CELLS

CELLS
BUILDING BLOCK OF LIFE ARE THE UNITS OF CYTOPLASM GOVERNED BY THE SINGLE NUCLEUS AND SURROUNDED BY A SELECTIVE PERMEABLE MEMBRANE

SCIENTIST
1. Lorenz Oken(1805) Postulated that all organisms originated from and consist of cell German 2. Robert Brown (1830) Nucleus 3. Felix Dujardin (1836) Sarcode 4. Jan Evangelista Purkinje(1836) Protoplasm 5. Matthias Schleiden (1838) Plants are made up of cell 6. Theodor Schwann (1839) Animals are made up of dell

CELL TEHORIES
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all organisms 3. All cells arise only from preexisting cells

THE CELL STRUCTURE AND FUCNTION I. PROTOPLASM- a living substance

1. Cell membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3. Nucleus

A. Cell membrane- also known as plasma membrane or plasmalema

Functions: the boundary between the cell and its external environment Controls the movement of the substance in and out of the cell Selectively permeable membrane

Cell wall- an additional boundary found only in plants, fungi, bacteria and some
protozoan

B. Cytoplasm
Greek: kytos hollow vessel Plasm fluid Forms the largest part of the cell Made up of a fluid like substance where membrane bound the organelles are located

Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell Involved in the production of energy Carbohydrate factory Involved in the manufacture of food (photosynthesis)

Plastids

Types: 1. Chloroplastids or chloroplasts Green( chlorophyll) 2. Chromoplasts Yellow and orange (carotine) 3. Leucoplasts colorless Ribosomes protein synthesis

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transports proteins and other molecules

Types: 1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes are attached Transports proteins 2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Without ribosomes Transports large molecules Storage site of calcium ions in muscle cells

Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex

Packaging center of the cell Camillo Golgi

Vesicles
Carry the substance in and out the cells( food particles and waste)

Vacuoles
Storage for the food, enzymes and the other materials needed Turgar pressure turgidity freshness of the plants

Lysosomes
suicidal sacs of the cell Tysozomes

Cytoskeleton
Bones and muscles of the cells Support the movement Types: 1. Microfilaments: shape 2. Microtubules: anchorage 3. Centrioles and spindle fibers

C. NUCLEUS THE BRAIN OF THE CELL; controls and directs all the activities of the cell
Enclosed by a nuclear envelope/ membrane Nucleolus- found inside the nucleus where the ribosomes are synthesized

ANIMAL CELL VS PLANT CELL

Cell Structure Cell wall Chloroplasts Vacuole Centrioles Cilia and Flagella

Animal Cell
Absent Absent Usually numerous and small Present Present in some

Plant cell
Present Present Single and large usually at the center of the cell Absent Absent in flowering plants but present in ferns, cycads and bryophytes

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES

Cell Structure
Size nuclear envelope nuclear envelope Cell wall Membrane Bound organelles Nuclear materials Ribosomes Cytoskeletons Chlorophyll Reproduction

Prokaryotes
Smaller (1-10 mm in diameter) Made up of peptidoglycan when present Absent Single loop of circular DNA Small Absent Absent Not found ion chloroplast when present Asesual

Eukaryotes
Larger (10100 mm in diameter) Made up cellulose when present Present Double- stranded DNA arranged into chromosomes Large Present Present Found in chloroplast Sexual and Asexual

Head office- nucleus Walls of the building- plasma membrane Store room- vacuole Fence- cell wall Janitors/ security guards- Lysosomes Battery/ power house- mitochondria Machineries- ribosomes, chloroplasts Gift wrapping stations- Golgi complex Pipelines/ roads/ bridges- ER

Passive transport

Name Osmosis/

Direction From higher to lower concentration From higher to lower concentration From lower to higher concentration From outside to inside of the cell from outside to inside of cell from the inside to outside of the cell

Requirements Concentration gradient Concentration gradient and carrier protein Carrier protein and energy

Examples Oxygen, carbon dioxide water Sugar and amino acids Ions, sugars, amino acids

diffusion

Active transport

Active transport

Endocytosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis

Vacuoles

Bacteria, other cells and subcellular materials

Cell vesicles

Macromolecules

exoscytosis

Cell vesicles

Macromolecules