2.1 Inclusive Housing 2.2 Slums 2.

3 Disaster

Issue Specific Housing

2.1
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Inclusive Housing
What is Inclusivity? Historical Overview Todays Exclusive City The Case for a More Inclusive City Inclusivity at the local level Inclusive Complexes

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2.1 A

What is inclusivity?
ex-clude tr.v. excluded, excluding, excludes 1. To prevent from entering; keep out; bar: 2. a jar sealed to exclude outside air; an immigration policy that excludes undesirables. 3. To prevent from being included, considered, or accepted; reject: 4. The court excluded the improperly obtained evidence. 5. To put out; expel. exclusive 1. Excluding or tending to exclude: exclusive barriers. 2. Not allowing something else; incompatible: mutually exclusive conditions. 3. Not divided or shared with others: exclusive publishing rights. 4. Not accompanied by others; single or sole: your exclusive function. 5. Complete; undivided: gained their exclusive attention. 6. Not including specified extremes or limits, but only area between them: 20-25, exclusive; that is, 21, 22, 23 and 24. 7. Excluding some or most, as from membership or participation: an exclusive club. 8. Catering to a wealthy clientele; expensive: exclusive shops. There are different interpretations of inclusivity. Including future residents in the entire design process Including different groups of people: 1. Including all social groups: socially inclusive, but not necessarily economically 2. Including all economic groups: economically inclusive, but not necessarily socially 3. What we term super-inclusivity, or including different social and economic groups The level of inclusivity can be measured by: 1. The physical proximity between different groups 2. The level of social interaction between the different social or economic groups

inclusive 1. including (almost) everything within its scope 2. An inclusive list of Wiki formats 3. including the extremes as well as the area between 4. Numbers 1 to 10 inclusive inclusiveness (uncountable) 1. The property of being inclusive. inclusivity (Social Welfare) (Sociology) (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) 1. the fact or policy of not excluding members or participants on the grounds of gender, race, class, sexuality, disability, etc. In the western context inclusivity has generally come to mean inclusion of the aged and the disabled, while in most of the developing world it implies economic, religious and cultural integration.

Household structure
Education Sexual orientation Disability Age

Inclusiveness can be better defined by first defining exclusiveness.

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Economic status and occupation

Caste syste m

Cultural, religious or ethnic differences

Exclusive Housing is housing which is inclusive to only one (or some) particular social or economic groups. It thus excludes everyone else not belonging to these groups. In todays scenario the criteria is generally the spending power, though there are many cases of housing being exclusive to a particular class or religion, for example, Jain only buildings in Mumbai. There have also rare instances of extraordinarily exclusive housing, such as vegetarian-only in Soami Ngar, New Delhi.

The level of Spatial Integration The proximity between different economic groups can range from adjacent apartments on the same floor or adjacent plots to nearby sectors or zones exclusive to one income level. The level of Social Interaction There is debate regarding the extent of social interaction required. Some sources consider the existence of a community paramount (and so only living next door is not inclusive), while others say that just spatial proximity is sufficient. One might claim that spatial proximity would automatically result in social interaction, but present examples of apartment buildings leave this open to argument. For the purpose of this study we shall consider the opportunity social inclusiveness important. Another interpretation of inclusive housing is to integrate the surrounding site conditions and residents with the designed housing. Inclusive housing can also mean involving the future residents in the entire design process.

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Most current housing is geared towards exclusivity. Amrapali SkyBungalows (bottom right) offer private lifts and separate staff lifts. Unitech (bottom left) has a range of luxury homes to choose from.

Inclusive Housing is thus housing which is not exclusive to any particular social or economic group. Super-inclusive housing would include all groups of people, whether of different economic strata, religious beliefs, sex, familial and household structure, jobs or professions, disabilities, age, or even sexual preference. In the western context inclusivity has generally come to mean inclusion of the aged and the disabled, while in most of the developing world it implies economic, religious and cultural integration. Inclusive housing does not try to equalize everyone and bring them to the same socio-economic level, but rather accepts and respects their differences.

Leading from the different interpretations of inclusivity, there are also different interpretations of inclusive housing: Socially inclusive or economically? The super-inclusivity discussed earlier is not feasible. Human communities centre on the existence of a shared interest that enables trust. Thus, generally, a community can be either socially inclusive or economically inclusive. This report shall discuss economic inclusivity.

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2.1B(a)

Historical Overview: Inclusivity in Housing Global

[Before 3500BC] During the Palaeolithic times, communities were small, homogeneous and extremely close-knit for safety from wild animals. However, as soon as agriculture became the way of life, there was more prosperity and stability. Though initially, settlements like Catalhuyuk were extremely compact, with common walls and equality in society, eventually, the stability led to larger communities, which had more time to interact with each other, leading to disputes and distinctions as well. This is when social stratification started, with the presence of a leader and his followers, reflecting in the arrangement of dwellings. Especially pre-classical civilizations , for example, Mesopotamia and Egypt, had an established social order, with the necropolis being central, surrounded by a ring of richer settlements, further skirted by the poor.

[3500BC to 200AD] The Greeks were the first to plan consciously on the basis of unity despite segregation. Hippodamian planning was based on occupational sectors but provided community spaces for ample exchange of ideas and to promote the feeling of community. Similar strategies were used in Roman cities too, which developed their own typology for housing the Roman insula, an apartment house having an area of 73sqm, located in occupationally divided sectors.

[1100AD to 1500AD] In the medieval city, the castle or palace was located at one end, church in the center surrounded by the market, which was the main place for interaction. The common man lived in densely packed, unhygienic housing. There was a segregation of the aristocracy and the peasant. Eventually, the city exploded out of the walls, with the richer people inside the walled city and poor squatters outside. Some examples are Vienna and Berlin.

[700AD onwards] In the middle-east, by the 7th century AD, Islamic cities took form, which is where the basic neighborhood concept started. These neighborhoods were cul-de-sacs with houses on both sides, and only one gated entry. Hence, they were inclusive in a sense, and yet exclusive. Division of neighborhoods was on the basis of lineage. Tribals were highly honoured, followed by the Saiyids, who were the noblemen and then the artisans and agriculturalists. Important examples include Damascus and Jeruselam.

(Top) 3D of a Roman Insula (Bottom) A typical medieval city

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[1500AD to 1700AD] With the renaissance, the medieval city was just cleaned and beautified further with gardens and avenues, i.e. no major planning changes were made. However, the an intellectual and artistic revolution took place because of which a new type of class arose, apart from the nobility and peasantry the clergy. These people were involved in mentally/intellectually demanding tasks, not farming or other physical strains. This also reflected in architecture and housing.

Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was a period from mid-18th century to early 19th century when major changes in modes of production and technology occurred. The Revolution had many important social and economic consequences. 1. Migration While industrial workers were paid higher wages than farm labourers and there was thus an economic incentive for individuals to find industrial jobs and move into industrial towns. By the 19th century people were moving to cities in unprecedented numbers. 2. Early Housing Living conditions during the Industrial Revolution varied from the splendour of the homes of the owners to the squalor of the lives of the workers. The Revolution reshaped the urban environment, not least by concentrating workers in the new industrial towns and suburbs linked and supplied by railways.

Poor people lived in very small houses in cramped streets. These homes would share toilet facilities, have open sewers and would be at risk of damp. Other workers lived in sheds, railway yards, and factory cellars, without even sanitation facilities or water supply. Settlements grew around the factories. In some cases, housing was provided to workers by their employers. 3.Socially Inclusive These tenements were, in a way, socially inclusive because they were shared by people from different social backgrounds (but similar economic ones). 4. Decongesting Industrial Towns and Cities By the early twentieth century, as a response to the overcrowded and polluted conditions evident, people were being induced to move out of the industrialized towns and cities in order to decongest them.

Garden Cities The building of new towns was encouraged. The founding of new communities had been pioneered in Britain by town planner Sir Ebenezer Howard. The garden city settlements of Letchworth (1903) and Welwyn (1920), built according to his ideas, had been designed as self-contained cities that were protected from urban encroachment by greenbelts, or farmland areas, and which contained proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. The Post-industrialized Society The post-industrialized new towns were socially inclusive to an extent, but they were certainly economically exclusive. On the other hand, communal facilities provided by some housing provided opportunity for greater social interaction within the core (not necessarily inclusive) group of residents.

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Technology and Communication Technological advancements have had a great impact on social structure, especially in cities, which has directly affected housing as well. This synergetic relationship can be seen from the discovery of fire to the advent of agriculture and more recently, the printing press and industrialization. However, today, these advancements are happening at an exponential rate with mobile phones, computers and the internet becoming commonplace. Some impacts are as follows: Awareness and Globalization: People today are more informed and there is a dilution of strict traditional prejudices with a more universal attitude. This means people by nature have become a little more accommodating and thus, inclusive. Lack of personal interaction: Communication through internet and phone calls has reduced personal faceto-face communication. Also, gadgets such as televisions etc. have reduced the need for people to pas time by spending it with others All in all, socially, a less dependant society.

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2.1B(a)

Historical Overview Inclusivity in Housing Indian

Indus Valley Civilization Although some houses were larger than others, Indus Civilization cities were remarkable for their apparent, if relative, egalitarianism. All the houses had access to water and drainage facilities. This gives the impression of a society with relatively low wealth concentration, though clear social levelling is seen in personal adornments. Vedic These settlements, one of the earliest on Indian soil, were automatically socially inclusive, due to the absence of any other cultural group. However, economic and vocational exclusivity is apparent from the basic planning of such villages., based on the caste system. They consisted of four distinct quarters; the marketplace with the traders and merchants, the middle class (vaishya) quarter, the upper class (kshatriya and brahmin) quarter and the citadel. This clearly stratified society into distinctly different built identities, separated by the main thoroughfares. This vocational planning was the basis of most cities that came up later, though in varying degrees. Citadel Kshatriya/ Brahmin

Market place

Vaishya

Mughal Delhis old city furthered the idea of the Vedic village, except that there were a variety of cultural pockets, called Mohallas, which were exclusive to a particular religious group, say Hindus or Muslims. However, economic disparity existed within these mohallas, which was evident in the difference of dwelling sizes. Despite these differences, the settlement was a low rise, high density one. The streets were meant only for pedestrians or animals, making it the main artery for trade and interaction. A similar situation is found even today, in the Pols of Gujarat.

(Top) Plan of a Vedic village division based on caste and occupation (Bottom) Colonial Bungalow of Delhi

Tuglaqs The Muslim invaders since the 12th century AD, had settled in and around Delhi and parts of North India. These societies tended to alienate the local Hindu population, as they taxed them for not being Muslim. Obviously, inclusivity was not the order of the day. Servants quarter

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Main House

British colonial rule During the Raj, the colonial bungalow was the most common housing, especially in New Delhi. This was characterized by a single story house, with a servants quarter at the back and a boundary wall all around. This setup promoted the nurturing of a symbiotic personal relationship between the owners and the servants (such as gardener, cook etc.) These houses were inclusive within themselves, though a sense of community was still missing. The British lived in separatist colonies, often referred to as white towns, with Indians in neighboring black towns. Even newer cities like New Delhi were planned majorly for the aristocracy and the car, excluding the lower classes. Garden

Pre-independence Planning The only significant colonial planning concept was the one that Lutyens adopted for the design of New Delhi. Largely administrative and residential, the new city had wide avenues and a very low density land use. The houses were primarily for the rich and the poor were left behind in Shahjahanabad. However, as discussed earlier, within a bunglow, between the owner and the servants, there was some amount of inclusivity.

(Below) Plan of Lutyens Delhi, designed by the rich, for the rich

Post-independence Era With the end of British rule, the desire to start on a tabula rasa became widespread. Modernism, which had been catching on in the west for the first part of the 20th century, came as the answer to new age planning. The experiment started with Le Corbusiers Chandigarh and was replicated, with some modifications, by many more cities. Some of the major impacts of modern planning on the inclusivity of a city, were: Gentrification As seggregation of land use took place, certain parts of the city would be specifically reserved for a certain kind of housing. This not only killed diversity but slowly led to inflated land prices, which resulted in the ouster of the poorer masses to the city periphery. Intolerance towards the informal Modern planning often advocated elevational control and repetition of elements. Informal construction was looked down upon and often removed or shifted outside the city to beautify it.

Liberalization [1991] Post-Independence, what existed was a License Raj with stringent rules and regulations, which basically led to widespread corruption, preventing smaller businesses from coming up. This led to a great divide between the rich and the poor, which was naturally reflected in housing as well, which was certainly not inclusive. The major breakthrough came with liberalization in 1991, which resulted in the rise of the middle class. Today there is more homogeneity in society, than there was pre-liberalization. Also urbanization has increased, which means more poor people are migrating from villages to cities. Thus, the city has to become more inclusive than it ever was

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Residentia l

Commerci al

Official

(above) Mixed land-use pattern

(above) Seggregated land-use pattern

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2.1 E

Inclusivity at the local level

Inclusivity needs to be achieved on the local level amongst HIG, MIG, LIG and EWS neighbourhoods. Buffer Spaces When different economic groups live close together, the characteristic and design of the buffer space or neutral zone separating them become of paramount importance. These spaces, both no mans land and so everyones land should be areas where all economic groups can interact. Examples are: Parks and green spaces, which offer equal recreational opportunities for all economic groups Markets and commercial areas, which also directly offer employment to LIG and EWS groups Shared facilities like places of worship, hospitals, etc. Transport nodes like metro stations, roads and paths Hauz Rani and Saket The importance of buffer spaces can be understood by considering the case of Hauz Rani in South Delhi. In the early1980s the DDA appropriated most of the marshy land which was the site of the historical Hauz to construct the Saket Sports Complex. Afluent Saket neighbours Hauz Rani -a predominantly Muslim urban village- and the two are separated by the Press Enclave Road. At some point the DDA sports complex was at a stage of development when it constituted three large fields without any barriers distinguishing the open spaces. Saket residents and the Hauz Rani villagers moved freely throughthe area and the DDA constructed a paved pedestrian path and bridge which Saket with Hauz Rani. Children from Saket played football every evening with their peers from Hauz Rani. In 1990 the interim sports complex was razed and supplanted by a more elaborate version. Since only Saket residents could afford the complex, the camaraderie was lost and the two neighbourhoods almost became hostile to each other for a time.

Employment and Commute Most residents of HIG and MIG groups and some of the LIG group would travel to the commercial/ office centres for work. On the other hand, most LIG and EWS residents would find work in HIG and MIG areas in the service and informal sectors: for example as household help or daily service providers, or as vegetable, fruit and grocery vendors. They would also help develop and be employed in local markets and other commercial areas serving HIG and MIG groups. Having these different residential areas close-by reduces commuting time, expense and effort. The richer groups also benefit by having closer market areas, again reducing commuting time. Thus, integrating neighbourhood types on the local level which automatically results in a more inclusive development- is also more convenient for all.

Infrastructure and development for all In most modern cities the trend has been the displacement and shift of the underprivileged either towards the periphery of the cities or into areas which are environmentally degraded and thus do not provide viable living conditions for the rest of the masses. These areas do not receive adequate infrastructure and development funding and focus as compared to more affluent areas, and thus become even worse places to live, most times without even the most basic of services. Achieving inclusivity on the local level, that is, having neighbourhoods comprising of different economic backgrounds next to each other ensures that development benefits are equally distributed and shared by all communities and not accrued to only one.

(Bottom) open space as buffer. (Right) Malviya Nagar, Hauz Rani and Saket separated by different buffer spaces. Bus depot

market Press Enclave Rd. Hauz Rani Saket Shivalik Jal Board open Police station Metro

Malviya Nagar

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2.1F

Inclusive Complexes
Talking of housing complexes, inclusivity is not only something that they ought to achieve with their surroundings, but also within themselves. It is possible to have people from different economic backgrounds residing in the same housing complex. The factors which are imperative for inclusivity to be achieved within a housing scheme are: 1. Social Interaction or Employment Consider a scenario where people from slightly different economic backgrounds (say MIG and HIG, or MIG and LIG) are neighbors. The only possible reason for these groups of people to want to live in such close proximity, is the desire for social engagement and shared community spaces. Both groups are usually not dependant on each other in any other way. Such a mix of housing is possible with variation in plot or apartment size. Now, consider a scenario where the complex houses people with very large background differences in (say EWS and HIG or MIG). Here, the only way the housing can be inclusive, without inconveniencing either party, is if the poor work for the rich, which makes for a socially and economically sustainable system. This is one of the most common typologies of housing complexes, owing to a law which makes it mandatory for a builder to provide a certain percentage of EWS or LIG housing, when building for MIG or HIG groups. More often than not, the EWS housing is reserved for servants who work for the people from the MIGs and HIGs. 2. Affordability A housing complex can only be considered inclusive if atleast some of its units are affordable by a range of economic groups. Affordability within a housing complex can be achieved in the following ways: Cross Subsidy: This is done by charging the rich with market rates (or auctioning), whereas the poor are given a small subsidy on their smaller units. In this method the builder still makes a net profit as all subsidy negotiations are within the same set of units. Variation in unit size: This automatically brings in a range of plot or apartment sizes, which translates to a variety of ranges. Credit/Loan assistance: These are small loans (microfinance) which are given to low income families so that they can get a house without any delay, potentially caused by inadequate finances. Self help model: This is a development strategy in which basic services such as plumbing and electricity are provided in an otherwise empty site, which is then left free to be inhabited by people. This means that even plot sizes and house typologies are decided unanimously within the group of people. The crux of the idea is that traditional settlements were also unplanned and hence more sustainable. This is an application of that, except with proper services. 3. Incremental Development Affordability on the face of it is one thing. The unit should be affordable in the long term as well. In short, housing will only be inclusive if the poor see it as a long term investment. This is because, land prices are constantly increasing, and families from weaker sections of society tend to increase in size. They usually, cannot afford to buy another bigger space/plot. This leads to problems of overcrowding and unsanitary conditions. The only way a housing complex can maintain inclusivity is by making sure that the poor do not feel the urge to sell their flat/plot and move out. This can be achieved in the following ways: Additive Housing: Incase of plotted housing, if adequate space is left, there is a scope of adding to ones dwelling, when need be. This can also be done by following a set of guidelines or ideas for adding to ones unit. Flexible spaces: In case of apartments, or even houses, the possibility of dividing a space into larger number of usable units is extremely advantageous. For instance, a one bedroom studio apartment may be designed such that on the birth of a child, the same apartment can be divided into two bedrooms.

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Low rise High Density development: High rises tend to have higher building and maintenance costs

(Left) Doon Trafalgar, Dehradun; Housing complex with reserved EWS units. (Right) Artists colony, Belapur; Incremental housing with variation in plot size

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Site + Services model: In this model, the varied plot sizes as well as service cores (stairs, water, electricity etc.)are provided. The house itself is upto the inhabitant to build. These flexibilities allow personalization, not only in terms of tastes, but also in terms of the amount of money one wants to spend.

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Case Study

Social engagement and dependency

Incremental development

Project: Aranya Community Housing, Indore Architect: Vaastu Shilpa Foundation (B.V. Doshi, Ahmedabad) Client: Indore Development Authority Year of Completion: 1989 Site Area: 85 sq km (8.5 HA) Ground Coverage: 58% Residential 6.73% Commercial 23.5% Road space 8.15% Open spaces No. of Dwellings: 6500 plots (6 sectors) Population: 60,000 (EWS-65%; LIG-11%; MIG-14%; HIG-9%) Type: Site + Services

Spine and cluster settlement: There is a main arterial road which is a very important economic stimulus, for vendors etc. which binds the colony together. Also, clusters tend to provide middle spaces which are a great for community activities. Most houses have the otta (outdoor platform) in front, which becomes a place for social interaction and enlivens the street.
Affordability Only services (connections + core) have been provided on site. The actual building is left upto the buyer, for more flexibility in terms of budgets and materials. 80 prototype houses were built by Doshi just as guidelines which may or may not be followed for future development. Low rise high density development model has been adopted with tallest buildings being commercial centers at the ends of the spine, which are 5 storeys high. Cross subsidy has been provided for EWS and LIG groups by selling HIG plots on market value and auctioning the land for commercial purposes. A variety of plot sizes have been provided, from 35.32 sqm for EWS to 613.94 sqm for HIG

The architect designed a large number of combinations for the dwellings so that maximum diversity could be achieved. The possibility of vertical expansion and peripheral additions was kept in mind.

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(Above) Site plan - Aranya

(above) Plots with basic services only

(above) Street view in Aranya

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Economic zoning This Zoning has been done to achieve a greater variety of plots and prices. HIG groups have been placed near the highway MIG is near the arterial road EWS and LIG are in the middle

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