Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Emergia
(com m mesmo)
Prof. Thiago L. Romanelli
26/03/2012
Howard T. Odum
1924-2002
Ecological modeling Ecological engineering Ecological economics General systems theory
David Scienceman
Criador do termos emergia David Slade at 1972
Troca de nome foi experimento para criar um movimento de polticos cientificamente conscientes
Ttulo a quem pertencente ao Scientific party seria Sciencemate
Crena de Scienceman
Dr. Scienceman believes it is possible to measure anything, even money, in terms of its embodied energy. "To operate a supply of banknotes you've got to have a very large commercial organization. You've got to have banks, you've got to have printing houses. They themselves consume a large amount of energy". By comparing the money flow with the energy flow, which has been broken down to mathematical units, "we can say that a dollar is equivalent to so many units of embodied energy.
. Cadzow (1984) Dr Scienceman's brave new word, The Australian, Newspaper Article, Tuesday, May 15, p. 7.
Surgimento da Nomenclatura
I write as the author of the nomenclature 'emergy, empower, emdollar, embit, energy memory and the maximum empower principle'...
Carta de Scienceman ao Editor da Ecological Engineering
Processos
Insumo controle
Termo
Conceito
Energia disponvel Energia potencial capaz de realizar trabalho e de ser degradada no processo. (Unidades: quilocalorias, joules, BTUs, etc.) Energia til Potncia Emergia Energia disponvel usada para aumentar o sistema de produo e eficincia (unidades: joules, quilocalorias disponveis, etc.) Fluxo de energia til por unidade de tempo (unidades: joules por tempo) Energia disponvel de um tipo previamente requerida direta e indiretamente para obter um produto ou servio (unidades: emjoules, emquilocalorias, etc.) Fluxo de emergia por unidade de tempo (unidades: emjoules por unidade de tempo) Um processo de transformao de energia que resulta numa mudana de concentrao ou forma de energia. Emergia por unidade de energia disponvel de um tipo (emjoule por joule) Energia solar requerida direta e indiretamente para fazer um produto ou servio (unidades: emjoule solar)
Transformidade (sej/J) = emergia por unidade de energia disponvel de um tipo Unit emergy value (sej/L, sej/kg) = emergia por massa, volume Emdollar ratio (sej/$) = emergia por moeda
Processos
Emergia: Eficincia: 106 0,1% 1% Produtores Sol 106 9,9x105 9,99x105 Joules
Drenos de energia Heat sink
106
106
106
106
10%
10%
10%
10%
105
103
Consumidores primrios
Consum. tercirios
Processos
Recursos adquiridos Servios Fontes locais no-renovveis F
Indicadores: Emergia total (Y) = R+N+F Razo de Rendimento Emergtico (EYR) = Y/F Razo de Emergia Investida (EIR) = F/(R+N) Razo de Carga Ambiental (ELR) = (F+N)/R
Base anual
Quais as fontes de energia que regem o planeta? Como quantificar?????
Base anual
Quais as fontes de energia que regem o planeta? Sol Geotrmica Mars
Base anual
Geotrmica
Mars
0,52
39300 Sol
1,62
x1020 J ano-1
1,98
Base anual
Transformidades das fontes so diferentes!
Mars
0,52
39300 Sol
1,62
x1020 J ano-1
(Eq.4)
Substituindo-se Eq. H.4 na Eq. H.1, obtm-se a transformidade do calor da crosta (Eq. 5). Trh = 11981 sej J-1 (Eq. 5) Com o valor para o calor emitido pela crosta terrestre, determina-se a transformidade das mars (Eq. 6)
(Eq. 6)
Nota
Fluxo
1 2 3
Energia solar absorvida Fontes de calor da crosta Energia absorvida das mars Emergia total anual da Terra
1 1,20E4 7,37E4 -
Anlise ou Sntese?
Anlise: Mtodo de demonstrao em que se parte dos princpios para as conseqncias, das causas para os efeitos, das partes para o todo: a sntese ope-se anlise. Sntese: Ato ou efeito de analisar; decomposio de um todo em suas partes constituintes.
Emergia
Passos para se avaliar a emergia 1. Conhecer o sistema e identificar suas entradas e sadas, bem como as interrelaes existentes no sistema. Diagrama
2. Organizar a tabela de fluxos e transformidades
Linguagem energtica
Diagrama
Combustvel Corretivo pH Mudas Fertilizante Mo de obra Maquinrio Defensivos Chuva
FLORESTA
Solo Eroso
Tabela
1 Nota 1. 2. ... n. O. 2 Item Item 1 Item 2 Item n Output 3 Dados xxx,x xxx,x xxx,x xxx,x 4 Unidades 5 Transformidade sej/unidade xxx,x xxx,x xxx,x xxx,x 6 Emergia solar E15 sej/ano xxx,x xxx,x xxx,x
Em
n
Tabelas
Tabela 3.1 Sntese de emergia para plantaes de eucalipto (rotao de 7 anos) Nota Insumo Quantidade unidade ha-1 Unidade UEV sej unidade-1 J g l kg h kg 30576 7,18E08 3,85E12 6,70E12 5,89E12 4,63E12 Fluxo de emergia Por rotao Por Ano -1 E12 sej ha E12 sej ha-1 ano-1 11775,50 25,22 2038,18 99,35 1362,26 1202,95 1682,21 3,60 291,17 14,19 194,61 171,85
1. UEV para evapotranspirao = 2,91E4 sej J-1 Brown e Bardi (2001) citando Doherty (1995), Evapotranspirao = (7796 mm ha-1) * (1E4 L mm-1 ha) * (1 kg L-1) * (4,94E3 J kg-1). 3. UEV para combustvel (ODUM, 1996) = (1,32E8 J galo-1) * (1 galo 3,8 L-1) * (1,1E5 sej J-1) = 3,85E7 sej L-1. 4. UEV para depreciao emergtica de maquinrio = (6,7E9 sej g-1), Brown e Bardi (2001) citando Doherty (1995), Por kg = (6,7E9 sej g-1) * (1000 g kg-1) = 6,70E12 sej kg-1. 6. UEVs: K2O = 2,92E9 sej g-1 K (ODUM, 1996) * 83%K K2O-1, P2O5 = 2,99E10 sej g-1 P (ODUM, 1996) * 43,7% P P2O5-1, N = 7,7E9 sej g-1 N (ODUM, 1996), 06-30-10 tem 6% N, 30% P2O5 e 10% K2O; e 14-00-15 tem 14% N e 15% K2O.
Nota
Insumo
Unidade
Fluxo de emergia Por rotao Por Ano -1 E12 sej ha E12 sej ha-1 ano-1 11775,50 25,22 2038,18 99,35 1362,26 1202,95 578,34 24,86 229,28 87,78 188,97 157,75 7,00 1680,00 19457,44 19457,44 1682,21 3,60 291,17 14,19 194,61 171,85 82,62 3,55 32,75 12,54 27,00 22,54 1,00 240,00 2779,63 2779,63
Fontes ambientais 1 Evapotranspirao 2 Eroso Entrada 3 Combustvel 4 Maquinrio 4 Mo de obra 6 Fertilizante 1 6 Fertilizante 2 7 Formicida 8 Fertilizante 3 3 leo lubrificante 7 Herbicida 9 Muda 10 gua 11 Calcrio Produtos 12 Biomassa colhida 13
3,85E11 70000 529,2 14,8 231,4 260,0 400,0 1,0 150,0 22,8 7,6 922,5 5556,0 1,0E06 290,5 2,16E12
J g l kg h kg kg kg kg l l unidade kg g m3 J
30576 7,18E08 3,85E12 6,70E12 5,89E12 4,63E12 1,45E12 2,49E13 1,53E12 3,85E12 2,49E13 1,71E11 1,26E09 1,68E09 ST1 ST2
Emergia
Sntese ou Anlise???
Nota
Insumo
Unidade
Fluxo de emergia Por rotao Por Ano -1 E12 sej ha E12 sej ha-1 ano-1 11775,50 25,22 2038,18 99,35 1362,26 1202,95 578,34 24,86 229,28 87,78 188,97 157,75 7,00 1680,00 19457,44 19457,44 1682,21 3,60 291,17 14,19 194,61 171,85 82,62 3,55 32,75 12,54 27,00 22,54 1,00 240,00 2779,63 2779,63
Fontes ambientais 1 Evapotranspirao 2 Eroso Entrada 3 Combustvel 4 Maquinrio 4 Mo de obra 6 Fertilizante 1 6 Fertilizante 2 7 Formicida 8 Fertilizante 3 3 leo lubrificante 7 Herbicida 9 Muda 10 gua 11 Calcrio Produtos 12 Biomassa colhida 13
3,85E11 70000 529,2 14,8 231,4 260,0 400,0 1,0 150,0 22,8 7,6 922,5 5556,0 1,0E06 290,5 2,16E12
J g l kg h kg kg kg kg l l unidade kg g m3 J
30576 7,18E08 3,85E12 6,70E12 5,89E12 4,63E12 1,45E12 2,49E13 1,53E12 3,85E12 2,49E13 1,71E11 1,26E09 1,68E09 ST1 ST2
Tipos de fluxos
Fontes locais no-renovveis F
Indicadores: Emergia total (Y) = R+N+F Razo de Rendimento Emergtico (EYR) = Y/F Razo de Emergia Investida (EIR) = F/(R+N) Razo de Carga Ambiental (ELR) = (F+N)/R
Indicadores
Y =F+N+R EYR = F F
ELR =
F N
R
F EIR = N R
F N
R
A indica o uso de recursos locais no-renovveis (N) somados aos recursos adquiridos (F) em relao ao uso de recursos renovveis (R). um indicador do impacto esperado no ecossistema devido atividade produtiva analisada quantificando a renovabilidade do processo, presente nos fluxos envolvidos. Quanto menor o valor desse ndice mais ambientalmente sustentvel ser o sistema de produo.
lgebra emergtica
Tabela 3.1 Sntese de emergia para plantaes de eucalipto (rotao de 7 anos) Nota Insumo Quantidade unidade ha-1 Unidade UEV sej unidade-1 J g l kg h kg kg kg kg l l unidade kg g 30576 7,18E08 3,85E12 6,70E12 5,89E12 4,63E12 1,45E12 2,49E13 1,53E12 3,85E12 2,49E13 1,71E11 1,26E09 1,68E09 Fluxo de emergia Por rotao Por Ano E12 sej ha-1 E12 sej ha-1 ano-1 11775,50 25,22 2038,18 99,35 1362,26 1202,95 578,34 24,86 229,28 87,78 188,97 157,75 7,00 1680,00 19457,44 19457,44 6,70E12 9,57E11 9,02E02 1,29E02 1682,21 3,60 291,17 14,19 194,61 171,85 82,62 3,55 32,75 12,54 27,00 22,54 1,00 240,00 2779,63 2779,63 sej m-3 sej m-3 ano-1 sej J-1 -1 sej J ano-1
Fontes ambientais 1 Evapotranspirao 2 Eroso Entrada 3 Combustvel 4 Maquinrio 4 Mo de obra 6 Fertilizante 1 6 Fertilizante 2 7 Formicida 8 Fertilizante 3 3 leo lubrificante 7 Herbicida 9 Muda 10 gua 11 Calcrio Produtos 12 Biomassa colhida 13 ST1 ST2 EYR ELR EIR
3,85E11 70000 529,2 14,8 231,4 260,0 400,0 1,0 150,0 22,8 7,6 922,5 5556,0 1,0E06
290,5 m3 ST1 2,16E12 J ST2 UEV da biomassa colhida (volume) UEV da biomassa colhida (energia) 2,54 0,65 0,65
Calcrio 4o
Cinzas 2o Biosslido 2o
Mo-de-obra
300
200
100
0 0 1
-1
-1
EIR
2 1.5 1
Esse estudo
0.5 0 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0
200.0
-1
250.0
Alternative 1
Table 9. Emerg y evaluati on of wate r su pplied fro m t he Tsum eb aquifer and pipeline (flow = 20 .0 E6 m 3 / year) Not e It em Dat a (unit/y r) RENEWABLE (FREE) RESOURCES 1 Groundwate r 2 Collect or pipes (st eel) 3 Delivery pipeline (GRP ) 4 Concrete 5 Elect ri city 6 Pumps and machinery 7 Labor, services & capit al 8 Operat ing cost s 9 Mainte nance cost s Purchased su bt ot al ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS Loss of regional wildlife Loss of t ourism Impact s su bt ot al Tot al input s and impact s 6.00 E+1 2 3.90 E+0 5 J $ 4.00 E+0 6 1.20 E+1 2 24 0.47 24 .47 15 2.5 14 11 .8 27 .5 14 39 .3 89 68 .6 9.40 E+1 3 7.30 E+0 5 1.10 E+1 3 1.10 E+0 6 2.10 E+1 4 6.10 E+0 4 4.30 E+0 6 7.90 E+0 5 3.00 E+0 5 J kg J kg J kg $ $ $ 1.70 E+0 5 1.80 E+1 2 6.60 E+0 4 1.00 E+1 2 1.60 E+0 5 6.70 E+1 2 1.70 E+1 3 1.70 E+1 3 1.70 E+1 3 16 .4 1.3 0.7 1.1 33 .6 0.4 73 .1 13 .4 5.1 12 6.7 96 2.1 76 .4 42 .7 62 .4 19 76 .5 24 43 00 79 0 30 0 74 52 .9 PURCHASED AND OPER ATIONAL INPUTS Unit s Emergy/ unit Solar Emergy (se j/ unit) (E18 sej/y r) EmDollars* (E3 $ Em/y r)
* Solar emergy div ided by 1 .7 E13 sej/19 96 US$ ( emergy per dollar rat io for Namibia in 199 6) .
Alternative 2
Table 8. Emerg y evaluati on of desalinat ing coast al wate r and pipeline (flow = 17 .3 E6 m 3 / year) Not e It em Dat a (unit/y r) Unit s Emergy/ unit Solar Emergy (se j/ unit) (E18 sej/y r) EmDollars* (E3 $ Em/y r)
RENEWABLE (FREE) RESOURCES 1 Sea or brackish wate r 2.51 E+1 4 PURCHASED AND OPER ATIONAL INPUTS 2 GRP Pipeline 4.25 E+1 3 3 Concrete 1.71 E+0 6 4 Elect ri city 1.02 E+1 5 5 Labor, services & capit al 1.26 E+0 7 6 Operat ing cost s 4.31 E+0 6 7 Mainte nance cost s 8.81 E+0 5 Purchased su bt ot al ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS Rain required t o dilute t he brine 2.40 E+1 4 Loss of net primary prod . 2.40 E+1 4 Impact s su bt ot al Tot al input s and impact s
J J kg J $ $ $
7.40 E+0 3 6.60 E+0 4 1.00 E+1 2 1.60 E+0 5 1.70 E+1 3 1.70 E+1 3 1.70 E+1 3
1.9 2.8 1.7 16 3.7 21 4.1 73 .3 15 47 0.6 1.78 2.16 3.94 47 6.4
J J
74 35 9.00 E+0 3
* Solar emergy div ided by 1 .7 E13 sej/19 96 US$ ( emergy per dollar rat io for Namibia in 199 6) .
Alternative 3
Table 7 : Emergy evaluati on of w ater fro m t he Kavango and pipeline ( flow = 1 7 .3 E6 m 3 / year) Not e It em Dat a ( unit/y r) RENEWABLE RESOURCE INPUTS 1 Kavango River wate r 2 GRP pipe 3 Concr et e 4 Fuels 5 Elect ri city 6 Machinery & equipment 7 Labor, services & capit al 8 Opera t ing cost s 9 Mainte nance cost s Input su bt ot al ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS 1 0 Net p ri mary product ion 1 1 Regional wildlife 1 2 Ecot ourism Impact s su bt ot al Tot al input s and impact s 2 .1 - 2 1 .0 E14 2 .3 - 2 3 .0 E12 1 .7 - 1 7 E5 J J $ 9 .00 E+0 3 4 .00 E+0 6 1 .20 E+1 2 1 .9 - 1 8 .8 9 .2 - 92 0 .2 - 2 .0 1 1 .3 - 1 1 3 161 - 263 1 1 06 - 1 1 06 4 5 4 12 - 5 4 11 8 1 1 7 - 1 1 65 6 6 35 - 6 6 34 7 1 5 42 7 7 5 13 9 8 .19 E+1 3 3 .16 E+1 3 1 .40 E+0 6 7 .49 E+1 2 2 .29 E+1 4 7 .32 E+0 4 3 .97 E+0 6 9 .81 E+0 5 9 .63 E+0 5 J J kg J J kg $ $ $ 4 .80 E+0 4 6 .60 E+0 4 1 .00 E+1 2 6 .60 E+0 4 1 .60 E+0 5 6 .70 E+1 2 1 .70 E+1 3 1 .70 E+1 3 1 .70 E+1 3 4 2 .1 1 .4 0 .5 3 6 .6 0 .5 6 7 .4 1 6 .7 1 6 .4 1 4 5.6 2 3 3.6 1 2 2.5 8 2 .4 2 9 .1 2 1 51 .9 2 8 .9 3 9 66 .2 9 8 1.4 9 6 2.8 8 5 58 .8 PURCHASED AND OPER ATIONAL INPUTS Unit s Emergy/ unit ( se j/ unit) Solar Emergy ( E1 8 sej/y r) EmDollars* ( E3 $ Em/y r)
* Solar emergy div ided by 1 .7 E13 sej/19 96 US$ ( emergy per dollar rat io f or Namibia in 199 6) .
Emergy indices help in decision making by providing information outside of traditional economic analysis
Table 10. Comparison of emergy indices among the 3 water supply systems Emergy index(a) Transfo rmity of water (sej/J) % Renewable Emergy Investment Ratio (EIR) Emergy Yield Ratio (EYR) Environmental Loading Ratio (ELR) Emergy Sustainability Index (ESI) Emergy Benefit to Purchaser (EBP) EmDollar per m3
(a) Indices are defined in Appendix A.
Tsumeb aquifer 1.53 E6 12.71 7.81 1.14 7.87 0.14 1.58 0.43
Using data from tourism development in Mexico and Papua New Guinea.
the concept of carrying capacity is related to intensity of development, environmental support area, and the fit of economic development in local environments and economies.
Rain Waves
Fuels
Elect ricit y
Tide
Wind
Table 2. Emergy evaluation of tourist resort on New Britain Island, Papua New Guinea Note Item Units Units/Yr. Transformity Solar Emergy (sej/unit) (E15 sej/yr) 1.00E+00 1.50E+03 3.06E+04 1.68E+04 1.82E+04 6.66E+05 0.2 0.2 4.7 3.7 4.4 2.0 10.3
RENEWABLE RESOURCES 1 Sunlight J 1.74E+14 2 Wind J 1.18E+11 3 Wave Energy J 1.53E+11 4 Tidal Energy J 2.21E+11 5 Rain J 2.41E+11 NONRENEWABLE STORAGES 6 Potable water J 2.93E+09 S um of free inputs (sun,wind, and rain omitted) PURCHASED INPUTS Construction inputs 7 Wood 8 Concrete 9 Steel 10 Furnishings 11 Non-renewable services (PNG) Operational inputs 12 Fuel 13 Electricity 14 Food 15 Liquor 16 Non-renewable services (PNG) S um of purchased inputs 18 Tourists (number)
J g g J $ J J J J $
1.64E+09 1.70E+06 5.10E+04 3.16E+09 2.40E+04 2.28E+12 0.00E+00 8.76E+10 1.10E+10 1.40E+05 6.20E+02
3.49E+04 9.26E+07 1.80E+09 4.00E+06 6.50E+12 6.60E+04 2.00E+05 2.50E+05 7.00E+05 6.50E+12 3.74E+16
0.1 0.2 0.1 12.7 156.0 150.5 0.0 21.9 7.7 910.0 1,259.0 23,188.0
Table 3. Emergy evaluation of four star tourist hotel in Puerto Vallarta, M exico Note Item Units Units/Yr. Transformity Solar Emergy (sej/unit) (E15 sej/yr) 1.00E+00 1.50E+03 3.06E+04 1.68E+04 1.82E+04 6.66E+05 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.1 1.7 162.4 164.2
RENEWABLE RESOURCES 1 Sunlight J 9.14E+13 2 Wind J 1.10E+11 3 Wave Energy J 1.60E+10 4 Tidal Energy J 4.18E+09 5 Rain J 9.31E+10 NONRENEWABLE STORAGES 6 Potable water J 2.44E+11 S um of free inputs (sun,wind,waves omitted) PURCHASED INPUTS Construction inputs 7 Concrete g 8 Steel g 9 Furnishings J 10 Non-renewable services $ Operational inputs 11 Fuel J 12 Electricity J 13 Food J 14 Liquor J 15 Non-renewable services $ S um of purchased inputs 16 Tourists (number)
1.15E+08 2.70E+07 5.72E+10 1.41E+06 3.90E+12 6.20E+13 6.29E+11 7.93E+10 1.74E+06 5.37E+03
9.26E+07 1.80E+09 4.00E+06 2.60E+12 6.60E+04 2.00E+05 2.00E+06 7.00E+05 2.60E+12 8.50E+15
10.6 48.6 228.8 3666.0 257.4 12400.0 1258.0 55.5 4511.0 22436.0 45636.5
Table 4. Comparative emergy indices for tourist resorts in Papua New Guinea and M exico Notes Index Country PNG Resort M exico Country 6.96E+23 1.39E+23 3.66E+23 1.08E+23 20.0% 3.1 8.5 3.4 0.7 3.57E+07 -9.36E+07 Resort 2.26E+19 1.80E+15 1.62E+17 2.24E+19 0.01% 11857.0 219.1 12534.4
1 Total Emergy Use (E18 sej/yr) Locally Renewable (E20 sej/yr) Locally Nonrenewable (E20 sej/yr) Imported (E20 sej/yr) 2 Percent Renewable
2 -1 3 Empower density (E11 sej/m*yr ) -1 4 Emergy per capita (E15 sej/person*yr ) 5 Environmental loading ratio 2 6 Renewable emergy/area (E11 sej/m *yr) 2 7 Support Area required (m )
1.22E+23 1.31E+18 1.05E+23 8.40E+15 1.09E+22 2.00E+15 5.40E+21 1.30E+18 86.6% 0.6% 2.6 37.7 0.16 2.3 -322.0 91.4 155.0
Emergy valuation of internation al trade resulting from money income from tourism...