UNIT-3 DC Machines &AC Machines

Syllabus :Rotating Electrical Machines; DC Machines: Principle of Operation of

DC Machine as Motor and Generator, EMF Equation, Applications of DC Machines. AC Machines: Principle of Operation of 3-Phase Induction Motor, 3-Phase Synchronous Motor and 3- Phase Synchronous Generator (Alternator), Applications of AC Machines.

DC Machines
1. Rotating Electrical Machines: Mechanical Rotor Rotor. The revolving part of a rotating electrical machine. The rotor may be either the field or the armature, depending on the design of the machine. Two different views are shown below.

Commutator: A component for reversing the electric field, switching the current flow. Winding: Wires used to carry current to generate a magnetic field. The wires could be copper or aluminum, but copper wires would be the most common. DC Machines, Principles Of Operation: Generator
In a generator, moving a conductor through a stationary magnetic field generates voltage. If a coil is rotated through a magnetic field as shown in Figure 4, an alternating voltage will be produced. To make this voltage

available to a stationary external circuit, two slip rings and brushes must be provided. For the external circuit to produce DC voltage, it is necessary to reverse the polarity of the external leads at the same time the voltage in the coil is reversed. This is accomplished by segmenting a slip ring to form what is called a commutator. An elementary two segment commutator is illustrated in Figure 5. This single coil, two piece commutator will yield an unidirectional but pulsating voltage as shown in Figure 6. However, when a large number of commutator segments or bars is used, the resulting voltage will be more uniform as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 4. Brushes and slip rings provide AC voltage

Figure 5. Brushes and Commutator provides DC voltage

Figure 7. Uniform DC Voltage

As stated above, the generated voltage in a single conductor is: E = N B v x 10-8 where: B = flux density in lines per square inch = length of the conductor in inches v = velocity in inches per second This equation can be developed to the following equation for DC machines: E = (Z / paths) x x poles x (rpm / 60) x 10-8 where: where: Z = total number of conductors TITA= flux per pole in lines This equation represents the average voltage. For a given machine, it can be reduced to: E = K1 S where: E = flux per pole S = speed in rpm K1 = all other factors

Motor As stated previously, if current is supplied to a conductor in a magnetic field, a force will be produced. The force developed in a single conductor is: F = (B I) / 10 where: F = force in dynes B = flux density in lines per square centimeter = length of the conductor in centimeters

I = current in amperes

DC General Construction A typical DC generator or motor usually consists of: An armature core, an air gap, poles, and a yoke which form the magnetic circuit; an armature winding, a field winding, brushes and a commutator which form the electric circuit; and a frame, end bells, bearings, brush supports and a shaft which provide the mechanical support. See figure 8.

Figure 8. Four Pole DC Motor The armature stack is made up thin magnetic steel laminations stamped from sheet steel with a blanking die. Slots are punched in the lamination with a slot die. Sometimes these two operations are done as one. The laminations are welded, riveted, bolted or bonded together. Armature Winding : The armature winding is the winding, which fits in the armature slots and is eventually connected to the commutator. It either generates or receives the voltage depending on whether the unit is a generator or motor. The armature winding usually consists of copper wire, either round or rectangular and is insulated from the armature stack. Field Poles :The pole cores can be made from solid steel castings or from laminations. At the air gap, the pole usually fans out into what is known as a pole head or pole shoe. This is done to reduce the reluctance of the air gap. Normally the field coils are formed and placed on the pole cores and then the whole assembly is mounted to the yoke. Field Coils :The field coils are those windings, which are located on the poles and set up the magnetic fields in the machine. They also usually consist of copper wire are insulated from the poles. The field coils may be either shunt windings (in parallel with the armature winding) or series windings (in series with the armature winding) or a combination of both.

Yoke :The yoke is a circular steel ring, which supports the field, poles mechanically and provides the necessary magnetic path between the pole. The yoke can be solid or laminated. In many DC machines, the yoke also serves as the frame. Commutator :The commutator is the mechanical rectifier, which changes the AC voltage of the rotating conductors to DC voltage. It consists of a number of segments normally equal to the number of slots. The segments or commutator bars are made of silver bearing copper and are separated from each other by mica insulation. Brushes and Brush Holders : Brushes conduct the current from the commutator to the external circuit. There are many types of brushes. A brush holder is usually a metal box that is rectangular in shape. The brush holder has a spring that holds the brush in contact with the commutator. Each brush usually has a flexible copper shunt or pigtail, which extends to the lead wires. Often, the entire brush assembly is insulated from the frame and is made movable as a unit about the commutator to allow for adjustment.

E.M.F. Equation & Armature Resistance of a D.C. Generator

We shall now derive an expression for the e.m.f. generated in a d.c. generator. Let = flux/pole in Wb Z = total number of armature conductors P = number of poles A = number of parallel paths = 2 for wave winding = P for lap winding N = speed of armature in r.p.m. Eg= e.m.f. of the generator = e.m.f./parallel path

Armature Resistance (Ra):

The resistance offered by the armature circuit is known as armature resistance (Ra) and includes: (i) resistance of armature winding (ii) resistance of brushes The armature resistance depends upon the construction of machine. Except for small machines, its value is generally less than 1.

AC Machines
As in the DC motor case, a current is passed through the coil, generating a torque on the coil. Since the current is alternating, the motor will run smoothly only at the frequency of the sine wave. It is called a synchronous motor. More common is the induction motor, where electric current is induced in the rotating coils rather than supplied to them directly.

One of the drawbacks of this kind of AC motor is the high current which must flow through the rotating contacts. Sparking and heating at those contacts can waste energy and shorten the lifetime of the motor. In common AC motors the magnetic field is produced by an electromagnet powered by the same AC voltage as the motor coil. The coils which produce the magnetic field are sometimes referred to as the "stator", while the coils and the solid core which rotates is called the "armature". In an AC motor the magnetic field is sinusoidally varying, just as the current in the coil varies.

Three phase induction motors Operating principle

An electric motor converts electrical energy into a mechanical energy which is then supplied to different types of loads. A.c. motors operate on an a.c. supply, and they are classified into synchronous, single phase and 3 phase induction, and special purpose motors. Out of all types, 3 phase induction motors are most widely used for industrial applications mainly because they do not require a starting device. A 3 phase induction motor derives its name from the fact that the rotor current is induced by the magnetic field, instead of electrical connections. The operating principle of a 3 phase induction motor is based on the production of r.m.f..

Synchronous motor
A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor in which the rotation rate of the shaft is synchronized with the frequency of the AC supply current; the rotation period is exactly equal to an integral number of AC cycles. Synchronous motors contain electromagnets on the stator of the motor that create a magnetic field which rotates in time with the oscillations of the line current. The rotor turns in step with this field, at the same rate. Another way of saying this is that the motor does not rely on "slip" under usual operating conditions, and as a result produces torque at synchronous speed. Synchronous motors can be contrasted with induction motors, which must slip in order to produce torque. The speed of the synchronous motor is determined by the number of magnetic poles and the line frequency. Synchronous motors are available in sub-fractional self-excited sizes to high-horsepower direct-current excited industrial sizes. In the fractional horsepower range, most synchronous motors are used where precise constant speed is required. In high-horsepower industrial sizes, the synchronous motor provides two important functions. First, it is a highly efficient means of converting AC energy to work. Second, it can operate at leading or unity power factor and thereby provide power-factor correction.

BY: SHUBHAM KHANDELWAL (FARRE.IN)