ACACIO, Lalaine Mae AVE, Catherine RODELAS, Janine

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS

Bandosz, T.J. (2006). Activated Carbon Surfaces in Environmental Remediation. US: Elsevier Science. This book provides a comprehensive summary of the environmental applications of activated carbons. In order to understand the removal of contaminants and pollutants on activated carbons, the theoretical bases of adsorption phenomena are discussed. The effects of pore structure and surface chemistry are also addressed from both science and engineering perspectives. Each chapter provides examples of real applications with an emphasis on the role of the carbon surface in adsorption or reactive adsorption. The practical aspects addressed in this book cover the broad spectrum of applications from air and water cleaning and energy storage to warfare gas removal and biomedical applications. This book is helpful in the research of the group since it could be used as a guide for researchers who are interested in filtration, water treatment and air cleaning in addition to environmental policies and regulations and its broad spectrum of activated carbon applications in environmental remediation. Bansal, R. C., & Goyal M. (2005). Activated Carbon Adsorption. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. In this book, Bansal and Goyal critically reviews recently published, yet scattered literature on carbon adsorption. The book tries to offer suitable interpretations of the surfacerelated interactions of activated carbons. The book also contains consistent explanations for surface interactions applicable to the adsorption of a wide variety of adsorbates that could be strong or weak electrolytes. It equips surface scientists and students with the surface processes and with the adsorption isotherm equations, their applicability to and deviations from the adsorption data for both gases and solutions. Also, the book helps students understand the parameters and the mechanisms involved in the activated carbon adsorption of organic and inorganic compounds. The book thus combines in one volume the surface physical and chemical structure of activated carbons, the surface phenomenon at solid-gas and solid-liquid interfaces, and the activated carbon adsorption of gaseous adsorbates and solutes from solutions. It also serves as a text for studies relating to adsorption and adsorption processes occurring on solid surfaces. This source is useful for the researchers paper because its approach provides access to relevant literature and promotes further research toward improving and developing newer

activated carbon adsorbents. This also helps the researchers develop processes for the efficient removal of pollutants not only from drinking water but from industrial effluents as well. Cecen, F., & Aktas, O. (2011). Activated Carbon for Water and Wastewater Treatment Integration of Adsorption and Biological Treatment. Weinheim, Germany: WILEY-VCH. This book provides comprehensive coverage of technologies which integrate adsorption and biological processes in water and wastewater treatment. Cecen and Aktas provide a detailed discussion of theoretical and practical considerations. A review of the basics such as Chemistry, Biology and Technology of Integrated Adsorption and Biological Removal were also presented. The book discusses the setup of pilot and full scale treatment facilities covering powdered as well as granulated activated carbon. Also, the book elucidates the factors that influence the successful operation of integrated systems. This book that provides a discussion on integrated systems expanding from the effects of environmental to the removal of various pollutants, to regeneration of activated carbon, and to the analysis of such systems in mathematical terms is a truly valuable resource for then researchers paper. Chernicharo, C. A., & Sperling, M. V. (2005). Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions. London: IWA Publishing. This book presents technologies for urban wastewater treatment as applied to the specific condition of warm temperature, with the related implications in terms of design and operation. It gives detailed information about biological treatment processes and no physicalchemical wastewater treatment processes are covered, although some physical operations, such as sedimentation and aeration, are dealt with since they are an integral part of some biological treatment processes. All major wastewater treatment processes are presented by full and interlinked design examples which are built up throughout the book, from the determination of the wastewater characteristics, the impact of the discharge into river and lakes, the design of several wastewater treatment processes and the design of the sludge treatment and disposal units. This book is a useful source on our paper because the book concentrates on off-site solutions, implying collection and transportation of the wastewater to treatment plants. The book aims at presenting consolidated technology based on worldwide experience available from international literature. However, it should be recognized that a significant input comes from the Brazilian experience, considering the background and working practice of all authors. Edzwald, J. (2011). Water Quality & Treatment: A Handbook on Drinking Water (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Publication. This book covers the health effects and treatment technologies to remove some contaminants in water such as nanoparticles, endocrine disrupting compounds, and pathogens. It contains updated material on many other contaminants such as disinfection by-products, arsenic and pathogens, including viruses and protozoan cysts such as Cryptosporidium. Also, it addresses subjects such as water reuse, ultraviolet light processes, and natural treatment systems. This book is useful for the researchers paper because various water treatment

processes are presented in this book with principles and applications of the removal of various contaminants from water supplies. Gray, N. F. (2010). Water Technology: An Introduction for Environmental Scientists and Engineers(3rd Ed.). China: Butterworth-Heinemann. This book provides a broad overview of water technology, introducing the reader to the key concepts of water technology by explaining the fundamentals of hydrobiology, aquatic ecosystems, water and supply and wastewater treatment. Professor Gray uses the Water Framework Directive as the unifying theme of this edition taking into account the implications of compliance and practice, as well as discussing the topical issue of sustainable principles in water management. This book covers the areas of freshwater quality, pollution and management; the treatment quality and distribution of drinking water; and the treatment and disposal of waste water. Hydraulics has been excluded but several excellent introductory and specialist books are recommended by the author in the text. However basic hydraulics has been included in water monitoring and process design. The text is aimed at pure and applied scientists as well as civil and chemical engineers who require interdisciplinary transitional text to the most important areas of water technology and science. The text is particularly designed for students interested in water science and technology who require understanding of the basic concepts of this subject, providing the reader with concise and self-explanatory course. Emphasis of the text is on practical application and understanding of the process involved. The book is supplemented by external links at each chapters end. It provide access to a wide range of governmental and NGO websites including important reports and manuals. It also contains process selection algorithms for the selection of the most appropriate unit process for the treatment if wastewaters. Since the researchers thesis proposal is focused on producing activated carbon for waste water treatment, this book would greatly help the group find ways in producing activated carbon from corn cobs in treatment of waste water, though the book is more focused on the application part of waste water technology rather than the concepts involved. Hassler, J.W. (2009). Active Carbon. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Chemical Publishing Co., Inc. Hassler divided the book into three principle parts, which is for the convenience of readers who are only interested in reading certain aspects; each part is prepared so that it can be read independently of the others. History and methods of manufacture of active carbon to the fundamental factors involved in adsorption by active carbon is discussed in chronological order in the book. Other applications of active carbon is shown and described by the book and specific objectives are given in each case. Some impractical procedures are described because they present novel approaches which would be useful in other applications. The last chapters of the book cover experimental methods that have been found helpful in developing industrial applications. Discussions in the book are based on information in literature. Professors Miller, Cassidy, and Bartell gave helpful suggestions with the fundamental aspects of adsorptive behaviour of active carbon.

This book contains not only facts but also opinions and beliefs from the writer himself, that the reader may find himself questioning. This would be helpful for the group since this would stimulate independent thinking that would be necessary in integrating new facts with the researchers older knowledge. New facts would be helpful when they enlarge the researchers vision and provide a new approach to problems. Ilango, S. (2012). Adsorption and Activated Carbons. New York: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book shows the utilization of low cost agricultural waste material and animal bones for the preparation of activated carbon. Discussion on the regeneration of industrial spent carbon was also shown. Activation of the carbon samples by chemical and thermal means were also discussed. Characterization of the activated carbon was shown as well as the rate of adsorption of dyes on the carbon samples. This book is presented as a journal type of book which shows the experiments done by the author. It is a great guide to the group who would be doing a similar experiment concerning activation of carbon. Industrial Wastewater Management, Treatment, and Disposal Task Force of the Water Environment Federation. (2008). Industrial Wastewater Management Treatment and Disposal. Alexandria, Virginia: Water Environment Federation Press.

Industrial Wastewater Management offers proven methods to help you treat toxic, concentrated, and polluted water. This authoritative guide contains information on the newest chemicals, significant treatment studies, efficient control processes, and the latest instrumentation. Industrial Wastewater Management equips you with the know-how for treating and removing heavy metals, arsenic, selenium, and mercury by providing detailed descriptions of pretreatment processes, design criteria, and process performance. This book includes characteristic, sampling, and treatment studies, the latest techniques and materials for heavy-metal removal, arsenic, selenium, and mercury treatment processes, applications for biological treatment, instrumentation and control procedures, design and construction procurement services, SI as primary units and U.S. as secondary, and pros and cons of processes in specific applications. This book is very helpful for the group since it is mainly about the treatment of different chemicals wherever they may be contaminants. Since the researchers thesis is about treatment of heavy metals in wastewater, they may refer in this book on how to filter a wastewater better. This book will also give the group thorough background about wastewater, its properties and how will it be treated. March, H. & Reinoso, F. (2006). Activated Carbon. Great Britain: Elsevier. In this book, special attention is paid to porosities in all forms of carbon, and to the modern-day materials which use activated carbons - including fibers, clothes, felts and monoliths. In addition, the use of activated carbon in its granular and powder forms to facilitate

usage in liquid and gaseous media is explored. This book pulls together all important information surrounding activated carbon and its uses, making it an essential reference for materials scientists, chemists, and engineers. This book will serve as an important reference for the group since its mainly concentrated on activated carbons. Activated carbons would serve as the filtering medium in the groups thesis. This book contains the properties and behavior of different activated carbons in various conditions. Maczulak, A. (2010). Pollution Treating Environmental Toxins. New York: Infobase Publishing. This book tackles about one of the most troubling aspects of pollution in this age where there are few places left where a person or an animal can live without being exposed to pollution. Toxic substances travel great distances through the air, and many of these substances eventually fall from the atmosphere onto growing crops and open waters. Meat and milk-producing animals ingest pollutants, produce growers spray large amounts of toxic pesticides onto food intended for people's dinner tables, and both animals and humans ingest small amounts of unhealthy compounds in water. Scientists now detect an array of toxic compoundsor compounds that harm the bodyin the blood and tissue of almost every person from whom they collect a sample. This book, Pollution, provides up-to-date research in the field of environmental medicine. Focusing on specific toxin categories as well as the health effects of various types of pollution. This book is useful for the study since it includes contaminants in wastewater granted that the wastewater was the one being treated in the groups thesis. It includes heavy metals in wastewater and its effects to the human body. Water Environment Federation. (2010). Design of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants (5th ed.). Reston Virginia: WEF Press. This book provides updated principal references of contemporary practice for wastewater treatment plant designs. It presents current plant design practices of wastewater engineering professionals, augmented by performance information from operating facilities. The book includes design approaches that reflects the experience of more than 300 authors and reviewers from around the world and covers current processes and concepts. The book also comprises sustainability, process modeling, energy management, odor control and air emissions, ballast flocculation clarification, membrane bioreactors, integrated fixed-film activated sludge processes, enhanced nutrient control systems, side stream treatment and approaches to minimizing biosolids production. This source is useful for the groups paper since it familiarizes us with wastewater treatment concepts, design processes, and regulatory basis of water pollution control.

JOURNALS
Abedi J., & Narges B. (2009). Preparation of high surface area activated carbon from corn by chemical activation using potassium hydroxide. Chemical Engineering Research and Design. 87(8), 1059- 1064. In this journal, Narges and Abedi prepared activated carbons through chemical activation of corncob precursor, using potassium hydroxide as the chemical agent. The effect of different parameters, such as particle size, method of mixing, chemical/corn ratio, activation time and activation temperature, on weight loss and BET surface area of the produced activated carbons were discussed. The porosity of the activated carbons was evaluated through nitrogen adsorption and the optimal conditions for production of high surface area carbons by chemical activation were identified. This source is useful for the groups paper because it also uses corn, but the whole corn in general, to make an activated carbon with the chemical activation of potassium hydroxide. Acharya J., Sahu J. N., Mohanty, C. R., Meikap B. C. Removal of lead(II) from wastewater by activated carbon developed from Tamarind wood by zinc chloride activation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 149(1-3), 249-262. In this work, the adsorption of lead(II) was studied on activated carbon prepared from Tamarind wood with zinc chloride activation. Adsorption studies were conducted in the range of 1050 mg/l initial lead(II) concentration and at temperature in the range of 1050 C. The experimental data were analyzed by the Freundlich isotherm and the Langmuir isotherm. Equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir model and Freundlich model with maximum adsorption capacity of 43.85 mg/g. The rates of adsorption were found to confirm to pseudosecond-order kinetics with good correlation and the overall rate of lead(II) uptake was found to be controlled by pore diffusion, film diffusion and particle diffusion, throughout the entire adsorption period. Boyd plot confirmed that external mass transfer was the rate-limiting step in the sorption process. Different thermodynamic parameters, viz., H, S and G have also been evaluated and it has been found that the sorption was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The results indicate that the Tamarind wood activated could be used to effectively adsorb lead(II) from aqueous solutions. This journal article would be very useful to the group since an agricultural material was used as an activated carbon especially made to treat wastewater. Heavy metals were also the contaminants that were filtered by the activated carbon which is also the target contaminants that the group would be treating in wastewater but the groups activated carbon would be made out of corn cobs.

Acosta-Rodriguez, I., Bernal-Jacome L.A., & Leyva-Ramos R. (2005). Adsorption of cadmium (II) from aqueous solution on natural and oxidized corncob. Separation and Purification Technology, 45(1), 41-49. Adsorption isotherms were determined experimentally for Cd(II) adsorption from aqueous solution onto natural and oxidized corncob in a batch adsorber. The adsorption capacity of natural corncob was increased 10.8 and 3.8 times when the corncob was oxidized with citric acid (CA) and nitric acid (NA), respectively. The Cd(II) ions were adsorbed mainly to the carboxylic sites since the adsorption capacity increased directly proportionally to the concentration of carboxylic sites in the corncob. The effect of the solution pH in the adsorption isotherm on natural and corncob modified with CA was assessed and it was observed that the adsorption capacity of Cd(II) on corncob depends considerably on the solution pH; Cd(II) was not adsorbed at pH less than 2 and the adsorption capacity was increased five times while the solution pH increased from 3 to 6. The adsorption of Cd(II) on corncob was reversible and the Cd(II) desorbed almost completely while reducing solution pH from 6 to 2. The adsorption capacity of natural and modified corncob was increased slightly by augmenting the temperature. By performing mass balances of ions, it was corroborated that the adsorption is mainly due to ion exchange. This source is useful for the groups paper since it focuses on removing heavy metal ion, particularly the Cadmium(II), using corn cob as the raw material. Ahmada, M. A., Tan Chai Yuna E., Abustanb I., Ahmadc N., & Sulaimanc S. K. (2011). Optimization of preparation conditions for corn cob based activated carbons for the removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue R dye. International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS, 11(1). This study investigates the optimal conditions for preparation of corn cob based activated carbon (CCAC) for the removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) reactive dye from aqueous solution. The CCAC was prepared by using physiochemical activation method which consisted of sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide gasification. Central composite design (CCD) was used to determine the effects of the three preparation variables; activation temperature, activation time and sodium carbonate impregnation ratio (IR) on RBBR percentage removal and CCAC yield. Based on the CCD a quadratic model and a two-factor interaction (2FI) model were respectively developed for RBBR percentage removal and CCAC yield. The significant factors on each experimental design response were identified from the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results of the experiment conducted were further shown in the experimental results part of the article. The goal of this work was to optimize the preparation conditions of activated carbon from corn cob for the removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) dye. The effects of the preparation variables; activation temperature, activation time and sodium carbonate impregnation ratio were studied simultaneously to obtain the optimum RBBR removal and CCAC yield. This journal would be a great help to the group for it involves the use of activated carbon from corn cob as a filter to remove the Remazol Brilliant Blue R dye. The group would also be using the same agriwaste as activated carbon to treat waterwaste specifically to remove heavy metals. The result of this study would be a good reference for the group. Bao, W.R., Cao, Q., & Xie K. (2005). Process effects on activated carbon with large specific

surface area from corn cob. Bioresource Technology, 97(1), 110-115. The main factors that affect the large specific surface area (SSA) of the activated carbon from agricultural waste corn cobs were studied by chemically activated method with solution of KOH and soap which acted as surfactant. The experiment showed that not only the activation temperature, activation time and the mass ratio of KOH to the carbonized material, but also the activated methods using activator obviously influenced the SSA of activated carbon. The experimental operating conditions were as follows: the carbonized temperature being 450 C and keeping time being 4 h using N2 as protective gas; the activation temperature being 850 C and holding time being 1.2 h; the mass ratio of KOH to carbonized material being 4.0; the time of soaking carbonized material in the solution of KOH and soap being 30 min. Under the optimal conditions, the SSA of activated carbon from corn cobs reached 2700 m2/g. And the addition of the soap as surfactant may shorten the soaking time. The structure of the activated carbon prepared had narrow distribution of pore size and the micro-pores accounted for 78%. The advantages of the method described were easy and feasible. This source is useful for our paper since it studies how effective activated carbon from corncob is. Bhatnagar A. & Sillanp, M. (2010). Utilization of agro-industrial and municipal waste materials as potential adsorbents for water treatmentA review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 157(2-3), 277296. This journal article shows how adsorption process has been proven one of the best water treatment technologies around the world and why activated carbon is undoubtedly considered as universal adsorbent for the removal of diverse types of pollutants from water. It also demonstrated why widespread use of commercial activated carbon is sometimes restricted which is due to its higher costs. In this review, an extensive list of low-cost adsorbents which were prepared by utilizing different types of waste materials from vast literature has been compiled and their adsorption capacities for various aquatic pollutants are presented. The article showed proofs how various low-cost adsorbents have shown good potential for the removal of various aquatic pollutants, however, it also presented few issues and drawbacks on the use of low-cost adsorbents in water treatment. The journal article would be useful to the group in finding ways of improving the activated carbon which were to be produced from the use of corn cobs. Additionally, the group would have to do more research to find the practical utility of low-cost adsorbents on commercial scale. Carsky, M., Chetty, K., Cronje, K.J., Meikap, B.C., & Sahu, J.N. (2011). Optimization of chromium(VI) sorption potential using developed activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse with chemical activation by zinc chloride. Desalination, 275(1-3), 276-284. This journal article discussed the preparation of an adsorbent from sugarcane bagasse with chemical activation by zinc chloride which is then used to study its sorption potential on removing chromium(VI). In this article, the application of response surface methodology (RSM) is presented for optimization of removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqua solutions using activated carbon as adsorbent. The article also showed chromium removal efficiency prediction and

experimental validation. Results of the experiment conducted were further shown in the experimental results part of the article. This journal article would be helpful to the group since the experiment showed development of a new activated carbon using discarded material (sugarcane bagasse) with chemical activation which is the same concept as what the group is trying to come up with in the thesis. The article also was able to explain the importance of the experimental factors, their interactions, along with their assay optimum values which would be of great help to the experimental part of the researchers thesis. Demirbas, A. (2008). Heavy metal adsorption onto agro-based waste materials. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 157(2-3), 220-229. In this journal, adsorption has been proved to be an excellent way to treat industrial waste effluents, offering significant advantages like the low-cost, availability, profitability, ease of operation and efficiency. Biosorption of heavy metals from aqueous solutions is a relatively new process that has proven very promising in the removal of contaminants from aqueous effluents. It is becoming a potential alternative to the existing technologies for the removal and/or recovery of toxic metals from wastewater. The major advantages of biosorption technology are its effectiveness in reducing the concentration of heavy metal ions to very low levels and the use of inexpensive biosorbent materials are presented. Mechanisms involved in the biosorption process include chemisorption, complexation, adsorptioncomplexation on surface and pores, ion exchange, microprecipitation, heavy metal hydroxide condensation onto the biosurface, and surface adsorption which were reviewed in this journal. This source is useful for the groups paper since it studies and proves the adsorption of heavy metals.

Fayomi, O. S. I. & Popoola A. P. I. (2011).Analysis of waste water with the use of activated carbon from local raw material. International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 6(8), 9151919. This journal article shows the effect of activated carbon powder filter from local raw material on dissolution into the investigated Covenant University Cafeteria 1 muddy water. The analysis for odor, color, turbidity, chemical composition and pH was done by solar 969 model atomic absorption spectrophotometric analyzer. The results obtained on the variation of composition, activated carbon powder and muddy water, showed that a good homogeneity was obtained and the level of contamination was greatly reduced. This review is helpful in the research of the group for it tackles the use of activated carbon from local raw material similar to the materials that will be used by the group. It also investigated wastewater which is also the subject of the groups experiment. Hanafiah, M. A. K. M., & Wan Ngah, W. S. (2007). Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater by chemically modified plant wastes as adsorbents. Bioresource Technology, 99(10), 3935-3948.

In this journal, the application of low-cost adsorbents obtained from plant wastes as a replacement for costly conventional methods of removing heavy metal ions from wastewater has been reviewed. It is well known that cellulosic waste materials can be obtained and employed as cheap adsorbents and their performance to remove heavy metal ions can be affected upon chemical treatment. In general, chemically modified plant wastes exhibit higher adsorption capacities than unmodified forms. Numerous chemicals have been used for modifications which include mineral and organic acids, bases, oxidizing agent, organic compounds, etc. In this review, an extensive list of plant wastes as adsorbents including rice husks, spent grain, sawdust, sugarcane bagasse, fruit wastes, weeds and others has been compiled. This source is useful for our paper because like our paper, this article also focuses in removing heavy metal ions from wastewater. Kaur, M.P., Mahajan, G., & Sud, D. (2008). Agricultural waste material as potential adsorbent for sequestering heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions A review. Bioresource Technology, 99(14), 60176027. This journal article shows the importance of heavy metal remediation of aqueous streams which is due to recalcitrant and persistency of heavy metals in the environment. It also demonstrated how conventional treatment technologies for the removal of these toxic heavy metals are not economical and further generate huge quantity of toxic chemical sludge. The article has introduced biosorption as an emerging potential alternative to the existing conventional technologies for the removal and/or recovery of metal ions from aqueous solutions. It also tackles the major advantages of biosorption over conventional treatment methods which include: low cost, high efficiency, minimization of chemical or biological sludge, regeneration of biosorbents and possibility of metal recovery. It discussed how cellulosic agricultural waste materials are an abundant source for significant metal biosorption due to the functional groups present in agricultural waste biomass such as acetamido, alcoholic, carbonyl, phenolic, amido, amino, sulphydryl groups etc. which have affinity for heavy metal ions to form metal complexes or chelates. An in depth discussion of the mechanism of biosorption process which includes chemisorption, complexation, adsorption on surface, diffusion through pores and ion exchange etc. were presented in the journal. The main objective of the review article is to provide the scattered available information on various aspects of utilization of the agricultural waste materials for heavy metal removal. This review is useful in the research of the group since it further delves into the concept involve in the use of agricultural waste in producing activated carbon for adsorption of heavy metals in waste water. The biosorbents produced from waste agricultural materials can be modified for better efficiency and multiple reuses to enhance their applicability at industrial scale through further experiments and studies which the group would do. Liou, T. H. (2010). Development of mesoporous structure and high adsorption capacity of biomass-based activated carbon by phosphoric acid and zinc chloride activation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 158(2), 129-142.

This paper reports the preparation of activated carbon from two different types of agricultural biomass materials, sugar cane bagasse and sunflower seed hull, by phosphoric acid and zinc chloride activation. The experiments in this study vary the pre- and post-treatment procedures, the impregnation ratio of the activating agent, and the carbonization temperature. In recent years, the high surface area and high mesopore proportion of carbon have attracted a lot of attention for potential applications in the green resources such as hydrogen energy storage and carbon dioxide capture. However, the traditional methods for fabricating activated carbon produce a mainly microporous structure. The experimental results show that the activated carbon produced by base-leaching has a mostly mesoporous structure, which effectively enhances its adsorption capacity. The surface area and pore volume of carbon produced using zinc chloride activation were higher than that produced using phosphoric acid activation. The total activation process of bagasse and hull occurs in three reaction stages. This study also presents a corresponding pyrolysis mechanism that agrees well with the experimental results. The proposed method of preparing mesoporous activated carbon is not complicated, and is suitable to bulk production. This journal is very useful for the groups study since its mainly concentrated on how to produce activated carbon from biomass materials by chemical means. It may largely explain the effectivity of these chemical processes on how porous the produced activated carbon would be which is a very important aspect in the groups study for the produced activated carbon would be used to treat wastewater of heavy metals in our group.

Mohan, D., Singh K.P., & Singh V.K. (2008). Wastewater treatment using low cost activated carbons derived from agricultural byproductsA case study. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 152(3), 1045-1053. The journal article is a case study about using low cost activated carbons made from agricultural waste products. A discussion of a variety of low cost activated carbons was developed from agricultural by-products such as coconut shell, coconut shell fibers and rice husk. Experimental results of the use of low cost activated carbons utilization for the remediation of various pollutants like chemical oxygen demand (COD), heavy metals, anions, etc., from industrial wastewater were explained and shown. This journal article would be of great help to the group, as researchers, since there were results shown in the previous studies conducted which could be a basis of the experiment they are to do. Results of this fundamental study showed the effectiveness and feasibility of low cost activated carbons. The parameters obtained in this study could be used by the researchers to establish fixed bed reactors on large scale to treat the contaminated water. W. T. Tsai, C.Y. Chang, & S.L. Lee. (1998). A low cost adsorbent from agricultural waste corn cob by zinc chloride activation. Bioresource Technology, 64(3), 211217. This journal involves series of activated carbons that were prepared from agricultural waste corn cob by the chemical activation with zinc chloride (ZnCl2). The effect of process variables such as pyrolysis temperature, soaking time and ZnCl2/corn cob ratio (impregnation

ratio) of the production of adsorbent was examined. The most important parameter in the chemical activation of corn cob with ZnCl2 was found to be the impregnation ratio. The percentage of micropore was observed to decrease at higher impregnation ratios. Pyrolysis was one of the processes done in this study. The pyrolysis temperature is another important variable, which had a significant effect on the pore surface area evolution. The study showed that the ZnCl2 activation of corn cob was suitable for the preparation of activated carbon. Results of the experiment conducted were further shown in the experimental results part of the article. This journal article would be very helpful for the researchers study for it involves activated carbon especially it was made out of corn cobs. Its results would serve as a reference for the group especially how the corn cobs were chemically activated.