A/Pjy : Fw. Fw. Aiv - À

a\pjy
[ Malayalam aebmfw ]
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Fw. Fw. AIv_

. Daawa books
P.B. No: 1981, Vyttila, Kochi Ph: 0091-484-2301275 Email: info@dawabooks.org
Web edition by :
3314 - 0420
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Cu temI ns\mcp {kjvSmhp-v- Poh \ In hm bphpw sh hpw kuIcysSp n `qansb PohnXtbmKy am nb ]caImcpWnI\mb {kjvSmhv. \mw ChnsS F s\ Pohn Wsapw Cu PohnX ns ]ca e yw F s pw ZqXm. aptJ\ {kjvSmhv \s ]Tnn p. \ p sS PohnX ns IW v acWtijw \mw {kjvSmhns ap n t_m[nnt -n hcpw.Av ]pWyw sNbvXh\v \ bpw ]m]w sNbvXh\v Xnbpw {]Xnêw Inpw. AXn\m {kjvSmhv Xs ZqXcneqsS \ Inb \ntZia\pkcn v Pohn pIbmWv a\pjys c m amKw. \ap v temI{kjvSmhv \ Inb \ntZi kwlnX bmWv JpB . apl Zv \_n()bneqsS Ah B kt iw a\pjys n p sImSp p. CXdn hcpw Adnbm hcpw \ap nSbn D-v. temIsc apgph {kjvSmhn s ktiadnbn AXdn hcpsS _m[yXbmWv. A Xn\mbn cq]oIrXamb Hcp {]kvYm\amWv "\n v Hm^-v {Sq v'. \mYm, kXyaX kti {]NcW n\p th-nbp hn\oXamsbmcp kwcwàmWnXv.\o G ]n D chmZn ns \nhlW n\p th-nbp Ffnb {iaw. CsXm cp {]Xnêmlamb {]h \ambn kzoIcnt Wta (B ao ). UbdIvS
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1-- - a\pjy ;- im-kv-{X- n-epw ù-Xn-I- Z--i-\- n-epw4 2 - a\pjy]cnWmaw 13 3-- - a\pjy JpB\n 25 4 - [m-an-I-X45 5-- - am\hnIX 55 6-- - hntamN\w 63 7 - F- n-\v- Po-hn- -Ww-? 75
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H-va\pjy ;im-kv-{X- n-epw- ù-Xn-I- Z--i-\- n-epw"Adnhv' Fv AYw hcp "kb dnb'sb emn ]Z n \nmWv "kb kn's d D ] n. kb kn s d Ghpw {]mNo\amb AYw "hnPvRm\w' FmsW nepw ]mZmYnIamb Adnhv am{Xsa B[p\nI imkv{X ns d hcpXnbn hcpp q. ]ZmY-hpw {Zhym[njvTnX amb Cu {]]hpamWv imkv{X ns d taJe. kmam\y ambnd m "]ZmY-w Fs\ s]cpamdpp' shXm Wv imkv{X ns d hnjbw. {]KXv` imkv{X Zmi\nI\m b k hneyw skkn Umw]nb imkv{X n\v \ Inb \nhN\w {i n pI: "{]IrXn {]Xn`mksf pdn A \p{Iaamb Adnhpw Cu {]Xn`mk hyIvXam p Im cy X nep _\v[s pdn bpIvXn\njvTamb ]T \hpamWv imkv{Xw' (W.C. Dampier: A history of Science Page: 13). {]IrXnbnse sNdpXpw hepXpamb {]Xn`mksf sbmw hniZoIcn phm imkv{XPvRm {ian np-v. {]kvXpX hniZoIcWfn NnesXmw Cpw A\pam \w (Hypothesis) am{Xambn XpScpps-nepw an Xpw icn bmsWv {]mtbmKnIambn sXfnbn m imkv{XPvRm v km[n np-v. Ahn`mPysav IcpXsncp B Is AXnkq vafmb AtmanI k_v BtmanI IWnIIfpsS kz`mhs bpw \ne\n ]ns d \nbasf bpw Ipdn v Hcp hn[sam Imcyfpw Cv am\hcmin v a\pjy
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Adnbmw. AXn_rl mb kvYqe{]] nse {Kl apX \ {X Pme hscbpw IzmkmdpI apX ] kmdpI hscbpw kq t\mh apX XtamK hscbpap JtKmf hkvXp sf pdn v ]Tn m\pw Ah bpsS \ne\n ]n\v ]nnep \nbasf \n[mcWw sN bvsXSp m\pw imkv{XPvRm v Ign np-v. \ap v Np pap ktNX\f-pw AtNX\fpamb hkvXp sf p dns mw Hsms hkvXp\njvTambn ]Tn phm \ap v km[n np-v.km[n nnm hsb pdn v ]Tn m\p {i a \Sp sIm-ncn pIbpw sN pp-v. am\hicochpw imkv{XPvRs d KthjW n\v ]p d . a\pjys d P\\w apX acWwhscbp imcocn I {]{InbIsf pdns mw GItZiw ka{Kamb PvRm\w t\SnsbSp m imkv{XPvRm v Ign np-v.Cse, a\pjy icocs pdn GItZi PvRm\ambncpp a\p jy icoc imkv{Xw (Human Physiology) sIm-v hnh n sncpsXn CXv At\Iw imJIfp AXn_rl mb hnPvRm\obamWv. IWhnPvRm\obw (Othology) ap X t\{XhnPvRm\obw (Opthalmology) hscbp _mlymh bhsf pdn ]T\imJIfpw lrZb hnPvRm\obw (Cardiology) apX \mUohnPvRm\obw (Neurology) hscbp B cmhbhsf pdn hnPvRm\imJIfpw ssewKnI imkv{Xw(Sexology) apX AkvYn hyqlimkv{Xw(Osteology) hscbp B cnI hyqlsf pdn hnPvRm\obfp ap s m p hfsc _rl mb Hcp hnPvRm\imJ X sbmWXv. AYhm, a\pjys d B cnI_mlymhbh sf pdn pw Ahs d icocs \ne\n p hyhkv a\pjy
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YIsf pdn psamw GItZiw ]qWambn s ]Tn p hm imkv{XPvRm v Ign np-v. amdmhym[nIsfv IcpXsncp H\h[n tcmK v ]cnlmcap-m p hm B[p\nI imkv{X n\v km[n Xv Cu ka{Kamb A dnhp Xp sIm-mWv. B[p\nI a\pjys d kzmkvYyw sISp p ]pXnb tcmKsf pdn v AdnbmsXb CXv ]dbpXv. {]kvXpX tcmKsftmepw tXm ]n phm X v km[n psa ip`m]vXnhnizmkw imkv{XPvR \n krjvSn pXpw a\pjyicocs pdn Ahs d AdnhmsWv kqNnn pI am{XamWv. a\pjymkvXnXz ns d cN\mXvaIhpw \ntj[mXva Ihpamb km[yXIsf pdn v hniZoIcn phm\pw imkv {Xw {ian np-v. tIhe imkv{X ns d AfhptImepI D]tbmKn p sIm-v \S nb {]kvXpX {iasfmw ]cm PbsXmbmWv imkv{X Ncn{Xw ]Tn m a\ nemhpI. "BcmWv a\pjy ?' F tNmZy n\v D cw \ Im {i an ùXnIZi\fn ]eXpw ]cmPbsSphm\p {] [m\s ImcWfnsemv ùXnIimkv{X ns d Af hp tImepI am{Xap]tbmKn v a\pjys\ hniZoIcn m {ian XmsWv ImWm Ignbpw. {]KXv` X -zimkv{XPvR\mb kn. C.Fw. tPmUv X s d Guide to the Philosophy of morals and politics F {K\vY n lhmUns d kmam\yw ZoLamb IhnXbn \nsm cp `mKw D cn pp-v. AXns d Bibw Cs\bmWv:"] v Kme Pehpw Ggv _m tkmpI mhiyamb sImgppw H ]Xn\mbncw s] knepI p nse Im_ Wpw c-mbnc n Ccpqdv Xosnt menep t^mkv^ a\pjy
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dkpw kmam\yw henb Hcp BWnbnse Ccp pw tImgn q Sv sh bSn phm\mhiyamb Npm pw Ipd v k ^dpw saKv\ojyhpw icnbmb A\p]mX n Iqn pg m a \pjy icocambn amdn' (t]Pv 251). ckX{ PvRs d ho W nep a\pjy\mWnXv. GXm\pw cmk]ZmYfpsS an{inXw. Pohimkv{X hn-im-c -Z-\v- CXn A ]w IqSn Iqnt m\p-mbncn pw. t{Im atkmapIsf pdn pw Po\pIsf pdn pw Abm v ]dbp hm\p-mIpw. DuP X{ PvR\v Ipd pIqSn kwkmcn p hm\p-mbncn pw. a\pjy akvXnjvI ns dbpw imcocn I hyhkvYIfpsSbpw koWXsb pdn pw ùXnIcm k LS\sb kw_\v[n pw IqSn Abm ]dbpw. a\pjy s\ pdn ImgvNmSn ]mc cyimkv{X n\pw ]cnWma hmZ n\psamw AhbpsS ]v hln phm\p-v. AXpw IqSn A\phZn psImSp pI Fn Xs a\pjys\ p dn ]qWamb Nn{Xw \ap v e`n ptam? "C' FmWp cw. a\pjys d am{Xamb ]e {]tXyIXIfpw imkv{X imJIfpsS KthjW taJe v AXoXambn \nesIm p IbmWv.ssat{ImkvtImpIfpw sSekvtImpIfpw F{X X s ]ptcmKan mepw Cu A]cym]vXX \ne\n pI X s sN pw Xo . CXpXsbmWv ùXnI Zi\fpsSbpw AhkvY. ]-v A\v[m B\sb ImWm t]mb IYbnteXp t]m se Hmtcm Zmi\nIpw ImWm Ign Xv a\pjys d Hmtcm `mKsf am{XamWv.DZmlcW n\v knKva-v t{^m bnUns d a\ximkv{X X -z t\m pI. a\ximkv{X cwKs Atl ns d teJ\ hmbn ph dn a\pjy
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bmw, Atl n\v e`n ncp tcmKnIfne[nIhpw ssewKn I ImcWfm tcmKnIfmbhcmbncpp Fv. AXn\m a\pjy p-mIp a\x-]oUI (Obsessions) pw òXntcm K(Phobias) pw a\kvXm] (Anxiety Neurosis) pw R c p tcmK (Neuro Psychosis) psamw {][m\s Im cWw ssewKnIhpw Zm Xy kw_\v[hpamb {]iv\fm sWv Atlw a\ nem n. Cu ssewKnI{]kIvXn kz]v \ p IqSn _m[Iam pIbmWv Atlw Xs d amkv ]oskv hntijnn sSp The Interpretation of dreams F {K\vY neqsS sN pXv. tKmhWn Ibdp kz]v\ n \npt]mepw ssewKnIhnImchpw Dt P\hpw \n [mcWw sNbvXv FSp pp-tlw. C mcyw a\pjycp sS kmaqlyPohnX n IqSn {]tbmKn ms\mcps Spt m fmWv Atl ns d Ghpw KpcpXchpw A hyhpam b A_ ad\o n shfnhmIpXv. Xs d CuUn kv tImwIvkv, CZv, CutKm, kq CutKm k ]fn eqsS a\pjycpsS kIe am\ {]h \fnepw ssewKn IX Zin pp-tlw. A bpw Ip pw X nep _ \v[ n t]mepw ssewKnIXbpsS em\ Is- p Atlw a\pjys\ Hcp ssewKnIPohn am{Xambn A[x] Xnn pIbmWv sN pXv. a\pjys\ a\ nem m sN Atl n\v ]nSp w InnbXv "ssewKnIX' sb H scm "Ahbhw' am{Xambncpp. ùXnIhmZ ns d A\v [X {Kkn ncp Atlw hnfn p ]d p: "a\pjy Hcp ssewKnI Pohn am{XamWv'. Cu \qm-ns d X z-imkv{Xsav km{Xv hnti jnn amIvknk n\v kw`hn Xpw asm. FnIyqd a\pjy
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kns d ]camWphmZ ns dbpw t^mb _m ns d ù XnI hmZ ns dbpw ASn dbn \npsIm-v {]] hymJym\ n\v {ian Im amIvkn\v ]ZmY ns d am {Xw kz`mhsf a\pjy\nepw Is- m Ign p q. ]cnkvYnXnbnep-mhp ]cnh \ ]ZmY ns d kz`mhfn am hcp psan a\pjys d h \fnepw As\bp-mhpsav Atlw kn m n p. a\pjys\ ]ZmY- ns d koWamb kenX cq] fn amw hcp p ]cnkvYnXn LSIw D ]mZ\ _\v [fmsWmbncpp Atl ns d \nKa\w.Ncn{X n s d Zim k\v[nIfnep-mb \mKcnI aptfn k n\v AYhm D ]mZ\ _\v[ p-mbncp kzm[o \sf Xs d kn m \pIqeambn hymJym\n p hm amIvkn\v Ign p. D ]mZt\m]IcWfpsS am n\\pkcn v amw hcp Hcp Pohn am{XamWv Atl ns d ho W nse a\pjy . Atlhpw a\pjys\ I-Xv A\v[ B\sb I-Xpt]mse s! t{^mbnUv ]nSn Xv ssewKnIXsb hmenembncppshn amIvkv ]nSn Xv kzImcy k s Imenembncppshv am{Xw. Ccphscbpw A\v[cm nbXv ùXnIhmZw Xs. BcmWv a\pjy ? ]ZmY ns d ]cnWmaN{Iw A\pkyqXw Idnbtm Dcp ncn koW LS\ bp Hcp kwbpIvXw am{XamtWm? Hcp ssewKnI Pohn tbm? km nI Pohntbm? AX amemJtbm? HmaXmbn, a\pjy {]] nse Hcp AwKamIp p. kqcys\bpw N{s\bpw \ {Xsfbpw t]msebp Hcp AwKw. Ins\bpw ]mdsbbpw Npm ns\bpw a\pjy
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t]msebp Hcp AwKw. Inepw sh nepw Icn bn epap aqeI XsbmWv a\pjyicoc nepap Xv. ]t , a\pjy Ipw sh hpw Icn bpa. Ahv a v ]ZmYfn \nv hyXykvXamb Hcp AkvXnXzap-v.A h tNX\bp h\mWv. Atm F mWv Poh ? hyIv Xambn \nhNn m\mhm ]Zfnsemmbn "Poh ' C pw imkv{X \nL-phn Ahtijn pIbmWv. c-maXmbn, a\pjy ktNX\ hkvXp fpsS KW nse Hcp AwKamIpp. tdmkmsNSnsbbpw B acs bpw t]msebp Hcp AwKw. Aao_sbbpw ssl{Usb bpw t]msebp Hcp AwKw. Aao_ Hcp GItImi Pohn bmsWn a\pjy Hcp _lptImi PohnbmsW hy Xymkw am{XamtWm Ah X nep Xv? tdmkmsNSnbn ]q hp-mhppshn a\pjy\n AXp-mhns hyXym kw am{XamtWm Ah X nep Xv? Cu tNmZy p D cw "A' FmsWn ]nssb mWv a\pjys\ C Xc ktNX\ hkvXp fn thXncn p \n p LSI sav hniZoIcn phm IgnbWw. aqmaXmbn, P phKfnsemmIpp \chKw. B\sbbpw BSns\bpw Ddp ns\bpw DSp ns\bpw \mb sbbpw \cnsbbpw Ipcns\bpw IpXncsbbpw t]msebp Hcp Pohn. B\ p Xp t]mse IpIfpw BSn\p Xp t]mse ImXpIfpw Ddp n\p Xpt]mse ImepIfpw D Sp n\p Xp t]mse hmbbpw \mb p Xp t]mse \m pw \cn p Xpt]mse \Jfpw Ipcn\p Xpt]mse ]pIfpw IpXnc p Xpt]mse \mkmc\v{[fpsamw a \pjy\p-v. asmcp P phn\panm GsXnepsamcp A a\pjy
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hbhw a\pjy\n. Fn a\pjy\pw av arKfpsS K W n s]Sp mhp Hcp PohhKw am{XamtWm? imkv{XPvRs d D cw "A, a\pjy kq B \naemWv' FmWv. AXpXsbmWnhnSs {]iv\w. F mWv a\pjys\ kq B\naem pXv? Ahs d IpIfmtWm? Fn a\pjyt\ mf[n Iw ImgvNiIvXnbp P p sft "kq B\na ' B Im Xv? cm{Xnbn ImWm Ignbp aqbpw A {Smh bev civanI ImWm Ignbp tX\o bpat a\pjy s\ m B t]cn\v AlX t\SpI? Ahs d ImXpIfmtWm? Fn a\pjy\v tI m km[n m {X Db Bhr nbnep (20000 100,000Hz) i_vZhoNnI ]pdsSphn m\pw Ah {]Xn_\v [fn Xn {]Xnên pt m {]Xn[z\n ]nSns Sp p hm\pw Ignbp h mepIsfbt B t]cv hnfnt -Xv? Ahs d \mkmc\v{[fmtWm? Fn a\pjys\ m aWw ]nSn phm\pw aW Xncn dnbphm\pw ssh ZKv[-yap \mbv fmWtm B t]cv hnfn sSm A lcmth-Xv? Ahs d ImepIfmtWm? Fn , a\pjys\ m Dd ImepIfpw thKXbpap Nopenbt B t]cn hnfn stS-Xv? A! CsXmpa a\pjys\ "kq B\na ' B pXv. AhbhfpsS BsI pIb a\pjy . AXn Ihn Fs ms tbm BWv. Ahs\ arKfn \n a\pjy
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v hyXykvX\m pIbpw D IrjvS\m pIbpw sN pXv AhbhfpsS IgnhpIf; ast m BWv. F mWXv? Cu- tNm-Zy- n-\v- D- -cw- I-s-- m - im-kv-{X- n-\vI-gn-bn- .- ]-Zm-- {]-]--am-Wv- im-k-v{X- n-s - ta-Je.- C {n-b- - \ -Ip-- A-dn-hm-Wv- A-Xn-s - A-kw-kv-Ir-X- h kv-X-p.-Cu- A-dn-hv- A-]-{K-[n- m-Wv- im-kv-{Xo-b-am-b- \n-K-a-\ -fpw- k- -]--fpw- kn- m- --fp-samw- D-cp- ncn-bp--Xv.C{n-b- - v- F- n- n-Sn- m - I-gn-bm- ,- [n-j-W-sb- am-{X ap-]-tbm-Kn- v- A-]-{K-Xn- m\m-hm- - H-cp- Akv-Xn-Xzw- a-\p-jy\p--v.- A-Xm-Wv- a-\p-jy-s\- a-p- Po-hn-I-fn - \n-v- hy-Xn-cn-- \m- p--Xv.- \m-K-cn-I-X-I - kr-jv-Sn- p-hm - A-h-s\- ]-cym-] Xv-\m- p--Xpw- \- -{X- bp- --sf- Ip-dn- v- Nn- n- p-hm - A -h-\v- I-gn-hv- \ -Ip--Xpw- Cu- A-kv-Xn-Xz-am-Wv-;-\--bn-eq-sS- apt-dp-hm-\pw- Xn--bneq-sS- A-[-:-]-Xn- p-hm-\pw- a-\p-jy-\v- am {X-ta I-gn-bq.- Cu- I-gn-hm-Wv- A-h-s - hy-Xn-cn- -X-;- A-h-b-h-fn-te-Xn-s -sb-n-epw- kw-`m-h-\-b- - C-Xv.-]n-s-sb-hn-sS- \nm-Wv- Cu- I-gn-hv- D--m-b-Xv.- a-\p-jy-s - k-hn-ti-j-am-b- A kv-Xn-Xzw- F--s\-bp--m-b-Xm-Wv.- C-sX- mw- im-kv-{X- n-s - taJ-e- v- ]p-d- p- - tNm-Zy-am-Wv.- C- -c-w- tNm-Zy--sf- im-kv {X- n-s - hcp-Xn- p- n-te- v sIm--p-h-cm- - {i-an- -Xm-Wvù-Xn-I- \-i-\- - v- kw-`-hn- - sX-v.- Cu- sX-v- B-h n pn-S-t m-fw- A-h-bv- v- a-\p-jy-s\- a-\- n-em- m-\m-hn- .Cu- a-\- n-e-m- m-bv-a-bm-Wv- A- -cw- Z-i-\--sf- ]-cm-P-b n-te- v- \-bn- p--Xv.-
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ùXnI Zi\sfmw AhbhfpsS BsI p IbmbmWv a\pjys\ I-np Xv. AXpXsbmWv Ah bpsS ]cmPb ns d apJyImcWw.Poh]cnWmasa B ib ns d ASn dbn \npsIm-mWv ùXnI Zmi \nIm a\pjys\ hniZoIcn phm {ian ncn pXv. t^mkn dn mUns d AXoh Zp_eamb ]n _e n t ]Sp pb s Hcp A\pam\w am{XamWv Poh] cnWmaw F Bibw. \nco W tbmKyam Dul fpsS ASn dbntemWv AXv kvYm]n sncn psX v ]cnWma kn m ns d B[p\nI hIvXm fn {] apJ\mb kvo^ sPtKm Uv t]mepw FgpXnbnp-v. (New Scientist-December 1986) krjSnI X n ssPhimkv {X]camb Ipsd kmPmXyfps-pw Poh PmXnI nS bn Hcp t{iWn \ne\n ppshpw, Hcp ]cn[nhsc t^mkn sXfnhpI hyIvXam pps-Xv icnbmWv. ]cnWmaw AXns d ImcWw hniZoIcn phm th-n ap tmp sh s Hcp Bibw am{XamWv. Cu Bib n \v ]Icw asmcp Bibw aptmp sh sSmw.AXn\v Iq SpX sXfnhpIfp cn sSmw. "X imkv{X]camb hn Pb'amWv ]cnWmahmZ n\v imkv{XtemI v {]XnjvT t\ Sns mSp Xv. B {]Xo v Hcn epw kvYmbo`mhw A hImisSm Ignbn. X imkv{X]cambn Hcn epw tNmZyw sN sSmXncp ]eXpw Cv imkv{XtemI n se NhdpI am{XamsWtm pI. a\pjy
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"HpanmsX P\n pIbpw ]eXpw t\Sns m-v acn pIbpw sN p PohnbmWv a\pjy ; av PohnIsfmw ]eXpap-mbns m-v P\n pIbpw ]pXpXmbn Hpw t\ SmsX acn pIbpw sN phbmWv' Fv km[mcWbmbn ]dbsSmdp-v. F pam{Xw AYh mWo samgn. Fm PohnIfpw P\n pXv Ahbv- mhiyamb Fmhn[ Adn hpItfmSpw IgnhpItfmSpw IqSnbmWv. Fm , a\pjy P\n pXv Hpanm h\mbns m-mWv. ]t ,Ah {]IrXnbn \npw Xs d Npp]mSpIfn \npw ]eXpw ] Tn pIbpw t\SnsbSp pIbpw sN pp. PohnIfpsS Phmk\ (Instinct) \s sbmw AXv`p XsSp m t]mXmWv.\qm-pIfpsS hnPvRm\ hn\na b neqsS a\pjy t\SnsbSp IgnhpIfn ]eXpw Po hnI v P\-m e`n nps-XmWv hkvXpX. Imnse Fn\ob Fv hnfn sSp _ohdns\ t\m pI. icmicn Hcp ao \ofhpw ]Xnt\gv Intem{Kmw Xq hpap _ohdns\ bqtdm]y h\fnepw hSs A tacn bnse Nne ImSpIfnepamWv km[mcW I-phcp Xv.hfscb[nIw hap ac Xs d DfnpI sIm -v Impapdn v X nbntijw sNdpXmbn apdn v Acp hnbnse Pe nenv Hgp n\\pIqeambn Xmtgmv X\n v hoSp-m m \nivNbn s kvYet v _oh sIm -p t]mIpp. Ah Ipw Nfnbpap]tbmKn v sh n Xmgv nsh p sIm-v AXnmhiyamb Dbc nte v P ehnXm\w Db pIbpw AXv AWsIn \n pIbpw sN pp. Cu AWs n\I v ac nI Nfn Iqn Hn p sIm-mWv Nnc Iangv nsh BIrXnbnep Xs d ` a\pjy
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h\w _oh \nan pXv.hmbpkmc n\mbn IqSns d apI `mKw Xpdnncn pw. Iqn \npw sh n\Snbn te v Xpd Xpc neqsS am{Xsa hon\It v {]th i\ amKap-mhpIbp q.B[p\nI a\pjys d Fb I -ojWdpIsf t]mepw shp coXnbnemWs{X _ohdn s d IqSn\p nse Fb I-oj\nwKv kwhn[m\w. CsXm pw _ohdn\v Bcpw ]Tnn psImSp X; Pkn amb t_m[w am{Xw. \aps mw ]cnNbap tX\o I-fpw- ]mnS \nam W cwKs AXnImbmcmWv. kz w NndIpI v CSbn \nv \nKfn p sagpIp]tbmKn v IrXyamb Bdp tImWpIfp AdItfmSpIqSnb IqSp-m p sXmgnemfn tX\o v AXns d \namWs n Bcpw ]d p sIm Sp nn.PymanXob IWniXtbmsSbpw Hpw sagpIv A[n Is ehv hcmsXbpw \nan sSp tX\o qSpI F n\obamsc AXv`pXsSp pp. tX\o bpsS ss\k KnIPvRm\w am{XamWv CXn\v ]nnse iIvXn. Bc (Eel) aXvky ns d kap{Z bm{X P pimkv {XPvRmsc Cpw AXv`pXsSp pp. s_apUbpsS sX p Ing v 950 Intemao amdn kKmtkm ISen sh mWv BcepI ]p\cp ]mZ\w \S pXv.bqtdm]y k ap{Zfn hkn p BcepI XfpsS {]P\\ Ime sa nbm icmicn \membncw Intemao kcn v k Kmtkm ISense pp. kKmtkmbpsS AKm[XIfn sNv e W n\v apIfn tijw Cu BcepI A hnsS s PohnXahkm\nn pp. Cu apIfn \nv hn cnbp Bc p p A hhgn apgph Xm-n a\pjy
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bqtdm]y kap{Zfn FhnsS \nmtWm A bm{X Xncn Xv AhnsS s IrXyambn F nt cpp. Fs m cXv`pXw! Bcpw hgn ImWn m\nmsX Bbnc W n\v In temao Xm-n IrXykvYes nt cpI. AXpw aps m cn epw t]mbnnm hgnIfneqsS Fs\bnXv km[n pp? BcepIfpsS ss\kKnI Ignhp sIm-p Xs. tZimS\ nIfpsS bm{Xsbn AXv`pXw Iqdp IpItfmsSbmsX \ap v tIncn m Ignbn.Ghpw ZoLamb tZimS\w \S p BSnIvtS,ssiXy Ime v BSn n \nv ]pdsv ]Xnt\gmbncw Intemao ]dv th\emIpt mtg v A dmn nse nt cpp.A hnsS A ] Znhkw Xnbtijw Xm h AtX hgn bneqsS Xs ]pdsv IrXykvYe v Xncns pp. B cmWnhbv v hgn ImWn psImSp pXv? Phmk\ am{Xw! Nne {]tXyIXcw \r fneqsS Xf-psS Iqmfn I v ]q fp kvYes pdn v hyIvXamb Adnhv \ IphcmWv tX\o I .\mkn , tSm]ntUm XpSn b aXvkyhK icoc n \nv Adp\qdv hmv hscbp sshZypXn D ]mZnn phbmWv.Npp]mSnse Xm]\n ebnep hyXnbm\ a\ -nem phm "C {^msdUv kzoIcWn'I D]tbmKn phcmWv "t{ImtmentU v, s_bvtU v' Fo IpSpw_fn s] ]m pI . Xs d ]nn hcph v hgnImm\mbn s^-tdmtamWpI F cmkktiw D ]mZnn phcmWv Ddp pI . acp`q anbn Pohn m\mhiyamb Fm A\pIqe\fpw HI n\p-v. anman\ppI , GItImi Pohnbmb t\mIvSn eq , Nnebn\w aXvky Fnhbv v icoc nse Nn a\pjy
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e cmk{]h \ hgn {]Imiw {]kcnn phm\p Ignhp-v. kqcys\ Bkv]Zam n icnbmb Zni a\ nem m km[n phbmWv cmPR-pI (King Grabs).Fmw ss\kKnIamb IgnhpI . C\n \mw Nn n pI, Hmtcm Pohnbpw Ah mhiy amb Fmhn[ IgnhpItfmsSbpamWv P\n pXv. _ohdn \v Fn\obdnwKntem tX\o v PymanXntem Bc aXv ky v kap{Zm camK hnPvRm\obtam BSnIvtS Wn\v BImihgnItfm tSm]ntUm aXvky n\v hnZypXvhn PvRm\obtam t{ImtmUnte v ]m n\v Xm]ùXnItam an man\ppI v {]ImickX{ tam cmPR-pI v Zn im hnPvRm\obtam Bcpw ]Tnn psImSp nn. Chsb mw Ahbv v P\m e`n p IgnhpI am{Xw! Fm a\pjys d kvYnXntbm? C cw bmsXmcp Phmk\hpw Ah\n. Ahs d ImepI v apbent\m sSmw HmSnsb m\p Ignhv t]mepan.Ahs d ssII v `mcw hln p Imcy n B\bpsS Xp nss tb m Xptemw iIvXn IpdhmWv. i{Xp fn \nv c sSm\mhiyamb Basbtmep icoc IhN Ah \n. XWp ImemhkvYbn kzicocs kwc n p hm {[ph cSnbptSXp t]mep tcma Ah\v \ I snn. tX\o bptSXpt]mep IpItfm h ment d Xp t]mep ImXpItfm \mbbptSXv t]mep \mk-mc\v {[tfm Ahn.BImi neqsS ]d m\mhiyamb Nn dIpItfm kap-{Z n DufnbnSm\pw \o n pSn phm\pw Bhiyamb sNInfItfm NndIpItfm Hpw Ahv \ Isnn.knwl nt dXp t]mep amwkt]inItfm ]p a\pjy
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enbptSXpt]mep \Jtfm Ah\n. _ohdns\tmse tbm tX\o sbtmsetbm ]mnSap-m phm\p P hmk\ a\pjy\n. BSnIvtSWns\tmse hgn I-p]nSn phm\p Ignhv P\m Ah\v \ Isnn. tSm]n tUm aXvkys t-mse icoc n \nv sshZypXn D ]mZnn m\hv Ignbn. F n\[nIw, sh n hoWm \o n c sSm\p Ignhp t]mepw P\m a\pjy\v e`n pn, Amlp ]d sX{X icn! ""\nfpsS amXm fpsS DZcfn \nv \n v bmsXmpw Adn pIqSm AhkvYbn Amlp \nsf ]pd psIm-php''(16:78). ss\kKnIambn Im cyamb imcocnI IgnhpIsfmpw a\pjy\v Amlp \ InbnnsYw. ss\kKnIambn Imcyamb imcocnI IgnhpIsfm panmsX P\n p `qanbnse Jeo^ v ]t , Cu Ign hpIfnsemw av arKsf tXm ]n phm t]m hnZy k mZn phm\mIpw. {[ph cSnbpsS sXmensb shp tcma pmbfp-m phm\pw apbens\ tXm ]n p hml\ \nan phm\pw th- Adnhv t\SnsbSp m a\pjy\v km[n pw. _ohdns\ m `wKnbmbn ]mnSap -m phm\pw tX\o sb m kpcambn Bib hn\na bw \S phm\pap hnZy k mZn m Ah\v Ignbpw. ]pensb tXm ]n p tXm pIfpw IgpIs\ shp hn am\fpw tSm]ntUmsb m iIvXamb sshZypXnbpw sSekvtImpw ssat{ImkvtImpw tkmWm {Km^pw Uns IvSdpsamw \nan phm\mhiyamb hnPvRm\w t\Sphm Ah\v Ignbpw.Cu hnZyIsfmpw a\pjy\v ]mc cyambn a\pjy
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e`n pX. Hcp Fn\obdpsS aIs\ Imn -sIm-p t]mbnm Ah Impa\pjy\mbn am{Xsa hfcq. Ah Imn kpcamb Hcp FbI-oj Uv dqan\p m\p -m n AXv \nan pIbn. {]Ir-Xnbn \npw ]qhn-I cn \npw t\SnsbSp hnPvRm\fmWv a-\p-jy- Ignhp IfpsSsbmw \nZm\w. Poh]cnWma ns d ASn dbn \npsIm-v am {Xw a\pjys d IgnhpIsfsbmpw hniZoIcn pI km [ya. ]cnkvYnXnbpambn s]mcp sSm\mbn PohnI t\SnsbSp np A\pIqe\ ]cnWmaw hgn A\ c XeapdIfnte v kw{Ian ppshmWtm ]cnWma kn m w ]dbpXv. CXns d ASnkvYm\ n ss\kKn Iamb IgnhpI Ghpa[nIw D-mth-Xv a\pjy\mWv. ]cnWma N{I nse Ghpw ]ptcmKan Pohnsbv hn tijnn sSp a\pjy\v {[ph cSnsb m \ sXm enbpw ]cp ns\ m \ NndIpw _ohdns\ m \m bn ]mnSap-m phm\p P hmk\bpw D-mthXmbncpp.Imem-hkvYbv \pkcn v {]IrXnbn Pohn p hm\mhiyamb A\pIqe\ Fs\bmWv a\pjy\n se nbtm \jvSspt]mbsX {]iv\ n\v Xr]vXn Icamb D cw \ Iphm ]cnWmahmZnI v Ign n n. ]cnWmahmZnIfn {]KXv`\mb tKmU ssN Uv FgpXpXv t\m pI. "Bt] nIambn tamiamb Xs d imcocnI hn`h v ]Icw \jvS]cnlmcsatmWw a \pjy\v e`n np Xv hn]pehpw kq vaarZpehpamb Hcp \mUo]Se ns d tI{ambn hepXpw koW-hpamb H cp Xet mdmWv' (Gordon childe: Man makes himself, P. 35) akvXn a\pjy
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jvIw hftm av IgnhpIsfmw sImgn p t]mbn F XnI pw hnNn{Xamb Hcp hmZamWv C njbIambn ] cnWmahmZnI v AhXcnn phm\p sXv kmcw.sIm gn nen\v sXfnhmbn AhXcnn m ]nb t^mkn dn mUpItfm {`qW imkv{X sXfnhpItfm aptmp sh phm CXphsc ]cnWmahmZnI v Ign nn. imcocnI IgnhpIfn arKsf m ]ntm w \n p a\pjys\ Xs m F{Xtbm aSv iIvXnbp arKsftmepw hcpXnbn \n phm Ignbpamdm p iIvXnbmWv _p n. apIfn ]d Xpw ]dbm Xpamb IgnhpIsfmw t\SnsbSp phm a\pjys\ ]cym ]vX\m nbXv Ahs d _p niIvXnbmWv. Cu _p n iIv Xn Poh]cnWma ns d GXv L nemWv a\pjy\v Ic KXambsX {]iv\ n\pw ]cnWmahmZnIfpsS ] hy IvXamb D can. "XmcXtay\ `mctadnb akvXnjvIhpw {Xnam\ hkvXp ImWm Ignbp IpIfpw kuI cymYw Nenn phm Ignbp ssIIfpamWv a\pjys\ _p n Pohnbm n ampsX'mWv (Stephen jay gould; ever since darwin) B[p\nI ]cnWmahmZnIfn A{KKWy\mb kvo^ sP. tKm Uv ]dbpXv. amIvkns d kl{]h I\mb GwK kns d A`n{]mb n "Ipcn \n v a\pjy\nte p \nWmbIamb NphSv ssI kzX{ amhpIbpw AXp sIm-v A[zm\n m Bcw`n pIbpw sNbvXXmWv. (GwK kv: Ipcn \nv a\pjy\nte p ]cnh \ n A[zm\ n\p ]v) CsXmpw {] iv\ ns d aa n\p D camIpn. "akvXnjvIw' F A\pIqe\w t\SnsbSp m a\pjys\ ]cym]vXam a\pjy
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nbXv GXpcq] nep ]mcnkvYnXnI LSIamsWv ] dbphm ]cnWmahmZnI s mpw Ignbpn. a\pjy t dsXv ]dbsSp ]qhnI\n C cw ssPham fp-m phm ]cym]vXamb D ]cnh \ n\v(Mutation) ]nn {]h n D t{]cI (Catalyst) sa mbncppsh mWv ]cnWmahmZnI hyIvXamt -Xv. ]t , Ah nXn\v IgnbpnsXmWv hmkvXhw. a\pjys d am{Xw kz`mh khntijXbmb ]tcm] ImtcNvO pw XymK n\pw apw hniZoIcWw \ Ip Xn ùXnI imkv{X apgph ]cmPbsncn pIbm Wv. a\pjys d Zbmhmbv]pw, kzPoh t]mepw ap h mbn XyPn m\p k Xbpw ]cnWmahmZ ns d hn iZoIcW n\v hgpX. {]IrXn \n mcW kn m {]Imcw XnI pw kzmY Xm ]cy mbn {ian p PohPmXnI mWv \ne\n m IqSpX IgnbpI. kz w \ am{XamWv AhbpsS e yw. Cu e yamWv A hbpsS \ne\n ]n\v B[mchpw. kz w Po\pIfpsS {]Xn \n[nIsf h[nn pXn\mbn Ah kZm t]mcmSns m-n cn pp.\ne\n ]n\v th-nbp kacw(struggle for existence) F Umhn\nb kmtXnI i_vZw sIm-v hnh n p Xv Cu t]mcmamWv. hyIvXnKX t\ am{XamWv {] IrXnbnse ]nSn p \n ]n\p am\ZWvUsav Umhn hmZn pp.Atm ]nssbs\bmWv P p fn \n v ]cnWan p-mb a\pjy\n kzmYXbmsX asmcp kz`mhw hfp hnIkn pXv? Zb, ]tcm]Imc Imw , XymK a\xkvYnXn Fnh ap arKfptSXnt\ m Xp temw IpdhmtI- PohnbmWv Umhn\nb ]cnWmahmZ a\pjy
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{]Imcw a\pjy . kzmYX p am{XamWtm \ne\n m \p AhImiw t\SnsbSp m IgnbpI.Fm , \ap dnbmw, am\knIambn hfv amemJamsctmse ]cnip cmIm\pw,Xfv arKtf m A[x]Xn m\pw km[yX bp Htcsbmcp PohnbmWv a\pjys\v. a\pjys d Zbbpw IcpWbpsampw Poh imkv{X ns d `mjbn hniZoIcn m CXx]cy w {ia sfmpw \Snsv CXnYan. {ia \Snp-v.C pw \SpsIm-ncn pp. AXn Ghpw ]pXnbXmWv, ]cnWma hmZ ns d {]apJ hIvXmhmb kvo^ tPtKm Uns d "Umhn\p tijw'* F ]pkvXI n AhX cnn ncn pXv. Umhns d ]cnWmahmZ n\v hgm Zb, IcpW, XymKw, ]tcm]ImtcNvO XpSnb aqey v ]cnWmahmZ n\I p \npsIm-p Xs hniZoIc Ww \ Im {ian p tKm Uv, {]kvXpX {ia n Z b\obambn ]cmPbsSpXv {]kvXpX ]pkvXIw Hcmh n hmbn ph v ImWm Ignbpw. {]Xy n ] tcm]ImtcNvObmbn a\ nem sSp {]h \ , Poh imkv{X]cambn, Xs d hK nep Po\pIsf h [nn phm th-nbp kzmYXbmsWmWv tKm Uv \ Ip hniZoIcWw.{]] nse kulrZfnepw k lIcWfnepsamw kwL\w Zin amIvknb ssh cp y`mhs bpw amXr]p{X _\v[ n t]mepw ssew KnI aqNvO Is- nb t{^mbnUnb a\ximkv{X kn m s bpw t]mse Zbbnepw IcpWbnepw ]tcm]Imtc NvObnepsamw kzmYX Zin pIbmWv kvo^ sP. tKm Uv sN pXv. Atl ns d hniZoIcWw GXm a\pjy
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-ns\bmWv. "Hcm pw AbmfpsS ktlmZc\pw B sI Po\pIfpsS ]IpXn s]mXphmbn ImWm km[yXbp -v. AYhm, \nfpsS Hcp Po \nfpsS ktlmZc\n ImWm\p km[yX 1/2 BWv. \n \nfpsS aqp k tlmZctfmsSmw bm{X sN pp, Hcp cm k \n sfsbmw sImm\mbn ]m Sp pXv \n am{Xw Im Wpp. \n v c-p amK kzoIcn mw. Hv, Ae dn hnfn v ktlmZc v apdnbnv \ Ins m-v cm ks d t\sc sNv, cm k \nsf Xnp kabw sIm-v ktlmZcsf c sSm\\phZn pI. c-v, \n thKw HmSnsbmfn v \nfpsS ktlmZcsf cm k XnpXv ImWpI. CXn Hmas amKamWv \n kzoIcn pI. ImcWw, \nfpsS aqp ktlmZc \nfpsS Po\pIfnse Hc `mKs {]Xn\n[oIcn pp -v. kz w Po\pIsf 100 iXam\w {]Ncnn m \n Pohn ncn pXnepw \Xv 150 iXam\w {]Ncnn m I gnbp aqv ktlmZc Pohn ncn pIbmWv. As\, {]Xy ambn ]tcm]Imcamb \nfpsS {]hr n Pohim kv{X ]camb kzmYXbmWv.'' C c nep P\nXI kzm YX v H\h[n DZmlcW tX\o bn \npw apam bn tKm Uv D cn pp-v. XymK ns d "P\nXI kzmYXm hniZoIcWw' sh dpw hniZoIcW n\pth-nbp hniZoIcWamsWv a \ nem m Gsd {]bmkan. GsXnepw Xm ]cy p th-n Xs d ktlmZco ktlmZcmsc,apgph sIm smSp p "bYmY kzmYX' v Fs\bmWv Cu P \nXI hniZoIWw ]mIamIpIsbdnbm IuXpIap-v. a\pjy
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]t , tKm Uv ]pkvXI n B `mKwa\pjys d arKo b `mhsf pdn hniZoIcWw Xosc hnp If ncn p IbmWv. Xm\nNvOn p s]ns\ t\SnsbSp m th-n kzktlmZcfbpw amXm ]nXm sfbpw shn\pdp m Xbmdmb aIs\ \ap dnbmw. Abm sNbvXXv kz w Po \pIsf 250 iXam\w {]Ncnn phm\p km[yXsb \in n pIbpw \qdp iXam\w {]Ncnn m\p km[yXsb \n e \n pIbpamWv. kz w Poh shSn pw asmcmsf Xo pw A\y\mb Hcp s\c n m ]ecpw \S nb [ocIrXy p P\nXI hniZoIcWsa mWv? \mSn s d kzmX{ y n\pw BZi ns d \ne\n ]n\p th -n kacw sNbvXv acn , acn psIm-ncn p Bbncfp sS XymK n\v F pXcw P\nXI hniZoIcWamWv \ Ip I? aqeyfpsS D ] nbn Hcp ssZhnIamb t{kmX v I ]n pXn \nv c sSm tKm Uv \S p {iaw, AXy w timN\obamb hn[ n A yizmkw hen p ImgvNbmWv \m-anhnsS ImWpXv. a-\p-jy - A-h-b-h- - F--s\-bm-Wv- ]-cn-W-an- p -m-b-sX-v- hn-i-Zo-I-cn- p-hm-\m-Wv- ]-cn-Wm-a-hm-Zw- ]-cn-{i-an p-Xv.- ]p-cm-h-kv-Xp- hn- m-\o-b- n-s -bpw- {`q-W-im-kv{X n-s -bpw- P-\-nXnI- imkv-{X- n-s -bp-samw- A-Sn- -d-bn - \n-p-sIm--v- \m-ep- Im-en - \-S-n-cp-- a-\p-jy - F-s\-bm-Wv- C-cp-Im-en-bm-bn- Xo--sX-v- hn-i-Zo-I-cn- m - ]-cnWm-a-hm-Zn-I - v- I-gn-bp-n- . h-f-sc- Zp-_-e-am-b- sX-fn-hp-I am-{X-am-Wv- ]-cn-Wm-a-hm-Zn-I-fp-sS- ]- -ep- -Xv.- A-h-b-h--fn \n-v- kz-X-{ -am-b- Ak-v-Xn-Xzw- a-\p-jy-\p-s--v- k- -Xn- m \p- - ssh-a-\-kyw- Im-c-W-am-Wv- a-\p-jym- n-Xz- n-s - am{Xwa\pjy
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k-hn-ti-j-X-I-sf- P-\n-XnI-am-bn- hy-Jym-\n- p-hm - ]-cn-Wm-ahm-Zn-I - a-pXn-cp--Xv.- {]-kv-Xp-X- ]-cn-{i-a--fm-I-s- Xn-I- ]-cm-P-b- n - I-em-in- p-- Im-gv-N-bm-I-Wv- Po-h-im-kv-{X- tem -I-hpw- Zm-i-\n-I- tem-I-hpw- C-v- I--p-sIm--n-cn- p--Xv-.-
aq-va\pjy JpB\n
ùXnI {]Xybimkv{Xfn \nv hfsc hyXykv Xamb Hcp ho WamWv a\pjymkvXnXzs pdn v Ckv eman\p Xv. a\pjykrjvSn pap v Amlp ae- p-I-tfmSv]d Xmbn JpB D cn p hcnI {it bamWv. ""Rm\nXm `qanbn Hcp Jeo^sb \ntbmKn phm t]mIpIbmsWv \ns d \mY ae pItfmSv ]d k`w'-' (2:30). "Jeo^'sb ]Z n\v ]n Kman, ]Icw \n p h , {]Xn\n[n XpSnb AY-fp-v. ChnsS Cu ]Zw {] tbmKn ncn -pXv hfsc hnimeamb AY nemsWm Wv a\ -nemhpXv. "kzX{ amb ssIImcyIX-rXzap krjvSn' F BibamWv ChnsS hnh n sncn -p sX-v- {]-m-am-Wn-I-cm-b- Jp-B - hym-Jym-Xm- - hy-I-vX-am n-bn-p--v-. `qanbn "Jeo^'sb \nivNbn phm t]mIp pshv ]d tmtg v ae pI {]XnIcn Xv "Ipg ap-m pIbpw cIvXw Nn pIbpw sN phscbmtWm \o AhnsS \nivNbn pXv' Fmbncppsh Imcyw {] tXyIw {i n pI. "Jeo^' sbm "cIvXw Nn ph ' a\pjy
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Fv AYan. ]ns F p sIm-mWv ae pI A s\ ]d Xv? CXn \nv "Jeo^'sb ]Zw a\pjycpsS kzX{ amb ssIImcyIX-rXzs Ipdn ppshv a\ n em mhpXmWv. Gsd km[yXIfpw _m[yXIfpap kz X{ amb ssIImcyIX-rXzsa D chmZn ns d \o Xn ]qh-Iamb \nhlW n a\pjy Dt] hcp p hm\pw AXpaqew `qan Iem] IepjnXamIphm\pap km [yXsbnbmhWw ae pI Bi {]ISnn Xv. Fm a\pjymkvXnXz ns d krjvSn]camb km[yXIsf kq Nnn psIm-v Amlp ]dbp adp]Sn "\n dn p IqSm Xv F\n dnbmw' (2:30) FmWv. `qanbnse Jeo^bmWv a\pjy . kzX{ amb ssI ImcyIX-rXzhpw A[oim[nImcfpap `qanbnse GI Pohn. {]]s D]tbmKn phm\pw {]IrXnsb kzm[o\n phm\pw Ignhp Htcsbmcp krjvSn. AXmWv JpB\n I ho W nse a\pjy . `qapJ v a\pjy\p kIe kvYm\sfbpw tZymXnn p ]Zas{X "Jeo^'. "kvYm \]Xn'-, "]n K-man', {]Xn\n[n XpSnb AY {]kvXp X ]Z n\ps-v ]d phtm. Xs d ap KmanbpsS ss] XrItasSp v \mKcnIXsb ]cnt]mjnn phm\pw kzX { amb Hcp ZuXytasSp v \S phm\pw Xs d kaql s sam n {]Xn\n[oIcn phm\pw Ignbp GI PohnbmWv a\pjy . {]IrXnbnse kuIcysf D]Pohn v am{Xw \n m Ignbp a\ptjyXc krjvSnIfn \nv XnI pw hyXy kvX\mWv a\pjy . Ahv \ Is "Jnem^ v' D] tbmKn v {]IrXnsb kzm[o\n phm Ah\v km[n pw. a a\pjy
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\pjy Ncn{X ns d krjvSnbmsW ùXnI Zi\ fpsS ImgvNmSpambn JpB hntbmPn pp. JpB\n I ho W n , a\pjy Ncn{Xw krjvSn p Pohnbm Wv. {]m]nI \nba \pkcn v am{Xw h n m hn[n s Hcp "CcpImen ]ZmYw' am{Xambn a\pjys\ ImWp coXntbmSv JpB tbmPn pn. Ncn{Xs s amnadn m Ignbp PohnbmWv a\pjys\mWv A Xns d A[ym]\w. kzX{ amb ssIImcyIX-rXzsa D chmZn w a\pjy kzbw GsSp XmsWmWv JpB ]Tnn pXv. BImitKmf pw `qan pw ]hX pw a \pjys\mgn p PohPme psamw Amlp \nivN bn {]IrXn \nba v hnt[bambn h n mt\ Ign bq. {]] LS\bn Ahbv v hln phm\p ]v kz bw \nWbn phm Ahbv v Ignbn.Fm a\pjy As\b. Hcp ]cn[nhsc {]IrXnbpsS ta B[n]Xyw t\Sm Ah\v kzmX{ yw \ Isncn pp.kzX{ amb IafneqsS kz w `mKt[bw \nWbn m a\pjy\v km[n pw.Cu IgnhpIfp]tbmKnt -Xv Fs\bmsW v Xocpam\nt -Xpw Ah Xs. \oXn]qhIambn D ]tbmKn m kz ns dbpw kaql ns dbpw ]ptcm KXn v AXv ImcWamIpw. {]kvXpX kzmX{ yw Zpcp]tbm KsSp pt mgmWv A{Iahpw AcmPIXzhpw A[manIX bpw hym]n pXv. a\pjys d kzX{ amb ssIImcy I X-rXz n\p Ignhns d Zpcp]tbmKw krjvSn p {]iv \fnte pw JpB hnc Nq-nbnp-v. "Xo bmbpw \mw B D chmZn w (Aam\ v) B a\pjy
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ImifpsSbpw `qanbpsSbpw ]hXfpsSbpw ap msI FSp pImpIbp-mbn. Fm AXv GsSp pXn\v Ah hnk Xn pIbpw AXns\n Ahbv v `bw tXm pIbpw sNbvXp. a\pjy AXv GsSp p. Xo bmbpw Ah ISp A{Ianbpw AhnthInbpambncn pp'(33:72). a\pjy\pw av krjvSnIfpw X nep ASnkvYm\] camb A cw F{X kpcambmWv Cu kqIvX n {]Xo ImXvaIambn AhXcnn sncn pXv. kzX{ amb ssI ImcyIX-rXzs Hcp D chmZn (Aam\ v)ambmWv Cu kqIvX n hnhcn ncn psX Imcyw {]tXyIw {it bamWv. {]kvXpX D chmZn w krjvSn]cambn \n hln sSpt mgmWv ]ptcmKXnbp-mhpI; Asn A t[mKXnbpw. "]cnWma hr ' n Nn m knbpsS ap Kmanbn \nv hmev apdn mWv "a\pjy ' F AXv`pXap-m bsX hmZw Ckvemw AwKoIcn pn. Amlphns d AXyp IrjvS krjvSnbmbmWv JpB a\pjys\ Ah Xcnn pXv. Ah krjvSn sncn pXv Ifnan s d k n \nmWv. ""Xo bmbpw a\pjys\ \mw Ifnans d k n \nv krjvSn ncn pp''(23:12) FmWv Amlp ]dbp Xv.arKfn \nv XnI pw hyXncnIvXamb Hcp AkvXnXz amWv a\pjy\v \ Isncn pXv. AXyp IrjvS\mb kr jvSnbmWh . ""Xo bmbpw a\pjysc \mw Ghpw \ LS\tbm Sp IqSn krjvSn ncn pp''(95:-4)-FmWv ]S X pcm ] a\pjy
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dbpXv. a\pjy Amlphns d {]tXyI krjvSnbmWv. `qanbnse Jeo^bmWh . kzX{ amb ssIImcyIX-rXz ap GI Pohn. Bte-L\ hnZy BZy-ambn Ah-X-cn- -s JpB kq - X s a\p-jym-kvXn-Xzs auen-I-amb Nne-h-kvXp-X-I hy am- p-p--v. {]kvXpX kq --fpsS kmcw C-s\-bm Wv. ""kr-Pv-Sn- -h-\m-b- \n-s - c- n-Xm-hn-s - \m-a- n - hmbn- p-I.- a-\p-jy-s\- A-h - {`q-W- n - \n-v- kr-jv-Sn- n-cn p-p.- \o- hm-bn- p-I.- \n-s - c- n-Xm-hv- t]-\- sIm--v- ]-Tn n- -h-\m-b- G--hpw- h-e-en-b- H-u-Zm-cy-hm-\m-Ip-p.- a-\p-jy-\vA-dn-bm- -Xv- A-h - ]-Tn- n- n-cn- p-p''- (96:-15.)hmbn- p-hm I ]n- p- sIm--mWv Cu hN-\--fp sS XpS w \mK-cn-I-X-I \nan- p-hm a\p-jy v Ign Xv Adn-bm-hp Bi-b- Bte-L\w sN m\pw B te-L\w sN -s-h hmbn-s -Sp- p-hm-\p-ap Ign-hp- -XpsIm--mWv. {]kvXpX Ign-h-S w {]]-- nse kIe {] Xn-`m-k--sfbpw ]S \mYs \ma- n hmbn- p-hm-\m Wv Iev]-\. Cu \mYs\ ]cn-N-b-s-Sp- p-I-bmWv ]no-Sv. BcmWv B \mY ? a\p-jysc Ae-Jn \nv krjvSn- h , ]pcp-j-_o-Phpw AWvUhpw IqSn-t tijw K`m i-b- n ]n- n-Sn v hf-cp kn m-WvU-s -bmWv Ae Jv Fp ]d-bpI. kkvX-\n-I-fn-semw kn m-WvU- n \np Xs-bmWv Ip p--m-hp--Xv. ]nXm-hns _oP- n s bpw amXm-hns AWvU- n-s -bp-samw LS-\t{Imtama\pjy
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tkm-ap-I-fpsS Fsamgn v kkvX-\n-I-sfmw kam-\-amWv. Ah- c-pw tNp--m-Ip kn m-WvU- ns (A-e-Jv) LS-\bpw cq]-hp-samw A-s\- -s-bmWv ap P p- sftmse Ae-Jn \np Xs-bmWv a\p-jys krjvSn pw. Fm krjvSn-bn Xs a\p-jy ap Pohn-I-fn \nv hyXn-cn- -\m-Wv FmWv Ahs\ hyXn-cn- -\m- p Xv ? ""\o- hm-bn- p-I.- \n-s - c- n-Xm-hv- t]-\- sIm--v- ]-Tn n- -h-\m-b- G--hpw- h-e-en-b- H-u-Zm-cy-hm-\m-Ip-p.''-- (96-3,4) shmWv kn m-WvU- n \np a\p-jy-kr-jvSn-sb- n {]Xn-]m-Zn DS-s\- s Jp-B ]d-bp--Xv. Ae-Jn \np Xs krjvSn- -s ap P p- -fn \nv hyXy-kv X-ambn a\p-jy\v \ I-s {]tXy-I-amb HuZm-cy-amWv t] \-bp-]-tbm-Kn- p-hm-\p Ign-hv. Poh ]cn-Wm-a- ns am{Xw ASn- -d-bn \np-sIm-v Cu Ign-hns\ hni-Zo-I-cn- m\mhn- . kn m-WvU- n \nv hfv A -bpsS K`m-i-b n \nv ]qW Pohn-bmbn ]pd- p-h-cp ]Xn-\m-bn-c -W- n\v Pohn-I-fn-semp Xs t]\-bp-]-tbm-Kn- m ] Tn- n-n- . hm\-c-\n \nv \c-\mbn amdn-b-Xn A[zm-\- n\mWv ]v Fp ]d-bp ùXn-I-hm-Zn-I {]kvXpX A[zm \- n\p th-n ssII ]cn-W-an- -tm XXv^-e-ambn B te-J\ hnZybpw a\p-jy A`y-kn- -Xm-sWv hmZn-t mw. \mUo hn m-\ob cwK v(Neurology) CubSp- p--mb K th-jW ê- Cu hmZ- ns \s-sm-Sn- p-p--v. akvXn-jvI- ns {][m-\-s- `mK-amWv skdn-{_ tImsIvkv(Cerebral Cortex). hnhn[ imco-cn-Im-h-b-h--fpsS Ne\w {Iao-I-cn- p skdn-{_- nse `mK-amWv tamtm a\pjy
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tImsIvkv(Motor Cortex) F-dn-b-s-Sp--Xv. ChnsS imco cnI Ne-\-sf \nb-{ n- p \mUo tImi--fm-Wp- Xv (Motor Neurons). Hmtcm Ah-b-hhpw F{X-t mfw Ne-\m- -IamtWm A{Xbpw \mUo-tIm-i- {]kvXpX Ah-b-hp-am bn _ -sv tamtm tIms-Ivkn hn\y-kn- -s-n-p -v.ico-c- nse Ghpw Ne-\m- -I-amb `mK- n\v A ]w IqSp-X-ep--m-hp-sa--sXm-gn- m arK--fp-sS-sbmw tamtm tIms-Ivkn \mUo tImi- Ah-bpsS Ah-b-h- fpsS hep- - n\v B\p-]m-Xn-I-am-bmWv hn\y-kn- -s-n-cn p--Xv. AYhm tamtm tIms-Ivkn hn\y-kn- -s \mUotImi-se Ah-b-h--fpsS ASn- m-\- n hKoI-cn v tcJ-s-Sp- n-bm ,ico-c- nse Ne-\m- -I-amb `mK n\v A ]w ap Xq -ap-s--nepw,GI-tZiw Hcp ]qW -Po-hn-bpsS Nn{Xw Xs-bmWv e`n- p-I.Fm a\p-jys nXn- XnI pw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv.a\p-jy-a-kvXn-jvI- nse tam tm \yqtdm-Wp-I hn\y-kn- -s-n-cn- p-Xv \nb-{ n- s-tS- Ah-b-h--fpsS hep- - n\v B\p-]m-Xn-I-am-bn-n .ssI- nbpw hnc-ep-Ifpw Np-p-Ifpw hmbbpw \nb-{ n p--Xn-\mWv a\p-jys tamtm tIms-Ivkn hfsc IqSp-X tamtm \yqtdm-Wp-I D]-tbm-Kn- -s-n-cn- p- Xv. ap ico-c-`m-K- \nb- n- p--Xn\p th-n-bp \yq tdm-Wp-I-sf At]- n v AXv hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv. CXn X s X hncepw(thump) Nq-p hncepw(index finger) \nb-{ n p--Xn-mbn hf-sc- q-Sp-X tamtm \yqtdm-Wp-I hn \y-kn- n-p--v. a\p-jys tamtm tIms-Ivkn hn\y-kn -s \yqtdm-Wp-Isf Ah-b-h--fpsS ASn- m-\- n tcJ-s-Sp- n-bm òam-Im-c-amb I pw AXn Xs hf sc henb X- hncepw Nq-p hnc-ep-ap Hcp sIm p a\pjy a\pjy
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s Nn{X-amWv e`n- p-I. ]cnWma N{I- n-\n-S-bn bmZr n-I-ambn cq]-s--XmWv Bte-J\ hnZysbn AXn-\-\pkr-X-amb coXn-bn Nq-p-hn-cepw X -hn-cepw \nb-{ n p hm\p \yqtdm-Wp-I h[-am-\-amb tXmXn akvXn-jvI n ImW-s-Sp--sX- p-sIm--m-sWv hni-Zo-I-cn- p-hm ]cn-Wma hmZ- n\v Ign-bn- . Imbn-Im-[zm-\- n \nm Wv a\p-jy \mK-cn-IXI \nan- p-hm-\p Ignhv t\Snsb -sX-n Nq-p-hn-c-en\pw X--hn-c-en\pw am{Xw akvXn-jv I- n {]tXyIw m\-ap--m-b-Xnv ]nn {]h n {]IrXn \n[m-c-W-ta-Xm-sWv ]d p Xcp--Xnepw ]cnWm a hmZn-I ]qW-ambn ]cm-P-b-s-Sp- p-I-bmWv sN p- Xv. a\p-jys ap Km-an-bmbn ]cn-Wma hmZn-I ]cn-N-b-s Sp- p B p-c-n-em-Is ssIhn-c-ep-I p-th-n h fsc Ipd v tamtm \yqtdm-Wp-I am{Xsa hn\y-kn- -s np- q shXpw Gsd {it -b-am-Wv. a\p-jy-\nse ssIhn-c-ep-I v hn-ti-jn pw X--hn c-en\pw Nq-p-hn-c-en\pw Ahs AkvXn-Xz-hp-ambn _ s {][m-\-s Nne ZuXy- \nh-ln- m-\p-s-v XsbmWv Ahbv p th-n am{X-ambn hf-sc-b-[nIw tamtm \yqtdm-Wp-I hn\y-kn- -s--Xn \nv a\- n-em- m I gn-bp--Xv. t]\-bp]tbm-Kn- p-hm a\p-jy\v Ign-bp-Xv X hncepw Nq-p-hn-cepw Fs C {]Imcw Nen- n- p-hm \m-Ip-Xv sIm-m-W-tm. a\p-jys Ah-b-h-fpw Ah \nb-{ n- m-\mbn akvXn-jvI-hp-samw kwhn[m\n -h X s Fgp-Xp-hm Ign-bp cq]- n Ahs\ krjvSn- psh-XmWv hmkvXhw. Cu Fgp- p-hn-Zy-bn-eqsS Ah F n-t -tc- D -c-hm-Zn-Xz-s - p-dn IrXy-amb Bkq-{X a\pjy
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W ns ASn- m-\- n Xs-bmWv a\p-jy krjvSn -s-n-p- -sXv CsXmw hy -am- p-p--v.t]\-sIm-v ]Tn- n- p-I-sb {kjvSm-hns HuZm-cy-am-Wv, Xs-tmse kn m-WvU- n \np Xs krjvSn- -s ap P p fn \nv hyXy- -ambn, \mK-cn-I-X-I ]Sp- p-hm\pw im kv{X Kth-j-W- \S- p-hm\pw kmt-Xn-I-ambn aptdphm\pw a\p-jys\ {]m]vX-am- p--Xv. t]\-sIm-v ]Tn- n \mYs HuZm-cy-s - p-dn v ]cm-ain DS-s\- s ""a \p-jy\v- Adn-bm- Xv Ah ]Tn- n- n-cn- pp''-(96:5) shv Jp-B ]d- Xv Gsd {it -b-amWv. Bte-J\ hnZy-bm Wv Adn-hns ]pXnb N{I-hm-f- tXSp-hm a\p-jys\ {]m]vX-\m- p--sXv ]d-tb---Xn- -tm. a\pjy\pw arKfpw arKsfmw {]IrXnbpsS `mKw am{XamWv. Fm a\pjy {]IrXnsb `cn m Ignbph\mWv. CXm Wv a\pjy\pw arKfpw X nep auenIamb A cw. Cu A cw sNdpX;ktNX\fpw AtNX\fpamb h kvXp X n F pam{Xw A capt-m AXns\ mf [nIw A cap-v a\pjy\pw apPohnIfpw X n .Pohim kv{X ns d AfhptImepI am{Xap]tbmKn v Cu A cw a\ nem m\mhpIbn. a\pjyv am{Xap khn tijXIsf Af phm {]kvXpX AfhptImepI sIm -v Ignbn. Poh]cnWmasa Bib ns d ASnkvYm \ n am{Xw a\pjys\ I-psIm-v Zi\ ]Wn Xm AXp XIcpw.ImcWw,Zi\ ns d AkwkvIrX ] ZmYamb a\pjys\ a\ nem pXn\v Pohimkv{Xs am{Xw Ahew_n m t]mc. AXn\v ssZhnI amKZi\ a\pjy
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s s Ahew_nt -n hcpw. krjvSnsb pdn v hy IvXambdnbpI {kjvSmhn\v XsbmWtm. \mw ]nnte v aSntmhpI.\qm-pI pap p _ohdpIfpw tX\o Ifpw Fs\ IqSp-m ntbm A s\ sbmWv Cp hbpw IqSp-m pXv. Ime n \\pkcn v ]pXnb kvssenep hoSp-m phm Ah ] Tn nn. ap PohnIfpsSbpw kvYnXn XssYh. AhbpsS {]IrXnbpsS Xs `mKambns m-mWv Ahbv v A\pIq e\ e`n ncn pXv. Ah ampXns\tbm ]cnjvIcn pXns\tbm Ipdn v Nn n phm\p tijn P p n. Fm a\pjys d kvYnXntbm? Ign Xeapd dnbm ]eXpw Cv \ap dnbmw. \ap dnbm ]e Im cyfpw ASp Xeapd I-p]nSn pw. Cse BImi neqsS ]d pIsbXv IhnXIfnsebpw ]pcmWfnse bpw shdpw k ]w am{Xambncpp. Cv i_vZs m thKXtbmSp IqSn ]d m Ignbp kq tkmWnIv hnam\fp-m phm a\pjy\v Ignbpp. CXmWv a\p jys d IgnhpIfpw arKfpsS IgnhpIfpw X nep au enIamb A cw. arK p Phmk\Ifpw ss\k KnI IgnhpIfpw Hcn epw ]ptcmKan pIbn. ]ptcmKann m Ahbv v IgnbpIbn. Fm a\pjy\v XeapdI fmbn ssIamdn hcp hnPvRm\sf tiJcn pIbpw A h ]ptcmKann pIbpw sN m\p hnZybdnbmw.Cu hnZy bmWv a\pjys\ av arKfn \nv thXncn p \n p Xv; \mKcnIXIfpsS \namW n\v a\pjy\v km-[n- p Xv Cu IgnhpsIm-mWv. a\pjy
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a\pjy`mj arKfn \nv hyXykvXambn hkvXpXIsf A] {KYn v a\ nem pXn\pw As\ ]ptcmKan pXn\pw a\pjy\v IgnbpXv Ahs d `mjsIm-mWv. `mj A cfn \n Bcw`n pXv; \mafn \nmWv. Xs d Npp]mSpap hkvXp fpsS KpWKWsf pdn v a\ nem n Ahbv v \maIcWw sN m\p Ignhv t\ SnsbSp phm arK s mpw km[n nn; AXv a\p jys d am{Xw {]tXyIXbmWv. \maIcWw FXv tIhe samcp Iaa; {]XypX Hcp {]tXyI hkvXphns\ av hkv Xp fn \nv thdnp\n n ]Tn pXn\p ]mXbmW Xv. Hcp hkvXphns d t]cn \nv AXns d KpWsf pdn v \nKa\ nse m a\pjy\v Ignbpp. "t]\'sb v ]dbpt m AXv F n\v D]tbmKn pXmsWpw AXns d KpW Fs ms bmsWpw av Fgp p h kvXp fn \np AXns d hyXncnIvXXsb msWpw a\pjy\v a\ nemIpp. ]ZfpsS tIheamb AYs mf[nIw D]tbmK nep AYamWv "t]cv' [z\nn p Xv. "Iw]yq' F ]Z n\pw "Im pte' F ]Z n\pw Cwojn GItZiw Htc AYamsWnepw {]kv XpX hkvXp X nep A cwD]tbmK nep A cwAhbpsS {]tXyIamb t]cp tI pt m Xs \ap v t_m[yamIpp. ap- PohnIfn \nv hyXykvXambn hkvXp fpsS KpWsf a\ nem n Ahbv v \maIcWw \S m\p Ignhv Fs\bmWv a\pjy\v e`n sXv hniZoIcn phm ]cnWmahmZnI v Ign nn. `qanbnse Jeo^bmb a\pjy
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a\pjy\v Amlp \ Inb {]tXyIamb A\p{KlamWv \m aIcW n\p IgnshmWv JpB ]Tnn pXv."A h BZan\v \masfmw ]Tnn p'sh JpB kqIv Xw Amlp a\pjy\v \ Inb At\Iw A\p{Klfnsem mWv "t]cnSphm\p Ignhv' Fv hyIvXam pp. D Xpw D-mIm\ncn pXpamb hkvXp fpsS t]cpIsfmw BZn]nXmhns\ ]Tnn psh; adn v hkvXp fpsS Kp WKW a\ nem n t]cnSphm\p Ignhv \ Insb mWv Cu kqIvXw AYam pXv. {]kvXpX Ignhv \mK cnIXIfpsS \namW n\v a\pjys\ kPvPam pp. t]cpIfmWv `mjbpsS apJyLSIsav ]d tm. `mjbnmbncppshn a\pjys d kmwkvI-mcnI hnIm kw Akm[yamIpambncpp.av arK pw AhbptSXm b Bib hn\nabcoXnIfps-nepw Ahsbmw Xfp sS ]cnanXamb ssPhBhiyfn am{XamWv HXpn \n pXv. Fm a\pjy `mjsb Xs d ]ptcmKXn p \nan ambn D]tbmKn pp. Ahs d `mj p km[yXI A\ amWv. kmlnXykrjvSnIfpw imkv{X kn m fpsamw `mjbpsS -êfmWv. hmep t]mbtm "tlmtamkmnb\v' e`n Hcp A \pIqe\w am{Xambn `mjsb ImWph v AXns d A \ amb km[yXIsf hniZoIcn m Ignbn.Ipsd \ma am{Xa `mj. \masf LSnn v Bib Bhn jvI-cn sSpt mgmWv AXv `mjbmbn amdpXv. Bib kzX{ ambn BhnjvI-cn phm\p Ignhv a\pjy\v Amlp \ Inb A\p{KlfnsemmsWmWv JpB ]Tnn pXv. a\pjy
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""]caImcpWnI Cu JpB ]Tnn p. Ah a \pjys\ krjvSn p.Ahv BibmhnjvIcWw ]Tnn p'' (55:14). a\ nep Bib kv]jvSambn BhnjvI-cn p kwkmcamWv "_bm '. X bpsS "]q ]q ' v "_bm 'Fv ]dbpIbn._p n]qhIamb kwkmcwA Yhm `mjbmWv _bm . kzX{ amb ssIImcyIX-rXzw \ Is a\pjy\v Ahs d {]IrXnbpsS `mKambn {k jvSmhv \ Inb IgnhmWv `mjsb JpB\nI X -z n\v FXncp \n m ]nb, kv]jvSamb sXfnhpItfm Sp IqSnb Hcp kn m hpw imkv{XtemI v AhXcnn snn. Bibw BteJ\w sN sSpt mgmWv AXv ASp Xeapd v KpWIcambn ocpXv. BibmhnjvImcw XeapdIfnte v ]Icphm km[n nmbncppshn \m anv- ImWp ]ptcmKXn Akm[yamIpambncpp. ap Ign XeapdIfpsS t\ n \nmWv \mw ]pXnb t\ n te v ImseSp psh pXv. Hmtcm Xeapd pw ap s Xeapd sNbvXpsh Xn \nv XpSnbm aXn. ap p kn m fn \npsIm-mWv Hmtcm imkv{XPvR\pw Xs d KthjWw Bcw`n pXv. AXn \nmWv ]pXnb kn m I-p]nSn pXv."Rm s]m ap h\mbn tXmppshn AXn\v ImcWw Rm Fs d ap Kman IfpsS tXmfntedn \n pIbmsWXmWv' F \yq s d hN\w C mcyw hyIvXam pp.XeapdIfn \nv X eapdIfnte v hnPvRm\w ]Icm a\pjys\ kPvPam p "FgpXphm\p Ignhv' BWv imkv{X kmtXnI cwK v al mb IpXn pNm n\v Ahs\ ]cym]vX\m nb a\pjy
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Xv. enJnX tcJIfnmbncppshn Xs d ap Kman F v ]d pshdnbm a\pjy\v amKsfmpap-mIp ambncpn. amIvknkvv Nn I\mb Un.Un. sImkmw_n FgpXpp: "B nanUokpw \yqWpw tKkpw Hnt\msSm v IqnbnW s Ne nbmWv. Hmtcmcp cpsSbpw I-p]nSp XfpsS ap KmanIfpsS I-p]nSp tfmSv GsXnepw Xc n At`Zyambn _\v[sncn pp.BZys I-p]nSp w \Snnmbncppshn an hmdpw ]nt Xv \S pambncpn' (D.D. Kosa mbi: Science, Society and Peace, P. 10). _etadnbtm e`n A\pIqe\fnsemv am{X ambn t]\bp]tbmKn phm\p Ignhns\ ImWph,{] kvXpX Ignhns d A\ amb km[yXIsf pdn v "t]\ sIm-p ]T\w' a\pjys\ Ahdnbm Imcy a \ nem pXnte v \bn ppshpw Ah c-pw {k jvSmhns d Zm\amsWpw ]Tnn pXneqsS "Fgp p hnZy'bpsS {]m[m\yw hyIvXam pIbpw AXns d km[y XIfnte v hnc Nq-pIbpw sN pp. hkv{X[mcWw P p s mw P\t\{nbfps-nepw AXv a d Wsa t_m[w a\pjys d am{Xw {]tXyIXbmWv.\m Ww a\pjycpsS khntijamb KpWfnsemmWv. arK fpsS ]X\ nte v B]Xn Nne "\Kv\X'sb sF U dnnbmbn sXcs Sp psXmgn m a\pjy s]m Xpsh hkv{Xfp]tbmKn phcmWv. \ZoXS \mKcnIX Isf Ipdn v e`n ncn p hnhc h pt\m pt m hkv{X[mcWw F mes bpw am\h kwkv mc ns d a\pjy
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`mKambncppshmWv a\ nemhpXv. Poh]cnWma nse GXv L n sh mWv Xs d P\t\{nbw ap hcn \nv ad p]nSn Wsa t_m[w a\pjy\p-mbsXv hniZoIcn phm ]cnWmahmZ n \v Ign nn. hnip JpB\mIs, hkv{X[mcWs am\h kwkvImc ns d `mKambmWv ImWpXv. \Kv\X {]ISamb Ap apX Xs \mWhpw hkv{Xw [cn W sa t_m[hpw a\pjy p-mbn FmWv JpB ] Tnn pXv. ""As\ Ah B ac n \nv ` n p. Atm Ah v XfpsS \Kv\X {]ISambn. kzK nse C eI Iqnt v XfpsS tZlw Ah s]mXnbm XpS pIbpw sNbvXp'' (20:121). hkv{X-[m-c-Ww -kw-kvIm-c- n-s bpw [man-I-X-bp-sS bpw {]I-S-\-am-sW-mWv Jp-B-\ns \ne-]mSv.""B-Zw- k -Xn-I-tf-,- \n- - p- \mw- \n--fp-sS- tKm ]y- m-\- - a-d-bv- m\p-X-Ip-- h-kv-{X-hpw- A-e-m-c- h kv{X-hpw- \- -In-bn-cn- p-p.-[- -\n-jv-T-bm-Ip-- h-kv-{X-am-Is- A-Xm-Wv- Iq-Sp-X - D- -aw.- A-h- {i- n- p a-\- n-em- p hm - th--n- A- m-lp- A-h-X-cn- n- p-- sX-fn-hp-I-f-n s]- X-s{X- A-Xv.-B-Zw- k- -Xn-Itf-,-\n--fp-sS- am-Xm-]n-X- -sf- BtXm-- n - \n-v- ]p-d- m- n-b-Xv- t]m-se- ]n-im-Nv- \n--sfIp-g- - nem- m-Xn-cn- -s.- A-h- C-cp-hp-sS-bpw- tKm-]y- m \ - A-h-- v- Im-Wn- p- sIm-Sp- p-hm-\m-bn- A-h - A-h cn - \n-v- A-h-cp-sS- h-kv-{Xw- F-Sp- p-\o- p-Ibm-bn-cp-p. Xo- -bm-bpw A-h-\pw- A-h-s - h--Im-cpw- \n--sf- I--p-sIm
-
a\pjy
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-n-cn- pw-;- \n- - v- A-h-sc- Im-Wm -]-m- - hn-[- n . Xo- -bm-bpw- hn-iz-kn- -m- -h v- ]n-im-Np-I-sf- \mw- an-{X -fm- n- sI-m-Sp- n-cn- p-p.''- (7:-26,27.)hkv{X- [m-c-W-s - p-dn v ]d- -bp-Ss\ s ss] imNnI {]tem-`-\-s - p-dn v Jp-B \ Ip ap-dn-bn v Gsd {it -b-am-Wv. kzK- n sh v BZn- am-Xm-]n-Xm sf hnh-kv{X-cm- n-bXv ]nim-Nns IpX-{ -am-sWpw {] kvXpX IpX-{ - n \nv c -s-Sm kZm -{i- -bm-ep-hmbn-cn- -W-sapw Jp-B a\p-jysc D]-tZ-in- p-p. Idp- -apJw kzX-{ -amb ssIImcy I r-Xz- n\p Ah-Im iw a\p-jysc D Ir-jvS-am- p-p-sh-n AXns Zpcp-]tbmKw Ahs\ \nIr-jvS-\m- p-sapw Jp-B ]Tn- n- p p--v. Xo -bmbpw a\p-jysc \mw Ghpw \ LS-\-tbm Sp IqSn krjvSn- n-cn- ppshv ]d- -bp-Ss\ Xs ""]n oSv Ahs\ \mw A[-a-cn A[-a-\m- n- o p''-(95:5) shpw Jp-B ]d-bp-p. Amlp G ]n kzX-{ -am b ssIIm-cy-I r-Xz-sa Aam-\ v Gs-Sp tijw I Sp A{I-anbpw Ahn-th-In-bp-am-bn- o-cp-I-bmWv a\p-jy sNbvX-sXpw Jp-B hy -am- p-p. ""Xo- -bm-bpw- \mw- B- hniz-kv-X- Zu-Xyw- (D- -c-hm-Zn Xzw)- B-Im-i--fp-sS-bpw- `q-an-bp-sS-bpw- ]- -X--fp-sS-b-pwa-p m-sI- F-Sp- p- Im-p-I-bp--m-bn.- F-m - A-Xv- F-s-Sp p--Xn-\v- A-h- hn-k- n-Xn- p-I-bpw- A-Xn-s\- -n- A-h-bv- vt]-Sn- tXm-p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- a-\p-jy - A-Xv- G-s-Sp- p.- Xo - -bm-bpw- A-h - I-Sp- - A-{I-an-bpw- A-hn-th-In-bp-am-bn-cna\pjy
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p-p.-''-(33:72). CXmWv a\p-jy-mkvXn-Xz- ns Idp- - ap-Jw. arK-sfmpw Cu Aam-\ v Gs-Sp- n-n- .AXp-sIm-p Xs Ahbv v hn[n- -s ]mX-bn-eqsS Ah aptmp t]mIp p. Ah-bpsS Poh-k- m-cWw B pw Hcp {]i-v\hpw krjvSn- p-n- . Ah {]IrXnbpsS `mK-am-Wv.Ah-bpsS {] h -\--fn {]IrXnhn-cp- -amb bmsXm-p-an- .Fm a\p-jyt\m? Ahs kzmX{ yw Ah Gs-Sp- -Xm-Wv.] s , B kzmX-{ ys Ah Zpcp-]-tbm-Kn- p-p. kzmX { yw \ Inb {kjvSm-hns hn[n-hn-e- p-Isf hne-a-Xn- m sX Ah A{I-anbpw Ahn-th-In-bp-am-bn- o-cp-p. Cu A hnth-I-amWv kIe Ipg- - pw Imc-W-am-Ip--Xv. Jp B ]d-bp-Xv ImWpI:""a-\p-jy-cp-sS- ssI-I - {]-h- n- -Xv- \n-an- w- I-c-bn epw- I-S-en-epw- Ip-g- -w- sh-fn-s-n-cn- pp.- A-h- {]-h- n -Xn - Nn-e-Xn-s - ^-ew- A-h- v- B-k-zZn- p-hm - th--n-bs{X- A-Xv.- A-h- H-cp- th-f- a-S-n-tb- mw.-''-(30:41)a\p-jy v \ I-s--Xp- t]mse Xs ap-Po-hn-I pw C{n-b--fp--v. Ipw ImXpw aq pw \m pw e y am- p C{n-b- ap-]-e-Po-hn-I-fnepw a\p-jy-cn-te-Xn-t\ m anI- -Xm-Wv. \ap v ImWm Ign-bm ImgvNbpw tI m Ign-bm i_vZhpw aW- m\m-hm aW-hp-a-\p-`hn- p Pohn-I-fp-s--w. Pohn-I-sfmw Adnhp t\Sp p--v. Fm {]kvXpX Adn-hns\ X-fpsS Pohn-_ m-c-W- n-\m-h-iy-amb Xc- n-e- msX ap Xe--fn-te v D]-tbm-Kn- p-hm Ah-bv m-hn- . Zzt--{n-b--fn-eqsS e`n p hn m-\-ap-]-tbm-Kn v {]] cl-ky--fn-te v Du a\pjy
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fn-bn-n-d-p-hmt\m kmt-XnI hnZy-bn-eqsS ]ptcm-K-an- phm t\m kz -s - n hne-bn-cp- p-hmt\m P p- s mpw Ign-bn- . AXp-sIm-p Xs \mK-cn-I-X-I \nan- p-hm t\m Ime- n-s\m v Db-cp-hmt\m Ahbv v Akm-[y-am Wv.]t-{n-b--fn-eqsS e`n- p Adn-hns\ A]-{K-ln- p hm\pw ka-\z-bn- n- p-hm\pw ]pXnb \nK-a-\--fn-se- p-hm \pw {]kvXpX \nK-a-\- kXy-k- -am-tWm-sbv ]cn tim-[n- p-hm-\p-sa- m-sa- p Ignhv a\p-jy-\p--v. C{n-b m-\- n-\- p-d-t v a\pjy hn m\w IpXn- p-Xv Cu tijn-bp Xp sIm--mWv a\p-jy-cpsS ùXnI ]ptcm-K-Xn I s mw B[mcw ]pXnb Adn-hp-I B n v apt dp-hm-\p tijn-bm-h-Ww. {]]--s bpw kz -s bpw Ipdn v ]Tn p-hm\pw A]-{K-Yn- p-hm\pw ùXn-I-ambn ]ptcm-K-an- p-hm\pw k am-hp--tXm-sSmw Xs {]]-- ns {kjvSm-hns\ A dn-bp-hm\pw kz - ns hyXn-cn- -Xbpw e yhpw a\- nem- p--Xn\pw IqSn ]t-{ n-b - m-\hpw Ah-bp]tbm Kn- p A]-{K-Y-\hpw hgn km[n-t ---Xp-s-v Jp-B a\p-jysc D t_m-[n- n- p-p.ùXnI ]ptcm-K-Xn v {]m ]n-X-am- p-, khn-ti-j-X-I \ Inb \mYs\ Adn-bp-I bpw Ahs hn[n-hn-e- p-I {]Imcw Pohn v kz - n \pw kaq-l- n\pw \- h-cp- p-Ibpw sNt --Xv a\p-jycp sS Npa-X-e-bm-Wv. Cu Npa-Xe Xncn- -dn-bm- -h arK--sf m A[:]Xn- -h-cm-sW-mWv Jp-B-\ns \ne-]mSv.""Pn-p-I-fn - \n-pw- a-\p-j-y-cn - \n-pw- [m-cm-fw- t]sc- \mw- \-c-I- n-\p- th--n- kr-jv-Sn- n-p--v.- A-h- v- a-\ p-I-fp--v.- A-Xp-]-tb-m-Kn- v- A-h- Im-cyw- {K-ln- p-I-bn- .a\pjy
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A-h- v- I-p-Ifp--v.- A-Xp-]-tbm-Kn- v- A-h- I---dn-bp-I bn- .- A-h- v- Im-Xp-I-fp--v-.- A-Xp-]-tbm-Kn- v- A-h- tI-v- a \- n-em- pI-bn- .-A-h- Im-en-I-sf-t-se-bm-Ip-p.- A- ;- Ah-cm-Wv- Iq-Sp-X - ]n-g- -h.- A-h- X-s-bm-Wv- {i- -bn- m h.''- (7:179)]t-{n-b- \ Ip Adnhpw Ah A]-{K-Yn v e`n- p m\-hp-ap-]-tbm-Kn v \mYs\ Adn-bp-Ibpw A hs B m- \nt-i- {]Imcw Pohn v kzbw hna-eo Icn- p-Ibpw ap hsc hnip- o-I-cn- m {ian- p-Ibpw sN p--h-cmWv am\-hn-I-X-bpsS DZm- o-I-cWw ssZh-Zm-k am-scpw Ah-cmWv BXy- n-I-ambn hnP-bn- p--h-scpamWv Jp-B ]Tn- n- p--Xv. ""]-c-a-Im-cp-Wn-I-s - Zm-k-m- `q-an-bn - Iq-Sn- hn\-b t m-sS- \-S- p--hcpw-,- A-hn-th-In-I - X-tfm-Sv- kw-km-cn m - k-am-[m-\-]-c-am-bn- a-dp-]-Sn- \ -Ip--hcp-am-Ip-p.-XfpsS- c- n-Xm-hn-\v- {]-Wm-aw- sN- p--h-cm-bn-s m---pw,- \n-v\-a-kv-I-cn- p--h-\m-bn-s m--pw- cm-{Xn- I-gn- p- Iqp--h-cp-am Ip-p- A-h.-R--fp-sS- c- n-Xm-th,- R--fn - \n-v- \-cIin- - \o- H-gn-hm- n- X-tc-W-ta,-Xo- -bm-bpw- A-Xn-se- in hn-s-mgn-bm- - hn-]- p-am-Ip-p-,- Xo- -bm-bpw-(\-c-Iw)- No- bm-sb-mcp- Xm-h-f-hpw- ]m- n-S-hpw- X-s-bm-Ip-p'-- F-v- ]-d bp--h-cp-am-Ip-p- A-h.- sN-e-hp- sN- p-I-bm-sW-n- - AanX-hy-bw- \-S- p-I-sbm,- ]n-ip- n -]n-Sn- p-Isbm- sN- m-sX- AXn-n-S- p- - an-X-am-b- am-Kw- kzo-I-cn- p--h-cp-am-Ip-p- A h.- A- m-lp-th-sSm- w- th-sd-sbm-cp- ssZ-h-t -bpw- hn-fn- v- {]m -n- m- -h-cpw,- A- mlp- ]-hn-{X-am- n- sh- n-p- - Po-hs\\ym-b-am-b- Im-c-W- m-e- m-sX- l-\n- p- I-f-bm- -h-cpw,hy`na\pjy
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N-cn- m- -h-cp-am-Ip-p- A-h.- B- Im-cy- - h- -h\pw- sN p-- ]- w- A-h - ]m-]- ^-ew- I-s-- p-I-X-s- sN pw-.- D b-s -gp-t - n-s - \m-f-n - A-h-v- in- - C-c-n-bm- s Sp-Ibpw-,- \n-y-\m-bn- sIm--v- A-h - A-Xn - F-s-pw- I-gn pIq-p-I-bpw- sN- pw-.- ]-iv-Nm- -]n- p-I-bpw- hn-iz-kn- pI-bpwk -I- w- {]-h- n- p-I-bp-w- sN-bv-h-scm-gn-sI- A- -c- m v- A- m-lp- X--fp-sS- Xn--I - v- ]-I-cw- \--I - am-n- sImSp- p--Xm-Wv.- A- m-lp- G-sd- s]m-dp- p-h-\pw- I-cp-Wm-\n [n-bp-am-bn-cn- p-p.-h- -h-\pw- ]-i-vNm- -]n- p-Ibpw,-k -I w- {]-h- n- p-I-bpw- sN- p-- ]- w- A- m-lp-hn-te- vi-cn-bmb- \n-e-bn - a-S-p-I-bm-Wv- A-h - sN- p-Xv.- hym-P n-\v- km- n- \n - m- -h-cpw,- A-\m-h-iy- hr- nI - \-S p -t-S- p- Iq-Sn- t]m-Ip-I-bm-sW-n - am-\y-m-cm-bn- sIm--v- IS-p- t]m-Ip--h-cp-am-Ip-p- A-h-.- X--fp-sS- c- n-Xm-hn-s - h -N\- - ap-tJ-\- D-Xv-t_m-[-\w- \ -I-s-m - _-[n-c-m-cpwA- -m-cp-am-b-n-sIm--v- A-Xn-t - Nm-Sn- ho-g-m- -h-cp-am-Ipp A-h.-"R--fp-sS- c- n-Xm-th,-R--fp-sS- `m-cy-am-cn - \npwk Xn-I-fn - \n-pw- R- - v- \o- IIp-fn-a- \ -Ip-I bpw-,- [-a-\n-jv-T- ]m-en- p--h- v- R--sf- \o- am-Xr-I-bm p-I-bpw- sN-t -W-ta- F-v- ]-d-bp--h-cp-am-Ip-p- A-h.-A -c- m- v- X- - -an- -X-n-s - t]-c-n -(kz-K- n -)-D-Xam-b- m-\w- {]-Xn-^-e-am-bn- \ -I-s-Sp--Xm-Wv.- A-`n-hm Zy-t m-Spw k-am-[-m-\m-iw-k-tbm-Spw- Iq-Sn- A-h- A-hn-sS- kzoI-cn- -s-Sp--Xp-am-Wv.- A-h- A-Xn - \n-Xyhm-kn-I-fm-bn-cn pw,- F-{X- \- - Xm-h-f-hpw- ]m- nS-hpw-!- (25:63-76)-
a\pjy
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\m-ev[m-an-I-Xa\pjy {]IrXnsb `cn m Ignhp h\msWv \mw I-p. \ sfmv Nn n pt\m pI. `qanbn Poh Bhn`hn v e W n\v hj p tijamWv a\p jys d BKa\ap-mbsXv imkv{XPvRm Nq-n m Wn pp. \ap v Nppw ImWp PohnI XnpIbpw Ip Sn pIbpw hnkPn pIbpw CWtNcpIbpw sN m\mcw `n nv e W n\v hjfmbn.Ahbvs mpw Xs {]IrXnbpsS kwXpenXmhkvYsb XInSw adn phmt\m F n\[nIw, AXn A ]sanepw amw hcp phmt\m I gn nn. ImcWsa mWv? Ah Fpw {]IrXnbpsS `mKw am{Xambncpp. AhbpsS {]h \fpw {]IrXnbpsS `m Kw Xsbmbncpp.AXp sIm-p Xs Ah Fs\ Po hn mepw AXv {]IrXn hncp amhpIbn. AhbpsS Pohn X n\v ISn mWpI Bhiyansv kmcw. Fm a \pjys d kvYnXntbm? Xm\p s m p {]IrXnsb s XIcmdnem m ]cym]vXamb {]hr nI sN m a \pjy\v Ignbpw. \yq nb Bbp[fp]tbmKn v \nanj sIm-v `qansb s PohclnXam phm Ahv km[n pw. PohnIsftmse kzX{ amb hnlmc n\v A hs\ hnm kh{X \mihpw Ipghpambncn pw êw.A hs d PohnX nepw {]h \ pw Nne NnIfpw hy hkvYIfpamhiyamWv. Ah Fs\ Pohn WsaXn \v hyIvXamb amK Zi\w A\nhmcyamsWYw. `qanbnse \mbI\mWv a\pjy . Ah kh X{ a\pjy
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kzX{ \mWv.Cu kzmX{ yw a\pjymkvXnXz ns d am{Xw {]tXyIXbmWv. arK s mpw Cu kzmX{ yw \ Is nn. Ah {]IrXnbpsS `mKambn am{Xw \nesIm pIbm Wv. AkvXnXz ns d kzmX{ yw a\pjys\ {]IrXnbpsS ta B[n]Xyap h\m n ampp; Asn {]IrXnbp sS ]e LSIfnepw Xs d kzm[o\apdn m Ahv Ignbpp. a\pjymkvXnXz ns d Ghpw auenIamb k hntijXbmb kzmX{ yw \inn sSpXv, AXpsIm-v Xs kln m Ahv IgnbpIbn. hnins\ mfpw Zm ls mfpw a\pjy v Akl\obambnp Xv ]mcX { yamIpp. kzmX{ ys \inn phm {ian ph s Xnsc tNmcNn n t]mcmSm a\pjy k cmhpXv AXpsIm-mWv. Cu kzmX{ yw Amlp \ Inb "Aam\ v' B sWmWv JpB ]Tnn pXv. BImi t m `qan t m ]hX t m av PohPme t m \ Im "Aam\ v' BWv a\pjy\v \ Isncn p kzmX{ yw. ]t ,Cu kzmX{ y n\v hyIvXamb hne pI Bhiy at? P p fn Ghpw kpc\mb a\pjy\v Xs hn cq]\mbn amdm\pw Ignbpw. \Jw apdn pItbm ucw sN pItbm Ipfn pItbm sN msX Pohn p Hcmsf I -m Abm ]nsb m hr nsIh\msWv \mw ]dbpw. Fm arK t m? Ah ucw sN pItbm \Jw shpItbm sN ppt-m? C. CtX cq] n Po hnX ns d Fm cwKfnte pw Bhiyamb \nba A\pkcnt -Xv a\pjys d _m[yXbmWv. Cu \nb a Ahs d kzmX{ mkvXnXzs tNmZyw sN pIb a\pjy
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; AXns\ cN\mXvaI hifnte v Xncn phnSpIbmWv sN pXv. kzmX{ yw \ IsSpI hgn krjvSnIfn AXyp X\mbn- amdnb a\pjy\v Xs {]kvXpX kzmX{ yw Zpcp] tbmKsSp ns m-v AXn\nIrjvS\mbn amdm\pw km[n pw. hnip JpB C mcyw kqNnn pXns\bm Wv:- ""Xo bmbpw a\pjys\ \mw Ghpw \ LS\tbmSp IqSn krjvSn ncn pp. ]noSv Ahs\ \mw A[acn A [a\m n o p.'' GXmWv Ghpw \ LS\? kzX{ amb Ahs d AkvXnXzw Xs. {]kvXpX kzmX{ yw X s A[aXz n\pw \nan amImw;hne pI ]men mXn cpm .HcpZmlcWw t\m pI. arKfpsS ssewKnI th gvNbpsS e yw AhbpsS hwiw \ne\n pI am{XamWv. AXn\p th-n {]IrXn \nivNbn \nba ]men phm - Ah \n_\v[nXhpamWv.XfptSXm PohnhK fn (Species) s]hcpambn ssewKnI_\v[w ]mSnsXp am{XamWv s]mXpsh P phK n ImWsSp {]Ir XnbpsS hne v. (CXn\v A]hmZfps-Xv icnbmWv. {]kvXpX A]hmZ t]mepw AhbpsSssPhnIamb B hiy \nhlW ns\XmWv hmkvXhw). kz w hK n s] s] bpambn t]mepw ssewKnI_\v[ nte sSpXn\v {]IrXn\nbaw Ah v XS amIpn. AXp sIm-p Xs ]p{Xs d _oPw t]dm amXmhpw ]nXmhn s d _oPw t]dm aIfpw k cmhpp.AXpsIm-v ar KfpsS temI v bmsXmcp Ipghpan. a\pjys d ssew KnIthgvNbpsS e yw Ahs d hwiw \ne\n pI am {Xa. B\ n\pw kvt\l n\pw IpSpw_ ns d sI a\pjy
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pdn\pw AXphgn kaql ns d \ne\n ]n\psamap ]ckv]c _\v[ ns d ASn dbmbn a\pjy\n ssew KnIX amdpp. AhnsS {]IrXn Ah\n ASnt ]n X m av ]e \nbafpw ]men m Ah _m[ykvY \mWv. Xm hnhmlw sNbvX CWbpambn am{Xsa Ah , Asn Ah _\v[sSphm ]mSp q. C cw \nba ]men msX Pohn pXv Ahs d kzX{ mkvXnXz s aen\sSp pw. Ah A[acn A[a\mbn ocpw. CSadpIpw aIfpw IqSn \S nb atejymbm{X nSbn A h p-mb Hcp A\p`hw hnhcn pXv ImWpI: "kv{Xo ]pcpj _\v[w t\cn I-v BkzZn mw. AXn\v Av tUm ftdbp q; Abm ]d p: "\mbbpw kv{Xobpw X nep ssewKnI_\v[w ImWWsan ] v tUmf.Hdmv Hm \pw (HcpXcw Ipcv) s]pw X nep _\v[w ImWtWm? AXn\pw Hcp kvYeap-v. ]t , ]Xn\v tUmf sImSp Ww' (CSadpIv B dv KoXm CSadpIv: Xmbve dneqsS H cp bm{X. `mKw: 1, ]pdw 21). F{X ePvPmhlw! kz w hK n s]hcpambnmsX ssewKnI_\v[w ]mSns "ar Kob \nbaw't]mepw ChnsS ewLn sSpp. a\pjy kzm X{ y ns d Ghpw \ntj[mXvaIamb hiamWnhnsS \mw ImWpXv. a\pjy\v F{Xt mfw A[a\mIm Ignbpsa v Cu kw`hw hyIvXam pp. [manI \nba a\pjys d \ne\n ]n\p Xs A\nhmcyamIpp. hK ns d \nba A\pkcn m Xncn pXv \chK ns d Xs \mi n\v \nan am hpw. FbnUvkv t]mep ssewKnItcmK Cu hkvXp Xbnte mWv hnc Nq-pXv. hnthN\ clnXambn ssew a\pjy
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KnIhr nbntesSp arK s mn\pw Xs ssew KnI tcmKtfm av ssewKnI {]iv\tfm D-mhpns hkvXpX,B pcns d k Xnbmbn a\pjys\ Im WphcpsS Iv Xpdnt -XmWv. ans dbpw BXvamhns dbpw ka\zbw hnipw Zmlhpw ssewKnImkIvXnbpw t]msebp imcocnImhiy \ndthsSptXmsS P p kw Xr]vXcmhpp. P pklPamb hnins dbpw hnImc n s dbpw ia\w a\pjy\pw BhiyamsWnepw {]kvXpX ia\ neqsS am{Xw Ah kwXr]vX\mhpn.im nbpw kzkvYXbpw kam[m\hpw Ah Imw n pp. kvt\l n\p th-n Ahs d a\ v Zmln pp.kZvkz`mhw A h CjvSsSpp. [manIPohnXw Ahs d PohnXs [\yam pp. Cs\ ]e \ne-bv- pw a\pjy arKfn \nv XnI pw hyXncnIvXamb hyIvXnXzw sh p ]pe ph\mWv.Cu hyXncnIvXX a\pjys d GsXnepsam cp Ahbh ns d {]tXyIXb.ùXnIamb Afhp tIm epIfp]tbmKn v AXv Af pI km[yhpa. P p klP am Fs mw a\pjy\nept-m AsXmw Xs "BXv amhn's d {]h \fmsWv aXw ]dbpp.Cu "BXv amhv' a\pjy\pth-n {kjvSmhv {]tXyIambn Zm\w sNbv XXmWv. an \npw a\pjycq]w krjvSn tijw Am lp Ahs d BXvamhn \npw B cq] n DuXp tXmsSbmWv a\pjys\ D IrjvS krjvSnbpsS P\\ap -mbsXmWv JpB ]Tnn pXv. a\pjy , ans dbpw BXvamhns dbpw ka\zb amWv. Ah\n ant dXmb Fm KpWfpap-v; hni a\pjy
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pw Zmlhpw hnImchpsamw BXvamhns d Fmhn[ Zo ]vXnIfpw AhI v {]Iminn m\mhpw. kvt\lw, Zb, IcpW,kmtlmZcyw,[manIt_m[w Fnhsbmw BXvam hns d kz`mhfs{X.tIm]hpw {IqcXbpw Im]Syhpw A [manI {]h \fpsamw BXvamhns d ]cnip nsb IfsSp pw. kZvkz`mhhpw tkh\k Xbpw k\ pw BXvamYXbpsamw BXvamhns t{]mPvPzeam pw. CXmWv C njbIamb JpB\ns d ho Ww. ]cnWmahmZw ]cmPbs Spp a\pjys d am{Xw khntijXbmb [manIt_m[ s Poh]cnWma ns d ASnkvYm\ n hymJym\n p hm ùXnIhmZnI {ian nps-nepw Ahsbmw ]cm PbsSpI am{XamWv sNbvXnp Xv. C njbIambn _ {Sm dv d FgpXpXv t\m pI: "\XnIsf Ipdn p \ psS hnImchnNmc , \s kw_\v[n p as m Imcyfnepsat]mse \ne\n ]n\pth-nbp \ p sS PohnXkac n \nv Dcp ncnbp kzm`mhnI hkv XpXI am{XamWv.Ahbv v {]IrXymXoXamtbm ssZhnI amtbm bmsXmcp D ] nbpan' (Bert rand Russel: Why I am not a Christian, P. 73) CtX Bibw Xs tdmPkv s]dn Ipd p IqSn hyIvXambn ]cmain pXv {i n pI. "akvXnjvI {]{InbIfpsS kzm`mhnI KpWhntij fmWv am\pjnIaqey . Ahbv v kzX{ amb \ne\n ]ps-v IcpXn, Ahsb IrXyambn akvXnjvI{]{Inb bn \nv thXncn v \n pIhgn \mw bpIvXnhnNmc]c amb Nn m pgw Wn p hcp pI am{XamWv sN p Xv.akvXnjvI ns d {]h \ D nte v hcp h a\pjy
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kvXp fpambn {]Xn{]h n pIbpw Ahsb aqeyfm bn cq]m csSp pIbpw sN pp' (Rogger Sperry: Science and Moral Priority. P. 141). ChnsS, D- cw \ IstS-- H\h[n {]iv\fp -v. akvXnjvI {]{InbbpsS êambnmWv aqey Dcp ncnbpsXn Fm a\pjycpw Htc cq] n aqey fn \n_\v[ ]q w \bn stS-Xt? Htc amXm hns d a fn Xs Hcm Zbmephpw asmcm {Iqc\p ambn amdpsXs\bmWv? akvXnjvIw hfv hnIkn hcmsWv IcpXsSp imkv{XPvR kzmYX pth-n A\ymbamb a\pjy pcpXn v Iqp\n psX p sIm -v? \ne\n ]n\p th-nbp PohnXkac n \nv Dcp ncn XmWv aqeysf hmZ{]Imcw,Hcp arKw am{Xam b a\pjy\v \ne\n phm av arKfptSXn \nv hy XykvXamb Ipsd aqey ]cnKWn sSWsav ]dbp Xns d ASnkvYm\sa mWv? av arKsftmse Pohn m Ah\v \ne\n phm km[yas AhkvY kw PmXambXv Fs\bmWv? A\phZn sXpw hne s Xpamb hyXymkw t\m msX ` W n\p th-n GXv am Khpw kzoIcn pIsb BbmkclnXamb ]mX Ft a\pjy ssIhnpIf Xv? amXmhpw ktlmZcnbpsa hyXymkanmsX ssewKnI _\v[ ntesSpIsb kz X{ amb \ne]mSn \nv a\pjy ]n ncn Xv F p sIm-mWv? hnthN\clnXamb ssewKnI_\v[fpsS ^ eambn arK p-mhm amcIamb ssewKnItcmK Fs\bmWv a\pjys d am{Xw {]tXyIXbmbn amdn bXv? C cw tNmZy v ap n ùXnI hmZw D cw a\pjy
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apn \n pIbmWv. a\pjys d am{Xw khntijXbmb ]tcm]ImtcNv O pw XymK n\pw apw hniZoIcWw \ IpXn ù XnI imkv{X apgph ]cmPbsncn pIbmWv. a\p jys d Zbmhmbv]pw kzPoh t]mepw ap h mbn Xy Pn phm\p k Xbpw Umhns d ]cnWmahmZ n s d hniZoIcW n\v hgpX. {]IrXn \n[mcW kn m {]Imcw XnI pw kzmY Xm ]cy mbn {ian p PohPmXnI mWv \ne\n m IqSpX Ignbp I. kz w \ am{XamWv AhbpsS e yw. Cu e yam Wv \ne\n ]n\v B[mcw. kz w Po\pIfpsS {]Xn\n[nI sf h[nn pXn\mbn Ah kZm t]mcmSns m-ncn p p.\ne\n ]n\pth-nbp kacw (Struggle for existence) F ]cnWmahmZ nse kmtXnI i_vZw sIm-v Cu t]m cmamWv hnh n sSpXv.hyIvXnKX t\ am{Xam Wv {]IrXnbn ]nSn p\n m\p am\ZWvUsav Um hn hmZn pp. Atm ]nssbs\bmWv P p fn \nv ]cnWan p-mb a\pjy\n kzmYXbm asmcp kz`mhw hfv hnIkn pXv? Zb, ]tcm]Im cw, a, XymK a\kvYnXn Fnh av arKfptSXnt\ m IpdhmtI- PohnbmWv ]cnWmahmZ{]Imcw a\pjy kzmYX v am{XamWtm \ne\n m\p AlX t\ SnsbSp m IgnbpI. aqey\ntj[ ns d ]SpIpgnbn ]ZmY n \nv hyXykvXamb bmsXmcp AkvXn Xzhpw a\pjy\v I ]n phm Xb-mdm h Ahkm\ ambn sNphogpI aqey \ntj[ ns d ]SpIpgnbn X a\pjy
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sbmWv. tIhe am\hnIXbpsS ASnkvYm\ n am{Xw aqeysf \nWbn msav hmZn p lyqa\nkvpI BtKmfmSnkvYm\ n kwLSn nps-nepw Hcp BtKm f aqeyk ]w hf nsbSp pXn CXphsc hnPbn nn. {_nWnse bpIvXnhmZ kwLS\bmb "\mjW sk pe skmsskn'bpsS {]knU dmb _m_d kvtam FgpXpXv ImWpI: "hnhmtlXc ssewKnI_\v[ sf AmsS lyqa\nkvpI ]gn pn', "Bscbpw t{Zmln msXbpw kz w CNvO BcpsStaepw ASnt ]n msX bpap ssewKnI _\v[ A\phZn sSmw'. "Fm BhiyanmsX(?) Hcp iniphn\v Pw sImSp pXv k ZmNmc hncp amsWv am\hnI ] m IcpXpp'. "F m Htc enwK n s] c-v {]mb]q nbmb BfpI ]ckv]cw ssewKnIkpJw ]nSpXn\v Xocpam\n m AXn sXn FmWv am\hnI] w. AXn\memWv ap Nne ]ptcmKa\mib mcpsS kwLtfmsSmw tNv lyqa\nkvpI kzhKcXnsb hne p \nba ns\Xn sc {]Nmcthe \S nbXv' (Barbara Smoker: Humanism,P. 82,83) {_nWnse lyqa\nkvpIfpsS kZmNmc k ]{]Imcw hy`nNmchpw kzhKcXnbpw sXsv CXn \nv hyIvX amWtm. C ybnse "lypa\nkvpI ' XfmsWv sIm ntLmjn p bpIvXnhmZn kwL ns d hIvXm v Cu kZmNmc k ]w kzoIcn phm Ignbptam? 1990 P \phcnbn \yqU lnbn sh v \S C y bpIvXnhm Zn kwL ns d tZiob kt f\w DZvLmS\w sNbvXbm fmWv _m_d kvtam . ]t , AhcpsS kZmNmc k ]w kzoIcn phm C y bpIvXnhmZn {]kvYm\ n s d XmXznImNmcys\v AdnbsSp CSadpIn\pt]mepw a\pjy
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km[n pIbn. CSadpIns d ]p{Xn KoXbpsS ` mhmb bqtdm]y kmcn tbmcm kvImW FgpXpXv Im WpI: "hnhmlw \nba]cambn cPnkv sN pXp hsc Fs d IqsS ]pds hnsSsbnepw t]mcm Ah (CSa dpIpw `mcybpw) KoXsb A\phZn n. C y kaqlw hn hml ]qh_\v[sf Hcn epw AwKoIcn pIbn. ]m ivNmXy cmPyfn \nehnep tUnwKv k{ Zmbs F{X ]ptcmKa\hmZnbmb C y mc\pw kzoIcn m Ign bpIbn' (tbmcm kvImW C ybpsS Bbncw apJ . ]pdw: 29). Cw-nepw C ybnepw s]mXphmb HXp aqeyk ]w hf nsbSp m t]mepw Ignbm h v Fs\bmWv X am\hXmhmZnIfmsWv AhImi sSm IgnbpI? [manI \nba a\pjys d kzX{ amb Akv XnXz n\v A\nhmcyamsWv \mw I-p. ]t , Cu \nb a BhnjvI-cnt -Xv BcmsW {]iv\w _m n \n pp-v. Hmtcmcp cpw XfpsS CjvS{]Imcw kZm Nmc \nba BhnjvI-cn m Fs\bncn psaXn \p DZmlcWamWv kvtam dpsS ]pkvXI n \mw I -Xv. a\pjys d \ne\n ]nmhiyamb \nba a\p jy Xs \nan m Ahbn {]amZfp-mhpsaXn \p sXfnhmWXv. Atm a\pjy\m , a\pjys d kz `mhsf pdn v icn dnbmhp Hcp \nba hnZKv \mbn cn Ww Ahmhiyamb \nba BhnjvI-cn pXv. A cw \nba msX kmhImenIXzw AhImis Sm Ignbn; ChnsSbmWv ssZhnI amK Zi\ ns d {]kIvXn \ap v t_m[yamIpXv. a\pjy
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A-vam\hnIX
{]-Ir-Xn-sb- D-]tbm-Kn m - I-gn-bp- G-I-Po-hn-bm-ba-\p-jy-\v- C n-j-b-I-amb- ssZ-hn-I- amK-- \n-tZ-i- - B hiyamWv.- ssZ-hn-I-am-K- \n-tZ-i--fp-sS- ASnkv-Ym\- n-e m-sXbp- - {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS- D]-t`mKw a-\p-jy-h-K- n-s -d- X s- \mi- n-\v- am-{X-ta- tl-Xp-hm-Ip-Ibp- q.- a\p-jy - F s\- a-\p-jy-\m-bn- Po-hn- W-sa-v- a-\pjy-\- m- - H-cp- D-Xm-kv-XnXz- n-\v- am-{Xta- ]-d- p- X-cm-\mhq.- {kjv-Sm-h- m sX- kr-jv-Sn-I-fn-sem-pw Xs- a\p-jy-sc- m - D-X-c-s v- \ap -dn-bmw.- A-tm - {k-jv-Sm-hn-s -d- X-s- am-K-\n tZi- - e`n- -Ww \ap- v-.-Ckvem-an-s -d- Im-gv-N- m-Sn- - {] hm-N-I-m- apgp-h - A-h-Xo-W-am-b-Xv- Cu-sbm-cp- e y n \v- th--n-bm-bn-cp-p.- a\p-jy- F--s\- a-\p-jy-cm-bn- Po-hn -W-sa-v- ]-d- p- sIm-Sp- m -;- ssZ-hn-I-am-K-\n-tZ-i- {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-bn- Pohn-X- n - ]-I- n- X--fp-sS- k-l-Po hn-I - v- amXr-I-I-fm-hm - th--n-bm-Wv- ssZ-hn-I- t_m-[-\we-`n- - AkwJyw- {]-hm-NIm- Cu- tem-I- n-te- v- h-Xv.C-kv-eman-s -d- km-t-Xn-I- i-_v-Z-am-b- "cnkm-e- v'- {]-Xn-\n-[oI-cn- p--Xv- Cu- B-i-b-s -bm-Wv.- ssZ-h-hpw- a-\p-jy-cpw- X n- -,- B-Im-i-hpw- `q-an-bpw- X- n ,- cnkm-e- n-eq-sS- _-\v-[ sSp-p.{]-hm-N-I-m- ssZ-h--tfm- Zn-hymw-i-ap- -h-tcm- B sW-v- C-kv-emw- ]-Tn- n- p-n- .-"a-\p-jy- `q-an-bn - F m-bn oc-W-tam,-- B-Im-i- n-ep- - ssZ-hw- C-d-n-h-v- A-Xm-bn o-v- amXr-I-bm-hp-I'-sb-- A-h-Xm-c- k- -]-hp-am-bn- Ca\pjy
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kv-em-anse- {]hm-N-I-X-z n-ep- - hn-izm-kw- Xm-Xz-nI- ssh-cp[-yw- ]p-e- p-p.- a\p-jy-cp-sS- k-I-e-hn-[- N-]-e-X-I-tfm-SpwIq-Sn- ssZ-hw- C-d-n- h-cp-p-sh-- hm-Zw- k-h-i-Iv-X-s -d- ]cn-ip- n-sb- I-f--s-Sp- p-I-bmWv- sN- p--Xv.- a-\p-jy- F -s\- Po-hn- -W-sa-v- ssZhw- a-\p-jy-cq-]w- ]q--p-ImWn pX-cn-I-sb-- k- -]w- Xs- AYan- m- -Xm-Wv.- k-h-i-Iv X-\m-Wv- ssZ-hw.-A-hv- `- -W-tam- hn-Im-c]q- o-I-c-W-tamB-h-iyan- .-A-h - a-\pjy-cq] n - C-d-n-h-m-epw- hn-Im -c--tfm- am-\pjy-I-am-b- tNmZ-\-I-tfm- C- m-sX- \n-e-\n mw.F-m - a-\p-jy-t\m?- ssZ-hs - A-\p-I-cn- p-sIm--v- `- W]m-\o-b--tfm- ssh-Im-cn-I- ]q- o-I-c-W-tam- C- m-sX- Pohn- p-I- A-h-v- A-km[-yw.- ssZ-h-a;- a\p-jy-cm-Wv- a-\p-jy - p- - am-Xr-I-Ifmbn- h-tc---Xv.-ssZ-hnI-am-K-\n-tZ-i ns\m- v- a-\p-jy - F-n-s\- Po-hn- -W-sav- {]m-tbm-Kn-I-am bn- Im-Wn- p- sIm-Sp-t ---Xv- a-\p-jy-cn -\n-p- - {]-Xn-\n-[n Ifm-Wv.]q-W-cm-b- a\pjy!{]-hm-N-I-m- ]- -bm-b- a-\p-jy-cm-bn-cp-p.-A-h pwhn-ipw- Zm-l-hp-ap--m-bn-cp-p.-D-d- -hpw- hn-{i-a-hp-am-h-iyam bn-cp-p.- kt m-j-hpw- k- m-]-hp-ap--m-bn-cp-p.- `m-cy-am-cpwIp-n-I-fp-ap--m-bn-cp-p:- a-\p-jy-cp-sS- F- m- k-z-`m-h--fpw- A h- p--m-bncp-p.- ]-t ,- hn-i- pt m - A-\y-s -d- k- - vA-]-l-cn- m- - A-h- Xb-m-dm-bn- .- ssew-Kn-I-Zm-lw- i-an- n m - hy-`n-Nm-c- n-e-h G-s-n- .- kt m-j- n - a-Xn-a-d-vA-h- Iq- m-Sn-bn- .- k- m-]m-h-k-c--fn - a-Z-y- n-epw- a-b p -a-cp-p-I-fn-epw- Ah- A-`-bw- tX-Sn-bn- .- `m-cy-am- p-th-n- A-]-c-t\m-S-h- A-\o-Xn- {]-h- n- n- .- Ip-n-I-sf- t]mm a\pjy
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\m-bn- A-{I-a-amK--fn-e-h- ]Ww- k m-Zn- n- .- A-h- a-\p jy-cm-bn-cp-p.- ]qWcm-b- a\pjy!hy-Xy-kv-X- k-aq-l--fn - {]-hm-N-I-m- h-p,-- A-h cp-sS- ZuXyw- \n-h-ln- p-sIm--n-cp-p.- a-\p-jy -[n-j-W-bp-sShf- - -\p-k-cn- v- \n-b-a-\n-tZ-i--fn - \n- m-c-am-b- am-fp--m-bn.- ]t ,- ASn-kv-Ym-\-]c-am-bn-- ssZ-h- n-s -d- {]-hmN-I-m-scmw- ]-d- -Xv- H-p-X-s-bm-bn-cp-p.- "A-Jn-emWvUhpw- ]-S- v- ]-cn-]men- p-h-s\-- am-{Xw- B-cm-[n- p-I-;- A-h- - A -b- - {]-hm-N-I-m-sc A-\p-k-cn- p-I'.- k-aq-lw- h-f-p-sIm -n-cp-p. -{]-hm-NI-m-scmw- X--fp-sS- {]-t_m-[-\--tfmsSmw-X-s- A-h-km\w- h-cm-\n-cn- p,-tem-Im-h-km-\w-h-scbp - a-\p-jy- v- apgp-h - am-Xr-I-bm-hm - sI - p- H-cp- alm -{]-hm-N-I-s\- p-dn- v- Zo-L -Z-i\w- sN-bv-Xp.ap-l- -Zv-()- Cu- tem-I- n-se- A-h-km-\-s - a-\p-jy -h-sc-bp- - k-I-e-cp-sS-bpw- {]-hm-N-I-\m-Wv.-A-t-l- n-s -dc-l-ky-hpw- ]-c-ky-hp-am-b- Po-hn-Xw- ap-gp-h - \-ap- v- ap-n Xp-d-v sh- -s-n-cn- p-p.- tem-I- v- a-sm-cp- t\-Xm-hn-s d bpw- Po-hnXw- A-t-l- n-s -d- Po-hn-X-s -tm-se- tc-J-s-Sp -s-n-n- .- A-s\- tc-J-s-Sp- -s-m - B-Z-c-Wo-b-cmb]-e- hy-Iv-Xn-Xz-fpw- A-\m-Z-c-Wo-b-cm-bn- am-dpw.-]-t ,- {]-hmN-I-s -d- Po-hn-Xw- t\m- q.- A-t-l- n-s -d- Ip-fn-ap-dn- ap-X In-S- -d-h-sc-bp- - Pohn-Xw- ap-gp-h - \ap- v- am-Xr-Im-tbmK-y am-Wv.- A-t-lw- ]qW-\m-b- H-cp- ap-kven-am-bn-cp-p.- A-Y-hm,-am \p-jn-I- Kp-W--sfmw- {]Xn-_nw-_n- n-cp-- a-lm-\m-b- H-cp- a\p-jy .- X-n - ssZ-hn-I-Xbp-s--v- A-t-lw- A-h-Im-isn-n- .- A-Xn-am-\p-j-Kp-W--fp - hyIv-Xn-bm-Wv- Xm-s\-v- A t-lw- hm-Zn- n-p-an.- A-t-lw- ]-d p.- Xm-s\m-cp- ap-kv-en-amsW a\pjy
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-v-;-ssZ-h- n-\v- kz-Po-hn-X-s - k qW-am-bn- k-a- n- pIh-gn- a-\p-jy-Xz- n-s -d- D-Zm- o-I-c-Ww- km[n- - H-cp- a\p-jy \m-sW-v.- kz-Po-hn-X- n-s -d- amX-r-I-bneq-sS- A-t\-Iw- ap-kv enwI - v- Pw- \ -In-b- a-lm-\m-b- {]-hm-N-I-\mbn-cp-p ap l -Zv-().ap-l- -Zn()-eq-sS- tem-I- n-\v- A-h-X-cn- n- -s-- th-Z{K-\v-Y-am-I-s-- H-tc-ka-b- v- am-K-Z-i-I sh-fn-]m-Spw- A-tXm sSm- w- A-am-\p-jn-I Zr-jv-Sm- -hp-am-Wv.- AXn - {]-Xn-]m-Zn- s- X -z- - a\p-jy-s -d- ù-Xn-I-]p-tcm-K-Xn-s -Xn-c- .- ] t ,-"]p-tcm-K-an- p'- ar-K-am-hm - km-[y-X-bp- - a-\p-jys -dPo-hn-X- n-s d- Hm-tcm- cw-K--fn-epw- kzo-I-cn-t --- \nb-a-\n -tZ-i--f-Xv- D -s m- p-p.-A-Xn-se- G-sX-n-ep-sam-cp- \nbaw- A-{]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-sW-v- ]-d-bp-I- km-[y-a- .- Im-e-l-c-Ws- H-cp- \n-tZ-i-hpw- A-Xv- D -s m- p-n- .-A-h-km-\-\m-fp-h -scbp- -h- v- am-K-Z-i-\w- \ -Im - I-gn-bp-- H-tc-sbm-cp{K-\v-Yw!- A-Xm-Wv- Jp-B .- th-Z-{K-\v-Y--fp-sS- ]p-dw- N--bWn - asm-cp- {K-\v-Y n-\pw- Cu- ]-cn-ip- n- Ah-Im-i-s-Sm I-gn-bn- .-A-Xv- H-p-In - "hn-ip- '-m-cp-sS- A-s-n - ]p-tcmln-X-m-cp-sS- A-Xp-a-s-n - E-jn-am-cp-sS- c-N-\-I-fm-Wv.- Jp B-\m-I-s ssZ-hnI- sh-fn-]m-SpI-fp-sS- k-am-lm-c-am-Wv.- apl Zv-() \n-an- - H-scm-s- h-N-\w- t]m-epw- Jp-B-\n-en- .- ssZ hw- A-t-l- n-\v- Ah-X-cn- n- p -sImSp- -X-s{X- A-Xn-se- Hmtcm- A- -c--fpw.-im-kv-{X- km-t-Xn-I- cw-K--fn - a-\p-jy Ip-Xn- p-b-cp-w- tX-m-dpw- Jp-B-\ns - A-{]-am-Z-n-Xz-hpw- AXp-ey X-bpw- ssZ-hn-I-X-bpw- Iq-Sp-X - IqSp-X - sh-fn-s-p- sIm--ncn- p-I-bm-Wv. a\pjy
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Jp-B\pw- \-_n-N-cy-bp-a-\p-k-cn- v- Po-hn- p-I-b-s{X- a\p-jy - hn-tam-Nn-X-cm-hm-\p- - am-Kw.-A-h- c--n-\pw- am-{X-taam-\-hn-I-X-sb- Zo-]v-X-am- m-\m-hq.- a-\p-jy-h-K-s - \-bn- m - I-gn-bq.A na {]hmNI\mb apl Zv \_n()tbmSv ]S X pcm {]Jym]n m I ]n p hN\w ChnsS {]k IvXamWv:""]dbpI: Rm \nsftmep Hcp a\pjy am {XamIpp. \nfpsS ssZhw GIssZhamsWv F\n v t_m[\w \ IsSpp'' (hn.Jp-B - 18:20). {]hmNIm scmw Fm AY nepw a\pjycmbncpp; P\sf k Xy amK nte v Wn m\mhiyamb t_m[\w \ I sncphcmbncpp Ah Fpam{Xw. imkv{X ns d A]cym]vXX \bpw Xnbpw thXncn p AXncv I-p]nSn m ùXnI X z imkv{X D]tbmKn Xv imkv{X ns d kmtXnI amKsfbmWv. ]t{nbfpsS ]cn[n pd v Hpansv imTyw]nSn ùXnIhmZ n\v ap n av amKsfmpanmbncppshv ]dbpXmhpw icn. imkv{X ns d ]mX \bpw Xnbpw th Xncn dnbp Xn\v Xosc A]cym]vXamsWv IqSpXsempw Nn n m sX Xs a\ nem m\mhpw. A[zm\n v k mZn p [m \y aWnIfpw A\ys d ] mbpcbn \nv IsSp p [m\yaWnIfpw X n ckX{ ns dtbm ùXnIimkv {X ns dtbm Hpw amKfp]tbmKn v hyXymkw I -p ]nSn pI km[ya. Fm \ nse [manIt_m[w a\pjy
Page 59
]dbpXv Hv \bpw atXv XnbpamsWv XsbmWv. `mcym`Xr _\v[ neqsSbp-mhp Ip pw hy`nNmc neqsSbp-mhp Ip pw X n Pohimkv{X kmt XnI XXzfp]tbmKn v ]cntim[n m hyXymksampw ImWpIbn.sshhmlnI _\v[ nepw hy`nNmc nepw H tc ssPh\nbafmWv ]men sSpXv. ]t , hnhmlw ]cnip amsWpw hy`nNmcw \nIrjvSamsWpw \ nse aqeyt_m[w ]dbpp. \bpw Xnbpw hnthNn pXn\v imkv{X ns d amK Xosc A]cym]vXamsW h kvXpXbmWnhnsS A\mhrXamhpXv. Amlphns d t_m[\ n\\pkcn mWv {]hmNI m Pohn sXv ]d phtm. [as bpw A[as bpw hyIvXamb AXnhc v Xncn v thXncn phm km [n np GI Zi\w Ckvemas{X.{]hmNI A\phZn Imcysfmw \bpw \ntcm[n Imcysfmw Xnbpam sWmWv Ckvemw ]Tnn pXv. \XnIsf {]hmNI PohnXhpambn _\v[nn m GsXmcp coXnimkv{Xhpw ] cmPbsSpw. tZiobXt m hwiobXt m `mjt m bpIv Xnt m HpwXs kvYmbnbmb \sb pdn v ]dbm\m hn. AXn\v ssZhnIZi\w Xs thWw; Amlphns d t_m[\ n\\pkcn v Pohn {]hmNI\nemWv \ap v D a amXrI Is- m\mhpIsbmWv JpB ]Tnn pXv. ""Xo bmbpw \n v Amlphns d ZqX\n D aamb amXrIbp-v'' (33:21).B amXrIbmWv \sbbpw Xnsbbpw thXncn pXv. A y{]hmNIs d sNbvXn Ifpw samgnIfpsamw \ap v apn Xpdv InS pp-v. a\pjy
Page 60
Hmtcm hnjbfnepap \ XnIsf pdn amKZi \w \ap v Ahbn \nv e`n pw. ssZhnIt_m[\ ns d ASnkvYm\ nemsX \XnIsf hnthNn m ]pds m Znhk IgnbpwtXmdpw \XnIsf amn \nhNn t -n hcpw. {]hmNIm a\pjycmIm\mWv P\sf D]tZin ncpsXv ]d phtm. ChnsS Hcp Imcyw hyIvXam t -Xps-v tXmpp. amemJamcpsS AhkvYbnte v a\pjysc "Db pI'bmWv aX sNt -sX H cp [mcW s]mXpshbp-v. CXv Ckvemans\ kw_\v[n nS t mfw icnb.amemJamcpsS hnImcfnm AhkvY bnte v a\pjy\v F nt cm Ignbn. As\ F p hm Bscnepw {ian pps-n ,AXv a\pjys d k hntijmkvXnXzt mSv sN p A{IaamWv. kzX{ amb AkvXnXzt mSp IqSn `qanbnse `mKt[bw \nhln pI sb D chmZn n \np Hfnt mw am{XamWXv. hnImcfpsS \naqe\ neqsSbp DZm oIcWw F Bibw Nne jWvUmcpsS Zu_eyw ad psh m klmbIamhpsanepw s]mXpsh A{]mtbmKnIhpw Akzo ImcyhpamWXv. am\hnIamb AY neqsSbp DZm o IcWw km[yamth-Xv kz amb AkvXnXz ns d ]qW amb {]Imi\ neqsSbmWv; AYhm, k qW\mb a\p jy\mIpXneqsSbmWv; \sXmw A\p`hn m\pw Zpjn sXmw hPn m\pw k \mb apkvenamIpXneqsS bmWv. {]Xo tbmsSbp PohnXw ùXnI Zi\fpsS ]nn t]mbhs mw A a\pjy
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hkm\w ZpxJhpw \ncmibpamWv e`n np Xv.`qanbn kz K cmPyw ]Wnbm\mbn Xsfmgp nb hnbv apgph hrYmhnembntmbtm F \ncmimt_m[w hnh v sImSn]nSn hsc ]etmgpw ab pacppI v ASna Ifm n amnbnp-v. `qXImes pdn ZpxJkvacWIfpw `mhnsb pdn `bmSpw Ahsc thbmSns m-ncn p p. Cu `qanbn ZpxJhpw \ncmibpw \msf ]ctemI v imizXamb `bmSpw IjvSmSpamWh v e`n pXv. ssZhnI Zi\ {]Imcap PohnXamIs, ZpxJ fpw ZpcnXfpanmsX aptmpt]mIm a\pjysc {]m]v Xcm pp. PohnX n A\p`hnt -n hcp {]iv\ sf [ocambn t\cnSphm Ahv Icp v \ Ipp. {]bm kfp-mhpt m an phm AXv a\pjysc t{]cnn pp. acWm\ c PohnXs pdn {]Xo a\pjysc Fm AY nepw [manIt_m[ap hcm n ampp.Cu temI v ZpxJfnm Hcp PohnXhpw ]ctemI v im izXamb kpJhpamWv Ah v e`n pXv. Amlp ]dbp p: ""Fnv Fs d ] \np amKZi\w \n v hs pt m Fs d B amKZi\w ]n ]ph cmtcm Ah v `bstS-Xn. Ah ZpxJnt -n hcnI bpan'' (2:38). imcocnIamb {]bmksf m ]etmgpw am\kn I {]bmkfmWv a\pjyPohnXw ZpcnX]qWam pXv. A[manI PohnX ns d kzm`mhnIamb ]cnWXn a\x km n p pw am\knI hnt m`fpambncn pw. kh iIvXs\ pdn kvacWbpw Ahs d hn[nhne pI A \pkcn p sIm-p PohnXhpamWv a\pjy\v a\ am[m a\pjy
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\w \ IpXv. JpB ]dbpp: ""Amlphns\ pdn kvacW sIm-mWv a\ pI im ambn ocpXv''(13:28). _lpssZh hnizmkhpw ssZ h \ntj[hpw a\pjya\ n lo\Xzhpw Almchpw kr jvSn p A]NypXnIfmWv. Ah kzoIcn pXneqsS am \knIamb ]ncnapdp hpw A xkwLjhpamWv a\pjy cnep-mhpI.bYmY ssZh nep hnizmkamIs Ah s D IrjvShpw hn\bm\znX\pam pp. As\ a\p jy a\ ns\ im am pp.
B-dvhntamN\w
a\pjycpsS hntamN\amWv Zi\fpsSsbmw hn jbw. XfpsS kaql n \ne\nncp A{Iafpw AgnaXnbpw AcmPIXzhpsamamWv Zmi\nImsc Nn n n Xv.{]kvXpX {]iv\ v ]cnlmcw ImWpXn\p th -nbmWv Ah X -z ]S Xv. kaqls {Kkn ncp {]iv\fpsS ImcW nte v Cdns t-nhtm gmWv a\pjys\ a\ nem phm th-n Ah {ian Xv. a\pjys d {]iv\fpsS thcv I-p]nSn Wsan A hs d AkvXnXzs A]{KYn p ]Tn Wsa Xncn dn hmWv a\pjys\ pdn ]T\ nte v Ahsc \bn Xv.Cu Xncn dnhv icnbmbncppshv ]dbmw. imkv{XPvRs d Afhp tImepI v hgm a\pjys d khntijamb a\pjy
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AkvXnXzs ùXnIambn am{Xw hymJym\n Wsa im TyamWv Zmi\nImsc ]ngn sXv ]dbpXmhpw icn. Cu ]nghmWv Zi\fpsS ]cmPb n\p apJy amb ImcWw. a\pjysc a\ nem msX a\pjys d {]iv \ ]cnlcn phm Fs\ km[n pw? amIvknk n\v kw`hn Xv Cu kzm`mhnIamb acWamsX asmp ambncpn. \ psS \qm-ns d X zNn sbv hntijn n sSp IayqWnk n\v imkv{Xw apX kmlnXyw h scbp hyXykvX taJeIfn XfptSXmb {]`mhw sX fnbn m Ign npw ùXnI X -zimkv{XfpsS A\n hmcyamb ]X\w AXnpap-mbn. al mb hnh ns d a{ [z\nIfn amtemIsc a p]nSnn amIvknkw Zm i\nI Ncn{X ns d hnimeamb NhpsImbn A\ amb ib\ n\p Xb-msdSpnemWnv. F p sIm-nXv kw`hn p? ]e cq] nepap hniIe\ \Sp sIm -ncn pp. amIvknk ns d ]X\w {]mtbmKnIamb ]m fn IfpsS am{Xw ^-eamsWv hcp n o m\mWv tkm jyenkvv _p nPohnI {ian psIm-ncn pXv. a\pjy s d khntijamb AkvXnXzs pdn v a\ nem msX, tIhew ]ZmYtemI ns d \nba a\pjy\pw _m[ IamsWv kaYn m {ian XmWv amIvknk n\v ] nb Ghpw henb sXv.a\pjys\ a\ nem pXn kw `hn ]mfn IfpsS A\nhmcyamb A\ c êambncpp am\h tamN\s pdn hniZoIcW n {]kvXpX Z i\ n\v ]nb A_ sf hkvXpX ]etmgpw hnkv acn sSpp. tkmhnbv bqWnbs d ]X\ n\v ImcWamb hn a\pjy
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ht mS\p_\v[n v, sI.Pn._n. Xeh\mbncp skj kv InbpsS {]Xna Xnsmfn p sIm-ncp bphmhns d h N\ Av ]{Xfn hncpp. "a\pjy IjvSs SpnS mWv IaypWnkvpI Xg phfcpIsbv \n dnbn?' icnbmWv. IjvSmSpIfmWv IaypWnks h f pXv. ImcWap-v. Zmcn{Zya\p`hn ph a\ n em pXv Cu `qanbnse Ghpw henb {]iv\w Zmcn{Zyam sWmWv. InSmSanm hs d In AXmWv Ghpw henb {]iv\w. sXmgnenm hs\ kw_\v[n nSt mfw Cu temI ns d Ghpw henb {]iv\w sXmgnenmbva bmWv. Zmcn{Zy n\pw sXmgnenmbva pw Cu temI nse kIehn[ {]iv\ pw ImcWw kzImcy k msW mWv amIvkv ]d Xv. Cu {]iv\sfmw ]cnlcn p hm Atl ns d ho W n GI amKtabp q. ""kzImcy kz ns\ CmXm pI''.]nWnbpsSbpw ]cnh ns dbpw temI nte v kzImcy kz ns d \njvIm k\ neqsS kaXz ns d temIw ssIsb nnSn msa ap{ZmhmIyhpambn amIvknkw ISphtm {]kv XpX ap{ZmhmIy ns d hmlIcmbn ]oUnXcpw \nnXcp amb P\e AWn\ncp.AXv kzm`mhnIambncpp. se\n\pw amthm tkXqn\pw ]nn AWn\ncXv A [zm\n p a\pjycmbncpp. Ah pth-n Npcp nb apjvSnIfn Xq bpw NpnIbpw Acnhmfpw ]nSn Xg p Ifp-mbncpp.]t ,F mWp-mbXv? t]mf-nse sXm gnemfn t\Xmhmbncp seIvhtekbpsS hcnI {i n pI: "A[nImcw InpXn\v ap v IayqWnkvpI ]d p. "\n v Ctm ` Ww Inpn; hkv{Xw e`n pn; ]mnShpan; \n Rsf A[nImc nte a\pjy
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q.\n v ` Ww Xcmw; hkv{Xw Xcmw; ]mnSw Xcmw; ]t , A[nImcw Innbtm R v ` Ww Innbn '. ]Xnm-pItfmfw IayqWnkvv `cWw A\p`hn dn BbncfpsS A`n{]mbs bmWv seIvhtek {]Xn\n[o Icn pXv.tamN\ ns d Fs v kpc ap{ZmhmIy apg ns m-mWv amIvknkw ISphXv. ]nWn In S phs d ZpxJw Xo m kzImcyk v \inn m aXnsb kn m w {]tbmKh cn m {ian tm , I n cn Bamib n\v A ]sanepw Bizm kw e`n patmsbv IcpXn Ahsc ]n pW a\pjy a v e`n Xv BXvamhns\ hcn p apdp phm t]m Nes pI am{Xambncpp. am\hnI {]iv\sf ka {Kambn A]{KYn amIvknk ns d kvYnXn CXmsWn {]iv\fpsS Hmtcm hisf am{Xw ]T\ n\v hnt[ bam nb Zi\fpsS kvYnXn CXnepw IjvSamWv. Chn sSbmWv, ASnkvYm\]cambn ]cnlcn stS- {]iv\ sf msW {]kIvXamhpXv. a\pjy hntamN\ ns d BXy nIamb AYsa mbncn Wsa N bn \nm Wv ]cnlcn stS- {]iv\sfs ms bmsW {]iv \ n\p D cw Dcp ncnbpI. hnaeoIcW neqsS hntamN\w Fmhcpw ]dbmdp ]nWn Xs t\m pI.F m Wv ]nWn p ImcWw? k v GXm\pw hyIvXnIfn am{Xw tI{oIcn XmsWv ]dbpI km[yamtWm? Cu `q anbnse k Zv hnXcW ns d coXnimkv{Xsa msWv \nhNn pI km[ya. Ces ]W mcn ]ecpw C v ]mcmWv.t\sc Xncn pap-v. k ns d hnXcW n a\pjy
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sFIycq]yap-mhpI Akm[yamsWv A ]w Nn n m t_m[yamIpw. ]nXmhn \nv Htc kwJy Xs A \ cmhImiambn Innb a fn Nne ]W mcmbn am dpIbpw apNne ]mcmhpIbpw sNbvXXn\v \ psSsbmw Ab ] v Xs DZmlcWfp-mhpw. Nne P\m Xs A[zm\n m Ignhnm hcmWv. apNne [q mcmWv.NnecmIs kq{X n ]Ww k mZn m Ignhp hcmWv. Cu aqv hn`mK nepw s] Hmtcmcp pw Hcp \nivNnX kwJy hoXw sImSp m A ] Znhk ptijw F v kw`hn psav A ]w Nn n m t_m [yamIpw.AXpsIm-pXs,]nWn p ]cnlmcambn \n tZin sSmdp k ns d Xpeyamb hnXcWsa Bibw Xosc A{]mtbmKnIamWv. k mZn phm\p a\pjys d B n Ahs d {]IrXnbpambn Hnt np XmWv. CXn\v "km nI kzmYX' Fv ]dbpsan Cu "kzmYX'bmWv `qanbn se ]ptcmKXns mw \nan ambnp Xv. Cu kzmYXsb \inn m\mbn "hSn'sbSp XmWv amIvknk n\v ]nb Hcp sXv. k mZn phm\p B{Klw a\pjys d am{Xw khntijXbmb kzmX{ y ns d `mKamWv. B AhIm iw \ntj[n sSpt m kzm`mhnIambpw kaql ns d ]ptcmKXn \nebv pp. Xm the sNbvXnv X\n v Iqen Inpnsn ]nssb n\v ]mSps]SWsa Nn Ah s\ aSnb\m pp. Cu aSnbn \npw Ahs\ DW m `cWIqSw hSnsbSpt -nhcpp. CXmWv IayqWnkvv cmjv{Sfn kw`hn Xv. ]nWn amphm c-v Xc nep {]h \ a\pjy
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BhiyamWv. Hv ]nWn InS phs d `mK p \nm Wv D-mth-sXn atXv ]W mcs d `mK p\nm Wv D-mth-Xv. k ns d Zphn\ntbmKhpw [q pw AanXhybhpw XStb-Xp-v. aZyhpw ab pacppIfpap ]tbmKn v ]mcmbn a sf ]nWnbnte v X nbnSp c nXm fp-v. NqXpIfn v XdhmSv ]WbsSp pIbpw a sfbpw Iqn sXcphnendt-nhcnIbpw sNbvX "DX IpePmX 'amcpw AXymhiy n\v ISw hmnbXns d t] cn ]eni sImSp v Xpe hcpw \ psSsbmw kaql nep-v. ]nWn XpS pampXns d `mKambn BZyambn sN m\p Xv Zphybhpw [q pw aZyhpw ab pacpp Ifpw NqXpIfnbpw ]enibpsamw CmsXbm pIbmWv. As\ ]nWnbpw ]cnhhpw ISphcm\p amK AS pIbmWv. k mZn phm\p Fm AhImifpw \ Ip tXmsSmw Xs A\ymbamb amKfneqsSbp k m Zys ]qWambn \ntcm[n pIbpw sN Ww. k mZn p hs d ssIhiw am{Xw kz v kzcq]n sSp Ah kvYbp-mhcpXv. kaql ns d \namW {]h \ v AXv hn\ntbmKn sSWw. ]Ww ssIhiap h ]n ip v ImWn cpXv. Bhiy v th-n ]Ww sNehgn m Ah XbmdmhWw. Xs d Npp]mSpap ]mhfp sS hnja ImWphm\pw Ahsc klmbn phm\pw A h k \mhWw. Xs d Iognep sXmgnemfnItfmSv Im cpWyt mSpIqSn s]cpamdphm\pw Alamb thX\w \ Iphm\pw Ah\v km[n Ww. A\mimky {]h \ t m A[manI hr nI t m ]Ww sNehgn sScp a\pjy
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Xv. CXn\v BZyambn hfphtc-Xv kmtlmZcyamWv. ] nWn InS p Ab mc\pw XstmseXs hnipw Zmlhpw hnImchpsamap krjvSnbmsWpw ASnkvYm \]cambn X ktlmZcmcmsWpap t_m[w.-c-m aXmbn, Xm ]W mc\msW Almc n \nv apIv XamhpIbmWv th-Xv. Xs d k mZyw Xs d A[zm\ n s dbpw _p nbpsSbpwêambn am{Xw e`n Xspw A Xv BImi`qanIfpsS DSakvYs d Zm\amsWpw Ah hnNmcn m AXv Xncns Sp pXn\v bmsXmcp {]bmkhp anspap t_m[w hcpXneqsS am{Xsa ]W mc hn\bm\znX\pw \nkzmY\pambn amdq. hnip JpB\ns d hntamN\ k ]w ChnsSbmWv hnip JpB\ns d hntamN\ k ]w {]kIvXamhpXv.]nWnbn \npw ]cnh n \n pw ùXnIamb ]cm[o\XIfn \npap tamN\ n\v hnip JpB Alamb kvYm\w \ Inbnp-v. AXn mhiyamb kmaqlnI \nbafp-m nbnp-v.Fm {]kvXpX hntamN\amWv Ghpw ASnkvYm\]cambn Bh iyap Xv F ùXnI Zi\fpsS ImgvNmSnt\mSv Jp B tbmPn pn.hyIvXnbpsSbpw kaql ns dbpw hnaeoIcW (XkvInb v -salvation) neqsSbmWv hntamN \ (Xlocodv -Liberation) ap-mth-sXmWv hnip Jp B\ns d ImgvNmSv. As\bp hntamN\ n\v am{X sa kvYmbo`mhap-mhq. ChnsS hnip JpB ùXnI Zi\fpambn Bib]camb hyXncnIvXX ]pe pp. hyIvXnbpsSbpw kaql ns dbpw hnaeoIcWw hnh neqsSbmWv D-mth-sXv ùXnI Zi\ ka a\pjy
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Yn pp. hn hw hyIvXnbpsSbpw kaql ns dbpw hna eoIcW neqsSbmWv IcKXamhpIsbmWv JpB\n s d ImgvNmSv. {]hmNI \ntbmK ns d ]ca {][m\amb e yw a\pjysc hnaeoIcn pIbmbncpp. Zpkz`mhfn \n pw Zphr nIfn \npw apIvXamIphm kaqls k PvPam pIbmWv {]hmNIm sNbvXXv. kz w AkvXn Xzs hnaeoIcn m\mbncpp {]hmNIm a\pjytcmSv BhiysXv. hnip JpB ]dbpXv t\m q: "Xo bmbpw AXns\ (a\pjymkvXnXzs ) ]cnip am nbh hnPbn p. AXns\ IfsSp nbh Xo bmbpw \n `mKyaSbpIbpw sNbvXp' (91: 9,10). ChnsS "a\pjymkvXnXzw' Fv ]cn`mjsSp nbn cn pXv "\^vkv' F Ad_n]Zs bmWv. BXvamhv(dq lv), a\ v- (Iz _v), PUw (PkZv) Fnh aqpw ASn bXmWv \^vkv. hnip JpB "\^vkv' Fv {]tbmKn ncn pXv a\pjys\ ka{Kambn kqNnn phm\mWv.B Xvamhpw a\kpw PUhpw IqSnt cpt mgmWv a\pjy F khntijamb krjvSnbp-mhpXv. "a\pjymkvXnXz s ]cnip am nbh\mWv hnPbn pI'sb JpB\n I {]kvXmh\bn a\pjys d ka{Kamb hnaeoIcWam Wv hnh n psXYw. BXvamhns dbpw a\ ns d bpw icoc ns dbpw hnaeoIcWt mSp IqSn am{Xsa a \pjy\v hnPbn m\mhq F JpB\nI ho Ww am{X amWv hntamN\s kw_\v[n v hyIvXhpw B[nImcnI hpamb tcJ {]Zm\w sN pXv. hyIvXnI \mhmsX kaqlw \mhpIbns h a\pjy
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kvXpX Cv Fmhcpw AwKoIcn pIgn np-v.icoc n s dbpw a\ -ns dbpw BXvamhns dbpw ka{Kamb ]cn ip nbneqsS am{Xsa hyIvXnI \mhpIbp q. CXv aq ns\bpw Hsct]mse ]cnKWn ppshXv Ckvemans\ av ùXnI Zi\fn \npw kvYm]\aXfn \npw Htct]mse hyXncnIvXam pp. BXvamhns\ AhKWn p sIm-v icoc ns d ]pjvSn pth-nbmWv ùXnI Zi \ {ian psXn t\sc adn v icocs AhKWn p sIm-v BXvaob tam nse nt cm\mWv kvYm]\ aX Blzm\w sN pXv. JpB\mIs "\^vkns d hnaeoIcW neqsS hnPbnIfmhpIsbmWv ]Tnn p Xv. icochpw a\kpw BXvamhpw Hsct]mse ]cnKWn sSWsaYw. ChnsS "hnaeoIcWw' Fv AYw \ Inbncn p Xv "XkvInb v' F Ad_n ]Z n\mWv.Cu ]Z n\v hnaeoIcWw Fpw hnIk\w Fpw c-Yfp-v.a\p jymkvXnXz ns d hnip nbneqsSbmWv hnIk\ap-mhp Isbpw Cu ZzbmY]Z ns d D]tbmK n \nv A \pam\n mhpXmWv. Cv imkv{XtemIw F nsncn p {][m\s {]Xnk\v[n p ]cnlmchpw hnaeoIcW neqsSbp hnIk\amsWmWv B[p\nI imkv{X Zm i\nIm Nq-n mWn pXv. tIhe imkv{X ns d hIvXm kzX{ amb KthjWw A\phZn Wsapw am\hXm hmZ m KthjW v hne v I ]n Wsa pw Aeapdbnp sIm-ncn pXn\nSbn imkv{X temIw hyIvXamsbmcp {]Xnk\v[nbnemWnv.Hcp`mK v imkv{X ]ptcmKXn {]IrXnsbbpw ]cnkvYnXnsbbpw As\ a\p a\pjy
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jys\bpw XI pXn\v \nan ambns m-ncn pp. a dp`mK mIs imkv{Xs Hgn p\n ns m-p \mK cnIXsb pdn v Nn n m t]mepw Ignbm hn[ n a\pjy imkv{Xhpambn _\v[n sncn pp. imkv{X s Fs\ am\hoIcn mw F N bnemWv imkv{X Zmi\nIm Cv Gsncn pXv. ChnsSbmWv "hna eoIcW neqsSbp hnIk\w'F JpB\nIamb B ibw {]kIvXamhpXv. km nIcwKs {]iv\fpsS ]cnlmc n\mbn hnip JpB aptmpsh p ] XnI Cu Bi bs IqSpX hyIvXam phm\pXIpXmWv.apXemfnsb bpw sXmgnemfnsbbpw ]W mcs\bpw ]Wn mcs\bpsa mw a\pjy kaql ns d A\nhmcy LSIsf \ne bv v JpB AwKoIcn pp.Ah X n kwL\am Wp-mth-sX ho Ww Ckveman\n.hyXykvX hn`m K X nep ]mckv]cy nmWv Ckvemw Du \ IpXv.sXmgnemfnbpsS hnbv hpXn\pap v thX\w \ IWsav ]Tnn p {]hmNI () sXmgnseSp p Xns d amlmXvays bpw AtXmsSmwXs sXmgnemfnbp sS _m[yXIsfbpw Ipdn v t_m[hmmcm pp-v. km nI cwKs NqjWsfbpw [q ns\bpw ]nip n s\bpw Ckvemw hnain pp. imcocnItam atm Bb I gnhp tISpIfm km nI cwK v hnjaa\p`hn p hyIvXnIsf kwc nt - _m[yX kaql n\mWp sXmWv {]hmNI ]Tnn Xv.Ckvemanse "kIm v' hy hkvYbpsS e yaXmWv. apXemfn Xs d k ns d c -c iXam\w \n_\v[ambn Zm\w sN WsamWv Ckv a\pjy
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emans d imk\. kIm v [\nIs d HuZmcya; Zcn{Z s d AhImias{X. apXemfn ]mhsh\v \ Ip \m Wb ppIf kIm v. k s d ASp p\nv cmjv {Stam kaqlw D chmZsSp nb av kvYm]\tfm ]n cns Sp pIbpw AlXsh v hnXcWw \S pIbpw sN pIbmWv kIm ns d cq]w.kIm v ssZhnIamb im k\IfpsS ASnkvYm\ n kwLSnn v hnXcWw sN m kaqlw k ambm temI p\nv Zmcn{Zysa {] iv\w GXm-v ]qWambn s ]cnlcn m Ignbpw.C kvemanI cmjv{S n kIm v hmphm BcpanmXncp AhkvYbp-mbnv ASp cmjv{S nte v Ah hnX cWw sNbvX kw`hw Ncn{X nep-mbnp-v. \n_\v[Zm\amb kIm v k ns d ip oIc WamsWmWv JpB ]Tnn pXv. \tS kqNnn Xp t]mse hnIk\sapw hnaeoIcWsapw AYap "k Im v' F ]ZamWv \n_\v[ Zm\ n\v JpB \ Inbncn p kmtXnI ]Zsa Imcyw {it bamWv.kIm v hyhkvY kaql n hnXcWw sN m Ahs\ \n _\v[nn pIbpw sN pp. F{X henb k v A\ cambn e`n hyIvXnbmbncpmepw AXv sInqn sh m hjw tXmdpw c-ciXam\w \n_\v[ Zm\w \ Ip ] w \m ]Xv hj n\p n B k v Xop t]mIp sa Nn AekX AIpIbpw k ns d D ]mZ\ cwK nd m t{]cnn pIbpw sN pp. As\ kIm v hyhkvY hyIvXnbpsS hnaeoIcW n\pw km nI hnIk\ n\pw \nan amIpp. CXpXsbmWv Fm cwKs bpw AhkvY.hyIvXn a\pjy
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bpsS hnip nbneqsSbmWv kmaqlnI hnhhpw \St sXmWv Ckvemans d ImgvNmSv. \^vkns d hnaeoIc Wsa JpB\nI ]cmaiw C\nbpw Hcp]mSv hniZoIc Wfln pXmWv.imcocnIhpw am\knIhpw BXvaob hpamb hnip nbmWv a\pjysc ]ptcmKXnbnte v \bn p Xv; ùXnIhpw ]mc{XnIhpamb ]ptcmKXnbmWv ChnsS hnh n sSpXv. hnaeoIcW neqsSbp hnIk\w F JpB\nI k ] nte v temIw \SSp p sIm -ncn pIbmWv. F mWv ka{Kamb hnaeoIcWw Fv hniZoIcn phm , imkv{X Zmi\nIm v Ignbpns XmWv Cu cwKs Ghpw henb {]Xnk\v[n. Ah v amK\ntZ-iw \ Im Ignbp GI {K\vYw JpB\s{X. a\pjy\nse arKs ImWphm am{XamWv imkv {X n\v Ign np Xv. a\pjyXzw {]Zm\w sN p BXv amhns d AkvXnXzs pdn v imkv{X n\v Hpw ]dbm Ignbn. BXva PvRm\w ]t{nb PvRm\ n\v ]pd mWv. ssZhnI {K\vYamb hnip JpB am{XamWv a \pjymkvXnXz ns d cN\mXvaIhpw \ntj[mXvaIhpamb hisf IWniambn AhXcnn p, Cv \ne\n p GI B[nImcnI {K\vYw. Cu hnip JpB\n\v am{X sa a\pjysc ss]imNnIXbn \nv AIn am\hnIXbn te v \bn m\mhq. bpKI I p ap n Imelc WsSmsX, {]kIvXn \jvSsSmsX AP ambn \n p JpB\ns d {]Jym]\w F{X icn! ""AXmIpp {K\vYw! AXn kwibtabn.kq va X ]men ph v t\hgn ImWn pXs{X AXv'' (2:2). a\pjy
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G-gvF- n-\v- Po-hn- -Ww-?Bcv Fs ms d mepw arKamIphm a\pjy\v kzm`mhnIamb Hcp Xzcbp-v. ssZhnIamb hne pI X I v ss]imNnIamb ioe kzoIcn phm\p B thiw. Ahv ap n ssZhnI \ntZi v bmsXmcp hnebpan. ""ssZh\ntZ-i ]men v a\pjy\mbn Pohn pXp sIm-v F v {]tbmP\w?'Fh tNmZn pp. "arKambn Pohn v ss\anjnI kpJa\p`hn pXp sIm-v F mWv Ipgw?' Fh At\zjn pp. CXns d adp hi v, Hcp Xnbpanm Hcp temIs pdn kz]v\w Fm a\pjy pap-v. 1516 {]kn oIcn s tXmakv aqdns d "Dtmnb' F t\mhen k ]n sncn p Xv A csamcp temIamWv. A{Iahpw A\oXnbpanm "Dtmnb' Zzo]n kZvkz`mhnbpw kXyk\v[\pamb "Dtmkv' cmPmhns d {]PI klIcWt msSbpw k am[m\t msSbpw Pohn psIm-ncn pp. CXmWv "Dtm nb'bpsS CXnhr w. "AkaXzfpw A{Iafpanm \msf'sb a\pjya\ ns d kzm`mhnIamb tX ns d IYmhnjvImcamWv "Dtmnb'sbv ]dbmw. 1623 {]kn oIcn s tXmakv Imw]s\mbpsS "Zn knn Hm^v Zn k' F cN\bpw"kpcamsbmcp temIw' F a\pjy [njWbpsS tX ns d BhnjvImcamWv. Imd amIv kv a\pjya\ pIfn hf nb "hKclnX IayqWnkvv kaqlw' F kz]v\ n\v ]nnepw A csamcp k ]amWp Xv.kaXzkpcamb Hcp temIw t\SnsbSp m\m a\pjy
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bn F v XymKhpw kln m a\pjy k cmhpw. d jy hnh n acn ]Xn\mbncfpsS kz]v\w Cu "kaXzkpc temI'ambncpphtm.I qcnepw hbemdnepw Nn nb tNmcbpw Cu temI n\v th-n s. "kaXz kpcamsbmcp temIw' F kz]v\ ns d km m Imc n\pth-n _enbmSpIfmbn amdnb ]Xn\m bnc W n\v a\pjya\ pIsf -pdn v ]dbm `qXIme Ncn{X n\v km[n pw. As\sbmcp temIs pdn anYymkz]v\fpsS ap{Zm hmIyfn BIrjvScmbn, h cm t]mIp "\ \msf'Ifn "]d m\ncn p' sImSn hln v cIvXkm nIfmbn amdnbh F v t\Snsb tNm Zy n\v sImSnbpw hSnbpw ap{ZmhmIyfpw \nan p sIm Sp ùXnIZi\fpsS hIvXm s mpw hyIvXam b D cw \ Im Ign nn. kzbw XymKw kln v a p h pth-n F n\v {]h n Ww F {]iv\ n \pw AhcpsS ssIIfn D csampan. A\iz-cX p-th-n-bp- B{Klw- a\p-jym-kv-Xn-Xz n-s d kzm-`m-hn-Iam-b tXfn-sem-m-Wv.- Cu- {]] n-te v- Itm-Sn- p- \mw- a\p-jy-Xp-ey-am-b Hcp- Akv Xn-Xz-s FhnsSbpw- Im-Wp-n- .-{]] n-se ]ctam akr-jv-Sn- a\p-jy\m-Wv.- tIm-Sm-\p-tIm-Sn- kw-h -kcfmbp {]] n-s -d ]cnWm-a n-\n-Sbn - a\p-jy-s\ ]c tam -Ir-jv-S kr-jv-Sn- {]Xy o-`hn- n-v- GXm-\pw- kl{km _v-Z - am-{Xta Bbn-p- q.- `q-an-bm-Iam-\w- Hp- Ip-ep-nbm - B kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS Akv-XnXzw- Ahkm-\n- p-Ibpw- sN p-p.- a\p-jy-ico-cw- GtXXp- ùXnI LSI - tN-p -m-bXm-tWm- Ahbp-sSsbmw- hb v- tImSm-\p-tIm-Sn- sIma\pjy
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w- \o--p-\n - p-p. \mw- Dbn-scSp- p-Xn-\p-ap-t Ah Chn-sSbp--m-bn-cp-p.- \ p-sS acW n-\p tijhpw- Ip-td h-j - Ah Chn-sS Ahtijn- pw-.- Fm - Cu- {]] n-se k-thm -Ir-jv-Sam-b Akv-Xn-Xzw- GXm\pw- hj - am-{Xw- Cu- `q-an-bn - Po-hn p-p.- ]cam-h[n- \q-n-bncp ]Xv- h-j - am-{Xw.- CXv- a\p-jy-_p- n- Aw-Ko-Icn- p-n .-Xm - k-thm -Ir-jv-S\m-sWp- ]dbsSWsan - CuPo-hn-X n\p- ]p-dsa asm-cp- Po-hn-Xw- thWsav- a\p-jy B{Kln- pp.\ sN m - a\p-jy-\n - P\m-Xs Hcp- hm-k\ bp--v.- Xn-tbm-Sv- Ah\v- shdp- m-Wv.- ]t ,- F m-Wv- \ sbpw- F m-Wv- Xn-sbpw- hy-Iv-Xam-bn- \n-hNn- m - a \p-jy-\v- km[n- p-n- .-Ah - ]Tn- p-sh n-p- Xn- sN p hy-Iv-Xn-Ifn - ]ecpw- Cltem-I v- kp-Jku-Icy-f\p `hn- p-Xm-bpw- \ sN p-hcn - ]ecpw- Ijv-SsSp- Xm-bpw- Im-WsSpp. \ pw- Xn- pw- X Xm-b {]Xn-^ ew- \ -Ip-hm - Cu-tem-Is bm-sXm-cp- kw-hn-[m-\ n-\pwIgn-bn-sXm-Wv- hmkv-Xhw.- kz- w- Po-hn-Xw- ap-gp-h - a\pjy-tkh\ n-\p- th-n- \o- n-sh ]e al p- - pwkaq-lw- \ -In-b {]Xn-êw- aZ\fpw- ]o-U\fpw- A] am-\fp-am-bn-cp-p-shm-Wv- Ncn-{Xw ]Tn- n- p-Xv.-Ahcn - ]ecp-sSbpw- tkh\sf p-dn- v- kaqlw- bYm-Yw- hn enbn-cp- p-Xp- Xs Ahcp-sS acW n-\p-tijam-bn-cp p.- Atm - ]n-s Ahcp-sS tkh\ - pw- XymK pw- {]Xn-êw- \ -IsSp- Hcp- thZn- Bhiy-an-t?- CXns -d adp-hiw- t\m- p-I.- kaq-lfp-sS Zp-c - v- \nan am-b {]h- \ - sNbv-Xv- Po-hn- v,- AXn-\n-Sbn - kp a\pjy
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J{]Zam-bn- ]p-sa bn - In-Sv- Cltem-Ihm-kw- shSn hsc p-dn- pw- N-cn-{Xw- [m-cm-fam-bn- \ap- v- ]d p-Xcp-p -v.- Ah- sNbv-X {Iq-cXI - Cpw- \s sRn- n- phm - t]m-Xm-Wv.- ]t ,- {]kv-Xp-X {Iq-cXI - sNbv-Xv- s]m-n n-cn- v- B m-Z n-an- n - aXn-adv- Iq- m-Sn-s m--n-cn- pXn-n-Sbn-em-Wv- Ahcn - ]escbpw- acWw- ISm- n- Xv.A h- v- Xfp-sS {IqcXI - v- X Xm-b in- sIm-Sp- m Ign-bp-n-sn - ]ns \- sN Wsapw- Xn- shSn-b Wsapw- ]dbp--X-n-s\ p-hn-e?- C\n- Ahsc in- n- m Ign- m - Xs Ah- sNbvX {Iq-cXI - v- Xp-ey-am-b in- \ -Ip-hm - GXp- \o-Xn-\ym-b hy-hkv-Y m-Wv- IgnbpI?- Hcm-sf h[n- h\pw- Bbn-csf sIm-sm-Sp- n-bh\pw\ p-sS tIm-SXn-I - v- \ -Im - Ign-bp- ]cam-h[n- in- h[ in- bm-Wtm.- CsXs\ \ym-bam-Ipw?-ù-Xn-I \o-Xn\ym-b tIm-SXn-I -s m-pw-Xs \ pw Xn pw- X Xmb {]Xn-êw -\ -Im - km-[y-asv- a\ n-em p-t m - A hbv- v- X p-ey-am-b {]Xn-êw- \ -IsSp- Hcp- thZn- pth-n- a\p-jy-a\ v- B{Kln- p-p.- Cu- tem-I n-se kwhn-[m-\sfm-pwXs {]kv-Xp-X thZn- v- ]n-bXsp- a \ n-em- p-t m - {]Xn-êthZn- Cu- Po-hn-X n-em-bn- q-sS v- kzm-`m-hn-Iam-bpw- a\p-jy-_p- n- hn-[n- p-p.A\iz-c\m-IWsa B{Klap- h\m-Wv- a\p-jy .Bbp n-s d \iz-cXsb p-dn- v- \m-bn- t_m-[ap- hcmsWn-epw- Xfp-sS I-afp-sS êw- A\iz-cam-IWsa -pw- ap- hcp-sS a\ n-sen-epw- Po-hn- n-cn- Wsapw- B {Kln- p-hcm-Wv- \ sfmw.- acw- sh p-]n-Sn- n- p- ]m-h s Hcp- ]Sp-hr- \pw- acWi bn - In-Sv- Xs d t]cn a\pjy
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al - \n-an- m - Hky p- \ -Ip- N{Ih- n-bpw- CuB{Klam-Wv- {]ISn- n- p-Xv; Xm - acn- m-epw- GsXn-ep sam-c-Y n - Po-hn- Wsa B{Klw.- acWt m-Sp-Iq-Sn- a \p-jy-Po-hn-Xw- ]q-Wam-bn- s Ahkm-\n- p-sav- Zr-V am-bn- hn-iz-kn- p- ù-Xn-Ihm-Zn-I - t]mepw- X - A\ am-bn- \n-e\n - Wsav- B{Kln- p-hcm-Wv.-cIv-Xkm n- acn- p-n- ; Ah- Fspw- Po-hn- n-cn- ppshv- {] Jym-]n- p-hcp-sS lr-Zb - I v- Fspw- Pohn- ncn- Wsa B{Klam-Wp- sXv- ]dtb-Xn- tm.Xs -d B-bp- n-\p-dw- \o--p-\n - p- êfp-m p I-a - sN p-hm - Ignhp- GIPo-hn- a\p-jy-\mWv.- Xfp-sS- Po-hn-X n-s -d AXn-cp-I - I v- am-{Xw- H Xp-p- êfp--m- p- I-a - sN m-t\ CXc Po hn-I - v- Ign-bq.- a\pjy-sNbv-Xn-I - As\b.- Ahbp sS ê - \Xm-bmepw- No- bm-bm-epw- Ahs -d Bbp n-\p-dt pIq-Sn- \o-fp-p.-tdUn-tbm- I-p-]n-Sn- imkv{XPv-Rs -d I-afp-sS k êhpw- Btm-an-I t_mw-_vI-p-]n-Sn- im-kv-{XPv-Rs -d Iafp-sS Zp-jv-êhpw- Ah cp-sS Bbp- n-\p-tijw- \q-m--p-I - Ign- m-epw- P\w- A\p`hn- p -sIm--n-cn- p-p.-a\p-jy-cp-sS Ia - `q-an-bn-ep-m p- ê - A\iz-cam-sWn - {]kv-Xp-X I-aw- sNbvXh\v- e`n- p- {]Xn-êhpw- A\iz-camtI-Xt?- AsX sbm-Wv- km-am-\y-_p- n- \ -Ip- D cw.- A\ am-b e yfp- a\p-jy-I-a - v- e`n- p- {]Xnêhpw- A \ am-bn-cn- Ww.acW n\p- tijap- Hcp- Po-hn-Xw- a\p-jy-_p- n-bpsS kzm`m-hn-Iam-b tXfn-sem-m-Wv.-Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X Im-ew- ap a\pjy
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X - p-Xs acWm-\ c Po-hn-X n-ep- hn-izm-kw- \n-e \nn-cp-pshm-Wv- D -J\\ KthjW - Im-Wn- p-Xv. acWt m-Sp-Iq-Sn- Ahkm-\n- p-Xm-Wv- a\p-jy- Po-hn-Xsa n - \,-kXyw,-]tcm-]Im-cw,-tkh\w Xp-Sn-bhs mpwbm-sXm-cp- hn-ebpan-sp -hcp-p.- Xn-Ifpw- A{IafpwsNbv-Xv- Cu- Wn-I Po-hn-Xw- Bkzm-Zy-Icam- m - th-n{ian- p-bm-tfm-Sv- AXp- icn-bsp- ]dbp-hm-\p- Ahk cap--m-hp-n- .- AXp-sIm-p-Xs acWm-\ cw- Hcp- Po-hn Xap--m-bn-cn- Ww.- Cu- Po-hnX n - sh p- sNbv-X \I - v- X Xm-b {]Xn-êhpw- Xn-I v- X p-ey-am-b in bpw- \ -Ip-hm - km-[n- p- co-Xn-bn - kwhn-[m-\n- s H cp- Po-hn-Xw-.- B- Po-hn-Xan-s-n - a-\p-jy-s\-- D -Ir-jv-S- krjv-Sn-bp-sS- A-kv-Xn-Xz- n-\v- bm-sXm-cp- h-n-e-bp-an- .- {]-kvXp-XPo-hn-X- n - sh- v- B{K-l - ap-gp-h k^-eo-IrX-am-hWw.-A-Xn-\p- X- -hn-[- n - A-\-iz-c-am-bn-cn- -Ww- ac-Wm\ - -c Po-hn-Xw.A-\-iz-c-am-b- H-cp- a-cWm-\- -c- Po-hn-X-ap-s--n - BPo-hnX- n-se- kp-J-hpw- kw-Xr-]v-Xn-bp-am-bn-cn- pw- b-Ym-Y nep- - kpJw;- A-Xn-se- B- m-Z-am-bn-cn- pw- b-Ym-Y- n ep- - B- mZw;- A-Xn-se- {]-bm-k--fpw- Zp-cn-X--fp-am-bn-cn pw- i-cn- p- - Zp-cnXw.- A-Xp-sIm--p-X-s- a-\p-jy-cp-sS- C ltem-I- Po-hn-X- n-s d- e yw-- a-cWm-\- -c- Po-hn-X- n-setam- -am-bn-cn- -Ww.- -Wn-I-am-b- Cu- Po-hn-X- n-se- kp-J -fpw- Zpx-J--fpsamw- Xm - m-en-I-am-Wv.- A-Xn-\m Cu- Pohn-X- n - A -]w- Xym-Kw- kln- m-epw- a-c-Wm-\- -cw- kpJwe-`n- -W-sa-- co-Xn-bn - a-\p-jy- X--f-p-sS- Po-hn-Xw- Nn--sSp- Ww.- \n-Xy-am-b- H-cp- Po-hn-X- n-te- p- - H-cp- Ir-jn-bnSwa\pjy
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am-{X-am-bn-cn- pw- a-c-Wm-\- -c- Po-hn-X- n - hn-iz-kn- p-- Hcm-sf- kw-_-\-v[n- n-S-t m-fw- Cu- tem-I-Po-hn-Xw.- A-Xp-sIm-p -X-s- Abm-f-psS- Po-hn-X- n-\v- A-Sp- pw- Nn--bp-ap--m-Ip- Xn-\pw- A-Xv- \--bn-e-[n-jv-Tn-X-am-Ip--Xn-\pw- Cu- hn-izm-kw\n-an- -am-bn- o-cp-p.a-c-Wm-\- -cw- H-cp- Po-hn-Xw- th-W-sa-v- a-\p-jy-a-\- vB-{Kln- p-p-sh-Xv- t\-cv.- F-m - A- -c-sam-cp- Po-hn-Xap--v F-Xn-\v- F- m-Wv- sX-fn-hv?- Cu- tem-I- v- I-s - n -m - In-p-- kpJ-ku-I-cy- - sh-Sn- v- a-c-Wm-\- -c- Po hn-X- n-se- \-- p-th-n ]-cn-{i-a-n- p--Xv- A-h-km-\w- hrYmhn-em-Ip-tam?- ]-c-tem-I v- t]m-bn- B-cpwX-s- a-S-nh-n-ns--Xn-\m - -a-c-Wm-\- -c- Po-hn-X- n - {]-Xo- -I-f- n- p Xv- hy-Y-am-Ip-tam?- C- -cw- tNmZy- - kz-m-`m-hn-I-am-Wv. a-c-Wm-\- -c- Po-hn-X-s - p-dn- ]-T\- n-\v- ]-Zm--Y-s -bpwAXn-s d- kz`m--sf-bpw- Ip-dn- - ]-T-\ n-\v- \mw- D-]-tbm-Kn p- am-K- - Xo-sc- A-\p-tbm-Py-a- .- acW-s -tm-epw\n-h-Nn- m - C-Xp-h-sc- I-gn- n-n- m- - im-kv{Xo-b- \n-co W- co-Xn-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn- v- a-c-Wm-\- -c- Po-hn-X-s - kw_-\v-[n v- \mw- a-\- n-em- p--sX--s\?- Cu- {]-]--s - p-dn- v- ] Tn- p-hm - cq-]-I -]-\- sN-bv-Xn-p- - im-kv-{X-kn m- --fp ]-tbm-Kn- v- {]-]-m-Xo-X-am-b- H-cp- Im-cy-s -bpw- Ip-dn- v- a-\ n-em p-hm - I-gn-bn-s-v- km-am-\y-_p- n-X-s- k- -Xn- pp.-Atm - ]n-s- a-c-Wm-\- -c- Po-hn-X- n-s -d- k-Xy-X- \ap-s -s\- t_m-[y-s-Spw?k-z- w- Po-hn-X- n-s - e y-s - p-dn- v- A-t\z-jn- psIm--n-cn- p-- a-\p-jy- v- ap- n - {]-kv-Xp-X- e- y-s Ip-d-n v- Ir-Xy-am-bn- ]-d- p-sIm-Sp- -h-cm-bn-cp-p- {]-hm-N-I a\pjy
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m.-a-c-Wm-\- -c- Po-hn-X-s -Ip-dn- v- A-h- ]-d- -Xv- ssZ-ht_m-[-\--fp-sS- A-Sn- m-\- n-em-bn-cp-p.- k-t -iz-c-\m \n-tbm-Kn- -s--h-cm-Wv- X--sf-v- hy- -am- p-- h-y- -ambsX-fn-hp-I-fp-am-bm-Wv- A-h- k-aq-l- n-\p- ap- n - {]-Xy- s-Xv-.-k-Xy-k- -cm-b- {]-hm-N-I-m-cp-sS- Po-hn-X- hn-ip- n-bn \n-pw- A-h-cn-eq-sS- {]-Xy- -s-- ssZ-hn-I- Zr-jv-Sm- --fn \n-pw- A-h- ]-d-bp-- Im-cy- - ssZ-hn-I- t_m-[-\- n-s A-Sn- m-\- n - X-s-bm-bn-cp-p-sh-v- hy- -am-bn-cp-p.-a -c-Wm-\- -c -Po-hn-s -Ip-dn- v- A-Xn-s - kw-hn-[m-b-I - \-s A-dn-bn- m - D-t-in- - Im-cy- - {]-hm-N-I-m-cn-eq-sS- sh-fns-Sp- p-I-bm-bn-cp-p-sh-v- km-cw.a-X--fp-sS-sbmw- s]m-Xp-hm-b- X- z--fn-sem-m-Wva-cWm\- -c- Po-hn-X- n-ep- - hn-izm-k-sa-Xv- Im-Wm - I-gnbpw.- hn-iZmwi--fn - hy-Xy-kv-X-am-sW-nepw- ]-ctem-I- Pohn-X-s - p-dn- - hn-izm-kw- F- m- a-X-k-aq-l--fn-epw- \n-e-\n - p-p--v.- A-hKm-l-am-b- ]T-\w- hn-i-Zmw-i--fn-ep- - hyXymkw- ]n-o-Sv- I-S-ph--Xm-sW-pw- F- m- a-X- k-aq-l- fp-sS-bpw- D -]- n-Im-e- v- H-tc- cq-]- n-ep- - ]-c-tem-I- hniz-m-kw- X-s-bm-bn-cpp \n-e-\nn-cp--sX-pw- hy-Iv-X-ampp--v.- a-c-Wm-\- -cw- F- p- kw-`hn- p-p-sh--Xn-s\- p-dn va-X-{]-hm-N-I-m-scmw- ]-d- -Xv C--s\- kw-t -]n- mw:--"a\pjy - a-c-W-s-Sp--tXmSp-Iq-Sn- A-h-s -d- Po-hn-Xw- A-hkm\n- p-n- .- im-iz-X-am-b- H-cp- ]-c-tem-IPo-hn-Xw- h-cm-\n-cn- p tX-bp q.-- \--I - pw- Xn--I - pw- B- th-Zn-bn -sh- v- X -Xm-b- {]-Xn-^-ew- e-`n- pw.- {k-jv-Sm-hpw- ]cn]m-e-I-\p-am-bk-h-i-Iv-X - A-dn-bn- p-X-- hn-[n-hn-e- p-I - AwKo-I-cn- psIm--v- Po-hn- p--Xm-Wv- a-c-Wm-\- -c- Po-hn-X- n-se- imiz a\pjy
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X- hn-P-b- n-\p- - am-Kw.- k-Xy-hn-iz-m-kn-I-fp-sS- B-{K-l- fpw- A-`n-em-j--fpw- {]-Xo- -I-fpw- k- -]--fp-samw- km m-XvI-cn- -s-Sp-- ]-c-tem-I- v- sh- p- X-s- k-Xy-\n-tj [n-I - v- ITn-\-am-b- in- -bpw- \ -I-s-Sp-w'.tem-I- p- h-- F- m- {]-hm-N-I-m-cpw- ]-Tn- n- - X- z -fnsem-m-Wv- a-c-Wm-\- -c- Po-hn-X- n-ep- - hn-izm-k-sa-v]-d- phtm.-sk-an-n-Iv- {]-hm-N-I-m-cpw- `m-c-Xo-b- E-jn-amcpsamw- a-cWm-\- c- Po-hn-X-s - p-dn- v- ]-Tn- n- n-cp--XmbnIm-Wm - I-gn-bpw.-k-Xy-hn-izm-kn-I - v- {]-th-in- p-hm-\p kzK-cm-Py-s - p-dn- pw- Zp-hr- - m-bn- H-cp- n-sh- n-p - \c-I-s -bpw- Ip-dn- v- {]-t_m-[-\w- sN- m-sX- H-cp- {]-hm N-I-\pw- Ign- p-t]m-bn-n-s-Xm-Wv- hm-kv-X-hw.- Jp-B ]-d -sX-{X- i-cn-:- ""Xo- -bm-bpw- \n-s- \mw- A-b- n-cn- p -Xv- k-Xy-hpw- sIm--m-Wv.-H-cp- k-t m-j-hm - A-dn-bn p-h-\pw- Xm- o-Xp-Im-c-\p-am-bn-v.- H-cp- Xm- o-Xp-Im-c - I-gn pt]m-Im- - H-cp- k-ap-Zm-b-hp-an- ''.- (35:-24)A\izcXsb ]p Iphm\p a\pjya\ ns d A`n hmsbbpw XnIfnm temIs pdn a\pjymXv amhns d Bisbbpw a\pjyPohnbpsS {]tbmP\hmZs bpw ka\zbnn pIbmWv Ckvemw ]ctemI hnizmk n eqsS sN pXv.Cu temIs ss\anjnIamb PohnX n \ sNbvXm acWm\ cw kpcamb kzKcmPyw {] Xnêambn e`n pw. Xn sNbvXht\m `bm\Iamb \cI PohnXamWv e`n pI.F n\v \ sN Wsa a\pjy Po hnbpsS tNmZy n\p D cw ChnsS e`n pp. "]c temI PohnX n kzKw IckvYam phm '. XnIfpw {]bmkfpanm kpctemIsa a\pjymXvamhns d a\pjy
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ASm Bibpw kzK-temIsa hnizmk n km mXvIrXamhpp. a-c-Wm-\- -c- Pohn-X n-s - k-Xy-X-sb-Ip-dn- - B-i- bpw- Jp-B-\n-se- p-t m - C- m-sX-bm-Ip-p.- Jp-B - ]q --am-bpw- ssZ-hn-I-am-sW-v- \n-e-hn-ep- - hn- m-\- im-J I-sfmw- km- yw- h-ln- p-p--v.- Jp-B-\p-am-bn- {]-Xy- s-- ap-l- -Zv- \-_n-()-bm-h-s- k-Xy-k- -X- v- i-{Xp- fpsSt]m-epw- Aw-Ko-Im-c- n-\v- ]m-{X-am-b- hy- n-bm-Wv.- D- -S- w\q-dv- i-X-am-\w k-Xy-am-sW--Xn-\v- Jp-B - kz-bw- km- n \n - p-p.- A-Xn - A-k-Xy-sa-m-ap---m-Im\n-S-bn-s-v- A Xp-am-bn- h-- hy- n-bp-sS- Po-hn-X-hpw- km- yw- h-ln- p-p.a-c-Wm- -c- Po-hn-X n-s - k-Xy-X- m-]n- p-I-bpw- A-hn-sSkw-`-hn- m-\n-cn- p-- Im-cy--sf-Ip-dn- v- hn-i-Zo-I-cn- p-IbpwsN- p-p-v- Jp-B .-A-Xn-s - aq-n-semv- `m-K- v- Du-n]-d- n-cn- p-- hn-izm-k-am-W-Xv.\I pw XnI pw X Xmb {]Xnêw e`n p thZn hcm\ncn ppsh t_m[w a\pjysc sXp Ifn \nv AIpp. \ sN m\hv t{]cW \ Ip Xpw {]kvXpX t_m[w Xs.\bpsSbpw XnbpsSbpw X Xmb {]Xnêw \ IpXv ]S X pcm\mWv FXn \m Xs AhnsS bmsXmcp A\oXnbpap-mhpIbn. ""Atm B Hcp AWphns d Xq w \ sNbvXn cppthm Ah\Xv ImWpw.B Hcp AWphns d Xq w Xn sNbvXncppthm AXpah ImWpw''(hn.Jp-B -99:7,8). hn-ip- - Jp-B-\n - a-c-Wm-\- -c- Po-hn-X- n-s -d- kXy-X- Du-n-bq-n- -d-bp-I-bpw- kz-K -{]m-]v-Xn- p-th--n- ]-cna\pjy
Page 84
{i-an-t ---Xn-s -d- Bh-iy-I-X-sb- bp-Iv-Xn-bp-Iv-Xw- kv-Ym-]n pI-bpw- sN pp--v.- k-Xy- n ,- ]-c-tem-I-Po-hn-X-s - kw_-\v-[n- v- hn-ip- - Jp-B-\n-s\-tm-se- hn-i-Z-am-bn- {]-Xn-]m-Zn -s-n-p- - a-sm-cp- {K-\v-Y-an- .- a-c-Wm-\- -c-Po-hn-X-s - \ntj-[n- p--h- p- - adp-]-Sn-bpw- {]-kv-Xp-X- Po-hn-X-s - k a-Yn- p-- {]-Xn-]m-Z-\--fpw- am-{X-a- Jp-B-\n-ep- -Xv.- kz K -Po-hn-X- n-se- B-\--{]-Z-amb- A-\p-`-h--sf-bpw- \-c-I nse- {]-bm-k--sf-bpw- Ip-dn- v- hn-iZam-b- ]-cm-a-i- - JpB-\n-ep--v.- G-Xm-\pw- Jp-B - kq-IvXfp-sS- km-cw- {i- n p-I-:"G-sXm-cp- tZ-l-hpw- a-c-Ww- B-kz-Zn- p--Xm-Wv.- \n-fp-sS- {]-Xn-^-e- - D-bn-s -gp-t -]n-s -d- \m-fn - am-{Xta- \n- v- ]q-W-am-bn- \ -I-s-Sp-I-bp- q.-A-tm - Bcv- \-c-I- n \nv- A-I-n-\n- -s-Sp-I-bpw- kz-K- n - {]th-in- n- -s-SpI-bpw- sN- p-p-thm- A-h-\m-Wv- hn-P-bw- t\ Sp--Xv.- sF-ln-I-PohnXw- I_-fn- n- -s-Sp-- H-cp- hn-`-h-a- msX- a-sm-p-a- '- (3:185)."hn-iz-kn- p-I-bpw- k-Zv-I-a- - {]-h- n- -p-I-bpwsN-bv-Xh v- Xm-gv-`m-K- p-Iq-Sn- \Zn-I-sfm-gp-Ip-- kz-K-t mp-I - e-`n m-\p-s--v- k-t m-j-hm- - A-dn-bn- p-I'-(2-:25). "A-hn-iz-kn- p-I-bpw- \- p-sS- Zr-jv-Sm- - - \n-tj-[n p- X- p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X-h-cm-tcm- A-h-cm-bn-cn- pw- \-c-Im-h-Im in-I .- A-hc-Xn - \n-Xy-hm-kn-I-fm-bn-cn- pw'- (2:-39)."kq- v-a-X-bp- -h- v- hm-Kv-Zm-\w- sN- -s-n-p- - k-z -K- n-s -d- A-h-kv-Y- F--s\sb-m - A-Xn - ]-I - h cm- - sh - n-s -d- A-c-p-hn-I-fp--v.- cp-Nn-t`-Zw- h-cm- - ]mena\pjy
Page 85
s -d- A-cp-hnI-fpw- I-p-Sn- p--h- v- B-kzm-Zy-am-b- a-Zy- ns -d- A-cp-hn-I-fpw- ip- o-I-cn- -s-- tX-\n-s -d- A-cp-hn-I-fp ap--v.- A-h- -Xn - Fm- -cw- Im-bv-I-\n-I-fp-ap--v.- X-fpsS- c- n-Xm-hn-- -\n-p- - ]m]-tam-N-\-hp-ap--v.- (Cu- kz-Khm-kn-I-fp-sS- A-h-kv-Y-)- \-c-I- n - \n-Xy-hm-kn-bm-bn-p- -hs\-tm-se-B-bn-cn- p-tam?-- A- -c- m- -m-I-s- sIm-S-pw-Nq-Sp - sh- -am-bn-cn- pw- Ip-Sn- m - \ -IsSp-I.- A--s\- AXv- A-hcp-sS- Ip-S-ep-I-sf- On--`n--am- n- -fbpw' (47-:15).a-\p-jy- Po-hn-X- n-s - e- -y-sa- m-sW-- tNm-Zy- n\v- Ir-Xy-am-bn- D- -cw- \ -Ip-- {K- -am-Wv- Jp-B -.- ssZ h- im-]-tIm-]--fp-sS- `-h-\am-b- \-c-I- n - \n-v- c- -s-vA-h-s - Im-cp-Wy- n-s - ]q-- {]-Im-i-\w- \-S- p-- kz K- nse- n-t m-cp-I.-kz-K- {]-th-i-\sa-- e- -y- n-\p- th-n- {]-h- -\--fn - G-s-Sp-t m- - A-Xn-v- B m- X-bpw- Po-h-\p-ap--m-Ipw-;- tem-I-am-\y-hpw- kzm--X-bpap--mhn- .- \n-cm-i-t_m-[- n - \n-v- ap- -am-bn- C-hn-sS- Po-hn- phm-\pw- k-am-[m-\-Nn- -am-bn- Cu- Po-hn-Xw- B-kz-Zn- p-hm-\pwI-gn-b-W-sa-n - ]-c-t-em-I- t_m-[-ap--m-tb- a-Xn-bm-Iq.-kz-K n-\p- th--n-bp- - Pohn-Xw- h-gn- am-{X-ta- `q-an-bn-epw- im- nbpw- k-am-[m-\-hp-ap---m-Iq-sb--w-.-
****
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