG gGe dGE J jOY ASGC J SdG dG ANEH Geb
fG j GC j h ,GdG H a ffb Z edG GC Z) Je L eJ feGE a GhfG
.(dGE
.ke j h Je euj GC TrueCrypt sdG FOSS J MGC Sh a
) e ,eGB e IGOGC GSG feGE a GhfG - H b dG dG LSH N j GC j
.Eraser h (bDdG dG J dG) CCleaner
92
eeCG dG SDe
ge MCc ,ffEH JG e e`J dG bdG hGC ffEG eN Ohue oS e eGC GE GJ

.
k e ffEG
EG .UdG jb h eCG FdH YdG gQhH j e SGJ jdG UTCG GC e GhcCJ
.UdG h eCH e Z NBG dG c GPGE kf Jhe J d h .JG FK Y JG
.edG e jd hU a eCG IQGUGE e SOdG h HGdG dG Y WG j
:ffEG SGH JJG UN Y AHEG.4
IP GY VH J h ,(Hotmail h Yahoo dP a H) eGB Z fhd
E G jdG HM e dG GE
Google GC e ZdG Y) kfeGC cGC Riseup h Gmail HM
Es .H J dG dSdG a H UdG
G
.(bdG jdG Y OdG VJ dG edG dd e a YPGC

UT
C d ue h ,Wd keJ cQe Gfc - bGdG dGE ffEG ge GSG Vj GC j
browsing history tdG jQJ h dG c H Geb .fdOJ dG ed h e UGJ jdG
.AfG H
H ,eEG QH ,ffEG Y fJ dG edH J eY http e kH https GeSG
.eGB f Y edG e gGS h ,dG c h ,j dG dG SG f j
Y kYH e hj e hGC ,faJ UTGC e IOQGdG fhdEG FSdH adG H GeJ
.jdG
.ffEG SGH ,fhgJ hGC fJ hGC SM ee SJ eY UN mH ue Gfc
Z kUTGC J dG ,anonymity ddG J MGC hGC proxy eN GSG feGE a GhfG
ee gY UGdG h ffEG dGE UdH Gg d j PGE ;ff
E d jOe ec ahe
.NGB kHSM j IP GY
d FGf e keGC cGC j b Skype sEa ,dP e h ,IOdG a eGB IGOGC d chat QdG SGdG GE
.jdG
.edG e jd hU a eCG IQGUGE e edG h HdG dG Y WG j
:YLG UGdG T.5
.NGB dGE ,FbUGC h ,cLGJ e Y h ,fGC Y fJ dG edG a kse Ghua
.jNBH J k GQU hGC FKh hGC ee hS c GPGE dG UTCG aGe Y GMG
.fH gH Geb h ,eGB J dG dG c J GC e GhcCJ
Ve e geJ - Y e e YLG UGdG T a HH J eY jQM Gfc
H browsing history tdG jQJ h dG c H Geb .K e fGC e jcCe c GPGE GE e
.Y SM hGC e GSG e AfG
FKh hGC /h , End User License Agreement dG NQ AfG bJG MGC a h IAGH Geb
dGE LdH AdG j GC dG e Ea Gd h ,dG a FKdG g J GC j .UdG GOTQGE
.fH
Y GhJ .YLG UGdG T a Hd UdG GOGYEH jGQO Y GfJ GC e GhcCJ
dG eN C ,fH LGe h customise gH Geb H , default settings FdG GOGYEG
.GH J b
a dG g GeSG .YLG UGdG eN MJ dG dG J Y e Gfc
a dG Y JQb e GhcCJ h ,S dG edH jGQO Y Gfc h ,gQH J c GPGE
.Jee hGJ
.edG e jd hU a eCG IQGUGE e TdG dG Y WG j

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
93
dG
:dsdG JGdG eGC.6

h IdG dG FSdG dP a H) VdG bdG a H dG LddG h ddG JGdG fGC sGE
GhJ GC Y Ea Gd h ,JJG a NdG h ,cLGJ e tJ j - eGB oZ (JdG ddG
.edG edG bd dG SGC a kehO
j dG h ,LdG QH UdG T jW J dG
s dG Z JGdG e J keGC JG cGC sGE

.eGSG H e dG
dG
.dG Jg Y pin lock d dG edG hGC dG c H Geb

.dP dGE je c GPGE geH Geb hGC ,Jg Y SM ee GfJ
hGC ceCG a eGSG Y GeG h ,dG Jg eJ a dG dG dGE QGSH e Gfc
.dG dGE VJ GC fCT e dG bGdG
.fd dSQGE hGC H b JdG Y J dG edG L e e GhcCJ
.e dG b jdG SIM bH h eGSG j dG JGdG eH Geb
h Jg J a GhfG ,SM ee bJ dP j h e h OGaGC e J eY
.dG VGZ
C d h d e SIM nbnH
.edG e jd hU a eCG IQGUGE e SdG dG Y WG j
94
eeCG dG SDe
Y edG dG
dSGC h bGdG LdJ
j .Vd eAne cGC gJ h ,QhV g e FdG g Y Gd ,dG f e jd
.WdG J ,ddG dG a bGdH dG dG Y kjGC WG
?bGd VN fGC g
h fdJ e a jd jQM Gfc h ,dc fGC GVaa ,bGdG J c GPGE e jcCe Z c GPGE
.dG h nfGC Gd ,fJ
e VdG g e h ,cH a Jo dG bGdG dSGC a fEG M Y jNGB aGe e GMJ
j e VZ Y k GOYG sS HSG sGE .(?N OGYEG GC ?jdG GC ?edG L g g)
.bGdH
GPGE ,dG S Y .bGe OLh cG GPGE GJ GC sj H dG dG a FeR e GMJ
?e J GC fe a fJ a ,ce a tJ RL Y JY
cQe fsGC Yd sJ GPGE .GJ d fsCH Ghga ,bGe OLh ocG e GPGE - g edG IYdG sGC hj
Y eGC ,VhdG MGC Y Gg - Y tdG j dSGC ej h HGC S fsEa bGd
.cAGRGE dG j b fEa ,FSGC
dSGC h bGdG LdJ e edG
:ahdG /dG dG ILGC
- IS IhY a :
e
)
c
G
d
G
d
G
Y
Q
j
O
j
h
,
dG h bdG ge g J GC j
k
s
IQfEG Gse MGC a hGC ,(cQGH dG dhdG Y e lT j) Je S Y hGC ,(jM d
.IL U Yf dGE LM a fsGC Z ..AHdG He hGC ,JYLG Yb a GHCG hGC GQdG hGC
ceGC GhQNG ,ke Gg j d GPGE .JQS hGC e hGC dè a SM W GP jOMGC GC GhJo ^..udG IM
k e ,bse Z hGC /h dG Ic
o hGC ,(bdG GP a dsdG GSG e) dG IM :
GE ^JdG Y h ,dG dP a VdG Gg GJ a ,tdG ILC e me ne e`J c GPGE a dG ILGC OjE e AGLEH Geb ,Gd ,V fOGC juJ OH J dG b e dG
.adG gO IOYEc ,OYG Y QS J h ,OY j
:GedG /jdG GB
h ,FdG YS h ,RdG ILGC TT a ghDNGE j h ,dG h bdG ge g J GC j
.NGB dGE ,QNdG
.dG h dG eC dG YGdG GSQe .H J jdG UTCG e jGdG GJ -

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
95
dG
:JGdG
JG Jo GC j h .f sdG JdG RL hGC JdG bH SGH AlGS - otJ j GC j
jo H JdG Y eH hGC RL cJ j GC j h .bGd IdG dG FSdG h JdG
.ahdG /dG bc
jdG UT
C d M ,c xC ghJo h ,YGC Y k GH J dG sdG JdG ILGC GcJ .H J
INdG e GLSG h ZGC hGC ,dG a Jg GcJG ?SM LG Qd Le fGC g .dH Gej GC jVdG L dGE GWG h - (jQdG)
b Gg GC Z) kf eGB jW fdG e Skype jS eH SGH KOdG AGLGE sGC jo .(...j
dG
JGg GeSG d ,dc kf eGB jW fdG e edG JGdG H JG J GC j .e hGC dè e jdG J GJ h ,Ie c a e
dG j dG h ,LdG QH UdG T jW J dG JGdG e J keGC JG cGC sGE .eGSG H e
:cdG
.tJ ILGC Y csnJo GC j
e H PGE) cdG INDe a UH h ,e kjQhO dH Geb h ,SCG e cdG H e dGE GasJ .(YU H RdG j GC
cdG hGC fdG cdG GAYSG e hGC ,cd fdG hjo jdG UTCG e jQM Gfc .'e e UE'
b ?a Y j dG a ,IQdG hGC dG a k GRL fEG M Y aGe Lh GPGE - N jd a
H dG h ,bGdG e dG Gg OLh j H dG YdG e eCG gJ g HSG nSGC J
GJ d fCH gdG fGE h ,j d kT Cc dG j g gdG) .bdG Gg e Sj
.(LdG :jdm Ghd VdG bG .dGE VN fGC dG bGdG
:(td VtdG) dG bGdG
.ke M
C
G
h
O
C
G
b
GdH J dG dG sGC GYG
n o
.(JQG Sg /jfGQdH Qd dG ehe e) bhCG L a bdH YdG GSQe
fhcuj jdG UTCH Gha) k GOe Y dG j H fhnJ jdG UTCG fC GpU UhCG g a fhuJ Me aH GMG .(ghDNGE j dG QeCG - e h ,dH h ,H
.dP e J dM
Ge J) M j hGC /h ,ke /IS e T Jj g ?dG dG Y ke hj e ?(bGdG
d c hj hGC ,GdG h dG GY hGC ,FGN e j b) HcQ h gRGW h fd - cdG GM .(NGB dGE ,fGC j fGC
SfG jhDQ h LdG LGh a dc) aCG a fhJ dG dSCG GSG AGZE GJ
S kL a - J ce Y OHG a GSEG hGC ,dM tdG h FGM HQ pY hGC ,QdG
.bhCG L a W H dH dP e kH Geb .(dsa Z h MdG
.fdG jg e Ga .e hGC dè J GC L
s jo 'jGH f' bGdG YGC d
dGE gdG hGC ,dG dGE IOd h ,Y dGE fJ dG dG h bhCG GYuf .kHK kefH GJ
.dG hGC VjdG cdG
. GC H dG J GPGE a e aJ f Y e Y GQhCG GJQ
:cdG tJ
h ,N KG h ,eeGC IMGh - ce N e dDdG hdG H jo e LQCG Y oS
.jRGe W Y HQ h ,fL c Y IMGh
.IMGh ce e cGC K j e kdZ - YdG IOjR AY fGC GJ .fdG jGdG a d SGCQ jH Qe f Y GeJ - W H IQdG GhOb d - ObdH Oh`dG e dGE hGC Ohe jW dGE GfG ,dH bGd VN c GPGE e d .kW dG Gg Ghj GC Y GUMG
FSh iMGE dGE dHm e h Y f Y Geb K ,ce
E dp GCH Geb ,bGdG e a
.edG UGdG
:SdG YLG QM
IY jOdG YdG a AKdG j H dCS'
d
G
j kH k GeQ ke GhtYpGC k
.(IMGh YS b) kMU ITdG YdG a ,(MGh j b) KEG j H dCS' dP j h ,'kMU
m H IkOe FGdG J M ,ndG Ic h MOdG dG gdG g oeGC AdG ceGC cGC sGE .(S M dG b cJ dG e j M h) e
96
eeCG dG SDe
.dG GAqd eJ Y Jd UdG g GZG ,eGB e a h Ld kLh J eY cGC ae bGdG UGC h ,(NGB dGE ,jtdG AdG ,cdG) dG bGdG a k GJ M GPGE
GhfG h ,Gg MJ dM IOdG WfGC GJ .bd VS fGC dGE Gg j a ,b P e
.eGB Pe dGE fG feGE a
:kGNGC
:N e ,gLGJ e Y h fGC Y ee H IAGH hdG j
qGE g Jo h ,eBG fhdEG jdG GY h sdG JdG bQ J bH jd a) dG bH .(bKdG AbUCG dGE
m ee jahdG U J GC j - YLG UGdG T bGe e GS h a f Y
...e hLJ hGC e bH JJ dG UTCG h ,cLGJ e h V
dG

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
97
98
eeCG dG SDe
7yC(^ 6j &78"b
hb o wb `b P(^ z_O hp73 W ey[f h^ gfT j f4XT b 5 .%py^m {j $ q0^

.n81 & py^m
hb hb %qcj 8+Z ` =b %c*
VqZ `PU^ ! S8Pf gf"

gf" m "8J 2
wb `b P(f
" g=Uf! {g(Pf VqZ S8Pf
hb 8q+[^ gp4^ e" m
."$8"2^
hb `qB :- 8J 2

"
gf" m "PT4cZ g_cO
h0f c! v"=b NJ z_O
."lq^ eyF8Pb
$4 =^ %qKcg^ &7yC(^

{gb LqK2(^ %bm X
4p4k(^ z^ E8P(f gf"

e" m "8F 0^ )Wy^ {T
l=Uf 74X^ z_O >q^ g_cO
cZ %p78c(< m %qg_P^ hb
& cMgb `cO ] / yj
."n81
z_O %+O ! %^=

e `- "
.PT4
%c* h[^ X/ a c(j
." Gp n81 & py^m
. k! ]y"X^ m k^ dq_=(^ gq_O e {gPp g_cO hb qB :- 8J 2

eyZ e {j m 8J 2
eyPT4
`"X(p
8b 8J 2
e m .dk_cO {T 8*x'
e m : 8K1 \^5 uyUp b "f - gPFm 5 6j g_cO z_O %q=Uf &8q*' 8J 2c_^ e
8J 2
e .lgb 40^ m lPT3 h[cp
.`cP^ z_O 8*xp o6^ 8'y(^ yj f? k' P"' eyj
l! dq_=(^ gP=p b `Z 6j m %_* b
8b e .&74X^ m VPG^ I Xf &4p4k(^ :%qOyFyb 8B gO hb 8J 2
V^('
. j9
hb 40^ ]1 hb . ckqT `14(^ dkg[cp e6_^ e8qR(
cj m PT4
4q! '8q1
kq_O GX^ d(p c!7 .8J 2
hb `q_X(^ h[cp &74X^ :p:P' m VPG^ I Xf
.e [b 74X! kcq.0' z_O `cP^ h[c
8qQ hb e {gPp 6j h[^ m a ' `[@!
. kqT `14(^ m kq_O `cP^ h[cp %qOyFyb 8B gO z_O %qgb $73 4g(='
o ] 13 e [b {T >q^
%gj8^ %qgb $73 z_O & gq=0'

dk'8"1 hb dQ8^ z_O n5 z^ yF8P' PT4
hb dZ m8(^ d[^y/ m8Mf
. gP^ v0(=p \^6^ 8b m
.%P<y^
g! v0_' d^ 78F eyZ wWm e
E8P(f d^ gf %f cF zGb cqT

.`"X(=
{T kq^
m :$8 qR(b %qb gp3 %Pq"J m5 {< q=^ u q=^ m {< q=^ u q=^ z_O 8J 2
4c(P' 8qR(' m {j cZ `M' 8J 2
e
.8J 2
z^ %"=g^ ! ] 0^ yj \^6Z o6^ u q=^ e %XqX/ z_O 4c(P' m
4W yp7 gq=^ e m w-8(p 4W `cPf l!
.8qR(p
%bm X
9m .(^ %_c(0
& ! .(<
N76(p hb n4^ k'78"b m {gb LqK2(^ %bm X

$4 =^ %qKcg^ &7yC(^ hb GP! em8' ]m4.^ 6j {T
.i6j %bm X
nyW 9m .(^ %_c(0
& ! .(< m k!
l[p8f e =f uyX/ hO PT4c_^ 4p4.^ %p c0^ `q^3 hb 3 .2 `CU^ z^ e g(b `[! {^ (^ Dg^ 4g(=p
.2009 %q^m4^ %p c0^ %cMgb hO 73 C^ r7 Z o7 b m hp7yRp
d[(cMgb {T {gb LqK2(^ %bm Xb z_O #_R(^
8@O ;3 =^ v0_

dG
`cP_^ %q_0
& K_=^ %F7 Pb kqT )k-m & / z_O % _+b %cMg
$8Z5 a4P' h^
tb =(^ o4"' e & K_=_^ h[cp {(^ 3m40^ `cP^ 6j 9m .' b4gO {WyX0^
. j4gO
{T ey[p 4W m . q_P^ & qP-8
hb j X_(' {(^ 8bm 6Ug' e %q_0
& K_=^ z_O
.hp4(P
%p c/ {T %0_Cb mm5 A 2? & K_=^ I <m
.78c(< ! {< q=^ u q=^ 8qR(p
#_K(p hb ey"=0' )Wy^ hb dZ

e t-8p) k*m4/ wgb hb 4! 7yK^ & / z^ %! .(< {T wqGf )Wy^ hb dZ
.( g_cP^ %qgb %K1 wFm l"_K(p o6^ )Wy^ 8q+[! )Wy^ 6j uyUp
8*(' m g_cO hb (=' 4W & T lTyUB {T 4-yp m =f .(b wc(.
>q^
.l8- hb k0^ Cb
7yb i6k^ f4gO )Wm "

." "O ! ey_X+b h0gT
8"Z a c(j gqKO 5"

hb h[c(f d^ gfT hb ^
m `PU^ ! dkb yj c! a qX^
h0gT ; g^ wb `cP^ yj
."\^6! dk^ eygp4b
i6j Vq^ [' 8!4(g< Vq

Z m"
"&8-
g_cP! 8 *(' %q_0

& K_=^ e
&4! i6j g(p8W {T
. kp7 8qR' h^ m {WyX0^ ."em P(^ m dkU(^ & K_=^
& K_=^ ! %q"'8' %c* >q^
$8q1 z_O d (0' %q_0

m %qgJy^
`cP^ 9 %p:Z8
%K_=^ skgb N "'
.%p8X^ m dq_W {T {WyX0^
8qQ wc(.
m .wc(.
hb :- gf hb : f4f =p wc(.
"
m i38T ,q/ hb 8qR(p m :.b n5 u 0^ z_O 8.q<
. kfyg"(p {(^ 7 ,q/ hb
" g!
.wc(.
z_O 8q*(^ g[cb >q^
{T \^6^ )Wy^ 4.f e `q0(=

hb
. g_cO ]m4-
m Yy_=^ ! v_P(p %qgb `byP^ hb l! ;! 74W e V_[p hb ey"=0' dZ

e [b {T >q^ m V_[b hb
z_O ]yC0^ & "_J {T l' XUf r73

. 4/m ?8W V_[p
.`pyc(^
hb 4! kgb %qKR' {T kgb :- vUg' %cMgb z^ dk^yb dp4X' ey0f
`G Uq<
.8Z6p wUf em3 iyb4W b $7 =2! $8J 2

.&yb m $ q/ %^=b hb gfT hb ^ 8"Z a c(j gqKO 5"
.8K2^ z^ k'5 g' q/ Hp8P' f7m4Xb {T >q^ lfT \^6! ; g_^ eygp4b gf
`PU^ ! dkb yj c! a qX^ hb h[c(f d^
eygp4b h0gT ; g^ wb `cP^ yj m
ggb! d(kf d^ b m dj p GW z_O gfygc'p b4gO %gqPb 8J 2b ey_"X(p ; g^ e
."\^6! dk^
wFy! )b W n81 %cMgb HpyU' em7 (2p 4W m Gp dkq_O 8*xq< 6j eT
. Gp hp81 ^ hb hb 4p:b Ù[p o6^ y0g^ z_O db `[@! %qgb kKK1
dG

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
99
dG
``Y H`dG `dG

Fd fEG udG H kjHGC lJse :fEG M Y aGd dG GP dH lFb
fhdEG bdG
GdG
http://ajws.org/contact_us.html
American Jewish World

Service
45 West 36th Street
New York, NY 10018
http://www.amnesty.org
1 Easton Street
London
WC1X 0DW, UK
http://www.ahrfund.org
http://aphra.org
H J e
dG
jeCG jOdG ddG dG SuJ jeCG jOdG ddG dG

gc Y VdG h dG h dG ad Y
American Jewish World
hGC dG Y dG H ,edG ddG T
Service
dGE jdG kjGC uJh .dG hGC jdG
LGC e dG idG Y edG dG
.dGY cGC e
UTCG e dY lcM dhdG dG e
eGB) dhdG dG e
dhdG GYG dGE UdG LGC e j dG
Amnesty (fTffGE
International
k GU kefH jJ h .d fEG H
e fEG M Y aGdG jd
.sdG WdG LGj
YdG uJ ,Hd J ljN e hdG
fEG d HdG hdG
dG a fEG M L jd ddG
Arab Human Rights Fund
.ptJ h HdG
TQh h ,GhdG h ,GJDdG efdG uj
Ad HdG efdG
p cdG h ,dG h ,dG
T
h
e Arab fEG M
a ,LdG
t
.HdG ddG a UEH J dG FdG
Program for Human Rights
Activists
10 Rue St-Sadiq of Osama

Gamal El-Din Qasim
seventh floor Apt 16
Behind Serag Mall, Eighth
District Nasr City, Cairo
http://www.aohr.net/
Main address: SG: Mohsen Y bd FdG J H dG uJ The fEG d HdG dG
dG a fEG M CT a GQdG Arab Organization for Human
Awad, 91 El-Marghany
Rights
AdG jJ LGC e J h .HdG
Street, Apt 7-8, Heliopolis,
h OGaCG e tdG J h ,SdG
11341, Cairo, Egypt
(Branches in 19 countries dG J GC j .dH J h ,sdG
.ddG h ffdG
& territories see website)
M ed HdG dG
pUe efH j h .dG jH J
http://www.anhri.net
Y edG dG IOd fEG M The Arabic Network for fEG
Human Rights Information
jQhdG adG h GhOCG dG idG
dG jJ h fEG M PfGE jd
.bdG
J h .edG h dG jH dG J
IY SdG IOdG e
http://www.un.org/en/documents/ Article 19, 60 Farringdon
dG cdG a VdG GAGLGE He a
Article 19
udhr/index.shtml
Rd, London, EC1R 3GA,
dG YdG hGC OGaCG Y HdH dhdG h
UK
h ffdG jQdG kjGC J h .boM ofG
.dG
,ke h kde YLG GQOdG UGC YJ a YLG IQOdG IOb HGQ
http://www.ashoka.org
Ashoka Global
H dG jQOdG YL uJ h
ASHOKA ddG
Headquarters
.H e
1700 North Moore Street,
Suite 2000 (20th Floor)
Arlington, VA 22209
USA
.fEG d dG edG VsdG
- SGB T L hO OJG
http://www.asean.org/22769.htm
d dG edG VsdG
ASEAN - Association of fEG
Southeast Asian Nations
Intergovernmental
Commission on Human
Rights
100
eeCG dG SDe
fhdEG bdG
GdG
H J e
dG
http://www.achrweb.org/

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
101
dG
fEG d SBG cdG

a fEG M jM LGC e cdG j
Asian Centre for Human
aGdG GQb jJ H j e H e h .SGB
Asian Centre for
Rights
fdG dG Ye h fEG M Y
Human Rights - ACHR
C-3/441-C, Janakpuri
New Delhi - 110058, India fEG M GAGLEH dG jQdG N e
hDdG a dG jJ h ;dhdG h WdG
Y aGdG dGE dG h SdG h ffdG
.fEG M
eè ,fEG H e bGE e
h fEG d SBG dG
http://www.forum-asia.org/
h .jM h ffEG dG L jH
(SGB e) dG
Y jSBG aGdG jM Y sj
Asian Forum for Human
.QNCG LGj e ,fEG M
Rights and Development
(FORUM-ASIA)
Asian Human Rights
PfGE jJ Y J eM Z e g fEG d jSBG VdG
http://www.humanrights.asia/
Commission, Unit 701A,
J h .jSBG dG a fEG M
Asian Human Rights
Westley Square 48 Hoi
,UdG N e gjJ h fEG M jH
Commission - AHRC
Yuen Road Kwun Tong,
.edG h IUdG ctJ h ,dG h
KLN Hong Kong, China
OhM H ee
U e gGS h ffdG IYdG jJ
http://www.asf.be/
ASF's HQ (Belgium)
LGj e fEG M Y aGd dG Avocats sans frontiers - ASF
rue de Namur 72
.QNCG
Naamsestraat 1000
Brussels - Belgium
Phone: +32 2 223 36 54
Email: info@asf.be
h WGjdG Oe GMG jJ Y j fEG M SGQd IgdG ce
http://www.cihrs.org/english/new 21 Abd El-Megid
dGE aVEH ,HdG dG a fEG M
Cairo Institute for Human
ssystem/articles.aspx?id=10&pag El-Remaly St., 7th Floor,
Y j h .adG H QGdG a cQdG
Rights Studies - MENA
enumber=5
Flat no. 71, Bab El Louk,
dG dG e a IYdG jJ
Cairo.
.fEG M Y aGd
Y J h ,SdG h fdG dG Y aGJ
/fdG dG Y aGdG
www.civilrightsdefenders.org
LGj e fEG M Y aGdG J Civil Rights Defenders/ HhQhGC
.HhQhGC a QNCG
Europe
eY NJ h adG M Y aGJ
adG jM d
http://www.cpj.org/
330 7th Avenue, 11th
.dG LGj
Committee to Protect
Floor, New York, NY
dG VsdG j ,HhQhGC e ILGC V
Journalists
10001, USA
a fEG M jJ Y fEG H Council of Europe HhQhGC e
http://www.coe.int
Office of the Commissioner
e a AYCG HQCG h dG hdG
for Human Rights Council
fEG M Y aGdG jM sGE h .HhQhGC
of Europe F-67075
.JUNG gGC iME
Strasbourg Cedex FRANCE
Y aGdG Y jJ dGE hdG j fEG M Y aGdG he
http://www.defenddefenders.org/
dG N e ,cCH bEG a fEG M
jaCG dG h jaGC T a
N dGE VtJ h jd dG f e
East and Horn of Africa
Human Rights Defenders
bdG a JGQb jJ h ,MdG h OVG
Project - EHAHRDP
Y fEG M Y adG e d JGP
.saf
jdG jd gCdG h dG IYdG j
jV gCd jdG ce
http://www.alnadeem.org/en/node 3A Soliman El-Halaby
.dG h e a El Nadim Center jdG h dG
/23
Street - Ramses Cairo,
for the Rehabilitation of
Egypt
Victims of Violence and
Torture (MENA)
Z dG dGE YdG h ddG IYdG J
Yd Se-hQhCG SDdG
http://www.emhrf.org/
c/o EMHRN, Vestergade
M e a edG gdG h edG dG) fEG M Y aGdG
16, 2nd floor, DK-1456
dc h ,bGE GC Wh GC fc e ,fEG
(jaGC T h ShCG
Copenhagen K, Denmark
a fEG M jH ej jdG OGaCG dGE
Euro-Mediterranean
.bGe h jM h YO h ,dG
Foundation of Support to
(MENA)
dG
fhdEG bdG
http://www.fojo.se
http://www.fordfound.org
http://www.freedomhouse.org
www.frontlinedefenders.org
http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/ho
w/finance/eidhr_en.htm
http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/wh
at/human-rights/human-rights-de
fenders_en.htm
http://www.fidh.org
http://www.globalhumanrights.org
http://www.hmlc-egy.org/english
http://www.hivos.nl/eng
http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/
http://humanrightshouse.org
http://www.hrw.org
102
GdG
H J e
dG
Grndalsv. 19, Kalmar,

Sweden
IQOdG b e seo dhd HdG La H GE Fojo Safe House epBG La H

jM h WGjdG d UdG jjdG
ad eGB Pe jJ dGE j h ,dG
.Ib Id jdG GjdG LGj jdG
hGC dG jJ N e SSGC H J Ford Foundation OQa SDe
Ford Foundation
jJ h adG AH fCT e dG VhdG
320 East 43rd Street
.dG h dG
New York, N.Y. 10017 USA
SJ YJ e lsHbQ le jdG H
1301 Connecticut Ave, NW
(Shg hja) jdG H
h ,WGjdG dG UJ h .ddG a jdG
Floor 6, Washington DC
Freedom House
h WGjdG Y aGJ h ,jdG Vh bGJ
20035, USA
.fEG M
Y aGdG jM LGC e eeCG dG J (j fha) eeCG dG SDe
Front Line - The
H e h .QNCG LGj jdG fEG M
International Foundation
Front Line
h ,dhdG aGdG h IUdG eGH
for the Protection of
h ,jQdG h ,eCG jd dG jJ h ,jdG
.dG AH
Grattan House, 2nd Floor,
Temple Rd, Blackrock
Co Dublin, Ireland
Yj h ,fEG M e dGE jdG j
European HhQhCG OJG
e fEG M Y aGdG jM Wf
Union
bdG fGC - jdG dG N
m GOTQGE HhQhCG OJG QUGC .fhdEG
.fEG M Y aGdG jd
aGdG fEG d dhdG dGQdG YJ
fEG d dhdG dGQdG
jM Ue CfGC h ,fEG M Y
FIDH
e GTH fEG M Y aGdG
.jdG gd ddG dG
j h ,GdG a edG dG Yj
Fund for Global Human
ddG fEG M hU
e VsJ GC j dG dG Yd dG Fund for Global Human Rights
Rights
.jdG f AGsL
1666 Connecticut Avenue
NW, Suite 410
Washington, D.C. 20009
USA
M jb M ffdG IQdG cdG j
dG) fd Qe g ce
T h ShCG dG a h e a fEG
(jaGC T h ShCG
.jaGC
Hisham Mubarak Law
Centre/ MENA
UdG DaH ojm dY OjGE a dG gj
e a hd ffEG dG
j h .gGe jJ e UTCG J dG
HIVOS dG
e a IYdG dc h ,ddG YdG dG
AfGE h ,IUdG h ,IQdG jJ H e ,IY
.adG OJ h ,dG aJ h ,dG
dhdG TdG dGE IdG W dG J eg) hGC fEG M e
New York Office, Human
dGE JM VJ e fEG M a
Rights First, 333 Seventh
Human Rights (Sa jGQ
fU e Y HdH aGdH J h ,dG
Avenue, 13th Floor, New
First
h ,edG id h ,IdG jdG a SdG
York, NY 10001-5108
.TdG ADg GH eM id
M Y aGdG dGE YdG h jdG J Human fEG M H T
Human Rights House
Z a k GH Y N a Je h fEG
Foundation, Kirkegata 5,
Rights House Network
T h ,RbdG L h ,HhQhGC T h ,dG
0153 Oslo, Norway
.HhQhGC Z h ,jaCG dG h jaGC
dGE dhdG gG LH dG J
Human Rights Watch
fEG M bGe e
dG SGH ,fEG M cfG
350 Fifth Avenue, 34th
Human (Jhh jGQ eg)
.jdG IOe JGSG nanGdG h YVdG
Floor, New York, NY
Rights Watch
10118-3299
USA
eeCG dG SDe
fhdEG bdG
GdG
H J e
dG
J dG cfG Y dH dG J
dP a H ,ddG AfGC L a dG jM
h ,adH dG dG a QGfEG
kjGC J .dG jM Ue h ,sodG
dG h ddG YdG h jQdG h dG
dG dG YO dGE aVEH ,AY
C d
.dG jH
h fEG M bGe jJ Y VdG J
jOdG SdG a J h .Y adG
J h ,fEG M cfH dG
dGE fEG M jH dG UdG
.AYCG hdG
dG jM a dhdG OdG
IFEX - International Freedom
of Expression Exchange
http://www.ifex.org
555 Richmond St. West,

Suite 1101, P.O. Box 407
Toronto, ON, M5V 3B1,
Canada
http://www.cidh.oas.org
1889 F St, NW,

Washington, DC 2006,
USA
http://www.interights.org
Lancaster House
33 Islington High Street
London N1 9LH, UK
fEG M GMG jJ LGC e cdG j

IdG jJ h ,fdG GSG N e
Y aGdG h ,IdG h ,edG dGE ffdG
.AcdG e gGS h ,fEG M
http://www.mediadefence.org/
3rd Floor Cambridge

House
100 Cambridge Grove
London, W6 0LE
United Kingdom
h adG IoYe g IQOdG e VdG

J h .bM Y adG Y YEG FSh
ad eRdG ddG IYdG jJ N e GH
dG a IYdG jJ h ,ffdG JCG
ihYO dJ h ,kfe ffdG IQdG Y
.dhdG cdG a Fb
dhdG jdG L LGC e IYdG j
.kbGh k GeGC fEG H dG
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/AboutUs OHCHR,
/Pages/ContactUs.aspx
Palais Wilson
52 rue des Pquis
CH-1201 Geneva,
Switzerland
See website for details of
country and regional
offices
http://www.omct.org/index.php?& OMCT International
lang=eng
Secretariat
PO Box 21
8, rue du Vieux-Billard
CH-1211 Geneva 8
Switzerland
www.osce.org
OSCE Secretariat
Wallnerstrasse 6
1010 Vienna
Austria
http://www.osce.org/odihr/44936 OSCE Secretariat

Wallnerstrasse 6
1010 Vienna
Austria
http://www.osisa.org
400 West 59th Street New

York, NY 10019, U.S.A.
e
C d HdG edG VdG e
fEG H dG ,IdG
Office of the United Nations
High Commissioner for
Human Rights - OHCHR
jdG gd ddG dG
OMCT - World Organisation
Against Torture
h ksS jY a J bGE eGC e

HhQhGC a hdG h eCG e
jepGC h SdG SGB h HhQhGC e dhO N
OSCE Organization for
e h ,dG QGfEG Fe Y J .ddG Security and Co-operation in
a gCdG IOYGE h ,eRCG IQGOGE h ,YG`dG
Europe
fdG IYb J .G`dG H e M
Y aGd f GP QOe dH UdG
.fEG M
aGdG de jJ dGE JQG HV j - HhQhGC a hdG h eCG e
H j h .jM h fEG M Y
aGdH dG JQG HV
je a IdG jJ nHo jQdG h dG OSCE- Focal fEG M Y
h bGdG GQe jJ h ,fEG M
point for HRDs
h fdG YGb e keM j c .aGdG
.adG QOdG e gGS
GP edG WGjdG jJ Y J
dG dG SDe
h dG J h ,Sd VdG edG
OSI - Open Society Institute
.SGQdG dG h dedG eGH
edG eGdG YO h WGE g IQOdG e jaGC a dG dG IQOe
h ,dG d dG oodG MGE LGC e OSISA - Open Society HdG
.HdG jaGC a OdG g IUe Initiative for Southern Africa

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
103
dG
http://www.soros.org
M Y aGdH ke kefH jJ
IYdG h ,LdG NdG j ,fEG
jM Ue CfGC h .jQdG h ,OGdH dG
e GTH fEG M Y aGdG
.fEG d dhdG dGQdG
d dG jeCG VdG
(jeCG hdG e) fEG
Inter-American Commission
on Human Rights/
Organization of American
States
jd dhdG cdG ,jGQ fGE
fEG d ffdG
INTERIGHTS, the International
Centre for the Legal Protection
of Human Rights
YEG Y ffdG adG IQOe
Media Defence Initiative
dG
fhdEG bdG
GdG
H J e
dG
http://www.osiwa.org/
Z a dG dG IQOe
Z a dG jJ h IUdG YCH J
.jaGC OSIWA - Open Society jaGC
Initiative for West Africa
a edG cQdG jJ Y IQOdG J
T a dG dG IQOe
http://www.soros.org/initiatives/
jM h ,fdG IOS h ,WGjdG dG OSIEA - Open Society jaGC
osiea
jJ h ,dG jJ N e ;fEG M
Initiative for East Africa
fdG dG YL h IOb jJ h ,eGdG
.H e H jdG
Y aGdG dGE jdG VGZC aGdG J
Peace dhdG dG a
http://www.peacebrigades.org/
dH IOdG dG h fEG M
Brigades International/ PBI
dj /RJ M ,efdG Gg sf) SdG
h ,edc a Y MGC h dGC Y e
.(f h ,dG h ,JGZ
dG h dG dG jH dG J
dhdG jdG e
http://www.protectioninternational 11 Rue de la Linire,
M Y aGdG jM LGC e dhdG
Protection International
B1060 Brussels, Belgium
.org/
LJ .d GhOCG h jQdG aJ h fEG
e OY a d HdG jdG Je
.fhdEG bdG Y WG - GdG
jaGC a fEG M Y aGdG jM fEG M Y aGdG T
Rgion du Littoral, Ville de
http://www.redhac.org/
.SdG
REDHAC, SdG jaGC a
Douala, Ancienne Rue
Network of Human Rights
Makumba, Immeuble Lux
Defenders in Central Africa
Optique 2e Etage- Face
Auto Ecole Jojo, Cameroun
a edG h adG Y dG aGJ
OhM H SGe
Reporters sans frontires
www.rsf.org
MdG hGC dG LGj e YEG b
Reporters Without Borders
47 rue vivienne 75002
h jdG c Y J h ,H ed
Paris France
dG J h ,HbdG QJ h ,edG IASGE
.JFY h adG dGE ddG
e dhO lT WdG LGj SQGO Scholars WdG LGj SQGO
Scholars at Risk Network,
http://scholarsatrisk.nyu.edu
jJ LGC e j jdG OGaCG h dG
at Risk
c/o New York University,
dG Y adG h ,jOcCG jdG
194 Mercer St, New York,
.ddG AfGC L a SQGd ffEG
New York 10012, USA
TdG h edG Z d dG j
fEG d SGB L e
http://www.safhr.org/
d kUa fEG M a edG South Asia Forum for Human
h ,bEG QGdG H j h .cfG
Rights/ SAFHR
j c ,YdG f h ,HCG AGLGE
.IUdG M
jH J dG jdG Y ddG j SGB T L a adG dJ
http://www.seapabkk.org/
No.115 Thakolsuk Place
QGfEG dP a H ,SGB T L a dG
Southeast Asia Press
Unit 3B Terddamri Rd.
.LdG
Alliance - SEAPA
Dusit 10300 Bangkok,
Thailand
jM h fGC aGdG jM QdG e dG UdG IdG eCG Qe
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/
Office of the United Nations
J h ^fEG M Y adG a M fEG M Y aGdG VH
issues/defenders/index.htm
High Commissioner for
TQh J h ,GQjdH dG JdhDe UN Special Rapporteur on the
Human Rights (OHCHR)
.dG GP YdG QGUGE h ,dG
situation of human rights
Palais Wilson
defenders
52 rue des Pquis
CH-1201 Geneva,
Switzerland
dG AfCG eL dGE YdG hdG j The Rory Peck Hp QhQ hU
http://www.rorypecktrust.org/
The Rory Peck Trust
dG bdG a jQdG uj h .JFY h
Trust
2 Grosvenor Gardens,
dG YdG j h ,edG ADg IGOH J
London SW1W 0DH, UK
LM a g e dG edG dGE TdG
jOCJ AKCG e Gbo e FY dGE h ,dGE
.Y
keGC cGC H OjGE J dGE dG J
fEG M Y aGdG T
http://www.caucasusnetwork.org/
RbdG L a fEG M Y aGd
South RbdG L a
dGE h ,Y jOCJ e j dG dG Y Caucasian Network for Human
.dhdG dG Y h dG a JGUGC jJ
Rights Defenders
104
eeCG dG SDe
fhdEG bdG
http://www.usaid.gov
GdG
Information Center
U.S. Agency for
International Development
Ronald Reagan Building
Washington, D.C.
20523-1000
H J e
dG
,WGjdG SJ LGC e ddG IYdG J

IM J LGC e J a dG bdG a
.edG ddG a WGdG
d IdG jdG dch

USAID dhdG
dG dGE jdG h YdG hdG j

dG a AdG M LGC e edG jdG
.jaGC T h ShCG
e bEG a AdG J LGC e dG j
h ,dGdG h ,d IkGOGC UH fdG GSG
h ,jQdG h ,HCG dG j h .dG
.Ad ffEG dG jJ LGC e anGdG
dGE eGdG JGSG GQOdG dG J
a dG H IGhdG h AdG M jJ
.LGC ddG
dG) HdG AdG hU

Arab (jaGC T h ShCG
Women's Fund/ MENA
h Ad SdG h SGB e
Asia-Pacific dG h fdG
Forum on Women, Law and
Development/ APWLD
dG a AdG M L
AWID - Association for
Women's Rights in
Development
Global Ad ddG hdG
Fund For Women
A````dG
http://www.arabwomensfund.org/
http://www.apwld.org/
http://www.awid.org/
http://www.globalfundforwomen.org Global Fund for Women

222 Sutter Street, Suite
500, San Francisco, CA
94108, USA
http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/
iwraw/index.html and
http://www.iwraw-ap.org/
e gUj h Ad ffEG dG Y aGj

a FdG YdG Yd dG jJ N
.ddG AfGC e

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
105
dG
cGC AlGS - YO h GQdG AH HGdG J

h AdG d dhdG bGdG
id GC edG Z dG ShGC a dP
a AdG d dhdG bGdG
GSG e d - dhdG GgdG g International SdG h SGB
SSGC ImGOCc ec H dhdG GgdG f Women's Rights Watch and
ffEG dG J dG jdG a Sd International Women's Rights
.Ad Watch Asia Pacific/ IWRAW AP
h ,Ad SdG KCdG AH dGE dG J
:(SSGC L
http://www.justassociates.org/
n ) SL e
jM h ,OQGdG dGE UdG e J V
sj GC Y AdG Ib jJ
.Tc eS h eGC
a J) eGOGE h YL H
h ,HdG jaGC h ,SdG jpeGC
JASS - .(SGB T L
working in Mesoamerica,
Southern Africa and Southeast
Asia
jM LGC e J ,IUd lT
http://www.defendingwomeno FG M Y aGd dhdG FG
.fEG M Y aGdG
fEG
defendingrights.org/
Women Human Rights
Defenders International
Coalition
M Y aGdG jM g hdG e
LGC e LdG dG hU
http://www.urgentactionfund.org/i 3100 Arapahoe Ave., Suite
bhCG a Y eGOGE h jJ h fEG
Urgent Ad ffEG dG
ndex.php?id=51
201, Boulder, Colorado
.dG
Action Fund for Women's
80303 USA
Human Rights
m pU hdG j
jaGC - LdG dG hU
www.urgentactionfund-africa.or.ke Urgent Action Fund-Africa H J dG WdG H
LGC e ,dGE j dG QOdG H h AdG
Urgent Action Fund - Africa
CVS Plaza, 2nd Floor
e IOSG h ,GdG hX dGE HSG
Lenana Road, Kilimani
ffEG dG jJ fCT e dG UdG
P.O. Box 53841-00200,
.Ad
Nairobi. Kenya.
FdG AdG LGC e dhO eJ oT odG dG fGb X a Af e
http://www.wluml.org
fGdG b e a dG hGC JM LJ j
Women Living Under
h .SEG a
Muslim Laws
k UGC d GE jo dG GYCG h
df a AdG jJ dGE dG J
LGC e h bM LGC e YdG hGC OdG
.eSEG dG a UH h ,IGhdG
dG
fhdEG bdG
http://www.arc-international.net
www.astraeafoundation.org
http://cal.org.za/
http://www.iglhrc.org
http://www.ilga-europe.org/
GdG
H J e
dG
LdG LhOe h ,YdG e dG OGaCG
dG tFK h ,dG de h ,dG
ARC dhdG QGB e

a JGSG dG H dG J
International
h ,YdG e dG OGaCH dG hDdG
de h ,dG LdG LhOe
h ,dhdG dG Y ;dG qFK h ,dG
UdG feGE jJ h ,dhdG dG jH
aVEH ,IdG eCG eJ dG dBG dGE
h ,YdG e dG OGaCG GQb jJ dGE
h ,dG de h ,dG LdG LhOe
.dG FK
dG Ad jSGB SDe
e OJo dG dG dGE YdG dG J
Astraea Lesbian
ASTRAEA dGdG dGE YdG
dG dG dGE dc h ,dG AdG b
Foundation For Justice
LhOe h ,YdG e dG OGaCG H
116 East 16th Street, 7th
de h ,dG LdG
Floor, New York, NY 10003
.etdG dG h ;dG FK h ,dG
jaGC a dG AdG FG
e dGE jaGC jJ LGC e FG j
dG eH kL dG AdG J M Coalition of African Lesbians
.ffEG
e cGdG bY ebGE VdG e ffEG d dhdG VdG
IGLHRC
YdG e dG UT
C d
IUe h ,ddG a edG Z dG
80 Maiden Lane, Suite
dG SQdG h SdG h fGdG AfGE International Gay and Lesbian
1505
Human Rights Commission
YO h ,dG UTCG V dG J
New York, NY 10038
(IGLHRC)
IOdG SQdG h SdG h fGdG
.d
C d dhdG dG
e SSGC H g h ,gAYGC dG J e dG OGa
ILGA-Europe
dG OGaCG M e a edG dG ,dG LdG LhOe h ,YdG
rue Belliard straat 12
de h
h ,dG LdG LhOe h ,YdG e
Brussels B-1040
(HhQhGC) .dG FK h ,dG
.HhQhGC a dG FK h ,dG de
Belgium
International Lesbian, Gay,
Bisexual, Trans and Intersex
Association (ILGA). Europe
`SGQ`dG ``dG h `dè`dG èG`H

Qj deR efH
eL id jdG Vd dedG efH j
Centre for Applied Human
York Fellowship
UdG fEG M Y aGdG dGE Qj
Rights , University of York,
GC h ,IdG dG Y k GH bdG H Ad
Heslington, York, UK.
dG QOdG e f bdG a Ghj
YO10 5DD
KCdG Y JQb h da IOjd dG
.fGH a SQdG h SdG a
hGC deR efH
edG MC Ua hGC deR efH j
http://www.colby.edu/academics_ 4000 Mayflower Hill,
Oak Fellowship
dG Y fEG M e a jRQdG
cs/goldfarb/oak/
Waterville, ME 04901
Gg j h .dG N Y Imd OHd dhdG
h ,HCG AGLGE h ,eCdG h ,MGd kbh ed
.HdG
SGdG PfGE deR eGH
J deR eGH SQGdG PfGE hU j
http://www.scholarrescuefund.org Scholar Rescue Fund
Scholar Rescue Fund
e GC a dG h edG a kbDe k GPe
/pages/about-us.php
Institute of International
Fellowships
VJ e bedG MdG dGE ddG a
Education
.fGH a jdG dGE Y h JM
809 United Nations Plaza
New York, New York
10017-3580, USA
GjJ SDe deR efH
hP e ed ,jFGdG Aed dhO eGH
http://www.tfd.org.tw/english/
No.4, Alley 17, Lane 147,
,fEG M h WGjdG e a IdG Taiwan Foundation WGjd
fellowships.php
Sec. 3, Sinyi Rd., Taipei
for Democracy Fellowship
.iNGC deR eGH dGE aVEH
106, Taiwan
http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/cahr/
defenders/index.html
106
eeCG dG SDe
fhdEG bdG
GdG
http://www.hamburger-stiftung.de Hamburger Stiftung fr

/e_index.html
politisch Verfolgte
Osterbekstrae 96, 22083
Hamburg
http://www.ned.org/fellowships
National Endowment for

Democracy 1025 F Street
NW, Suite 800
Washington, DC 20004
http://www.icorn.org/
Slvberget KF, Stavanger

Cultural Centre
P.O. Box: 310, 4002
Stavanger, Norway
H J e
dG
M Y aGdG e e SDdG J
dGE SGQdG h ddG dG jd fEG
QGUEH kjGC J h .SdG OVG jV
SdG AdH dG dG h FGdG
.cdG g YO h ,jOdG UTCG h
a edG h TdG Gg dedG efH uj
adG h MdG h ,WGjdG e
J e ddG AfGC L e H dG
IUe Y JQb jJ h WGjd a
.WGjdG tdG
jd Qeg SDe
SdG OVG
Hamburg Foundation for the
Politically Persecuted
GC j M keGB kfe sod dG J

mId ,jObG JLMG eDJ c ,Gj
jM jH dG J .eY Joe jQe
a MGh Jc dedG efH e j .dG
.Ia c
pSa - jQ deR efH

WdG hdG id ,WGjd
WGjd
Reagan-Fascell Democracy
Fellows Program at the
National Endowment for
Democracy
dhdG PdG e T
International Cities of Refuge
Network - ICORN
àG`d ``dG `FG`dG

``fEG ``M `Y
http://www.tfd.org.tw/english/
HTML/ADHRA0408.html
No.4, Alley 17, Lane 147,

Sec. 3, Sinyi Rd., Taipei
106, Taiwan
http://frontlinedefenders.org/
front-line-award-human-rightsdefenders-risk
Front Line - The

International Foundation
for the Protection of
Grattan House, 2nd Floor,
Temple Rd, Blackrock
Co. Dublin, Ireland
160 Pacific Avenue, Suite
200, San Francisco, CA
94111, USA
http://www.goldmanprize.org/
http://eng.518.org/eng/html/
main.html
http://www.martinennalsaward.org
http://www.humanrightstulip.org/
simplepage/home/
http://www.state.gov
dGE ,WGjd fGjdG SDdG b e Jo

FSdH L ge esb e hGC Oa
M h WGjdG jJ LGC e dG
.SGB a fEG
M Y aGd eeCG dG IFL fGCo
Y AdG AdE QNCG LGj jdG fEG
kej ej jdG FSG OGaCG Y
Ve a WdG dGE JM h eGC jH
.nd ffEG dG Y YaO
M h WGjd SGB IFL

fEG
Asia Democracy and
Human Rights Award
eeCG dG SDe IFL
jdG fEG M Y aGd
QNCG LGj
Front Line Award
Y edG dG TdG IFdG uJ

dG edZ IFL
.dG idG Goldman Environmental Prize
aGd e fEG d IFL
.fEG M Y jSBG
M Y aGdG J dGE IFdG J

dGE Lj h QNCG LGj e fEG
.LdG jdG
,fEG d jddG edG IFL eubo
dGC Y e ,fEG M Y aGdG fR
a FSG YT GhHGC OGaGC dGE fK h
.gjJ h ffEG a fGNGE M jM
JGdG Ad IdG jdG eM IFL
.dG e YT jHGC
fEG d fGZ IFL

M Y jSBG aGd)
(fEG
Gwangju Human Rights Prize
(for Asian HRDs)
djGE pJQe IFL
Martin Ennals Award
(ddG) fdG IFL
Tulip Award
AdG Yd dhdG IFdG

International Women of
Courage Award
dG

l GN :eCH UdG dG c
107
eeCG :eCdH GUdGSdG Dec

l GN
?eeCG dG SDe H J dG e
aGdG H e QNCG LGj e jM g Ue mVH ,2001 Y HO a eeCG dG SCJ
a Y UdG dG MGC PfGE LGC e dG dH j jdG UTCG g h ,fEG M Y
,jdH dG LMG e edG dGE eeCG dG J h .L hGC fEG d ddG YEG
.fGC fEG M Y aGdG Oj dG dG Y
m H ,fEG M Y aGd dG h LdG YdG jJ Y eeCG dG J
:JBG H e IY
.gGdG dG LGj e fEG M Y aGdG Y HdH dhdG anGdG
.fEG M Y aGd eCG LMG f d pdG ojJ
.bdG eCG dP a H ,jdG h eCH dG QOdG h LGdG jJ h jQdG dG TQh Y
.eeCG dG deR efH dP a H ,fEG M Y aGd eCdG h MGd Pme jJ
HO eo dP a H ,fEG M Y aGdG H J dG dG SCJ h Od Ua OjGE
.eY sc j dG
.QNCG LGj jdG fEG M Y aGd eeCG dG IFL g ,jS IFL e
j ,fEG M Y aGd e jdG h HQCG dG YS QGe Y Jg N aJ
.ShdG h ,fSEG h ,fdG h ,jfEG h ,HdG dH
M Y aGdG ebGE d bDdG dG J Y eeCG dG J GC j ,FQdG dG a
M Y aGdG jM LGC e bEG h dhdG GAGLEG jJ jJ Y eeCG dG J .fEG
.fEG M Y aGdG VH dG IdG e
C d UdG QdG Y dGE YdG jJ N e ,fEG
.fEG M Y aGdH dG IdG eCG YGE GMG jJ dGE eeCG dG J
.IdG e
C d HdG YLG h ObG dG id UN jQSG U eeCG d
.dG h fEG d jaCG VdG id jQSG mH eeCG dG J
.2007 d ,dhdG d GhOH dG IFL eeCG dG eo
WWW.FRONTLINEDEFENDERS.ORG
kdGC uJo .kGMGh p MG

978-0-9558170-7-6
Front Line Brussels Office

Square Marie-Louise 72
1000 Brussels,
Belgium
Front Line Head Office

Second Floor, Grattan House
Temple Road, Blackrock
Co. Dublin
Tel: 00 353 1 212 37 50
Fax 00 353 1 212 10 01
FRONT LINE
DEFENDERS
Tel: 00 32 2 230 93 83
euoffice@frontlinedefenders.org

تعليم المدافعين

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

تعليم المدافعين

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

eeCG dG SDe

QeCG GE HjEG IdG

PdG UGC :pdG

fEG M Y aGd eeCG G dO

eeCG dG SDd Xe 2011

eeCG d fhdEG bdG Y lMe QGUEG Gg e fdG fhdEG dG

:dGE HdG Ljo ,dG c e f d

.YGC dGE QodG GdG Y SGe hGC

QNCG LGj jdG fEG M Y aGd sY

Y aGG e mUH h ,jM h fEG M Y aGG eH eeCG G SDe J

g dCJ h .2009 Y e dG jJ e dG jQL cG G YG J'

QNCG LGj jdG fEG M Y aGd sY

MdG QOdG xd ke jnLGC d

dG h jdG e d nFGW nK sEa ;WdG J oM h ,gJe c kjsGC h ,WdG fc kjsGC

jdG dO dGE j Gg dG c sGE .UdG ahX FJ

fEG M Y aGd) d h d - eGC N Vh GN N Gg dG c cOj

Gg Otnen h .adG h JdG hj

fEG M Y aGdG eSG H dSGC Y keGC Gg dG c a dGE VGC d

QNCG LGj jdG fEG M Y aGd sY

?eCe a fCH TGC J eGdG GC

adG MGC oFdG nYGC'

m eJG Y kFb j b dG - dG /YG /bdG

,fEG M Y aGe Y e LQ j keg uj :QGhOCG d

QNCG LGj jdG fEG M Y aGd sY

,WdG dOe Y h g ddG SGQO Y J

k a ,edG id k GL kahe c fsGC oM dGC' :J

QNCG LGj jdG fEG M Y aGd sY

a esGE - g ddG SGQO Y

?af IkGOGC WdG dOe Jo npd

ddG a bGE GC a eGSG a ,fGdG IOe h d lHb IlGOGC fC

SGM c AbG H kesDe dG c

Hm hL AHGE ,VdG bd UTCG GdG Uj

QGd iNGC ceGC K

FGhdG dG OLh U Vh e fYGC

Y aGe N dGE edG dG a S .ffdG GAGLEG sJo ,GdG H a :Me*)

QNCG LGj jdG fEG M Y aGd sY

a fEG M Y aGdG jQH J ,ee h fEG M Y aGe ,jGHGE GQfGC

dG sj dG GQdG dH MdG GQdG

.e We H lce (GQdG h) dG f H sGC uj le Gg :e

sj dG GQdG dH MdG GQdG

,(dG f e of tjo dG) edG GQdG H Y edG e k Gje HGdG dG a hJ

QNCG LGj jdG fEG M Y aGd sY

gKCJ h QNCG bh dMG J - WdG oae

GC j .WdG ae g dndG a YJ dG GhOCG iMGE sGE

?Gg dG be hM dMG g e(1

S e h KhM dMG M e LGJ dG WdG e

nUN pWpdG oae

Fb iYO ebGC d .OGH a tJ dG ddG

?jdG dGE VsJ GPd

dGE d d jdG dGE Vse L dG dG a odG dG e sGE LS dG Su CG Y GQSG

jdG J dGE HSG

sYGCo h ,jRdG e jLGCo dG d kdJ

dG dG OhOQ GjJ GJ e fEG M Y aGdG j

QNCG LGj jdG fEG M Y aGd sY

ZG ndnhne e f ,SGQhg e H lTf ,jOGZ jQ

aGdG ADg L' sGE fH FQ b

QNCG LGj jdG fEG M Y aGd sY

:ddG g Y fEG M Y aGdG J e

.dG dP V FbdG a dG e H h ,gCG jZ a dG sGE

QNCG LGj jdG fEG M Y aGd sY

J GC Y h ,dG ebGE Y MG dSGC a dG

?jdH dG FdG dH g e.1

J a dG GdH d bdG H Ga ,H HLEG fc GPGE ?GjJ J g

?eCG OGdG dGE VdG Y H dG Lj dG e