Anatomy: Head and Neck Table of Muscles

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HEAD AND NECK TABLE OF MUSCLES

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Muscle Stapedius Principle Innervation Group Ear, Middle Facial N. (VII) ear Origin Near the Eustachian Tube Insertion Stapes of middle ear Action Reflexively contracts with a loud sound, to protect middle and inner ear Reflexively contracts with a loud sound, to protect middle and inner ear Extend the spine and flex it laterally Extend the spine and flex it laterally Description / Clinical / Relationships

Tensor Tympani

Ear, Middle Trigeminal N. Posterior wall of ear (V3), Mandibular tympanic cavity Branch Erector Spinae Erector Spinae Ilium

Malleus of middle ear

Iliocostalis Longissimus

Spinalis Multifidus

Erector Spinae Erector Spinae, deep

Rotatores

Erector Spinae, deep Erector Spinae, deep

Semispinalis

Levator Palpebrae Superioris Superior Tarsal

Eye, eyelid

Oculomotor N. (III), Superior Division Internal Carotid Plexus (sympathetic)

Ribs, laterally Ilium Ribs, medially. Also inserts on transverse processes Ilium Spinous Processes Sacral and Lumbar Lumbar Arches Spinous Processes, above origin Transverse Spinous Process Process of level above Transverse Spinous Processes Processes a couple of levels above origin Orbital part of Superior frontal bone Tarsus Tarsal Plate of eyelid

Extend the spine and flex it laterally Laterally flex and rotate lumbar spine

Rotate the spine

Extend and rotate cervical and thoracic vertebrae

Raises the eyelid

Eye, eyelid

Ciliary Muscle

Eye, intrinsic

Oculomotor N. (III), Inferior Division

Zonular Fibers and lens

Dilator Muscle

Eye,

Internal Carotid

Iris

Aids Levator Palpebra SMOOTH MUSCLE, not Superioris in raising under voluntary control; upper eyelid PTOSIS (eyelid drooping) results if this sympathetic innervation is lost ACCOMMODATION Decreases tension of for near vision zonular fibers ---> Increase natural curvature of lens ---> focus for near vision; This is SMOOTH muscle; Parasympathetic Dilates the pupil Sympathetic innervation
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Dilator Muscle

Eye, intrinsic Eye, intrinsic

Sphincter Pupillae

Internal Carotid Plexus (sympathetic) Oculomotor (III), Inferior Division

Iris

Dilates the pupil

Iris

Constricts the pupil

Sympathetic innervation via the Long Ciliary; this is SMOOTH muscle Parasympathetic innervation by Oculomotor; this is SMOOTH muscle

Inferior Oblique

Eye, oculomotor

Oculomotor N. (III), inferior division

Maxillary bone Sclera of near front of orbit eyeball

Pulls the eyeball UP (NOT down!) on a MEDIALLY ROTATED eye. And, it ABDUCTS the eyeball. Rotates the eyeball downward Abducts the eyeball Adducts the eyeball

Inferior Rectus

Eye, oculomotor Eye, oculomotor Eye, oculomotor Eye, oculomotor

Lateral Rectus Medial Rectus

Oculomotor N. Common Annular (III), inferior Tendon division Abducens N. (VI) Common Annular Tendon Oculomotor N. Common Annular (III), Inferior Tendon Division

Sclera of eyeball Sclera of eyeball Sclera of eyeball

Superior Oblique

Trochlear N. (IV) Outside the Sclera of Common Annular eyeball Tendon

Pulls the eyeball DOWN (NOT up!) on a MEDIALLY ROTATED eye. And, it ABDUCTS the eyeball. Rotates the eyeball upward

Its tendon goes through a TROCHLEA, on the superoMEDIAL margin of the frontal bone. Then the tendon attaches to the underside of the eyeball, thus explaining its action.

Superior Rectus

Eye, oculomotor

Oculomotor N. (III), Superior Division

Common Annular Sclera of Tendon eyeball

Mentalis

Anterior Auricular

Facial Facial N. (VII) Expression, chin Facial Expression, ear

Posterior Auricular Facial Expression, ear

Superior Auricular

Facial Expression, ear

Skin and Provides character to superficial the chin fascia of chin Skin and superficial fascia in temporalis region Skin and superficial fascia in temporalis region Skin and superficial fascia in temporalis region Supraorbital ridge Skin and superficial fascia of eyebrow Tarsus of eyelid (palpebral) Expression of eyebrows

Corrugator Supercilii

Facial Facial N. (VII) Expression, eye Facial Facial N. (VII), Expression, Temporal and eye Zygomatic

Orbicularis Oculi

Orbital Part: Squints the eye; Palpebral Part: Lightly closes

Malfunction ---> dries out the CORNEA ---> necrosis of cornea --->
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eye

Zygomatic Branches

(palpebral) Part: Lightly closes and skin the eyelid surrounding orbit (orbital) Frontalis: Frontal Galea Bone; Occipitalis: Aponeurotica Occipital Protuberance

necrosis of cornea ---> ulceration results

Epicranius

Facial Facial N. (VII), Expression, Temporal Branch head (Frontalis), and Posterior Auricular Branch (Occipitalis) Facial Facial N. (VII), Expression, Buccal Branch mouth Facial Expression, mouth

This muscle has two heads of origin: FRONTALIS in front and OCCIPITALIS in back

Buccinator

Pterygomandibular Skin and Raphe superficial fascia of cheek Skin and superficial fascia at angle of mouth Lowers the angle of the mouth

Overlies the buccal fat pad; The PAROTID DUCT pierces it. Opposes the Levator Anguli Oris

Depressor Anguli Oris

Depressor Labii Inferioris

Facial

Facial N. (VII),

Skin and

Depress the lower lip

Expression, Mandibular mouth Branch Levator Anguli Oris Facial Facial N. (VII) Expression, mouth

Levator Labii Superioris

Facial Facial N. (VII) Expression, mouth Facial Facial N. (VII), Expression, Buccal Branch mouth Facial Facial N. (VII) Expression, mouth

Maxilla

superficial fascia of face Skin and Elevates the angle of superficial the mouth fascia at angle of mouth Skin and Raise the upper lip superficial fascia of upper lip Skin and Facial expression superficial around mouth fascia of lips Skin and superficial fascia at angle of mouth Skin and superficial fascia at angle of mouth Skin and superficial fascia at angle of mouth Skin and superficial fascia of neck Pulls the angle of the mouth laterally

The mouth will droop if this muscle is malfunctioning; Opposes depressor anguli oris

Orbicularis Oris

Risorius

Zygomaticus Major Facial Facial N. (VII), Expression, Buccal Branch mouth

Pull the angle of the mouth outward

Zygomaticus Minor Facial Facial N. (VII), Expression, Buccal Branch mouth

Pull the angle of the mouth outward

Platysma

Facial Facial N. (VII), Expression, Cervical Branch neck Facial Facial N. (VII) Expression, nose Facial Facial N. (VII)

No important function in humans

Levator Labii Superiores Aleque Nasi Nasalis

Lateral crus

Helps Nasalis in opening Nares during breathing Open the nares during
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Nasalis

Facial Facial N. (VII) Expression, nose Facial Facial N. (VII) Expression, nose

Lateral crus Open the nares during of Great Alar breathing, slightly. cartilages Skin and Wrinkles the nose superficial fascia above the nose Hyoid Bone Helps raise the thyroid cartilage (i.e. lower hyoid bone) during talking and swallowing It goes through a tendinous sheath (similar to Trochlea); passes through both anterior and posterior triangles; Superior Belly borders CAROTID TRIANGLE and MUSCULAR TRIANGLE Helps raise the thyroid Found in the cartilage (i.e. lower MUSCULAR hyoid bone) during TRIANGLE of the talking and anterior neck swallowing Found in the MUSCULAR TRIANGLE of the anterior neck Found in the MUSCULAR TRIANGLE of the anterior neck Facial N. innervation occurs just as Facial N. exist Stylomastoid Foramen; Posterior Belly borders CAROTID TRIANGLE; Two bellies separated by tendinous pulley; Anterior Belly helps form the floor of the mouth

Procerus

Omohyoid

Larynx, extrinsic, infrahyoid (Strap)

Ansa Cervicales, Scapula Inferior Root (C2,C3)

Sternohyoid

Larynx, extrinsic, infrahyoid (Strap) Larynx, extrinsic, infrahyoid (Strap) Larynx, extrinsic, infrahyoid (Strap) Larynx, extrinsic, suprahyoid

Ansa Cervicales, Sternum Inferior Root (C2,C3)

Hyoid Bone

Sternothyroid

Ansa Cervicales, Sternum Inferior Root (C2,C3)

Thyrohyoid

Oblique line Helps raise the thyroid of Thyroid cartilage (i.e. lower Cartilage hyoid bone) during talking and swallowing Ansa Cervicales, Oblique line of Hyoid Bone Helps raise the thyroid Superior Root Thyroid Cartilage cartilage (i.e. lower (C1,C2) hyoid bone) during talking and swallowing Trigeminal N. (V3), Mandibular Branch (Anterior Belly); Facial N. (VII) (Posterior Belly) Hyoid Bone Raise the Hyoid bone (both bellies contract); Move Hyoid anteriorly or posteriorly (one belly contracts)

Digastric

Geniohyoid

Mylohyoid

Larynx, extrinsic, suprahyoid Larynx, extrinsic, suprahyoid

Ansa Cervicales, Superior Root (C1) Trigeminal N. (V3), Mandibular Branch

Mental region of mandible

Hyoid bone

Stick tongue out

Mylohyoid Line of Hyoid Bone Mandible

"Inverted tent-like floor of the mouth"; SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND lies partly above it and partly below it; The SUBLINGUAL GLAND is superior to it. Innervation occurs just as Facial N. leaves the STYLOMASTOID FORAMEN

Stylohyoid

Larynx, extrinsic, suprahyoid

Facial N. (VII)

Styloid process of Hyoid bone mandible

Cricothyroid

Larynx, intrinsic,

Vagus N. (X), Superior

Cricoid Cartilage

Thyroid Cartilage

Makes the inferior part of thyroid

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intrinsic, anterior

Superior Laryngeal, External Laryngeal N. Vagus. N (X), Recurrent Laryngeal N. Vagus. N (X), Recurrent Laryngeal N. Vagus. N (X), Recurrent Laryngeal N. Vagus. N (X), Recurrent Laryngeal N. Arytenoid Cartilage Cricoid Cartilage

Cartilage

part of thyroid cartilage bend anteriorly, tensing the vocal cords and increasing their length Helps close the Continuous with oblique vestibule of the larynx Arytenoid Muscle from during swallowing the Aryepiglottic folds Adducts (brings together) the vocal cords Shortens the vocal cords

Aryepiglottic

Lateral Cricoarytenoid Thyroarytenoid

Larynx, intrinsic, lateral Larynx, intrinsic, lateral Larynx, intrinsic, lateral Larynx, intrinsic, lateral

Epiglottis

Arytenoid Cartilage

Thyroepiglottic

Thyroid Cartilage Medial Helps close the surface of vestibule of the larynx Quadrangular Membrane of epiglottis Shortens the vocal cords Runs along the lateral side of the vocal ligaments and helps to form part of the vocal cords themselves Helps close the Extends into Aryepiglottic vestibule of the larynx folds, where it is during swallowing continuous with Aryepiglotticus muscle Abducts the vocal Most Important of cords -- opens the laryngeal muscles -- the tracheal airway during ONLY muscle responsible inspiration for opening the vocal cords for inspiration; Paralysis of this muscle may require TRACHEOSTOMY to allow air into lungs Adducts (brings together) the vocal cords by pulling on arytenoid cartilages Protrusion of the jaw. The only muscle of the masticators to protrude the jaw. Closes (elevates) the jaw Fibers run almost parallel to those of the Masseter.

Vocalis

Larynx, intrinsic, lateral Larynx, intrinsic, posterior Larynx, intrinsic, posterior

Vagus. N (X), Recurrent Laryngeal N. Vagus. N (X), Recurrent Laryngeal N. Vagus. N (X), Recurrent Laryngeal N. Cricoid Cartilage Arytenoid Cartilage

Oblique Arytenoid

Posterior Cricoarytenoid

Transverse Arytenoid

Larynx, intrinsic, posterior

Vagus. N (X), Recurrent Laryngeal N.

Arytenoid Cartilage

Lateral Pterygoid

Mastication Trigeminal N. Superior Head: Joint capsule (V3), Mandibular Greater wing of of Condylar Branch Sphenoid; Inferior Process Head: Lateral Pterygoid Plate Mastication Trigeminal N. Zygomatic Arch of Angle of (V3), Mandibular Temporalis Mandible Branch Mastication Trigeminal N. Medial surface of (V3), Mandibular Lateral Pterygoid Branch Plate

Masseter

Medial Pterygoid

Medial Closes (elevates) the aspect of the jaw angle of the mandible Anterior Fibers: closes (elevates) jaw; Middle + Posterior fibers: Retract mandible

Temporalis

Mastication Trigeminal N. Temporal Fossa of Coronoid (V3), Mandibular Temporalis and Process of Branch Sphenoid Mandible

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Anatomy: Head and Neck Table of Muscles

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Retract mandible (open jaw) Sternocleidomastoid Neck Spinal Accessory Mastoid Process of Sternum and (XI), Spinal Root Temporalis Bone Clavicle It's a BRANCHIAL muscle, innervated by SVE fibers; Divides anterior and posterior triangles of neck Raise the shoulders It's a BRANCHIAL muscle, innervated by SVE fibers

Trapezius

Neck

Inferior Pharyngeal Pharynx, Constrictor Constrictor

Spinal Accessory Superior Nuchal (XI), Spinal Root Line and Spinous Processes of Vertebrae C7-T12 Vagus N. (X), Oblique line of Superior Thyroid cartilage Laryngeal, External Laryngeal N.

Clavicle, Acromion, Scapula

Middle Pharyngeal Pharynx, Constrictor Constrictor

Superior Pharyngeal Pharynx, Constrictor Constrictor

Salpingopharyngeus Pharynx, Elevator

Stylopharyngeus

Pharynx, Elevator

Median Constrict the Pharynx Internal Laryngeal Nerve Raphe of the and Laryngeal Artery both Pharynx pass superiorly, i.e. between the Middle and Inferior Constrictors; Recurrent Laryngeal N. and Inferior Laryngeal A. both pass inferiorly. Vagus N. (X), Hyoid bone, Median Constrict the Pharynx Lingual Artery and Pharyngeal Stylohyoid Raphe of the Stylopharyngeus Muscle Branch ligament Pharynx pass superiorly, i.e. between the superior and middle constrictors Vagus N. (X), Pterygomandibular Median Constrict the Pharynx Ascending Palatine Pharyngeal Raphe Raphe of the Arteries, Auditory Tube, Branch Pharynx and Levator and Tensor Palati all pass through the gap SUPERIOR TO this muscle Vagus N. (X), The end of the Side of Opens the auditory SWALLOWING contracts Pharyngeal Auditory Tube, Pharynx, tube during this muscle ---> open Branch Torus Tubarius posterior of swallowing, to auditory tube ---> thyroid equilibrate air equilibrate air pressure in cartilage pressure middle ear Glossopharyngeal Styloid process Side of Passes between the N. (IX) Pharynx, Superior Constrictor and posterior of Middle Constrictor of thyroid Pharynx cartilage Vagus N. (X), Pharyngeal Branch Near Auditory Tube Aponeurosis Elevates the Soft of soft palate Palate, sealing off Oropharynx from Nasopharynx, during swallowing Passes superior to the Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor

Levator Veli Palati

Pharynx, Soft Palate

Musculus Uvulae

Pharynx, Soft Palate

Palatoglossus

Pharynx, Soft Palate Pharynx, Soft Palate

Vagus N. (X), Pharyngeal Branch Vagus N. (X), Pharyngeal Branch Hard and soft palate

No important function, other than diagnosis of Vagus Nerve lesions: The Uvula leans toward the UNAFFECTED (intact) side. Aponeurosis Lowers the soft palate Forms part of the of soft palate and raises the tongue Palatopharyngeal Arch Side of Pharynx, posterior of thyroid Lowers the soft palate Forms part of the and elevates the PALATOPHARYNGEAL pharynx ARCH; PALATINE TONSILS may be found
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Palatopharyngeus

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thyroid cartilage Tensor Veli Palati Pharynx, Soft Palate Trigeminal (V3), Base of Pterygoid Aponeurosis Tenses the Soft Palate, Mandibular Plates of soft palate to stretch it and keep Branch it taut; closes off nasopharynx; useful in singing; aids salpingopharyngeus in opening eustachian tubes

TONSILS may be found in that arch Hooks around the Hamulus of the Sphenoid; Passes superior to the Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor and then blends in with the Pharynx; GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (IX) is plastered to the back of this muscle. Associated with the medial pterygoid plate.

Obliquus Capitis Inferior and Superior

Suboccipital, C1 Spinal Nerve Atlas (Superior) Occipital Extend the head to Deep and Axis (Inferior) Bone raise the chin (Inferior) and Atlas (Superior)

Rectus Capitis Suboccipital, C1 Spinal Nerve Atlas (Minor) and Occipital Extend the head to Posterior Major and Deep Axis (Major) Bone, with raise the chin Minor Major lateral to Minor Semispinalis Capitis Suboccipital, C1 Spinal Nerve Transverse Occipital Deep Processes, cervical Bone Longissimus Capitis Suboccipital, Intermediate Transverse Occipital Processes, thoracic Bone near Mastoid Process Transverse Transverse Processes, thoracic Processes of C2-C6 Cervical 1st rib Vertebrae, transverse processes

Longissimus Cervicis Anterior Scalene

Suboccipital, Intermediate Suboccipital, prevertebral

PHRENIC NERVE is found on surface; BRACHIAL PLEXUS passes directly anterior; it separates the SUBCLAVIAN vein (anteriorly) from artery (posteriorly) Brachial Plexus passes directly posterior

Middle Scalene

Suboccipital, prevertebral

Posterior Scalene

Suboccipital, prevertebral

Cervical Vertebrae, transverse processes Cervical Vertebrae, transverse processes Ligamentum Nuchae, Spinous Processes C7-T3

1st rib

2nd rib

Splenius Capitus

Suboccipital, Cervical Spinal Superficial Nerves

Splenius Cervicis

Suboccipital, Cervical Spinal Superficial Nerves Tongue, extrinsic Hypoglossal N. (XII)

Genioglossus

Occipital Bone near Mastoid Process Ligamentum Transverse Nuchae, Thoracic Processes of Spinous Processes C2-C4 Mental spines of Tongue Protrude (stick out) Mandible, Hyoid tongue Bone
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Bone Hyoglossus Tongue, extrinsic Tongue, extrinsic Hypoglossal N. (XII) Vagus N. (X), Pharyngeal Plexus Hyoid Bone Tongue, Lateral surface Tongue Retract and depress tongue Elevate posterior part Forms part of the soft of tongue palate. Underlying structure of the PALATOGLOSSAL ARCH; PALATINE TONSILS may be found in that arch Retract and elevate tongue; used during swallowing Anterior part of tongue moves up and forward (out) Muscle remains relaxed when you stick your tongue out Changes shape of tongue; they are contracted when you stick your tongue out Changes shape of tongue; they are contracted when you stick your tongue out

Palatoglossus

Palatine / Soft Palate

Styloglossus

Tongue, extrinsic Tongue, intrinsic Tongue, intrinsic Tongue, intrinsic

Hypoglossal N. (XII) Hypoglossal N. (XII) Hypoglossal N. (XII) Hypoglossal N. (XII)

Styloid Process of Tongue, Temporalis lateral surface

Inferior Longitudinal Superior Longitudinal Transverse

Vertical

Tongue, intrinsic

Hypoglossal N. (XII)

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Copyright 1999, Scott Goodman, all rights reserved

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