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It is an intelligent wireless communication system that is aware of its surrounding environment and uses methodology of understanding by building to learn from the environment and adapt its internal states to statistical variations in the incoming RF signal by making corresponding changes in certain parameters in real time with two primary objectives in mind.
Highly reliable communication Efficient utilization of the radio spectrum.
Transmission
Spectrum Management
Channel Estimation
Quantized Channel Capacity
TASKS
Spectrum Sculpting
SPECTRUM SENSING
Cognitive Radio must follow listen before talk. Primary users must be protected. Similar to a binary hypothesis testing problem.
SPECTRUM SENSING
Methods
Cyclo-stationarity based detection Pilot Based Detection Covariance Based Detection Wavelet based spectrum sensing Distributed Spectrum Sensing
MATCHED FILTERING
A filter matched to the transmitted signal used. Knowledge of the transmitted signal is required at the CR.
ENERGY DETECTION
Find out the energy around the desired carrier. are the filtered values of samples. =1 = 2 which will be 2 with 2N degrees of freedom for =1 complex Gaussian . Noise measurements need to be precise. The need for windowing and the bias variance dilemma.
ENERGY DETECTION
The multi-taper method
Window shape should be to avoid spillovers and to measure exactly. One Method is to use multiple windows(tapers) and average the energy from each taper. Slepian sequences used as tapers. Design problem for Slepian sequences may be stated as
Given a bandwidth f design a set of K prototype low-pass filters whose main lobes lie within the range 2 , 2 and have minimum stop-band energy. Moreover the
designed filters are selected so that their coefficients form a set of orthogonal vectors.
The orthogonality condition ensures that the set of outputs corresponding to dif ferent filters for the same sub -band is uncorrelated.
ENERGY DETECTION
The multi-taper method
The problem can be solved by using the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix of . K ( < ) tapers are selected and their outputs are averaged to find the energy in the given range. = D is the frequency shift matrix to shift the frequency of the filter around . = ( ) =
2 2 =1 2 =1
= +
ENERGY DETECTION
The multi-taper method
: , 2 2 This can be used iteratively to obtain a spectral estimate. This estimate is optimal according to Haykin. The computational complexity is high making it infeasible.
ENERGY DETECTION
The filter bank method
Filter banks used in to demodulate MCM signals. Same filters can be used to separate out frequencies in dif ferent bands. =
=1 =0 2
CYCLO-STATIONARITY
The autocorrelation function for is defined as , = + 2 2 is said to be cyclostationary if , = + , Being periodic it can be associated with a Fourier series with coef ficients being given as
= 2 2
, 2
Peaks will occur at cyclic frequencies. Modulated signals are cyclostationary with cyclic frequencies at .
0
CYCLO-STATIONARITY
Based spectrum sensing
Sensing can be done at cyclic frequencies. An error will be introduced due to the finite length the sequence.
Signal Check for peaks
Take
Testing vectors of for multiple is cumbersome.
autocorrelation
= =1 () used as the test statistic. Simple but sub optimal. Threshold calculated empirically using .
Receive signal
Low-pass filter
FFT
Down sample
Use Energy/Location
FFT
Wavelet transform
singularities
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
Can be distributed or centralized. Multiple users with different requirements contend for continuously varying network resources. Secondary users may be cooperative or competing. Problems can be modeled as games.
SPECTRUM SCULPTING
The secondary users must be totally invisible to the primary (licensed) users. There should be no (or negligible) adjacent channel interference. OFDM a natural candidate because of its ability to handle multiple carriers. Large side lobes of OFDM may interfere with non OFDM L.U.s. Raised cosine or other windows may be used. Subcarriers may be deactivated. Weighted subcarriers may be used. Wavelet packet based system may also be considered. TDCS of fers a single carrier based multiple modulation technique.
TDCS
Stands for transform domain communication system Time domain waveform sculpted according to available frequency bands One symbol transmitted at a time using the synthesized wave
Spectrum Estimate
Spectrum Magnitude
IFFT
Random Phase
Buffer
Modulation
TX
Data