Comparative Study of the Concentration Dependence of Different Softdrinks Using Refractive Index ____________________________ A Research Presented to the Faculty

of Holy Trinity College, Puerto Princesa City ______________________________

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Subject Physics I ______________________________

By:

Abadilla, Abraham F. Canon, Gaea A. Cuadra, Cristy Marie O. Faigao, Anna Margarita O. Magay, Mary Stephanie T. Mestidio, Teresa P. Omiple, Kathlyn Rose R. Pacanza, Andrea E.

Holy Trinity College January 2010

Approval Sheet

The research study entitled Comparative Study of the Concentration Dependence of Different Softdrinks Using Refractive Index, prepared and submitted by Cristy Marie Cuadra, et al., in partial fulfillment for the requirements for the subject Research I has been examined for oral examination.

__________________ Mrs. Geraldine Failon Adviser

Panel of Examiners

Approved by the Committee on Pre-oral Examination with the grade of _____%.

__________________ Chairman

_____________ Member

____________ Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Physics I. ____________________ Sr. Pinlyn Dahili, O.P. Principal

Date: __________________

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Acknowledgement

The researchers would like to express their sincere appreciation and deep gratitude to the following that have been of great help for the completion of this investigatory project:

Mrs. Geraldine Failon, our Physics teacher, for her patience and unending words of support that encouraged the researchers to pursue the studies:

To their beloved principal, Sr. Pinlyn Dahili, O.P., for giving the researchers a chance to conduct this research study;

To Ms. Lany Omilda, Basic Education Department Laboratory-in-Charge, for allowing the researchers to use the College Laboratory for our Investigatory Project;

To their co-researchers, for their enthusiasm in their study;

To their classmates, friends and teachers, for their moral support;

To their beloved parents, for their moral and financial support and words of encouragement;

And most of all, to our Almighty Father, for giving us strength and perseverance and for making this research study possible.

The Researchers

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Dedication

This research study is wholeheartedly and sincerely dedicated to our parents, teachers, friends, classmates, loved ones, brothers and sisters and to our dear Alma Mater.

The Researchers

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Title Page - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - i Approval Sheet - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - ii Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - iii Dedication - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - iv Abstract - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - vi

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 Statement of the Problem - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -- - - - - 2 Significance of the Study - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 Scope and Limitation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -3 Research Paradigm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- - 3 Definition of Terms - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -4

CHAPTER II - REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Local Literature - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -- - - - -5 Foreign Literature - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - 6 Local Study - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 Foreign Study - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -8 Synthesis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -9

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -10 Materials and Instrumentation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - 10 Experimental Procedure - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -- - 11 Making the Prism from Microscope Slides - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 Measuring the Index of Refraction of a Liquid - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - 13

CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Presentation of Data - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 17 Interpretation of Data - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- 18 Discussion - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18

CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION Summary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 19 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 Recommendation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20

BIBLIOGRAPHY - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 APPENDIX - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -23

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ABSTRACT

This research study entitled, Comparative Study on the Concentration Dependence of Different Softdrinks Using Refractive Index aimed to see if sugar concentrations in different softdrinks can be determined using the dependence of refractive index on the concentration by laser-based measurement. The materials used were bought from different shops in Puerto Princesa City and were eventually collected. The experimental part was divided into two parts: the Making of the Prism from Microscope Slides, and Measuring the Index of Refraction of a Liquid. The first of part of the experimental procedure, the Making of the Prism from Microscope Slides, was performed at one of the researchers house. The said microscope slides were constructed to create a hollow glass prism, which would be used on the second part of the procedure. The second part of the experimental procedure, the Measuring of the Index of Refraction of a Liquid, was performed the following day at College Department Physics Laboratory, Holy Trinity College. In the experiment, a low-power laser pointer with an output of 1mW and a wavelength of 630 to 680nm was used as a light source. The beam was pointed at the prism filled only with air (has no liquid inside) and this resulted the beam to hit straight on the wall. Refraction occurs when the laser beam was pointed on the glass prism filled with liquid. The beam went on some distance away from its original position (the first measurement, prism filled with air) when the prism is filled with water. Likewise, the beam changed its position when it was filled with Classic Coca-Cola, Classic Pepsi-Cola, Diet Coca-Cola, and Diet Pepsi-Cola. The different

variants yielded different points on the wall, as compared to the points where the undiverted and the water-filled beam resulted. Results showed that Coca-Cola Classic had 1.36RI, the highest refractive index amount; 3.38 g of sugar concentration, 39.4 cm for X and 84.2 cm for L measurements; and 25.2 for the minimum deviation (qmd). Other experimental variables had a lesser value as compared to Coca-Cola Classic, as well as the control variable (water and airfilled prism). The researchers therefore conclude that Coca-Cola Classic had the highest amount of sugar concentration. The researchers further recommend on using Laser-based Refractive Index Method to find the concentration and the refractive index of liquids. The researchers also recommend on using this procedure to find the RI of salt and sugar solutions, sodas, and other beverages.

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CHAPTER I The Problem and Its Background Introduction Laser-based measurements have been found in early 1900 indirectly by Albert Einstein during the research of photoelectric effects and until now, its application still growth. One of its applications is in measuring the concentration of a solution, such as sugar concentrations. Softdrinks are known to have large concentrations of sugar. Regular or Classic softdrinks had the common measurement, while diet softdrinks had a lesser amount as compared to the regular ones. High concentrations of sugar in softdrinks were alleged as one of the reasons of diseases in humans, and are highly acidic. Snell's Law describes the physics of refraction. If we follow a light ray as it passes from air to water, we can see how the light bends. Air and water each have a different index of refraction. Snell's Law describes the angle of refraction of a light ray in terms of the angle of incidence and the index of refraction of each of the materials through which the light is passing. However, what Snell's Law tells us is that the greater the relative index of refraction, the more the light bends. The index of refraction of a liquid depends on the density of the liquid. Hence, dissolving sugar in water results in a solution with a density greater than that of water alone. Since sugar water is denser than plain water, sugar water should have a higher index of refraction than plain water. Hence, the researchers are inspired to conduct a research study dependence of refractive index (RI) on the concentration by laser-based measurement, and to see if sugar concentrations in softdrinks can be determined using refractive index.

Statement of the Problem This study entitled Comparative Study of the Concentration Dependence of Different Softdrinks Using Refractive Index aims to see if sugar concentrations in different softdrinks can be determined using the dependence of refractive index on the concentration by laser-based measurement. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions: 1. Can one study the basic properties of refraction and its interaction with matter by using a laser? 2. Which of the two had the greater sugar concentration? The lesser? 3. Which is the denser liquid? Significance of the Study This study is deemed important to the following: 1. School This research study will be beneficial to the school since serve as a basis of facts for laboratory purposes. 2. Consumers This research study will be beneficial to consumers as they can observe the differences between products and compare them. 3. Science Classes This research study will help the science classes for it can be another source of knowledge that will contribute to the science world. 4. Future Researchers This study will be a great help to the future researchers because this study will serve as their guide and a source of inspiration in conducting future research studies. 2

Scope and Delimitation

Problem: This study focuses in determining and comparing the sugar concentrations of classic and diet variants of Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola.

Locale: The experimental part was done at Holy Trinity College, College Department Physics Laboratory, Quezon St., Puerto Princesa City.

Time Frame: This study was done on January 2010.

Research Paradigm

Regular and Diet Variants of Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola

Laser-based Measurement on the Index of Refraction of the Solution

Refractive Index of the Regular and Diet Variants of Coca- Cola and Pepsi-Cola

By using the Laser-based Measurement on the Refractive Index Method, we have been able to conclude that Classic Coca-Cola possesses the highest sugar concentration, while both the Diet variants of Coca-Cola and Pepsi had the least.

Definition of Terms The following terms are defined operationally: 1. Refraction - is the change in direction of a wave due to a change in its speed. 2. Snells Law - law governing refraction angle; the law stating that for a light ray passing between two media the ratio of the sines of the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction is a constant 3. Index of Refraction- ratio of light speeds; the ratio of the speed of refracted light in a vacuum or reference medium to its speed in the medium under examination. 4. Density- amount of a substance contained within a specific area. In physics, density is the ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume, and it can be calculated by dividing the mass by the volume. Density is often expressed in units such as grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) or pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3). 5. Prism - solid for dispersing light; a transparent polygonal solid object with flat faces and a usually triangular cross section, used for separating white light into a spectrum of colors.

CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature

Local Literature

Snells Law This important law, named after Dutch mathematician Willebrord Snell, states that the product of the refractive index and the sine of the angle of incidence of a ray in one medium is equal to the product of the refractive index and the sine of the angle of refraction in a successive medium. Also, the incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal to the boundary at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. Generally, the refractive index of a denser transparent substance is higher than that of a less dense material; that is, the velocity of light is lower in the denser substance. If a ray is incident obliquely, then a ray entering a medium with a higher refractive index is bent toward the normal, and a ray entering a medium of lower refractive index is deviated away from the normal. Rays incident along the normal are reflected and refracted along the normal. In making calculations, the optical path, which is defined as the product of the distance a ray travels in a given medium and the refractive index of that medium, is the important consideration. To an observer in a less dense medium such as air, an object in a denser medium appears to lie closer to the boundary than is the actual case. A common example is that of an object lying underwater observed from above water. Oblique rays are chosen only for ease of illustration. (Pinoy Exchange, 2009)

Refraction When a wave passes from one medium to another, the frequency remains the same but the velocity and wavelength change. Refraction refers to the change in direction and change in wavelength or velocity of the wave that occurs as the wave is transmitted from one medium to another. (Silverio, 2007)

Foreign Literature

Refraction and Refractive Index Refraction is the change in direction of a wave due to a change in its speed. This is most commonly observed when a wave passes from one medium to another. Refraction of light is the most commonly observed phenomenon, but any type of wave can refract when it interacts with a medium, for example when sound waves pass from one medium into another or when water waves move into water of a different depth. Refraction is described by Snell's law, which states that the angle of incidence 1 is related to the angle of refraction 2 by where v1 and v2 are the wave velocities in the respective media, and n1 and n2 the refractive indices. In general, the incident wave is partially refracted and partially reflected; the details of this behavior are described by the Fresnel equations. In optics, refraction occurs when light waves travel from a medium with a given refractive index to a medium with another. At the boundary between the media, the wave's phase velocity is altered, usually causing a change in direction. Its wavelength increases or decreases but its frequency remains constant. For example, a light ray will 6

refract as it enters and leaves glass, assuming there is a change in refractive index. A ray traveling along the normal (perpendicular to the boundary) will change speed, but not direction. Refraction still occurs in this case. Understanding of this concept led to the invention of lenses and the refracting telescope. Refraction can be seen when looking into a bowl of water. Air has a refractive index of about 1.0003, and water has a refractive index of about 1.33. If a person looks at a straight object, such as a pencil or straw, which is placed at a slant, partially in the water, the object appears to bend at the water's surface. This is due to the bending of light rays as they move from the water to the air. Once the rays reach the eye, the eye traces them back as straight lines (lines of sight). The lines of sight (shown as dashed lines) intersect at a higher position than where the actual rays originated. This causes the pencil to appear higher and the water to appear shallower than it really is. The depth that the water appears to be when viewed from above is known as the apparent depth. This is an important consideration for spearfishing from the surface because it will make the target fish appear to be in a different place, and the fisher must aim lower to catch the fish. (Wikipedia, 2010)

Local Study A study from a certain group of students from University of the Philippines (UP) Diliman Campus reports their observation of laser-induced refractive index change for homeotropically aligned nematic liquid crystal film of 10mm thickness. Diffraction rings were observed when an intense Ar+ ion laser hits homeotropically aligned nematic liquid crystal at normal incidence above a threshold 110 KW/cm2, which correspond to the threshold of the Optical Freedericksz Transition (OFT). Above the threshold, as the 7

laser intensity was increased, the number of observed diffraction tings likewise increased. The mechanism for optical molecular reorientation has a great dependence on elastic restoring forces. By exploring the dependence of bend elastic constant, K33 with Freedericksz transition, the value of the K33 was calculated at 2.6 x 10-12 N. To investigate the behavior of Dn as a function of intensity, an experiment was performed for oblique laser incidence. It was shown that the refractive index change increased linearly from values of 0.001to 0.18 at laser intensities ranging from 50 KW/cm2 to 200 KW/cm2 . The Kerr coefficient n2 was calculated for various laser incidence angles.

Foreign Study The Laser Institute of America conducted a study entitled Visualization of Refraction and Attenuation of Near-Infrared Laser Beam due to Laser-induced Plume to obtain a fundamental knowledge of the interaction between a near-infrared laser beam and an induced plume during welding. The plume was characterized by spectroscopy, and the effect and mechanism of the laser-induced plume on the refraction and/or attenuation were investigated by highspeed video observation of the plume and the probe laser, and power meter measurement of the fiber probe laser beam of 1090 nm wavelength which passed horizontally through the plume formed during bead-on-plate welding of an 8-mm-thick type 304 plate with a 1.5 kW yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) laser beam. The plume induced by YAG laser at the focus position grew about 20 mm toward the incident laser beam and was identified to be non-ionized metallic vapor of 3600 K in average temperature on the basis of the spectroscopic analyses. The high-speed observation 8

images and the power measuring results revealed that the rapid movement and the low brightness of the probe laser beam, seen after the plume, were caused by refraction due to density difference between the plume and its environment and Rayleigh scattering due to ultrafine particles, respectively. The maximum refraction and attenuation were 1.2 mrad and 3%, which were much lower than the beam divergence and the same levels as power variation in the incident YAG laser beam under argon (Ar) shielding gas, respectively. Moreover, the YAG laser-induced plume hardly affected the reduction in weld penetration under the defocused conditions since the penetration of type 304 weld made without Ar shielding gas was deeper than that produced with Ar shielding gas although the former plume was longer than the latter one. This reason was interpreted in terms of the greater effect of surface tension-driven melt flows. Consequently, the wavelengths of near-infrared laser beams were desirable for laser welding in the case of the laser-induced plume of less than 20 mm height, owing to their weak optical interaction to the plume.

Synthesis The Local and Foreign Literature describe the Laser-based Refractive Index as one of the easiest and most effective ways on measuring the concentrations of different substances. It also posits that refraction occurs whenever a laser beam hits a hollow glass prism. Subsequently, the Local and Foreign Study proves that many objects do react to refraction, and that it is one of the effective methods in obtaining results in some Physics-related subjects. 9

CHAPTER III Research Methodology

This chapter contains the Research Design, Materials, and Instrumentation and the Procedure of the Study. Research Design This study used descriptive and experimental method in order to observe, record, and control the condition and status of the phenomenon which already exists and may exist. Materials and Instrumentation

several 1" 3" glass microscope slides

paper pencil piece of string sugar water graduated cylinder gram scale calculator with trigonometric functions (sine, arctangent)

diamond scribe or glass cutter, ruler electrical tape epoxy glue (either 5-minute or 30-minute epoxy),

toothpicks, laser pointer cardboard tape tape measure

Different softdrinks ( Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola Classic and Diet Variants)

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Experimental Procedure

Making the Prism from Microscope Slides

1. Figure 1, below, shows the sequence of steps to be followed to make a hollow glass prism in the shape of an equilateral triangle (Edmiston, 1999). The prism will hold a liquid as you measure the liquid's index of refraction.

Figure 1. Diagram of the sequence of steps for making a hollow glass prism (equilateral triangle) from microscope slides. (Edmiston, 1999)

2. The goal is an equilateral prism that can hold liquid. It will be constructed from microscope slides and epoxy. 3. Put a piece of black electrical tape across the face of the slide as shown above (Figure 1a). The tape should hang over the edge. 4. Score the other side of the microscope slide with a diamond scribe or glass cutter

11

as shown (Figure 1a). Use a straightedge to guide the diamond scribe. The two scribe lines should be one inch apart and perpendicular to the long edge of the slide. Break the glass along the scribe lines. Hold the slide on either side of the first scribe line and bend the glass toward the taped side. Bend just enough to break the glass. Repeat for the second scribe line (Figure 1b).

5. Now bend the glass away from the tape, allowing the tape to stretch (Figure 1c). Continue bending until the triangle closes. 6. Place the prism on a flat surface to align the bottom edges. Use the overhanging tape to secure the prism in this configuration (Figure 1d). 7. Adjust the edges of each face so that they align correctly. At each apex of the prism, the inside edges should be in contact along their entire vertical length. 8. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for mixing the epoxy cement (usually you mix equal amounts from each of two tubes). Use a toothpick to apply epoxy to the inside corners of the prism to glue the three faces together (Figure 1e). The corners need to be water-tight, but keep the epoxy in the corners and away from the faces of the prism. Keep the bottom surface flat and allow the epoxy to set. 9. When the epoxy in the corners has set firmly, mix up fresh epoxy and use a toothpick to apply it to the bottom edge of the prism. Glue the prism to a second microscope slide as shown (Figure 1f). The bottom edge needs to be water-tight, but keep the epoxy away from the faces of the prism. 10. Allow the epoxy to set overnight, and then the prism will be ready for use.

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Measuring the Index of Refraction of a Liquid

1. Figure 2, below, is a diagram of the setup to be used for measuring the index of refraction of a liquid. (Note that the diagram is not to scale.)

Figure 2. Diagram of setup for measuring the index of refraction of a liquid using a laser pointer and a hollow triangular prism (not to scale; based on the diagram in Nierer, 2002).

2. The laser pointer should be set up so that its beam (dotted red line in Figure 2) is perpendicular to a nearby wall. You should attach a big piece of paper to the wall for marking and measuring where the beam hits. The height of the laser pointer should be adjusted so that it hits about half-way up the side of the prism. The laser pointer should be fixed in place. Check periodically to make sure that the beam is still hitting its original spot. 3. When the prism is empty (filled only with air), then placing it in the path should not divert the beam. Mark the spot where the beam hits the wall when the prism is empty. When the prism is filled with liquid, the laser beam will be refracted

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within the prism (solid blue line). The emerging beam (solid red line) will hit the wall some distance away from the original spot of the undiverted beam. You will measure the distance, x, between these two points (see Figure 2).

4. Figure 3, below, is a more detailed view of the prism which illustrates how to measure the angle of minimum deviation, md. It is needed to mark points a, b, and c in order to measure the angle. Points a and b are easy, because they are project on the wall. Marking point c is more difficult, because it is under the prism. The next several steps describe how to mark point c.

Figure 3. Detail diagram showing how to measure the angle of minimum deviation (not to scale; based on the diagram in Nierer, 2002).

5. Tape a sheet of paper to the table, centered underneath the prism. 6. With the prism empty, on the sheet of paper mark the point where the beam enters the prism (point d in Figure 3). Then mark the point where the beam exits the prism (point e in Figure 3). Later you will draw a line between d and e to show the path of the undiverted beam. 7. On the wall, mark the point where the undiverted laser hits (point b in Figure 3). As long as the laser pointer stays fixed, this point should remain constant throughout the experiment. Check it for each measurement.) 8. Now, add liquid to the prism. Rotate the prism so that the path of the refracted beam within the prism (solid blue line from d to f in Figure 3) is parallel with the base of the prism. When the prism is rotated correctly, mark the position of the emerging beam on the paper on the wall (point a in Figure 3). On the paper on the table, mark the point where the beam emerges from the prism (point f in Figure 3). 9. Move the prism aside. Leave the paper taped in place. 10. Use a ruler to draw a line from point d to point e. This marks the path of the undiverted beam. 11. Next, extend a line from point a (on the wall) through point f (on the table). To do this, stretch a string from point a so that it passes over point f. Mark the point (c) where the string crosses the line between d and e. 12. Measure the distance, x, between points a and b, and record it in the data table. 13. Measure the distance, L, between points b and c, and record it in the data table. 14. The distances that were measured define the angle of minimum deviation, md. 15

15. The ratio x/L is the tangent of the angle. To get the angle, use a calculator to find the arctangent of x/L. (The arctangent of x/L means "the angle whose tangent is equal to x/L.") Record the angle in the data table. 16. After calculating the angle of minimum deviation, use it to calculate the index of refraction, n, of the liquid in the prism. (Figure 4.) 17. To check that your setup is working, plain water should have an index of refraction of 1.334.

Figure 4. Simplified equation derived from Figure 5.

Figure 5. The equation to be used in finding the Refractive Index.

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CHAPTER IV Results and Discussion Presentation of Data The group conducted their research study on January 2010 at the College Department Physics Laboratory, Holy Trinity College. This research study aimed to see if sugar concentrations in different softdrinks can be determined using the dependence of refractive index on the concentration by laser-based measurement. Table 1. Control Variable Index of Refraction N/A 1.33 Sugar Concentration (g) N/A 0.00
X (cm) L (cm)

Concentration (Prism filled) Air Water

qmd (n)

N/A
35

N/A
40

N/A
11.4

Table 2. Experimental Variable Concentration (Prism filled) Classic CocaCola Classic PepsiCola Diet Coca-Cola 1.36 Index of Refraction Sugar Concentration (g) 3.38*
X (cm) L (cm)

qmd (n)

39.4

84.2

25.2

1.35

3.33*

39

84

25

1.34

0.00*

37

83

24

Diet Pepsi-Cola

1.34

0.00*

37

83

24

*Based on the Table of Sugar Concentration in Drinks, EnergyFiend.com

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Interpretation of Data Results show that Classic Coca-Cola had 1.36RI, the highest refractive index amount; 3.38 g of sugar concentration, 39.4 cm for X and 84.2 cm for L measurements; and 25.2 for the minimum deviation (qmd). Classic Pepsi-Cola, on other hand, had 1.35RI; 3.33 g of sugar concentration, 39 cm for X and 84 cm for L measurements; and 25 for the minimum deviation. Subsequently, both Diet Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola had 1.34RI; 0 g of sugar concentration, 37 cm for X and 83 cm for L measurements; and 24 for the minimum deviation.

Discussion According to Table 2, the prism filled with Classic Coca-Cola had the highest number of refractive index, sugar concentration, X and L measurement, and minimum deviation (qmd), with the prism filled with Classic Pepsi-Cola having the second most of the amounts. Subsequently, both prisms filled with Diet Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola had the same level of number of refractive index, sugar concentration, X and L measurement, and minimum deviation, with both having the least amounts. Compared to the control variables air and water, the four experimental variables proved to be greater in amount.

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CHAPTER V Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation Summary The materials used were collected. The experimental part was divided into two parts: the Making of the Prism from Microscope Slides, and Measuring the Index of Refraction of a Liquid, and were eventually performed at the College Department Physics Laboratory, Holy Trinity College. In the experiment, a low-power laser pointer with an output of 1mW and a wavelength of 630 to 680nm was used as a light source. The beam was pointed at the prism filled with air (has no liquid inside), water, Classic Coca-Cola, Classic Pepsi-Cola, Diet Coca-Cola, and Diet Pepsi-Cola. The different variants yielded different points on the wall, as compared to the points where the undiverted and the water-filled beam resulted. Results showed that Coca-Cola Classic had 1.36RI, the highest refractive index amount; 3.38 g of sugar concentration, 39.4 cm for X and 84.2 cm for L measurements; and 25.2 for the minimum deviation (qmd). Other experimental variables had a lesser value as compared to Coca-Cola Classic, as well as the control variable (water and airfilled prism). Conclusion The researchers therefore conclude that Coca-Cola Classic had the highest amount of sugar concentration, with the Classic Pepsi-Cola having the second highest amount. 19

Recommendation The researchers further recommend the following: 1. Lengthen the period of the experimentation in order to perform several trials to prove the accuracy of the results. 2. Test for other properties other than sugar concentrations. 3. Use other possible variables that can undergo Laser-based Index of Refraction Method, like salt and sugar solutions, sodas and other beverages, and other liquids.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Silverio, Angelina A. Exploring Life through Science: Physics Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. pp. 371. General References "Table of Refraction." Microsoft Encarta 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2009 "Refraction." Microsoft Encarta 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2009 "Snells Law." Microsoft Encarta 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2009 Journals Cuadra, Cristy Marie O., et al. Phytochemical Testing of Barbados Cherry (Malphigia punicifolia L.) Holy Trinity College. Puerto Princesa City. 2008. Canon, Gaea A. et al. Phytochemical Study of Granadilla (Passiflora quadrangularis) Holy Trinity College. Puerto Princesa City. 2008. Caabay, Jenina Marie L., et al. The Effect of Rice Washing, Fish Washing and Diluted Urine (male, female and pregnant) on the Growth of String Beans (Vitex Negundo) Holy Trinity College. Puerto Princesa City. 2008. Websites Refractive Index. Wikipedia. Last Updated April 2, 2009. Date Accessed January 2010. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_Index) Refractive Index of Some Liquids Engineering Toolbox. Last Updated September 2009. Date Accessed January 2010. (http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/refractiveindex-d_1264.html) Physics 20: Light Refraction Snells Law SaskEd. Last Updated October 2008. Date Accessed January 2010. (http://www.sasked.gov.sk.ca/docs/physics/u3c12phy.html) Optical Properties and Sugar Determination of Commercial Carbonated Drinks Using Plasmon Resonance Bnet. Date Accessed January 2010. (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7109/is_1_4/ai_n28396492/) 21

Gnord. WikiAnswers What is the index of refraction of sugar WikiAnswers. Last Updated January 2010. Date Accessed January 2010. (http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_index_refraction_sugar) Measuring Sugar Content of a Liquid with a Laser Pointer Science Buddies. Date Accessed January 2010. (http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/Phys_p028.shtml) Liquid (Physics) Science Fair Projects and Experiments Julian Trubin. Date Accessed January 2010. (http://www.juliantrubin.com/fairprojects/physics/liquid.html) Sugar in Drinks Energy Fiend. Date Accessed January 2010. (http://www.energyfiend.com/sugar-in-drinks) Science Diliman Journal 237-205 University of the Philippines Diliman. Date Accessed January 2010. (http://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/sciencediliman/article/download/237/205)

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Appendix