JOURNAL OF COMPUTING, VOLUME 4, ISSUE 6, JUNE 2012, ISSN (Online) 2151-9617 https://sites.google.com/site/journalofcomputing WWW.JOURNALOFCOMPUTING.

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Accurate Biometrics Authentication Technique based on Fast,

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Robust Iris Recognition System using Enhanced Quality Image

Zoama Afaq, Bushra Sikander, and Malik Sikander Hayat Khiyal
Abstract The main aim of this research is to develop biometrics authentication system with high accuracy based on human iris

recognition using enhanced quality image. An iris recognition system has been developed using pattern recognition techniques based on templates i.e. the images have been captured from the live video generated from high resolution camera and has been stored as the Dataset. Additionally a collection of different eye images have been stored in separate database that have been used for comparison and matching for accurate identification and verification phenomenon. Iris identification and authentication is thus based on individuals eye. Authentication has been done with low error rate i.e. False Acceptance Rate (FAR) and False Rejection Rate (FRR). 1D Log Gabor Filters have been used for feature extraction and hamming distance has been used for template matching that also provides low FAR. In this way a fast and robust personal identification and verification system has been developed which gives the precise and accurate results. Thus the proposed system provides the secure, efficient and user friendly interface to the person. Index Terms: Biometrics Authentication, Iris Recognition, False Acceptance Rate, False Rejection Rate, Iris Identification.

1. INTRODUCTION
Human eye is an organ that works with the brain and provided us vision. The colored part of the eye lies between the cornea and lens consists of connective tissues and smooth muscle fibers known as iris and that is used for person identity verification based on biometrics system. The confirmation of the true identity of a person is one of the biggest challenges in todays information technology world; number of systems has to compromise because of this challenge. There is need of authentication of personal identity to access the confidential and secure system. Authentication plays an important role as it is the basic line of defense against the intrusion attacks. Authentication is provided by traditional methods and biometrics method. Biometrics consists of the methods for uniquely recognizing the human identity by physical or behavioral characteristics. Physical characteristics are related to the shape of the body for example finger prints, face recognition and iris recognition while behavioral characteristics are

related to the behavior of the person for example signatures, keystrokes and voice. Probability of variation in behavioral characteristic is more than in physical characteristic because it is easy to copy the signatures and voice as compared to the face, finger prints and iris of a person. Traditional methods include passwords, identity cards or token. Among all biometrics methods based on physical characteristics iris recognition is the most safe and secure identification and authentication technique. As iris is the internal organ of the eye and the basic feature of human iris is that the color, texture of each humans iris is unique and stable. Iris is protected from the surrounding environment and remains same till its life time so because of its stability and reliability it becomes the most consistent and secure feature for person identification and verification and most importantly human iris is the best feature for recognition and authentication. The basic concept of this study is to develop the system which does identification (one-to-many template matching) and verification (one-to-one template matching) of a person. It is the system which provides the high level security to the person based on automated iris recognition. The main objective of the system is that to secure private and off the record data and information and it is not easily accessible to anyone. People can feel secure because only the identified and verified person can access the system.

Zoama Afag is an under graduate student of Department of Software Engineering, Fatima Jinnah Women University The Mall, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Bushra Sikander is Lecturer at the Department of Computer Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University The Mall, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Dr. Malik Sikandar Hayat Khiyal is Professor and Head of Academic (ES), APCOMS, Khadim Hussain Road, Lalkuti, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

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There are various biometrics methods for the system security and user identification that contain some strong and weak points on the basis of which the project is developed. There are real systems that recognize the personal identification but some with the errors that must be minimized for proper and accurate system. User acceptance is the important issue in biometrics technology and we also know that various biometrics techniques and systems exist that confirm the person identity but the identification and authentication system based on human iris gives the satisfactory results. As iris is the unique organ of the eye can be used for person identification by extracting the iris pattern from the digital image of the eye of a person. Digital camera is used to acquire the image, the user must be look straight into the camera so that the accurate image is captured which is further processed and used for pattern is matching. Pattern matching is done with the iris images already stored in the database for identification and authentication of the legitimate user. It requires the accurate captured image in which the persons eyes are opened in a way that show the exact iris part however eyelashes and eyelids are included as a noise. For this purpose user is allowed to view in the camera for a few seconds in order to store the some images as if one image is not captured perfectly then the system rejects that image and take the next one for the comparison. The Iris recognition is the most reliable and accepted system among all biometrics system as iris is more stable and easy to compare with the other iris images with less error rate. Following are the errors that occur during iris verification process. When an authorized person is rejected by biometrics system then this is known as type I error also called as false rejection rate (FRR) [1]. When an unauthorized person is incorrectly accepted by the biometrics system then this is referred to type II error also known as false acceptance rate (FAR) [1]. The percentage rating of false rejection rate versus false acceptance rate is crossover error rate (CER). The accuracy of the system is inversely proportional to the crossover error rate i.e. lower CER means better accuracy of the system [1]. There are various applications of iris recognition system some of them are described here. Iris recognition system can be deployed at airports as the current security system at the Amsterdams Schiphol Airport. The currently existing system at Amsterdams airport is by Schiphol

Group which verifies a persons identity and also used for border passing functions. Schiphol group is an airport operator in the Netherlands. The current AUTOMATIC BORDER PASSING (ABP) system [2] runs on the IBM server and uses iris scan technique for travelers identification by template matching using pre-registered iris data, stored on encrypted smart card. This system provides the high security to all the passengers involves identifications in function such as ticketing, checking and boarding. At Charlotte/Douglas Airport in North Carolina a biometric system based on iris recognition is providing the security and safety from the intruders and is designed by Eye Ticket Corporation in Virginia [3]. An individuals iris code is recorded with the help of a black and white video camera and then the image is stored in the database of enrolled user for authentication. This system involves revolving door ways; in the first door the iris recognition is done and in the next door confirmation of user identity is done. IRISPASS-S Gate Management system [4] has been installed in Japan at many locations that fulfills the security needs in different companies and government data centers where there is need to secure the confidential information from the intruders. In Japan, Oki Electric Industry Corporation Limited introduced a new iris recognition system which is IRISPASS-WG system [4]. It contains the enhanced user-operability which involves the automatic detection of the human eye. The system consists of two devices named as management device and registration device; both are installed at the entrance. Iris recognition system also provides security at the national border controls, for logon to computer, for credit card authentication, for anti-terrorism, for secure financial transactions, for internet security and hence in many other areas [5]. The remaining part of this paper covers the proposed system design and implementation phase. In section 2 the reviewed literature is described. In section 3 modeling problem and system design is elaborated, in section 4 experimental results are illustrated and in last section conclusion and future work is summarized.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

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Ganeshan et al., [6] has developed a biometric technique for iris recognition and identification that provides remote examination based on the multi-scale representation to capture the image at varying spatial scales. And it is achieved by Laplacian of Gaussian filter named as LoG filter. It is an advanced research of biometrics where iris recognition is fast and cost effective. Localization and alignment technique used in this research paper is unique and frames the subjects iris in efficient manner. It provides accurate results and enhanced features of iris recognition. Multi-scale representation is an efficient technique explained in this paper. The drawback in this research is that the rejection process is not explained in this paper i.e. what if the irises are not matched or matched with error. And also it is not for closed eyes. If the iris scan is done remotely, then the certainty of authentication is lower. Chen et al., [7] has developed the Automatic Iris Recognition System (AIRS). The system authenticates the right person and rejects the fake person. The main focus of the researcher is on extracting the unique iris features from iris images. When we use 2D Gabor wavelet transform then the visible texture of humans iris is encoded in a sequence of multi scale 2D Gabor wavelet coefficients and whose most significant bit consisting of 256 byte code that is called iris code. Iris code is used to recognize individuals using fractal dimensions. The existing AIRS system described by the author generates the iris feature code and two matching techniques have been used namely K-means and Neural Networks and they have been applied on the iris feature code to identify the iris pattern. The existing system is performed well for high security using first method. In first method original domain is used while in second method wavelet domain is used for feature extraction. We conclude from our results that wavelet domain is superior to original image domain. Thus, this is the accurate system for FAR. The problem appeared in the research of AIRS is that it provides the low FAR but it does not provide the low FRR. Dong et al., [8] has make iris recognition easier by proposing iris recognition systems with efficient human computer interface and with two different strategies, one meets the requirements of low end market and other meets the requirements of high end market. As to make iris recognition comfortable this

research covers the two iris recognition system; one is double eye device based on LCD screen feedback like a magic mirror and other is long distance device on a high resolution camera, long focus lens and pan tilt zoom unit. . For image acquisition iris image is done using digital sensor through an optical lens. Digital sensors CCD and CMOS are used. People can perform iris recognition from 3 meters away. Thus, Recognition algorithm used in this research has been very fast, robust and accurate. Two types of iris recognition system will satisfy the markets need. All available methods are integrated to make the comfortable iris recognition system. This paper does not cover the verification phenomenon. This system only covers the image acquisition phenomenon which is helpful for the people engaged in the development of iris recognition system. Vatsa et al., [9] has developed the system to improve the accuracy and speed of iris recognition. Iris images are captured in a controlled environment to ensure high quality. This research effort focuses on reducing the false rejection. Iris textural and topological feature has been extracted using 1D log polar Gabor transform. The masked polar image thus converted to binary images. To verify a persons identity, the iris template has been matched with the stored templates. Topological feature extraction has been done using Eulers method. 2-SVM method has been used to achieve low error rate. In this research ICE 2005 database, CASIA version3 database and UBIRIS database have been used. The Algorithms used for validation is Daugmans Integro Differential and 2SVM algorithm. Results of this system have shown the improvement in the performance of iris verification and identification and it shows accurate non ideal iris segmentation using modified functions. Thus the proposed algorithm reduces the false rejection rate by maintaining the low false acceptance rate. This system requires much effort and one module will affect the other in case of performance and accuracy. It is time consuming and expensive as well. Vrcek et al., [10] has covered the personal verification system based on iris pattern by removing the noise and sobel edge detection operator has been used. The iris pattern has been converted to fix two dimensional spaces based on Dougmans model. The author has used the 2D Gabor wavelet method for feature extraction. Then Hamming Distance (HD) has been

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calculated using XOR. It gives accurate results for false acceptance rate but not for false rejection rate. For real test system the results that are achieved, are satisfactory. By the literature review it is come to know that the existing research papers lack the high quality image, low error rates and high accuracy for iris recognition and authentication. So, to overcome these drawbacks there is need to propose a better system so the main purpose of this research is to develop a biometrics system based on iris recognition and authentication that is also able to retain high accuracy with less computational time by maintaining the high quality regions unchanged and improving the low quality regions of the iris image.

B A E M IS FE TM IV

Binary Average Filter Edge Detection Morphological Operation Iris Segmentation Feature Extraction Template Matching Iris Verification

On the basis of some problems in iris recognition system, discussed previously, a new model has been proposed and the design of the proposed system is described in this section. Thus, the system is elaborated in the following steps.

3.2. Image Acquisition

First of all images have been captured from a video and frames are stored in a permanent storage in JPG format with size 280x320. These frames have been retrieved one by one and then used for pre-processing and pattern matching after applying various techniques for image processing. Frames captured from the video are in RGB format and these frames have been converted into grayscale. The images have been stored in the variable that consists of the array elements. Gray scale image has been changed to uint8 image. Uint8 image has been transformed to binary image.

3. SYSTEM DESIGN
First of all there is need to explain the actual problem related to the system on the basis of which proposed system is implemented.

3.1. Statement of the modeling problem

In order to achieve the accurate results for the iris recognition and verification system it becomes necessary to design and implement the general and efficient system. There are various existing systems for static images but here the problem needs to be solved is that to recognize and verify the human iris for dynamic images and thus the system has been based on biometrics authentication technique. By following the above mentioned steps the resultant solution is as follows: Resultant Image= (IV(TM (FE (IS (M (E (A (B (U (G (R (I)))))))))))) Where the symbols are described in the table 1. Table 1. List of factors Symbols R U G I Description Read Image Uint8 Conversion Grayscale Image to be processed

3.3. Image Pre-processing

Pre-processing consists of various operations on image. These operations does not increase the image information and contents but helps to decrease and remove the unwanted information from the image. Pre-processing operations include the image cropping, image filtering, edge detection, intensity adjustment, threshold control, histogram equalization and many other processes. The specific pre-processing operations performed here are:

A. Smoothing:
To retrieve the wanted details from the acquired image there is need to perform some operations on the image and first of all it is necessary to hide the low level detail i.e. unnecessary details. Filters are used for smoothing process and there are various filters for this purpose. They give the blurring effect to the

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desired level and it depends on the masking value of filter. Some of the low pass filters used for smoothing are Gaussian low pass filter, disk, median filter, maximum filter, minimum filter and average filter. Average filter is the linear smoothing filter while minimum, maximum and median filters are non linear smoothing filters. Average filter has by default filter mask of [3 3] by increasing this vector value the image has become more blur and its selection depend on the system requirement. The purpose is to hide the low level detail in order to get the desired results. The average filter gives the better and efficient required results than other low pass filters. Average filter is given by: Ones (n (1), n (2))/ (n (1)*n (2)) It creates a square matrix of ones having n dimension, where n is any integer normally the matrix is of [3 3].

the pixels specified in the parameter. After the dilation holes in the dilated image have been filled that helps to detect the center of the pupil and iris.

D. Boundary Cropping:
By applying the average filter the boundary of the image has become prominent and that is unnecessary for the image processed further to derive the center point for pupil and iris. So the boundary of the dilated image has been cropped manually.

3.4. Generation of High Quality Image:

After applying smoothing, edge detection filters and morphological operations the resultant image has been enhanced and of high quality.

B. Edge Detection:
After the smoothing process the edges of the image has been detected using the filters that are used for edge detection. More the detail and noise in the image more will be the detail in edge detected image. If the image has been blurred up to the certain level then it helps to show the less level of detail located inside the main edges of the image, which is basically referred to as noise. There are several 2D filters used for edge detection namely canny filter, zero cross method, laplacian filter, laplacian of Gaussian filter i.e. Log filter, Roberts filter, unsharp filter, prewitt filter and sobel filter. Canny filter is another type of filter used to detect the edges and it reduces the less detail so the canny filter produces the better results for the proposed system. Although for binary images all the filters give the same result but for the gray scale images their result vary.

3.5. Iris Segmentation:

After getting the enhanced image there is time to get the pupil and iris. First of all pupil center has been detected by using the binary image. As in the binary image the pixel value is either 0 or 1. 0 represents the black area in the image while 1 represents the white area in the image. After pre-processing phase, in the proposed system, the binary image has the smooth pupil and almost no noise. The column that has maximum number of ones has been retrieved first. Then the index of that column and its corresponding row has been achieved. The consecutive number of ones in that column has been noticed and the row, that contains the first one among all the consecutive ones, has been get. From starting and ending point of the maximum ones column the midpoint has been calculated and actually that is the row that has the center point. Thus the row and column has been achieved which is the x and y coordinates of the pupil respectively. Thus the center point of the pupil and radius of the pupil has been calculated. Using that center point the circle around the pupil boundary has been drawn and in this way the pupil has been segmented. In the same way iris is segmented. In the proposed system the iris and pupil is almost concentric so their centers are also same but their radius are different and varying from image to image as the pupil size varies. With the help of iris radius the circle has been drawn around the iris boundary.

C. Morphological Operations:
To identify the object within the image is the difficult task and various morphological operations have been used for this purpose. Some of them have been used in the proposed system. Strel and dilation has performed and dilated image depends on the value of

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Hence, the pupil and iris has been segmented properly and efficiently. Apart from above all there is a possibility that the person eye is closed, in that case error can occur and in order to make the system error free, a solution has been proposed and implemented.

Where f gives the frequency of Log Gabor Filter, f0 represents the centre frequency and is the bandwidth of the filter.

3.8. Template Matching:

Before the matching process there must be some other images of different irises of the persons in the separate database so that at the time of comparison images are retrieved one by one. So for this purpose images have been captured from the different live videos and have been stored in the dataset. The all processing steps, illustrated previously, have been applied on all the images in the new database and thus the images from both the database have been retrieved for comparison as it contains different type of iris images so that the efficient desired results have been produced in case of individuals identity. Although on the basis of feature extraction comparing templates have been created and it involves these two cases: If the metric gives the same range of values for both created templates from the same person eye then this is referred to as Intra Class Distribution. If the metric gives the different range of for the templates created from different irises then this is called Inter Class Distribution.

3.6.

Iris Normalization:

The segmented image has been converted from circular form to rectangular form as the pupil size varies from frame to frame so the iris region has been saved in rectangular form that is accurate method for better feature extraction and pattern matching. This also works in the loop i.e. the loop is from outer pupil boundary to the iris outer boundary and the in between region of both the pupil and iris boundaries has been achieved. Each coordinate has been retrieved from the circular form and mapped to the rectangular form one by one. Thus the normalized image has the polar coordinates.

3.7.

Feature Extraction:

After the iris normalization has been done there is time to extract the iris features for template matching and comparison. There are various methods that are used for feature extraction namely Wavelet encoding, Gabor filters, Haar wavelet and Log Gabor filter. However encoding based on Fourier transform was replaced by wavelet encoding because it gives the better and more effective results and also reduces signal to noise ratio. Gabor filter is for one dimensional signals as well as for two dimensions, first one is known as 1D Gabor filter and second one is called as 2D Gabor filter and mainly 1D Gabor filter provides excellent band pass filtering. The Log Gabor filter provides the logarithmic function in order to remove the DC component of medium high pass filter. So the 1D Log Gabor filter has been used for feature extraction in the proposed iris recognition system and it is given by:

Hamming Distance, Euclidean Distance and Normalized Correlation are the methods that are used for template matching but here the proposed method is Hamming Distance and it gives efficient results. As templates based on iris codes have been generated in the previous step that have been used in this step and thus hamming distance is the method for the comparison of iris codes generated either from the same irises or from iris of different persons. It is stated as:

Here code A and code B are two iris codes, with corresponding bit masks, mask A and mask B. represents the XOR operator whereas the AND operator. [11]

represents

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3.9. Iris Verification:

The iris Verification process is mainly based on the previous steps i.e. Hamming Distance. Two results have been concluded from this step. If the templates are matched then the person identity will be verified, otherwise it will display the message that both eye images are of different persons.

Figure 1. Original RGB image Then the acquired RGB image has been converted to the grayscale image as shown in the figure given below:

4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
As the system design has explained in the previous section now its time to show the results of proposed processing and logic described earlier. In this research main task is of image processing and the tool used for this purpose is MATLAB. MATLAB is the abbreviation of Matrix Laboratory [12] and it is the numerical computing and fourth generation language. Basically MATLAB deals with matrix and arrays and thus MATLAB is a high level matrix language. All data is stored in the form of arrays and matrices and additionally there is no need to declare the dimension of the arrays. Thus MATLAB is the technical computing language that contains the combination of visualization, computation and programming environment. MATLAB is also accurate in numerical calculations and applications. As it is widely used in computer vision and image processing so new algorithms are being implemented in the MATLAB as certain functionalities are only available in the MATLAB. Thus it has the modern programming environment including the data structures, object oriented programming and debugging tools. To implement the system design MATLAB 7.9.0 is used. First of all image has been captured from the video. Sample image is given in figure 1:

Figure 2. Gray Scale Image The grayscale image is then converted to uint8 and then binary image and the result shows as follows:

Figure 3. Binary Image Then the next step shows the results of [16 16] average filtered image and then edge detected image using canny filter has been obtained as shown in figure 4 and figure 5:

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Figure 4. Average Filtered Image Figure 7. Hole Filled Image After the image preprocessing the above described logic of iris segmentation has performed on the holes filled image to detect the pupil center. The midpoint is calculated from starting and ending point of the consecutive ones in the processed image. mid_point= floor ((starting point + ending point)/2); Figure 5. Edge Detected Image Some morphological operations have been performed on the edge detected image as shown below in figure 6 and figure 7: By the midpoint radius is easily calculated by subtracting the midpoint either from the starting point or ending point and the center mapped binary and gray scale image is shown in figure 8 and figure 9 respectively:

Figure 6. Dilated Image

Figure 8. Center Detected Binary Image

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Figure 9. Center Detected Gray Scale Image Then to detect the pupil and iris boundary circle is drawn around pupil outer boundary and iris outer boundary. Thus to draw the circle following formula is implemented. re = round(2 * pi * radius); step = 2 * pi / re; Then for loop is executed from 0 to 2pi with the increment of step and in that loop x and y is calculated and wit the help of those x and y coordinates and radius. Circle is drawn, using the below mentioned formula, around pupil and iris as shown in figure 10 and 11 respectively: circle_x=round(midpoint+pupil_radius*cos (j)); circle_y=round(column_index+pupil_radius*sin (j)); Here circle_x and circle_y are the coordinates that have been get in the loop where j is the loop variable. For circle around the iris boundary pupil_radius will be replaced by iris_radius as, circle_x=round (midpoint+iris_radius*cos (j)); circle_y=round(column_index+iris_radius*sin (j));

Figure 10. Pupil Segmented Image

Figure 11. Iris Segmented Image The next step is to normalize the iris and this is done by calculating value of theta in order to get coordinate on iris and pupil boundaries and then calculate the pixel coordinated at angle theta i.e. pupil x and y coordinates and iris x and y coordinates, x and y is computed using mathematical formula to get the points from pupil towards iris or from iris towards pupil as described below: x_pupil= pupil_x + pupil_radius * sin(t); y_pupil= pupil_y + pupil_radius * cos(t); x_iris= iris_x + iris_radius * sin(t); y_iris= iris_y + iris_radius * cos(t); And from both directions the resultant images are as shown in figure 12:

(a)

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(b) Figure 12. Normalized Iris Images Feature extraction is done using 1D log Gabor filter using normalized iris. Before the template matching process same processing is done on the other stored images and then captured and stored images in the dataset are compared on the basis of hamming distance. If the hamming distance is less than 0.4 then the images are of same person otherwise images are of different pesons and if its value is zero then it shows the perfect match. Templates of the above normalized iris is shown in figure 13.

Figure 3. (c) Binary Image

Figure 4(a) Average Filtered Image Figure 13. Binary Template of Normalized Iris Similarly the same processing is done on the other iris image of the same person and all the above mentioned steps give the results as shown in the figures given below: Figure 5 (b) Edge detected Image

Figure 14. (a) RGB Image

Figure 6 (c) Dilated Image

Figure 2. (b) Gray scale Image

Figure 7 (d) Hole Filled Image

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same processing is done on the stored images and the final results of that images are shown in the figures given below:

Figure 8 (a) Center Detected Binary Image

Figure 14 (a) c) Pupil segmentation

Figure 9 (b) Center Detected Gray Scale Image

Figure 15 (b) Iris Segmentation on the Images in the Dataset Figure 10(a) Pupil Segmented Image

Figure 19 c) Pupil segmentation

Figure 117 (b) Iris Segmented Image

(a)

Figure 12(a) Normalized Iris Image

(b)

Figure 13 (b) Binary Template The next step is to compare the captured images with the stored images in the dataset and for this purpose

(c) Figure 160. Iris Normalization of the Images in the Dataset

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(a)

(b)

(c) Figure 21. Binary Templates of the Images in the Dataset

consumption the system can be implemented in C++ or C# as MATLAB is the integrated language. As the series matching has been done in the proposed system so parallel matching could reduce the time so for that purpose FPGA can be used. Eye lid and eyelashes detection phenomenon can be added to increase the accuracy and efficiency of the developed system. Another extension to this project is that high resolution camera can be used to play the video at the run time and then frames are captured and stored in the database.

REFERENCES

5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

The biometrics authentication system based on human iris features is the most secure authentication system and this report represents an efficient iris recognition system. The proposed system has been implemented in MATLAB 7.9 that has many latest and useful built in functions and commands and thus helps to implement the various constructive image processing techniques that have been used to implement the better and accurate human computer interface. The two major tasks involves in the development of iris recognition system has been covered in this paper i.e. Iris Segmentation and the Feature Extraction. Iris Segmentation is the critical process involved in development of iris recognition system because the accuracy of the system mainly depends on the iris segmentation. Problem is basically faced in the center detection step and on which the basis of pupil and iris has been segmented. Then segmented iris has been normalized and then 1D log Gabor Filter has been used and after hamming distance calculation results have been shown. Thus the proposed system will verify the authentic and valid user only by accurate template matching. It is also for the time when the eye is closed or user blinks his eyes, it will prompt the message in that case and next image has been taken for the processing of iris identification and authentication. Thus it has been concluded that the developed system is the efficient and friendly user interface system that provides the individuals security with accuracy and low error rates. Although the study that has been done is comprehensive and sufficient in its own terms, but there is always room for improvement as in this project as well. However the accuracy matters a lot than the fast system but to reduce the time

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[2] http://www03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/7
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[3] http://edition.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/07/
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[4] http://www.oki.com/en/press/2002/z02011e.html. [5] http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~jgd1000/applics.html.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Zoama Afaq is the under graduate student of Department of Software Engineering in Fatima Jinnah Women University the Mall, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Bushra Sikander is the Lecturer in the Department of Computer Science in Fatima Jinnah Women University the Mall, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Her qualification is MS-CS.. Dr. Malik Sikandar Hayat Khiyal is Head of Academic (ES), APCOMS, Khadim Hussain Road, Lalkurti, Pakistan. He served in Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission for 25 years and involved in different research and development program of the PAEC. He developed software of underground flow and advanced fluid dynamic techniques. He was also involved at teaching in Computer Training Centre, PAEC and International Islamic University. His area of interest is Numerical Analysis of Algorithm, Theory of Automata and Theory of Computation. He has more than hundred research publications published in National and International Journals and Conference proceedings. He has supervised three PhD and more than one hundred and thirty research projects at graduate and postgraduate level. He is member of SIAM, ACM, Informing Science Institute, IACSIT. He is associate editor of IJCTE and coeditor of the journals JATIT and International Journal of Reviews in Computing. He is reviewer of the journals, IJCSIT, JIISIT, IJCEE and CEE of Elsevier.