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  • حالة توازن مجموعة كيميائية

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    الغزيزال الحسن EL GHZIZAL Hassane
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    4K views6 pages

    حالة توازن مجموعة كيميائية

    Uploaded by

    الغزيزال الحسن EL GHZIZAL Hassane

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 6

    ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫ذ‪.

    ‬א אل‬
    ‫‪www.ibnalkhatib2.canalblog.com‬‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻘﺔ(‪:‬‬
    ‫‪ .1‬ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ‪ G‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ] ‪ [ X i‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ‬
    ‫‪ .2‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺎ ‪.‬‬
    ‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ Qr‬ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺻﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺻﻞ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
    ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ Qeq‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺋﻲ ‪ Qeq .‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﻳﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻪ‬
    ‫‪ .4‬ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻧﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪.‬‬

    ‫‪  (I‬جא‪Qr :‬‬
    ‫‪ :(1.1‬‬
    ‫‪[C ]γ .[D ]δ‬‬ ‫אא‪αA + βB  γC + δD :‬‬
    ‫= ‪ Qr‬‬
    ‫‪[A ]α .[B ]β‬‬ ‫‬

    ‫אא‪mol.L-1 :‬א‪ !) !"Qr‬ونو‪ ($ %‬‬


    ‫"‪%,34‬א‪"2‬א‪)1‬אعא‪./‬א!‪,-‬א‪)*+‬ل‪.‬‬
    ‫د‪1:‬‬ ‫‪, B 6‬א@‪89‬م*‪@-A‬وא‪:.;34،=.>?/‬א‪891‬م‪%,‬אא‬
    ‫‪ Qr = 1/Q’r‬‬ ‫‪2‬ن‪%‬א‪%)*GB);$HAB-!,‬א‪,‬א‪EF6/‬א‪:D/‬‬

    ‫‪ :IGAJ(2.1‬‬
    ‫‪ :-8KBL .1‬‬
    ‫‪:$ O–MN‬‬
    ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
    ‫‪  CH 3COOH aq + NH 3 aq  CH 3COO‬‬ ‫‪aq‬‬ ‫‪+ NH 4‬‬ ‫‪aq‬‬

    ‫] ‪[CH COO ] .[NH‬‬‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

    ‫= ‪Qr‬‬
    ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪aq‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪aq‬‬

    ‫‪[CH 3COOH ]aq [NH 3 ]aq‬‬ ‫‬

    ‫@‪$ 8‬وא אل‪:‬‬

    ‫‬
    ‫‬

    ‫‪www.ibnalkhatib2.canalblog.com‬‬
    Qr =
    [Mn ] 2+
    aq [ ]
    . Fe 2+
    5
    aq .1
    
    [MnO ] [Fe ] .[H ]
    4
    −
    aq
    2+ 5
    aq
    + 8

    -8KBPQL .2
    2+
      Cu aq + 2 HO − aq 
    → Cu (OH ) 2 ( S )
    1
      Qr =
    [Cu ][. HO ]
    aq
    2+
    aq
    − 2

     Qr,éq : ‫א)אزن‬-% 6‫(  جא‬II


     (X‫و‬1‫א‬-68*  W‫ א‬G/‫)אא‬U V.‫א‬.BT!- $G‫א‬:.;)-*‫)א‬/‫سא‬O:P.(1.2
    :@ A/‫א‬
     :-Y!Z[‫א‬-6F\‫א‬-*>‫ل‬G‫;)א‬Y!Z[‫א א‬
    (%TJ"‫א‬EF6>*D/‫א‬EF6/‫א‬,)-*‫א‬IT)/‫א‬,I‫لא][و‬G‫ א‬o
    EF6/‫א‬,-A8‫وא‬%TJ"‫א‬EF6/‫א‬D,-A9)/‫א‬I)1‫)א‬-‫א][و‬+‫א‬,I)1‫لא‬G‫ א‬o
     $PAY!Z[‫א א‬$ H^>*،@I)1‫(*>ن دא‬D/‫א‬
    L-b8B>Z6!cS$ %‫وא‬-%8B_‫)אز‬B_F,`_!)‫وא‬Y!Z[‫א א‬$ H‫س‬O);‫ذא‬2-*‫)א‬/‫سא‬O
     -*‫)א‬/‫سא‬O-* :B‫و[)ن‬
    G-*‫)א‬/‫א‬
    Loi d’OHM ‫)ن@وم‬OX2-B‫و‬1‫א‬IT)/‫نא‬dHZdH-Y/‫א‬+‫א‬efg o

    U = R.I ⇔ I = G.U (V) h)!U)‫א‬


     (A)PAB1!I ‫א‬$ H
    1 1 (S )D6>U(SI),Z6!G-*‫)א‬/‫א‬
    R= ⇔G=
    G R σ-*)/‫א‬
     >Z6!cj‫א‬-b8/‫_وא‬Fc‫א‬-%8B‫*)لو‬+‫א‬,$ 9‫)א‬/‫א‬I)1‫وא‬-AJ!GYB‫*)ل‬L-*‫)א‬Bi*

    S  (S.m-1) ;(SI),Z %‫*)لو‬+‫א‬-*)B: σ 


    G = σ . = K .σ
    l (m) ‫ א
     א‬l 
    (m) ‫ 
       س אא‬K 

    : λ ‫א א א‬
    (   ‫  و‬, - ) Xn ،... ، X2 ، X1 :     !" # ‫ل‬% &'

    σ = λ1 [X 1 ] + λ2 [X 2 ] + ... + λn [X n ] = ∑ λi [X i ]
     ‫ د"ودא א‬#$‫('&אنو‬#) *+,‫ אא א   אאאلو‬λ1 , λ 2 ,..., λ n 

    www.ibnalkhatib2.canalblog.com
    ‫אن‬ Cl - NH4+ CH3NH3+

    λ en mS . m2. mol - 1 : 7,63 7,34 5,87



    :  ‫ א';  א‬89 :9#‫ و‬mol.
    mol.m-3 7 ‫ א א‬112 3 4-‫א‬5‫ א‬6 &' : 0#

    1mol.m −3 = 10 −3 mol.l −1 = 1m.mol.l −1


    1mol.l −1 = 1000mol.m −3

    :-*‫)א‬/‫سא‬G!?/‫א‬eBl)3]‫א‬MNQr,éq ‫א‬%  k(2.2


    σ = 4,9.10 −3 S .m −1 :EJ@C = 1,0.10-3mlo.l-1‫ذو‬l)3]‫א‬M>YB‫*)ل‬L-*)B‫س‬O
    :‫א‬-‫د‬B 
    
    ‫ا  د ا‬ HCOOH(aq) + H2O(l)  HCOO–(aq) + H3O+
    ‫(
     ا‬mol)‫ا م‬ (mol)‫آ ت ا دة‬
     ‫ا  ا‬ 0 c.V ‫ة‬ 0 0

     ‫ل ا‬ x c.V – x ‫ة‬ x x

    ‫
     اازن‬ xéq c.V – xéq ‫ة‬ xéq xéq

    :-‫א‬nG‫א‬,-Y>[‫)אعא‬1‫אא‬G8o%،[B6‫))אزند‬m )Ji!8‫אא‬

    [CH 3COOH ]éq ; [CH 3COO − ]éq ; [H 3O + ]éq


      
    :‫ א)אزن‬6-Y>[‫)אعא‬1‫  אא‬k 
    :&  [CH 3COO − ]éq 
    σ = [CH 3COO − ]éq .λ(CHCOO ) + [H 3O + ]éq .λ(H O )
    −
    aq
    +
    aq
    3

      
      X éq ( H 3O + ) = X éq (CH 3COO − ) ⇒ [H 3O + ]éq = [CHCOO − ]éq :+. ‫ولא‬/‫א‬01
     :9 *:;23'& 4#5 ‫א‬67 ‫ ضא‬

    www.ibnalkhatib2.canalblog.com
      
    [CH 3COOH ]éq 9 * 
     :‫?אد‬.<‫א‬$=1)=>
    E*EGA?9‫ و‬CH 3COO-éq I‫)א‬3]‫@)نא‬X2‫)ل‬F‫و‬6B?9?/‫א‬X2 /‫א‬l)3]‫א‬MN‫ن‬2
     :‫ذא‬2 CH3 COOH éq ‫)ل‬k‫دون‬
    (CH 3COOH ) + n  (CH 3COOH )
    n0 (CH 3COOH ) = n  
    ⇒ [CHCOOH ]0 = C = [CH 3COOH ]éq + [CH 3COO − ]éq
    

     :6B‫و‬
    [CH 3COOH ]éq = C − [CH 3COO ]éq −

    
    [CH 3COOH ]éq = 1,0.10 −3 − 1,3.10 − 4 = 8,7.10 −4 mol.l −1
    ?/‫א‬eBl)3]‫א‬MNQr,éq ‫א‬% 

    [H O +
    ] × [CH COO −
    ] (1,3.10 )
    −3 2 
    [CH COOH ]
    ( aq ) éq ( aq ) éq
    = = = 1,9.10 −5
    3 3
    Qr ,éq
    3 ( aq ) 8,7.10 − 4 
    éq

    :-6B$ ‫א‬%-9 ‫ د‬6‫א‬%E*-Y A‫א‬-‫א‬Ppd 


    :-‫א‬rY6‫א‬EJ@25°C  6-*q‫א‬-A86!l)3]‫א‬M>YB‫*)ل‬L-*)B‫س‬O 
    1,0.10-3 2,0.10-3 5,0.10-3 1,0.10-2 mol.l-)1‫א‬
    (mol.
    4 ,9.10-3 6,9.10-3 11,4.10-3 16,2.10-3 σ (S.m-1)-*)/‫א‬
    
    ‫*אא‬s/-A86!‫א‬%=8m :_OT‫ !>دא‬
    
    
    
    
    1,0.10-3 2,0.10-3 5,0.10-3 1,0.10-2 mol.l-)1‫א‬
    (mol.
    1,3.10-4 1,8.10-4 2,9.10-4 4,1.10-4 [
    (mol.l-1) H 3O + aq ]
    éq

    1,9.10-5 1,7.10-5 1,8.10-5 1,8.10-5 Qr,éq

    www.ibnalkhatib2.canalblog.com
    .>8/‫אא‬./‫א‬PunQ !pEGA‫@ن  جא‬t%T

    -!i*"->OQr,éq ‫  جא‬. d-Y>-)>v‫)אزن‬-%,:-T 


    -Y A‫א‬
    -9 ‫ د‬6Qr,éqY>[‫א)אزنא‬cwB 6‫;  جא‬. dj‫א‬->G‫;א‬K‫א)אزن‬-!p
    Q ≠ K ‫ن‬yb‫  جא)אزن‬.-)>x‫א‬$ ‫א‬%-9 !"2i*"K.-6B$ ‫א‬%
     Y>YZ6‫ مא‬G‫א‬-A8E*$pz/‫א‬B‫(א)א‬2.3
    YZ6‫ مא‬G‫א‬-A88%[{Qr,éq E*‫א‬Ppd-G!8‫א‬IUG‫!>دא‬:Y A‫ א=א‬
    :   ‫א‬D6

    1,0.10-3 2,0.10-3 5,0.10-3 1,0.10-2 mol.l-)1‫א‬


    (mol.
    1,3.10-4 1,8.10-4 2,9.10-4 4,1.10-4 [
    (mol.l-1) H 3O + aq ]éq

    12,5 8,8 5,8 4,1


    (0 0) τ
     :‫ج‬6U‫א‬
     ‫א‬PA?/‫א‬eB*YZ6‫ مא‬G‫א‬-A8^>*ql)3]‫א‬MN‫*)ل‬L‫*>ن‬
    CA = CB = c :|@B |‫و‬8A ‫@ن‬:‫א)אزن‬-!pPpd 
    αA + β B  γC + δD :-B‫א‬-‫א‬-U‫د א‬
     -AU6‫א‬ITB/‫א‬$ O–MNIT-A86!
    X éq X éq
     τ = = ⇒ X éq = c.V × τ ‫ و‬α=β=γ=δ =1
    X max c.V

    
    ‫ا  د ا‬ A (aq) + B(aq)  C(aq) + D(aq)
    ‫(
     ا‬mol)‫ا م‬ (mol)‫آ ت ا دة‬
     ‫ا  ا‬ 0 c.V c.V 0 0
    c.V – xéq c.V – xéq
    ‫
     اازن‬ xéq cV − cV × τ cV − cV × τ xéq = cV × τ xéq = cV × τ
    cV (1 − τ ) cV (1 − τ )
    

    www.ibnalkhatib2.canalblog.com
     cV × τ   cV × τ 
     × 
    = τ
    2
    K=   V
    V
    ⇒ τ 2 (1 + K ) − K = 0 :J‫א)אزن‬-!p-!
     cV × τ   cV × τ  (1 − τ ) 2
     × 
     V   V 
     :‫ ولא‬W‫א‬,-‫ و‬/‫א‬rY6‫א‬E*cm-G!8‫א‬-3‫א‬-9 ‫א‬B-‫د‬/‫א‬%‫و‬KM)!
    
    103 102
     
    10+1  1 
    10-1 
    10-2 10-3  ‫א)אزن‬-!p
     97  91  76  76  24  9  3,0 YZ6‫ مא‬G‫א‬-A8

      (0 0) τ
    ( τ ≥ 99 0 0 )*‫ א‬A‫ {[א‬K =104B‫א! א?א‬

    www.ibnalkhatib2.canalblog.com

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