A chi-squared test, also referred to as chi-square test or test, is any statistical hypothesis test in which the sampling distribution

of the test statistic is a chi-squared distribution when thenull hypothesis is true, or any in which this is asymptotically true, meaning that the sampling distribution (if the null hypothesis is true) can be made to approximate a chi-squared distribution as closely as desired by making the sample size large enough. Some examples of chi-squared tests where the chi-squared distribution is only approximately valid: Pearson's chi-squared test, also known as the chi-squared goodness-of-fit test or chi-squared test for independence. When mentioned without any modifiers or without other precluding context, this test is usually understood (for an exact test used in place of

Weighted mean
A weighted mean M is a function which maps tuples of positive numbers to a positive number

such that the following properties hold: "Fixed point": M(1,1,...,1) = 1 Homogeneity: M( x1, ..., xn) = M(x1, ..., xn) for all and xi. In vector notation: M( x) = Mx for all n-vectors x. Monotonicity: If xi yi for each i, then Mx My

It follows Boundedness: min x Mx max x Continuity: There are means which are not differentiable. For instance, the maximum number of a tuple is considered a mean (as an extreme case of the power mean, or as a special case of a median), but is not differentiable. All means listed above, with the exception of most of the Generalized f-means, satisfy the presented properties. If f is bijective, then the generalized f-mean satisfies the fixed point property. If f is strictly monotonic, then the generalized f-mean satisfy also the monotony property. In general a generalized f-mean will miss homogeneity.

The above properties imply techniques to construct more complex means: If C, M1, ..., Mm are weighted means and p is a positive real number, then A and B defined by

are also weighted means. [edit]Unweighted

mean

Intuitively spoken, an unweighted mean is a weighted mean with equal weights. Since our definition of weighted mean above does not expose particular weights, equal weights must be asserted by a different way. A different view on homogeneous weighting is, that the inputs can be swapped without altering the result. Thus we define M to be an unweighted mean if it is a weighted mean and for each permutation of inputs, the result is the same. Symmetry: Mx = M(x) for all n-tuples and permutations on n-tuples. Analogously to the weighted means, if C is a weighted mean and M1, ..., Mm are unweighted means and p is a positive real number, then A and B defined by

are also unweighted means. [edit]Convert

unweighted mean to weighted mean

An unweighted mean can be turned into a weighted mean by repeating elements. This connection can also be used to state that a mean is the weighted version of an unweighted mean. Say you have the unweighted mean M and weight the numbers by natural numbers . (If the numbers are rational, then multiply them with the least common denominator.) Then the corresponding weighted mean A is obtained by

[edit]Means

of tuples of different sizes

If a mean M is defined for tuples of several sizes, then one also expects that the mean of a tuple is bounded by the means of partitions. More precisely Given an arbitrary tuple x, which is partitioned into y1, ..., yk, then

(See Convex hull.) [edit]Population

and sample means

The mean of a population has an expected value of , known as the population mean. The sample mean makes a good estimator of the population mean, as its expected value is the same as the population mean. The sample mean of a population is a random variable, not a constant, and consequently

it will have its own distribution. For a random sample of n observations from a normally distributed population, the sample mean distribution is

Often, since the population variance is an unknown parameter, it is estimated by the mean sum of squares, which changes the distribution of the sample mean from a normal distribution to aStudent's t distribution with n 1 degrees of freedom