...

0._

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"~---------_._------._--'----------_._--

DOCUMENTATION GUIDE TABLE' OF CONTENTS",

Chapter I - Thermal LO Introduction U Wall and Roof Transmission Loads L2 Glass Transmission 1.3 Solar Gain Loads 1.4 Heat Gains due to People 1.5 Lighting Heat 1.6 Miscellaneous Electrical Heat Gains L 7 Miscellaneous Intemal Gains L8 Transmission Loads through P~lrWions L9 Infiltration Loads 1.10 Ground Element Transmission Loads 1.11 Safety Factor Chapter 2 - Design System Calculations 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Analysis for Design Cooling Conditions
2.].] Thermal Load Calculations 2.1.2 Supply Air Sizing Calculations 2.1.3 Air System Simulation Calculations

!-J 1]2 ]2 ]-3 ! A

IA

1-4 1-5 1-5 ]-6 ]8 2-] 2-J

2- I 2-2 2-4

2.2 Analysis for Design Heating Conditions

2.2. I Thermal Load Calculations 2.2.2 System Analysis and Sizing Calculations

2-7
2-7 28

._J

'

+.

-,-_'

++~_.,~.

A key facet A "thermal" for a region as a "space

of the design load and energy analyses is load is the sum of transmission, of the building. In the program the load".

calculation of thermal loads. internal and solar gain loads load is sometimes referred to load is the amount of heat load as well as ventilation,

The thermal load is distinguished from a coil load. A removed or added at the coil. It incorporates the fan gain and p1enum load characteristics.

The purpose of this chapter is to document the basic thyrmalload calculation procedures used in HAIP. These calculations apply to design as well as average load analyses. The procedures here are based on the Carrier rQO Load Estimating Method. The primary reference for the method is the Carrier Sys'lem Design Manual Pari I: Load E"!:;timating. Separate sections of this chapter deal with each thermal load component. Specific details concerning design thermal !()<id calculations are found in Chapter 2. Finally, in the formulas below, it convention is used in which cooling loads (Ileal gains) are positive and heating loads (heat losses) are negative.

Heat transmission through walls and roofs is due to the indoor-outdoor temperature difference and to the transmission of absorbed solar energy. The fundamental transmission equation is: Qw where: Qw
I\w
==

Uw

--

Wall transmission load (lHU/IJr or Wall LJ..value (BTLJ/(hr-sqft-F) or W I(sqm-K))

Wall area (sqft or sqm).

ETD

--

Equivalent Temperature

Difference

or K).

The ETD value incorporates the considerations of heat transfer due to both the actual indoor-outdoor temperature difference and absorbed solar energy. The basic ETD equation may be expressed as: ETD == Kw (Rs/Rm)C[em" where: Kw
==

Tes) +Tes +

Wall or accounts surfaces. 1.00 for 0.78 for 0.55 for

roof color correction factor (dimensionless). This factor for varied absorptivity characteristics of different color dark color surfaces (reference color). medium color surfaces. light color surfaces.

Solar heat gain for wall or roof exposure (BTU/(hr-sqft) or W Isqm). This value is a peak solar heat gain (IPSHG) for design calculations; it is an solar gain (ASHG) for typical calculations. Solar heat gain for the reference condition (BTU I(hr-sqft) or W Isqm). The reference conditions are 40 deg. north latitude, July, sea level, design dewpoint temperature of 67 F (19.4 and clear sky conditions. Thus, the (Rs/Rm) ratio COHects for the magnitude of the solar flux on the surface.
!-I

LOAD CALCULATIONS

Equivalent temperature difference for sunlit exposures for the reference condition (F or K). Values are obtained from the Carrier Design Manual Tables! 9 and 20. Valucs vary for cach hour, for wall or roof weights and by exposure. Tes Equivalent temperature difference for sh',lded exposures for the reference condition (F or K). Values are.lobtained from the Carrier Design Manual Tables 19 and 20. Values vary for each hour, for wall or roof weights and by exposure. Temperature correction factor (F or K). Tern and T es valucs arc based on a reference outdoor air tempenHure profile. To adapt the ETDs to actual outdoor conditions, corrections for the amplitude and magnitude of the actual temperature pro~le must be made. This factor is derived in part from Table 20A of the Carrier Design Manual. Tam -Ti - .5 - 5 for English units. Tam - .5 - 2.78 for S.I. Metric Tam Ti Maximum temperature in outdoor (F or C). air temperature profile (F or C).

Indoor air temperature

Daily temperature range (F or K). This is the difference between maximum and minimum temperatures in the daily profile.

The equation

for heat transmission

through glass is:

Qg:;;: Ug Ag (T a - Ti) where: Qg Ug Ag

::;: --.

Glass transmission

load (BTU/hr

or W). or W /(sqrn-K.

Glass U-value (BTU/(hr-sqft-F) Glass area (sqft or sqm). Outdoor air temperature

(F or C). (F or C).

--

Indoor air temperature

Throughout the day the sun shines through windows in the building. This solar energy is absorbed by interior floors, walls and ceilings and is released by convection and radiation over time. To analyze this transient heat gain a set of hourly solar response factors are These factors been normalized for the maximum daily solar flux. Different sets of factors are defined in the Carrier Design Manual for various building weights and for bare glass elements and glass with internal shading devices. The basic solar gain equation for glass with no external shading is: Qsg ::;:(SHG)(SLF) where: Qsg SHG Solar gain load (RTU/hr or W). Fg Ag

I\Aaximum solar heat value (BTU/(hr-sqft) or W /sqm). This value is the peak solar heat gain for design cooling calculations or the average solar heat gain for aver:'l:ge
1-2

SLF

Storage load factor (dimensionless). This is the solar response value obtained from Carrier Design Manual. Tables 7 through I I for the appropriate glass condition, building weight, cooling equipment operation schedule, exposure and hour. Glass factor (dimensionless). SHG values are derived for solar nux through a single pane of ordinary glass. To account for different transmission and reflection characteris~ics of other types of glass and internal shading devices a correction f<ictor is applied. Glass area (sqft or sqm). is:

Fg

Ag

0-

For solar gains for glass with external shading, the equation Qsg where: Fe _.

(FeSHGe

+ FsSHGs)(SLF)

Fg Ag

Fraction of glass area exposed to sunlight (dimensionless). This value is determined first by evaluating the angIe of incidence for the beam component of solar flux for the hour. Using the angle of incidence with the physical characteristics of the external shading device, the portion of the glass pane exposed to sunlight can be computed. Fraction of glass area shaded (dimensionless).

I - Fe
Maximum (hr-sqft)or
-.

solar heat gain for the exposed glass (BTU/ W /sqm).

Maximum solar heat gain for shaded glass (BTU/(hr-sqft) or W /sqm). Different SHG values are used because the exposed glass receives beam and diffuse components of the solar flux; the shaded glass receives only diffuse solar.

The human body continuously releases quantities of sensible heat and nlOisture. The magnitude of these heat gains depends upon the level of physical exertion. It is assumed body heat is released directly to the surrounding air. The basic sensible and latent heat gain equations are as follows: Qps = Np Qs where: Qps
---

Qp!

N p QI
or W). or W). space for the hour. or W /person). or W /person). This value is This value is

Sensible component Latent component Scheduled

of heat gain (BTU/hr of heat gain (BTU/hr

number of people occupying

Sensible heat gain rate (BTU/(hr-person) defined by the user.

Latent heat gain rate (BTU/(hr-pcrson) defined by the user.

1-3

LOAD CALCULATIONS

LIGHTING HEAT GAIN

Heat gain lights is assumed lighting heat gain is:

to be instantaneous.

The basic equation

for the total

where: =: =: =: Lighting heat gain (BTU/hr Scheduled or W).

lighting power level for the hour (W).

Ballast multiplier (dimensionless). When fluorescent lights are used, the heat gain from the ballast starter device must be considered also. A ballast multiplier factor is used to increase the lighting power PI accordingly. This multiplier is defined by the user and typically ranges from 1.0 to 1.25. For incandescent lights the multiplier is not used. Unit conversion (3.4]2 factor used to provide heat gain in proper units. for English units. BTU/hr)/(W)

Fu

1.0 fOf S.L Metric units.

This load element is used to model heat gain due to miscellaneous electrical machinery such as computers, typewriters, vending machines, etc ... Heat gain from these machines is assumed to be instantaneous. The basic heat gain equation is:

HEAT GAINS

=: Fu Pme where: Miscellaneous Pme

Fu

electrical heat gain (BTU/hr

or W).

=:

Scheduled

miscellaneous

electrical power level for the ham (W).

Unit conversion

factor used to provide load in proper units. for English units.

12 BTU/hr)/(W) =

1.0 for S.L Metric units.

INTERNAL HEAT GAINS

This load element is used to consider heat gain from miscellaneous non-electrical sources. Heat gai,n is assumed to be instantaneous. Gains considered for both sensible and latent load components. Hourly heat gain quantities are directly specified by the user in the form of a maximum heat gain and hourly scheduling factors. Heat values may be positive or negative. Negative heat values are used to model loads due to refrigeration cases or similar equipment.

L LOAD CALCULA
--'---.---

---

- -----~-

Heat transmission through partitions adjacent to a non-conditioned region are considered with this load element. non-conditioned we mean such regions as adjacent parking garages, freezer storage rooms and unconditioned warehouses, The air temperature in these regions may vary in different ways. Therefore two options for analyzing transmission loads through partitions are offered, Adjacent Region Temperature. The first option is to consider the temperature in the adjacent region as being fixed, This option should be used for regions such as a refrigerated storeroom or an equipment room in which the temperature is relatively constant. The transmission load for this case is computed Qpl = Up Ap (T",-Tj)
where:

AND

Qpt Up Ap Tar 'Ii

= Transmission load through partition = Partition U-value (BTU/(hr--sqft-F) = Partition area (sqft or sqm).
=
Air temperature user. Air temperature in adjacent

(BTU/hr

or W).

or W I(sqm-K,

region (F or C). This value is defined by the space (F or C),

in conditioned

Pcrcenlage 01' huJoor-O!!hloor Tempen!lure evaluates the partition temperature difference temperature difference. This method may be garage or unconditioned warehouse in which temperature. The basic transmission equation Qpt ::::Up where: Qpt
:::: --.

Dillercnce. Thc second option as a fraction of the indoor-outdoor used to model regions such as a parking the temperature varies with outdoor air is:

Partition Partition Partition

transmission

load (IBTU/hr or W), or W I(sqm-K)).

U-value (BTU/(hr-sqft-F) area (sqft or

Temperature difference fraction (dimensionless), The fraction of indoor-outdoor ternpcraturc difference to be applied to the partition. Values may range from 0 (0%) to 2,0 (200%). Outdoor air temperature or C). (F or C).

'Ii

Indoor air temperature

Sensible and latent heat gains due to infiltration air arc considered with this load element. Infiltration air is assumed to enter the space at outdoor conditions and leave at the room conditions. The basic equations for this load are:

Qis ::::Pa Vi Cpa Fu (Ta where:

Tn

Qil ::::Pa Vi hfg Fu (wa - wi)

Qis
Qil

Sensible infiitration Latent infiltration

1-5

(BTlJ lor or W). load (BTU/hr or W).

LOAD CALCULATIONS

Pa

==
::::

Density of Psi Pba / Psi De'o.sity of air

Value is adjusted

for site elevation.

Ps! Pba

==
-

standard

sea leve! conditions

(0.075 Ibm/ft3 (psia or kPa).

or 1.201 kg/m3).
Standard atmospheric pressure at site elevation x J 0-6E)5.256! x 1O- E)5.2561
5

--

14.696 (l - 6.87535 10 1.3 (1 - 2.25569

for English units. for Metric units. psia or

PsI E

==

Standard atmospheric 101.3 kPa). Site elevation Infiltration

pressure at sea !eve! (14.696

(fed or meters above sea level).

air flow rate (CFM or Lis). values used arc 0.24 BTU/(lbm-F) or

Cpa Fu

Specific heat of air. Standard

lO04.832 J/(kg-K).
Conversion 60 min/hr factor used to provide load in correct units. for English units.

m3/(lOOO L) for SJ. Metric units.

Ta
Tj

Outdoor

air temperature

or C). or C).

Indoor air temperature Heat of vaporization

hfg

for water. Values used are 1054.8 BTU/lbm

or

2.4535x106 J/kg.

Heat loss through floors on or below grade and through walls below grade are computed only for the heating design condition. Heat transmission through ground clements for other conditions is not evaluated. Transmission loads are computed using empirical equations derived for the Carrier ~QO Method. This method is appropriate only for heat loss through concrete or masonry walls and floors, and only for the heating design condition. A study of ground heat loss showed that ground temperatures below 8 ft (2.44 m) are relatively stable regardless of outdoor air temperature. Between the 8 ft (2.44 m) depth and the surface, ground temperature varies with outdoor temperature more appreciably. Further, research showed that heat loss through floor elements was relatively independcnt of depth below grade, while heat loss through the perimeter of the floor was dependent upon depth. Because of these considerations, the E20 method analyzes ground transmission loads ill components. These arc floor loss, perimeter floor loss, wall transmission below an 8 ft (2.44 depth and wall transmission abovc an 8 ft (2.44 m) depth. These load components are discussed below.

Floor Loss. Heat transmission

with the following equation.

through the floor to the ground below is evaluated == Uf(Tg _ Tj)

Perimeter Floor Loss. To evaluate heat loss through the perimeter of floors, a set of
thermal resistance factors were derived to account for the insulating effcct of the floor material and of the ground at various depths. Heat loss is computed Ilsing the following equation: Qfp == Lfp Fp (Tad - Tn

1-6

-~.

__ ._-----------------~---~_._._-_._-THERMAL LOAD CALCULAI10NS

Wall Loss Above a Depth of 8 n m). To analyze heat loss through the portion of the wall between grade level and 8 ft (2.44 m) below grade, a set of factors were empirically derived to account for the insulating effect of the wall and ground at various depths. The basic tra~smission equation for this load component is: Qw!

Heat Loss for Wails More thalli 8 If basement walls exist below a depth of 8 ft (2.44 m), a separate analysis is used to determine the heat I.oss for this section of waIL The transmission equation for this section of the wall is: Qw2 Variable Qn Qfp 1 Qw2 Af Aw = = Defilliitiollls: Floor transmission load (BTU/hr or Vv'). (BTU Ihr or W). Heat loss through floor perimeter

= Lwp Fp (Tad - Ti) n (2.44 m) Below Grade.

=
Uw Aw (Tg - Ti)

Heat loss through wall area between grade and 8 ft (2.44 m) below grade (BTU/hr or W). Heat loss through or W). wall area below 8 ft (2.44 m) depth (BTU/hr

Floor area (sqft or sqrn). Basement wall area (sqft or sqrn). For Qw I this is the area between grade and an 8 ft (2.44 m) depth. For Qw2 this is the area below an 8 ft (2.44 m) depth. Floor U-value. An assumed value of .05 BTU/(hr-sqft-I<') or .28 W I(sqm-K) is used. This value models a concrete or masonry floor. Wall U~value. An assumed value of .08 BTU/(hr-sqft-F) or .45 \V I(sqm-K) is used to mode! concrete or masonry walls.

Uf Uw Lfp Lwp IFp = =

Floor perimeter Wall perimeter

(ft or length or m).

Perimeter factor (BTU/(hr-ft-F) or W I(m-K). This factor accounts for the thermal resistance of the floor or wall and the ground at varying depths. The perimeter factor is applicable from grade level to 8 ft (2.44 m) below grade. For floors more than 8 ft (2.44 m) below grade, the perimeter factor at the 8 ft (2.44 m) level is used. The empirical equation for the factor is: 0.60 -+ 0.075(D) for English Units 1.0384 -+ .4259(D) for S.I. Metric Units Ground temperature below floor (IF or C). This value is obtained from an empirical equation: 55 -+ .s Tad for English units. 21.67 -+ .5 Tad for SJ. Metric units. Indoor air temperature Heating design outdoor Depth below grade grade level to the (F or C). air temperature or C).

or m). For floors, this is the distance from of the walL

1-7

CALCULATIONS

For desngn load calculations a factor is introduced to provide a margin of safety in the design. The safety factor is defined by the user. The safety load is computed by multiplying eachof"the space sensible and latent thermal load componenl<; by the factor.

1-8

~-----_._---_._------_._------_._._---------_._._---_.---

..--

CIIAPTER

DESIGN SYSTEM
ANALYA-9IS CALCULATIONS
~'h..._J
..

'~-'''''~'_'-;'' '_'_''''_'T'k~ -------.---------------.----.--

The purpose of the design analysis is to determine system coil loads and air flow characteristics for cooling or heating design conditions. The analyses typically involve three stages: The Thermal Load Calculation Stage determines the heat quantity to be added or removed from the spaces in order to maintain comfort conditions. The Sizing Stage involves computation of supply air characteristics required to meet the thermal loads. In the special case of hydronic heating system design, sizing involves computing a required water flow rate. The System Analysis Stage. System operation is simulated to determine the cooling or heating coil load. Coil loads arc in turn used to size the cooling or heating plant The purpose of this chapter is to describe procedures for both cooling and heating design analyses. The following discussions will be useful in interpreting and utilizing data on program printouts. Separate sections arc devoted to each analysis.

YSIS FOR DESIGN COOLING CONDITIONS

Design cooling analyses are performed onan hourly basis. Each of the three analysis stages is described below. For these calculations the indoor temperature is fixed at the specified cooling setting. The outdoor conditions are obtained from the design temperature profiles.

1.1 Thermal Load Calculations

The first stage in the analysis involves the calculation of thermal loads. General thermal load calculation procedures were described in Chapter!. To apply these procedures for cooling design conditions, loads arc computed using considerations listed in the Table 2.1.

2-1

DESIGN

ANALYSIS

CALCULATIONS

TABLE 2.1 Considerations For Cooling Design Thermal Loads

-----------------_.

TlJermalload

Component

Considerations
-------------

Wall & Roof Transmission

Compute nos using peak solar gains. cooling designlemperature profile data and the daily range lor design days.
-----------

Glass Transmission So!ar Gains

Compute using design temperature profile data.

---"------.-----

Utilize peak solar gain data to mode! clear sky conditions.

______ H _

!otemal Par!i!ioo Transmission

Compute using design day schedules.

--------~--._------"-----------

Uiifize specified cooling values for the temperature dillerence across the partition.
----------------.. -----.<---"---.-

Infiltration

Use specified cooling design infiltration air !low rales. This load is not considered lor cooling calculalions. Tim E20 load calculation procedure lor this element is appropriate only lor healing design calculations.
_._-------_.~--

Ground Element Transmission

------------.

Safety Faclor load

------~

Compute using specified cooling salely lactor.

--------

Plenum load

Computed as a percentage 01 the tolal mol and Iota! lighting loads. Individual percentages lor each component are liseI' -supplied.
--------------------

1.2 Supply

Sizing

The next stage in the analysis is to derive supply air characteristics. The purpose of the cooling system is to provide conditioning to meet a thermal load. To do this a quantity of chilled air at a certain temperature is provided to the space. Thus, characteristics of supply air are air How quantity and temperature. The user has specified one of these characteristics. It is the program's job to compute the other quantity. ~uppIy airf1Qw rates are computed both on a space and zone basis. Supply temperature iscomputed ol1Iyon basis. SIzing calculations on the zone and space levels are described below.

2-2

DESIGN SYSTEJv! ANALYSiS

Space Slupply Air Calculations. These computations depending upon the user supply air specification.

take one of three forms

I. Given the supply flow rate per unit !loor area, the flow rate is computed as shown below. Note that this quantity is not ,elated 1.0 a specific system supply temperature, or even to the space load.

Vsa == Vaf Afs

where: Vsa Vaf '. == == Supply air flow rate (CFM or Lis). Supply !low rate per unit nom area (CFM/sqft Space floor area (sqft or sqm). or L/(ssqm)).

2. If the total supply air flow rate is given for the zone, the program has no basis for computing a space How rate. Consequently, none is computed or reported. 3. Given the supply temperature, the following equation for the space supply flow rate is computed by solving

Qss::: Pa Vsa Cpa Fu (Tc .. Tsa) where: Qss pa ==

-\/ '" % /

Co

.~)

Space sensible thermal load include plenum heat gains. Density of air. Value is adjusted

or W). This load does not for site elevation.

Psi Psi/ Pba

Density of air for standard sea leve! conditions (0.075 Ibm/ft.3

PsI

or 1.201 kg/m]).
Standard atmospheric pressure at site elevation (psia or kPa). x lO-6E)5.256! x I O-~:E)5.2561 for English units. for Metric units. 14.696 (! - 6.87535
J 0 1.3 (I .. 2.25569

Psi E Cpa Fu

--

Standard atmospheric lOJ.3 kPa). Site elevation

pressure at sea leve! (i 4.696 psia or

(feet or meters above sea level). values used are 0.24 BTU/(lbm-F) or

== ==

Specific heat of air. Standard

1004.832 J/(kg-K).
Con version f~lctor to provide load in proper units. 60 min/hr for English units. 013/(1000 L) for S.!. Metric units. Indoor air temperature Supply air temperature for cooling (F or C). (F or C). again take three forms depending upon

--

Tc Tsa

Zone Supply Air Calculations. the user supply air specification.

Calculations

2-3

SYSTEM ANALYSIS CALCULAI10NS

i. Given the supply air flow rate per unit 1100r area, the zone flow rate is computcd
as: Vsa:::: Vsf Afz where: Vsa Vsf Afz

Zone supply air flow rate (CFM or Lis). Supply air flow per unit floor area (CFM/sqft or LI(s-sqrn)).

Zone floor area (sqft or sqm). This is the sum of space floor areas for all spaces in the zone. is computed by solving the following

Next, the required supply air temperature equation for Tsa. where: Q5ZL7 ::::

Qzs ::::Pa Vsa Cpa Fu (T c - Tsa) Zone sensible thermal load (BTU /hr or W). Density of air (lbm/ft3 or kg/m3). Values arc adjusted for site elevation. See previous discussion for calculation. Specific heat for air. Values used are .24 BTU/(lb-F) 1004.832 J/(kg-K). Conversion or

Pa
Cpa Fu

factor used to provide load in proper units.

(60 min)/hr Tc
Tsa

for English units. 3/(l000 L) for S.L Metric units. m for cooling (F or C). (F or C). needs to be

--

Indoor air temperature Supply air temperature

2. If given the total supply air flow rate, only the supply temperature determined. The following equation is solved for Tsa. Qsz:::: Pa Vsa Cpa Fu (Tc - Tsa)

3. If given the supply air temperature,

determined. The following equation Qsz

only supply air flow rates needs to be is solved for Vsa. (Tc - Tsa)

Pa Vsa

1.3 Air System Simulation Calculations

The final stage is the system simulation. The analysis procedure involves computing air flow rates, dry-bulb temperatures and humidities at all key points in the system. The coil inlet and outlet conditions are then used to determine the cooling coil load. Space sensible, latent and plenum thermal loads, supply air characteristics, system operating characteristics and weather conditions are utilized in the analysis. Individual aspects of the simulation are discussed below. Zone Thermal Loads are computed as the sum of space thermal loads for all spaces in the zone. Separate totals are determined for the sensible, latent and plenum load components.

~""---_._------

-----~-_.-

-----------------------------------------------

._---~--------

DESIGN SYSTEM ANALYSIS

CALCULATIONS

Ventilation Loads. The quantity of air entering the system through the ventilation duct and quantities of air exhausted directly from the zone and exhausted from the return duct result in a heat gain or loss for the system. The ventilation load is computed separately for sensible and latent components: Qvs =, Pa Vva Cpa Fu (Ta - Tzc) + Pa Vre Cpa Fu (Tze - Tre) Qvl '" Pa Vva hlg Fu (wa - we) where:

Qvs Qvt
Vva

Sensible ventilation

load (BTU/hr load (BTU/hr

or W). or W).

-~

Latent ventilation Ventilation

air flow rate (CFM or Lis). from return duct (CFM or

Air flow exhausted Pa Cpa hfg (lbm/ft3

Air density or kg/013). This value is adjusted for site elevation, See 2.1.2 for calculation details. Heat capacity of air (.24 BTU/(lbm-F) or 1004832 J/(kg-K. or

Heat of vaporization

for water. Values used are 1054.8 BTU/lbrn (F or C).

2.4535
Outdoor

106 J/kg.
air temperature

Air temperature for air exhausted from return duct or return plenum (F or C). This temperature may differ fro-m-T-ze-' ~le to-d plenum heat gains. Air temperature for air exhausted directly from the zone (F or This is the specified indoor temperature for cooling. Outdoor air specific humidity (Ibm/Ibm (Ibm/Ibm or kg/kg). or kg/kg).

Exhaust air specific humidity Fu Conversion 60 min/hr m3/(l000 for English units.

factor used to provide load in proper units.

for S.I. Metric units.

Supply Fan Heat Gain is due to friction between air and the 1~lI1 blades, energy added to the air by compression, energy loss in the drive mechanism and heat gain from the fan motor. Assuming the fan motor is in the air stream, the fan heat gain equation is:

where: Qf Ts flf 11m Fu == == '"

:::
-'

Fan heat gain (BTU/hr

or W).

Air !1ow rate through fan (CFM or L/s). Total static pressure across fan (in wg or Pa). Fan drive and mechanical to be 0.55 (55%). efficiency (dimensionless). Value assumed

Fan motor efficiency (dimensionless). 0.90 (90%). Conversion

Value assumed to be

factor used to provide heat gain in proper units.

.4003 for English units. (62.3 Ibm water/cuft)(ft/J2 m3 io)(60 min/hr)(.00J285 BTU/ft-Ib)

/(1000 L) for S.L Metric units.

2-5

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

CALCULATIONS

Cooling Coil Loads. Once coil inlet and outlet conditions are defined, the cooling coil load is computed. Sensible and latent load components are calculated separately. Qcs QcI where: Qcs QcI pa Cpa Vsa hfg Tci Tco Wci Wco Fu
-

pa Vsa Cpa Fu (Tci - Tco) Pa Vsa hfg Fu (wci - wco) or W). or W).

= =
-.

Coil sensible load (BTU/hr Coil latent load (BTU/hr

Air density (lbm/H3 or kg/m3). Values are adjusted for site elevation. See 2.1.2 for calculation details. Heat capacity of air (.24 BTU/(lbm-F) Supply air flow rate (CFM or L/s).
or

or 1004.832 J/(kg-K).

Heat of vaporization of water (1054.8 2.4535 x !O6 J/kg). at coil inlet (F or C). at coil outlet (F or C).

BTU/lbm

Air temperature Air temperature

= = = =
--

Air humidity Air humidity Conversion (60 min)/hr m3/(1OOO

ratio at coil inlet (Ibm/Ibm ratio at coil outlet (Ibm/Ibm

or kg/kg). or kg/kg).

factor used to provide load in proper units. for English units. L) for SJ. Metric units.

The coil outlet humidity is computed using the bypass factor relations. The coil bypass factor is a measure of the approach of the outlet coil state to the apparatus dew point (AD?) condition. The first step in computing Wco is to determine the AD? state. It is computed using the equations: BF:::: (T co-T adp)/(T ci-Tadp) ::::(wco-wadp)/(wci-wac!p) - BF)

::: (Tco - T ciBF)/(I where:

BF
Tadp wac!p

--

Coil bypass factor (dimensionless). Apparatus Apparatus dew point dry buJb temperature dew point humidity (F or C). or kg/kg).

ratio (Ibm/Ibm

Since the apparatus dew point state is a saturated condition, we can determine wadp using Tadp and psychrometric relations. Next, Wco is computed using the equation: Wco

BF (wci - wadp) + wadp

Finally, the total coil load is the sum of sensible and latent load components.

2-6

---------.-.----.---------------------------.-----------

DESIGN SYSTEM ANALYSIS CALCULATIONS

Design heating loads are computed for one design condition. This condition is not associated with a particular hour. For these calculations the outdoor winter design dry-bulb temperature, and the specified indoor heating temperature are utilized. The analysis stages are discussed separately below.

2.2.1 Thermal Load Calculations

The first stage in the analysis is the calculation of thermal loads. General thermal load calculations were described in Chapter 1. Heating design thermal load calculations follow the traditional procedure of considering only transmission and infiltration loads. Internal heat gains are not evaluated. Individual considerations for each load component are listed in Table 2.2.

\----

Table 2.2 Thermal Load Calculations For Heating Design Condition

---~-_
...

_._._._-_.

-------

.... -.---.-.--.----.--.--.---

..... --..-.--.- ..---.------

.-'-.-.--- ..

--..

load Component

Considerations

Wall & Roof Transmission

An actual temperature difference is used in place of the equivalent temperature difference (EHI). This eliminates the consideration of the transmission of stored sofar hea!. Computed using outdoor air temperature for design condition. Not considered.
---~._---"-------------------'------_._----_
.._------------~-------.--_._---------------_.

Glass Transimssion

Solar Gains Intema! Gains ---------~-_._.-Partition Trallsmission

__ ._--_ ..

Nol considered. Utilizes specified heating values for the temperature difference across the partition.
..------.----------.-----...-.---.

-------------~----~---~----------------_._._--~----_

Infiltration --------------Ground E!ement Transmission Safely Factor load -----------

Infiltration air flow fate for heating condition utilized.

~-----------------------------------_._--_._-----

Considered as discussed in Chapter 1.

-------------------------_.--.--------"---_.--

Computed using specified heating safety factor.

-----------------------...----

2-7

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

CALCULATIONS

2.2.2 System Analysis and Sizing Calculations

The final two stages of the analysis are performed in different orders depending upon the heating system type. These stages define system sizing characteristics and the design heating coil load. The purpose of the heating system is to provide conditioning to meet a thermal load. For warm air systems, this is done by providing the proper quantity of air at a specified temperature. For hydronic systems, it is accomplished by providing a quantity of hot water at a certain temperature level. Given sizing characteristics, the heating coil load can be computed and used to size the heating plant Calculations for the two types of heating systems are discussed below. Warm Air Heating Systems. Given space sensible thermal loads and the userspecified supply temperature, the required air now rate is computed by solving the following equation for Vsa .. Qss where: Qss Space sensible thermal load (BTU/hr or W). This load includes both space and plenum sensible thermal load components. By CtH1\('n(i\\\~, a heating load is a negative quantity denoting heat loss from the space. Air density (lbm/ft3 or kg/m3). Values are adjusted See 2.1.2 for calculation details. Specific heat of air (.24 BTU/(lbm-F) Supply air flow rate (CFM or Lis). Indoor temperature
--

Pa Vsa Cpa Fu (Th - T sa)

Pa Cpa Vsa Th Tsa Fu

for site elevation.

or 1004.832 J/(kg-K).

for heating (F or C). (F or C).

Supply air temperature Conversion 60 min/hr

m3/(lOOO

factor to provide load in proper units. for English units. L) for S.L Metric units.

The zone

now rate is simply the sum of space flow rates.

Having sized the system, the heating coil load can be computed. Instead of simulating system operation, the coil load is computed as the sum of space thermal loads and the ventilation load. This procedure is used because fan heat gain is not considered for the heating design condition. The design load is: Qhc = - (Sum of Qss values) - Pa Vva Cpa Fu (Ta - Th) where: Qhc Design heating coil load (BTU/hr or W). For convenience, we report the heating coil load as a positive quantity. Note that in this equation, Qss values are negative indicating a thermal heating load. Ventilation air flow rate (CFM or L/s)_ for heating (F or C). for heating design condition (F or C).

Vva

=
Ta

Indoor temperature Outdoor

air temperature

2-8

DESiGN SYSTEM

NALYSIS CALCULA110NS

Hydronic Heating Systems. Given space sensible thermal loads and a user-defined hot water temperature drop across heating coils, required water flow rates are computed by solving the following equation for V w: - Qss = Pw Vw Cpw Fu (WTD) where: Space sensible thermal load (BTU/hr or W). Note that by convention a sensible heating load is a negative quantity. Pw -Density of water (62.0 Ibm/ft3 at 100 17 (37.8 C) are used. Specific heat ofwater(J.O or 993. I kg/m3). Conditions for water

Cpw
Vw

BTU/(lbm-F)
Of

or 4186.8 J/(kg-K.

WTD
Fu

= = =
-

Hot water flow rate (gallons/min Hot water temperature Conversion

L/s).
Of

drop across coil (F

K).

factor used to provide load in proper units.

J

(60 min/hr)(.
m3/(1000

3668 ft3/gaI) for English units.

L) for SJ. Metric units.

In addition, a water flow rate is computed to meet the ventilation load. The total zone hot water flow rate is the sum of space and ventilation load flow rates.
F"inally, the design heating coil load is the slim of space sensible thermal ventilation load. Fan heat gains are not considered for this calculation. loads and the

Mathematically,

the design load is: Qhc

= - (Sum

ofQss

values) - Pa Vva Cpa Fu (Ta - Th)

where:

Qhc

Design heating coil load (BTU/hr or W). Note that for convenience we report the heating coil load as a positive quantity. In this equation, Qss values arc negative since they represent thermal healing loads. Ventilation
-.

air flow rate (CFM or Us). for heating (F or C). for heating design condition (F or C).

Indoor temperature Outdoor

air temperature

2-9