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Information systems:
Indispensable tools to help you achieve your career goals
Introduction
Information system (IS):
A set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, and disseminate data and information and provide feedback to meet an objective
Businesses:
Can use information systems to increase revenues and reduce costs
Information Concepts
Information:
One of an organizations most valuable resources Often confused with the term data
Information Concepts
Data, information, and knowledge
Data: Raw facts Information: Collection of facts organized in such a way that they have additional value beyond the value of the facts themselves Process: Set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined outcome Knowledge: Awareness and understanding of a set of information
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Data items refer to an elementary description of things, events, activities, and transactions that are recorded, classified, and stored but are not organized to convey any specific meaning. It can be numbers, letters, figures, sounds, or images. Examples of data items are: a student grade in a class and the number of hours an employee worked in a certain week.
Information refers to data that have been organized so that they have meaning and value to the recipient. For example, a grade point average (GPA) is data, but a students name coupled with his or her GPA is information. The recipient interprets the meaning and draws conclusions and implications from the information.
Knowledge consists of data and/or information that have been organized and processed to convey understanding, experience, accumulated learning, and expertise .
For example, a company recruiting at your school has found overtime that students with grade point averages over 3.0 have had the most success in its management program. Based on its experience, that company may decide to interview only those students with GPAs over 3.0.
Organizational knowledge, which reflects the experience and expertise of many people, has great value to all employees.
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Processing
Converting or transforming data into useful outputs
Output
Production of useful information, usually in the form of documents and reports
Feedback
Output that is used to make changes to input or processing activities
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 24
Example:
Investment analysts manually draw charts and trend lines to assist them in making investment decisions
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Technology infrastructure:
Includes all hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures Configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information
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An organizations information technology (IT) infrastructure consists of the physical facilities , IT components, IT services, and IT personnel that support the entire organization.
IT components are the computer hardware, software, and communications technologies that provide the foundation for all of an organizations information systems.
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Enterprise Systems: Transaction Processing Systems and Enterprise Resource Planning (continued)
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Specialized Business Information Systems: Knowledge Management, Artificial Intelligence, Expert Systems, and Virtual Reality
Knowledge management systems (KMSs): an organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices to create, store, share, and use the organizations knowledge and experience Artificial intelligence (AI): field in which the computer system takes on the characteristics of human intelligence
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition
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Artificial Intelligence
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Expert Systems
Give the computer the ability to make suggestions and act like an expert in a particular field. Allow organizations to capture and use the wisdom of experts and specialists. The knowledge base contains the collection of data, rules, procedures, and relationships that must be followed to achieve value or the proper outcome
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Virtual Reality
Simulation of a real or imagined environment that can be experienced visually in three dimensions Immersive virtual reality Applications that are not fully immersive Can be a powerful medium for communication, entertainment, and learning
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Systems Development
Systems development: creating or modifying existing business systems Systems development can be:
Performed in-house Outsourced
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Systems analysis
Defines problems and opportunities of the existing system
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Systems implementation
Creating or acquiring the system components defined in the design step, assembling them, and putting the new system into operation
Phase 1. Planning
Review project requests Prioritize project requests Allocate resources Form project development team
Conduct preliminary investigation Perform detailed analysis activities: Study current system Determine user requirements Recommend solution
Phase 3. Design
Phase 5. Operating, Support, and Security Perform maintenance activities Monitor system performance Assess system security
Phase 4. Implementation
Develop programs, if necessary Install and test new system Train users Convert to new system
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Organizations
All organizations have a management structure.
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Organizational change
How organizations plan for, implement, and handle change Can be sustaining or disruptive
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Technology diffusion
Measure of widespread use of technology
Technology infusion
Extent to which technology permeates a department
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Competitive Advantage
Significant, long-term benefit to a company over its competition An organization often uses its information system to help achieve a competitive advantage
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Differentiation
Deliver different products and services
Niche strategy
Deliver to a small, niche market
Other strategies
Growth in sales First to market Customizing products and services Hiring the best people
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Productivity
Output achieved divided by input required Higher level of output for a given level of input means greater productivity Lower level of output for a given level of input means lower productivity
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Market share
Percentage of sales in relation to total market
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Risk
Managers must consider the risks of:
Designing, developing, and implementing new or modified information systems
Information systems can be costly failures Costs of development and implementation can be greater than the returns from the new system
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Students are increasingly completing business degrees with a global or international orientation
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Computer systems are making IS professionals work easier Opportunities in information systems are not confined to single countries
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LAN administrators
Set up and manage the network hardware, software, and security processes
Internet careers
Opportunities are found in both traditional companies and those that specialize in the Internet
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Other IS Careers
New and exciting careers have developed in security and fraud detection and prevention
Chief information security officer Chief privacy officer
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Finding a Job in IS
Sources
On-campus visits from recruiters and referrals from professors, friends, and family members The Internet
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Cultural challenges Language challenges Time and distance challenges Infrastructure challenges Currency challenges
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Product and service challenges Technology transfer issues State, regional, and national laws Trade agreements
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Summary
Data consists of raw facts Information
Data transformed into a meaningful form
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Summary (continued)
Systems development
Creating or modifying existing business systems
Organization
Formal collection of people and various other resources established to accomplish a set of goals
Summary (continued)
Five-forces model covers:
Rivalry among existing competitors Threat of new market entrants Threat of substitute products and services Bargaining power of buyers and suppliers