ABHA College of Engineering Computer Science and Engineering IIIrd Sem

Practical List Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Practical Name To study computer system/Hardware/ Architecture To study motherboard To study transmission media/ bus architecture To study formatting of hard disk drive To study installation of windows XP To study different types of network/types of topology To study different DOS(Disk Operating System) commands To study MS-Word To study MS-Excel To study MS-Power point To Study Internet Introduction to HTML

Subject Incharge
Prof. Anil Dongardiye

HOD

Aim: To study computer system/hardware/architecture Theory: A computer system can be divided into 5 components:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Hardware Software Data Procedures

Hardware

Processor
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a.k.a. CPU / Central Processing Unit Components: 1. ALU / Arithmetic Logic Unit: arithmetic & Boolean logic operations 2. CU / Control Unit: instruction processing sequencing and control 3. Interface Unit: (internal) bus structure Alternate View 1. Execution Unit: instruction circuits (including ALU) 2. Control Unit: instruction retrieval, sequencing, and EU sub-circuit selection 3. Registers: limited, quick-access data "containers" and "flags" 4. Internal Bus Interface Actual electrical or electro-mechanical IO devices (e.g. keyboards, printers, video monitor) will not be considered as significant in our study of Computer Systems' Architectures.

Input & Output Devices

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Input & Output Interface

External Bus Structure Collection of "wires" that carries power and signals between different computer components. Channel Separate, special purpose IO processor connecting an IO device to the CPU (or "main memory"); may perform signal conversion, timing control, buffering, etc.

Communications

Direct/indirect connection to other computer systems based on pre-agreed upon "protocol" (shared rules for how communication is to take place.

Storage / Memory
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(Main) Memory / Primary Storage

addressed cells each containing a binary pattern units: byte (typically 8 "bits") - character word (typically 32 "bits" but many different sizes are found on different computer systems) - basic numeric unit; basic unit of data transfer Kbytes 10 2 bytes (1024) Mbytes 20 2 bytes (1,048,576) Gbytes 30 2 bytes (1,300,109,824) usage:

"active" data and instructions (i.e. instructions and data currently being processed John vonNeumann & stored program concept vs. Babbage's engine with separate data and instruction stores

RAM vs. ROM ROM is non-modifiable (by normal computer operation)

o

(Secondary) Storage long-term (inactive) data and program storage examples: disk, tape, CD units: typically stored in "blocks" of multiple words/bytes (physical records)

REGISTERS SPEED DURATION very fast very shortterm

MAIN SECONDARY MEMORY STORAGE fast slow short-term (while long-term program is active) RAM- data lost; ROM maintained - data maintained byte or word indirect only physical record most common no

POWER DOWN data lost EFFECT SIZE OF UNIT bit, byte, or TRANSFERRED word ALU ACCESS yes

Software

System Software
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Operating System Utilities (may be built into OS or external programs) Application tools: word processors, spreadsheet managers, etc. Corporate applications: in-house systems e.g. inventory management High-level: "source" instructions in a language such as COBOL Machine-level: binary patterns with no immediate human meaning High-level instructions must be converted into Machine-level instructions before they can be processed by a "processor"; this conversion is a one-to-many process data transfer (copying data) data transform (modifying data) instruction flow control (changing the default sequence)

Application Software
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High-level vs. Machine-level Software

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Instruction Classes
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Data
One of the major requirements of any computer system is the ability to represent and manipulate values ("data"). In general, digital computers (the only type considered in this course) represent values as patterns of "off" and "on" signals. Each value requires a different pattern (or, at least, a pattern which is different from any other value of the same type). Different types of values generally are represented using different "encoding schemes". An "encoding scheme" specifies how many "off" and "on" signals are required for each value, and provides a unique pattern of signals for each possible value.

Data vs. Information

Two terms common in any discussion of computer systems are "data" and "information". The difference in meaning between these two terms is based on the concept that "information" is "data" which has "meaning" to someone (or something) outside of the computer system. "Information" is "data" which has meaning. The most common task of a computer system (especially when the input source and the output destination are the same) is to transform data into information. In fact, this is sometimes used as the basis for alternative definitions of a computer system . The concept of "meaning" can be difficult. Generally, we think of "meaning" as implying that something with intelligence exists for which the "data" has meaning. When the output of a computer system is the automated control of some other system (as in CAD, Computer Aided Manufacturing), we end up debating, the unresolved question of what is meant by "intelligence".

1. The IPO(S) Model

A computer system can be thought of as a collection of components which together are capable of 3 operations: Input, Processing, and Output. A fourth operation, Storage, is also required for practical computer systems. Note that the IPO(S), Input-Process-Output(-Storage), model is applied to at least two different areas:

1. the collection of "equipment" that makes up a computer system 2. the "actions" that a computer system is capable of performing.

Input: A computer system must include a method for accepting "data" and "instructions" from outside the system. Power or energy sources required to enable operation of the computer system are not "inputs". Processing: A computer system must include the ability to change or "transform" data which has been input. These "transformations" typically include (but are not limited to)

selecting subsets of the data counting and accumulating totals of selected data values re-arranging the sequence or "format" of data

Output: A computer system must include the ability to send processed data to outside the system in a form that can be used by the "outside world". This "outside world" might be the human "users" of the computer system, but alternatively could be electrical or mechanical controls for automated equipment, or the "inputs" for some other system. Storage: We would not normally consider a collection to be a computer system unless it included some form of memory of previous input or processed data. For example, system composed of an electrical power supply, an on/off switch, a light bulb, and appropriate wiring to connect the other three components would not normally be considered to be a computer system (although it contains IPO elements of a basic form). Replacing the on/off switch with a "toggle button", which would reverse the current on/off "state" of the light, would give us something closer to a computer system.

For the purposes of this course memory (or "storage") will be considered to be an essential element of any computer system.

Aim: To study motherboard. Theory: