Three Dimensional Co-Ordinate Geometry

Three Dimensional Co-ordinate Geometry
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Calculus II
Chapter 7 Vectors
7.8 Vector Equation of a Straight Line 2
Chapter 10 Three Dimensional Coordinates Geometry
10.1 Basic Formulas 6
10.2 Equations of Straight Lines 6
10.3 Plane and Equation of a Plane 14
10.4 Coplanar Lines and Skew Lines 28
7.8 Vector Equation of a Straight Line
c t a r

+ ,
parameter scalar : t
line straight on the point fixed a of ector position v : a
vector direction : c
Prepared by K. F. Ngai
Page 1
10
line straight on point any of ector position v : r
Remark ) ( a b t a r

+
or b t a t r + ) 1 (
Example Find the vector equation of the straight line
1
, in the direction of
k j i 2 2 +
and passing
through the point with position vector
) 3 , 2 , 1 (
.
Solution
Example Find the vector equation of the straight line through the point ) 4 , 5 , 3 ( in the direction of
k j i + . Find also the point on this line which has i 4 as one component vector of its position
vector.
Solution
Example Find the equation of the line joining the points ) 6 , 2 , 1 ( A and ) 3 , 8 , 4 ( B .
Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of this line and the x-y plane and the ratio in
which x-y plane divides AB .
Solution
Page 2
Example Let ) 0 , 7 , 8 ( A and ) 3 , 1 , 2 ( B .
(a) Find the equation of the straight line AB .
(b) Find the perpendicular distance from the point ) 9 , 7 , 4 ( P to the line AB .
Find also the foot of perpendicular.
Solution
Example The line joining two points
) 1 , 8 , 1 ( P
and
) 2 , 4 , 4 ( Q
meets the
xz
and
yz
planes
respectively at R and S . Find the coordinates of R and S and the ratios in which they
divide
PQ
.
Solution
Page 3
Remark In above example (b), the distance from P to AB may also be found directly without
calculating the foot of perpendicular. The method is outlined as follows:
By referring to Figure,
AB
AP AB
AP PR

sin
Since
Example By finding the foot of perpendicular from the point
) 13 , 1 , 10 ( P
to the line,
) 5 (4 5 : j i t k i r L + + , find the equation of straight line passing through P and
perpendicular to L , find the perpendicular distance from P to L .
Solution
Page 4
10.1 Basic Formula
The Distance Between Two Points
Distance between ) , , (
1 1 1
z y x A and ) , , (
2 2 2
z y x B is
2
2 1
2
2 1
2
2 1
) ( ) ( ) ( z z y y x x + + .
Page 5
Section Formula
Let ) , , ( z y x P divide the joint of ) , , (
1 1 1
z y x A and ) , , (
2 2 2
z y x B in the ratio
n
m
PB
AP
The Coordinate of the point P is

,
_
+
+
+
+
+
+
n m
nz mz
n m
ny my
n m
nx mx
1 2 1 2 1 2
, ,
10.2 Equations of Straight Lines
In vector form, the equation of straight line is c t a r

+ , where r
is the position vector of any point in the

line, a
is fixed point on line and c
is direction vector of line.

If ) , , ( z y x r , ) , , (
1 1 1
z y x a , ) , , ( c b a c , we have
k z j y i x

+ + = ) (a
1 1 1
k c j b i t k z j y i x

+ + + + +
= k tc z j tb y i ta x

) ( ) ( ) (
1 1 1
+ + + + +
Since k j i

, , are basis vectors in
3
R
, we have
'
+
+
+
tc z z
tb y y
ta x x
1
1
1
or
c
z z
b
y y
a
x x
1 1 1

Parametric Form of a Straight Line

The equation of the straight line passing through the point ) , , (
1 1 1
z y x and with direction vector
) , , ( c b a
can be
expressed in the form of
'
+
+
+
1
1
1
z ct z
y bt y
x at x
where
t
is a parameter.
This is called the parametric form of the straight line.
Symmetric Form of a Straight Line
The equation of the straight line passing through the point ) , , (
1 1 1
z y x and with direction vector
) , , ( c b a
and is
c
z z
b
y y
a
x x
1 1 1

and this is called the symmetric form of the straight line.

General Form of a Straight Line
The equation of a straight line can be written as a linear system
'
+ + +
+ + +
0
0
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
D z C y B x A
D z C y B x A
Page 6
which is called the general form of a straight line.
If given two points ) , , (
1 1 1 1
z y x P , ) , , (
2 2 2 2
z y x P , the equation of straight line becomes
'
+
+
+
) (
) (
) (
1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1
z z t z z
y y t y y
x x t x x
or
1 2
1
1 2
1
1 2
1
z z
z z
y y
y y
x x
x x
Example Find the equation of the line joining the points

) 3 , 0 , 2 (
and
) 2 , 1 , 4 (
.
Solution
Example Find the equation of the line which passes through
) 2 , 3 , 1 (
and intersects the line
2
1
3 1
2
+

z y x
Solution
Example
1
is a line passing through ) 3 , 0 , 1 ( A and ) 2 , 4 , 2 ( B ,
2
is another line passing
through
) 1 , 4 , 2 ( C
and
) 3 , 8 , 6 ( D
. Find, in degrees, the acute angle between
1
and
2
.
Solution
Page 7
Example Given two lines
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
:
n
z z
m
y y
l
x x
L

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
:
n
z z
m
y y
l
x x
L

the angle between two line is

Example Find the parametric form of a straight line L which passes through the point
) 1 , 1 , 1 (
and parallel
to the straight line
3
2
1
4
2
3
:
1
+
z y x
L . Show also that this line is perpendicular
to the straight line
'

+
4
1 6
2 3
:
2
z
t y
t x
L .
Solution
S 1
Let
'
+
+
+
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1
:
n z z
m y y
l x x
L
and
'
+
+
+
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
:
n z z
m y y
l x x
L
To find the intersection point of line

2 1
and L L
we solve
'
+ +
+ +
+ +
2 2 2 1 1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1
n z n z
m y m y
l x l x

Page 8
i.e. find
2 1
and .
Note After finding
2 1
and is any two equations,
2 1
and must put into the 3rd equation in order
to test whether it is satisfied or not.
Example Find the intersection point of the lines
2
9
1
5
1
4
z y x
and
1
4
2 1
2
z y x
.
Solution
Example Find the intersection point of the lines
3
6
2
3
1
2
z y x
and
5
11
3
6
2
4
z y x
.
Solution
S 2
Distance of a point
) , , (
0 0 0
z y x P
from the line
n
z z
m
y y
l
x x
1 1 1

FIND ' P .
Let ' P be ) , , (
1 1 1
n z m y l x + + + .
Direction vector of ' PP ) , , (
0 1 0 1 0 1
z n z y m y x l x + + +
Direction vector of line
) , , ( n m l
0 ) , , ( ) , , (
0 1 0 1 0 1
+ + + n m l z n z y m y x l x
Page 9
As is formed, ' P can be determined and so
' PP d
Example Find the perpendicular distance from the point ) 9 , 7 , 4 ( P to the line
1
2
2
1
2
2
:
+
z y x
L .
Solution
Example (a) Find the vector equation of the straight line
1
, in the direction of
k j i 2 2 +
and
passing through the point with position vector ) 3 , 2 , 1 ( .
(b) Find a vector parallel to the straight line
2
with vector equation
k t j t i t r ) 6 3 ( ) 2 2 ( ) 1 ( + + + +
where
t
is a scalar parameter.
(c) Determine whether
1
meets
2
; if so, find the point of intersection of
1
meets
2
.
(d) Find the angle between
1
meets
2
.
Solution
Page 10
Example If the foot of the perpendicular from the point
) 9 , 7 , 4 ( P
to the line
1
3
2
1
2
2
:
+
z y x
L
is Q, find the coordinates of Q. Hence, find the perpendicular distance from P to L .
Solution
Example Consider the two straight lines
2
3
2
2
1
1
:
1
+
+ z y x
L and
3
6
2
2
1
1
:
2

z y x
L .
Page 11
Find the point of intersection of
1
L and
2
L .
Find also the acute angle between
1
L and
2
L .
Solution
Example Let
k j i a + 3
,
j i b 6 3 +
,
k j i c 3 4 2 +
be the position vectors of the points A,
B and C respectively.
(a) Find the equation of the line L , which passes through A and B .
(b) Find the shortest distance from C to L .
Solution
Page 12
Theorem Given
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
:
n
z z
m
y y
l
x x
L

and
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
:
n
z z
m
y y
l
x x
L

2 1
// L L
Their direction vectors are parallel

2
1
2
1
2
1
n
n
m
m
l
l

Proof
Remark
2 1
L L 0
2 1 2 1 2 1
+ + n n m m l l
10.3 Plane and Equation of Plane
A vector perpendicular to (or orthogonal to) a plane is a normal vector to that plane.
In Figure,
n
is a normal vector of the plane
) (
.
Normal vector of a plane is not unique, for if
n
is a normal vector, then
n a
(a is
any non-zero real number) is also a normal vector.
Let ) , , (
0 0 0 0
z y x P be a fixed point and ) , , ( z y x P be any point on it.
Set
) , , ( C B A n
i.e. A, B, C are given.
0
0
n P P

( Vector Form )
We have
0 ) , , ( ) , , (
0 0 0
C B A z z y y x x
0 ) ( ) ( ) (
0 0 0
+ + z z C y y B x x A ( Normal Form )
Remark The general form of plane equation is 0 + + + D Cz By Ax .
Furthermore, if three points are given,
) , , (
i i i i
z y x P

3 , 2 , 1 i
.
Page 13
'
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
0
0
0
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
D Cz By Ax
D Cz By Ax
D Cz By Ax
'
+ +
+ +
+ +
0 ) ( ) ( ) (
0 ) ( ) ( ) (
0 ) ( ) ( ) (
3 2 3 2 3 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
1 1 1
z z C y y B x x A
z z C y y B x x A
z z C y y B x x A
,
_
,
_
,
_

0
0
0
3 2 3 2 3 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
1 1 1
C
B
A
z z y y x x
z z y y x x
z z y y x x
0 ) , , ( C B A n

The system has non-trivial solution of

C B A , ,
.
Hence, 0
3 2 3 2 3 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
1 1 1

z z y y x x
z z y y x x
z z y y x x
. It is an equation of plane. ( 3 Point Form )
Example Find the equation of the plane passing through the points
) 3 , 4 , 2 ( P
,
) 9 , 1 , 4 ( Q
and
) 6 , 1 , 0 ( R
.
Find also its distance from the origin.
Solution
Example Find the equation of the plane passing through the point
) 3 , 2 , 1 (
and parallel to the plane
3 4 3 + z y x
. Find also its distance from the origin.
Solution
Example Find the equation of the plane containing the line
1 2
3
1
3 z y x
and the origin.

Page 14
Solution
Example Find the equation of the plane passing through the origin and the point ) 2 , 1 , 3 ( and parallel
to the line
1
1
2
1
2
1 +
z y x
.
Solution
Example Find the equation of the plane containing the point
) 4 , 3 , 2 ( P
and perpendicular to both of the
planes 0 8 2 2 :
1
+ z y x and 0 7 3 2 :
2
+ + z y x .
Solution
AL03-II-6 Let be the plane containing ) 0 , 1 , 2 ( , ) 1 , 0 , 1 ( and ) 1 , 0 , 3 ( . Suppose L is the straight line
passing through
) 2 , 0 , 0 ( A
and perpendicular to . Find
(a) the equation of ,
(b) the coordinates of the point of intersection of L and ,
(c) the distance from A to .
Ans: (a)
0 1 + z y
(b) )
2
3
,
2
1
, 0 ( (c)
2
2
Page 15
Solution
Example Find the equation of the plane which contains the origin and the line
2
3
2
2
1

z
y
x
.
Solution
Example Find the coordinates of the point at which the line joining the points (3,1,4) and ) 1 , 6 , 2 ( meets
the plane 3 3 2 + z y x .
Solution
Page 16
Example Find the equations of the line which contains the point (2,3,4) and is parallel to the line of
intersection of the planes
1 2 + z y x
and
0 3 3 2 + + z y x
.
Solution
Example Find the equation of the plane which contains the line 10 2 9 3 6 z y x and is at right
angles to the plane 1 3 7 2 + z y x .
Solution
Example Find the equation of the plane containing the parallel lines
3
2
2
1
1
1
:
1

z y x
L and
3
3
2
1
1
:
2
+
z y x
L .
Solution
Page 17
Example Find the equations of the following planes.
(a) Passing through the points ) 3 , 8 , 2 ( ), 0 , 1 , 3 ( and ) 2 , 3 , 1 ( .
(b) Having
x
intercept = 3 and perpendicular to the line joining the points
) 4 , 1 , 5 (
to
) 7 , 1 , 1 (
.l
(c) Contains the line 6 6 2 + z y x and parallel to the line . 12 2 1 z y x + +
(d) Contains the lines
3
5
2
3
z y
x and
3
2
5
1
2
1
+ z y x
.
Solution
Page 18
Example Find a formula in order to find the distance from a fixed point
) , , (
0 0 0
z y x P
to the plane
0 + + + D Cz By Ax
.
Solution
Page 19
The perpendicular distance between a point and a plane
Theorem The perpendicular distance between a point ) , , (
1 1 1
z y x P and a plane
0 : + + + D Cz By Ax
is
2 2 2
1 1 1

C B A
D Cz By Ax
d
+ +
+ + +
Proof Let
) , , (
0 0 0 0
z y x P
be any point on the plane
) (
.
Ck Bj Ai + +
is a vector normal to the plane
) (
.
The unit vector
n
normal to the plane
) (
is
2 2 2
C B A
Ck Bj Ai
n
+ +
+ +
.
The perpendicular distance d between the point P and the plane is equal to the magnitude
of the projection of P P
0
on
n
.
Therefore d =

0
n P P
=
[ ] ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2
0 1 0 1 0 1
C B A
Ck Bj Ai
k z z j y y i x x
+ +
+ +
+ +
=
2 2 2
0 1 0 1 0 1
) ( ) ( ) (
C B A
z z C y y B x x A
+ +
+ +
=
2 2 2
0 0 0 1 1 1

C B A
Cz By Ax Cz By Ax
+ +
+ +
But,
0 0 0
Cz By Ax D
, since
) , , (
0 0 0 0
z y x P
lies on the plane.
2 2 2
1 1 1

C B A
D Cz By Ax
d
+ +
+ + +
Example Find the perpendicular distance between two parallel planes

6 2 : ) (
1
+ z y x and 0 5 4 2 2 : ) (
2
+ + z y x .
Solution Take a point
) 3 , 0 , 0 ( P
on ) (
1
.
The required distance is just the perpendicular distance between P and ) (
2
.
i.e. d =
2 2 2
4 ) 2 ( 2
5 3 4 0 2 0 2
+ +
+ +
= 6
12
17
units.
Page 20
Example Find the equations of the two planes which are parallel to the plane
0 14 2 6 3 : ) ( + + z y x
and are 5 units away from the point
) 3 , 1 , 2 ( P
.
Solution
Angles Between Two planes
Given 2 planes 0 :
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + D z C y B x A and 0 :
2 2 2 2 2
+ + + D z C y B x A
The angle between two planes is and , which are a pair of supplementary angles and
cos
2 1 2 1
n n n n
cos =
) )( (
) , , ( ) , , (
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 2 2 1 1 1
C B A C B A
C B A C B A
+ + + +
=
Remark (a)
2 1
// scalar t n t n : ,
2 1

t
C
C
B
B
A
A

2
1
2
1
2
1
(b)
2 1
0
2 1
n n
0
2 1 2 1 2 1
+ + C C B B A A
Page 21
Equation of Plane Containing Two Given Lines
Given two lines
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
:
n
z z
m
y y
l
x x
L

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
:
n
z z
m
y y
l
x x
L

The normal vector of the required plane

n
= ) , , ( ) , , (
2 2 2 1 1 1
n m l n m l
=
2 2 2
1 1 1
n m l
n m l
k j i
= k m l m l j n l n l i n m n m ) ( ) ( ) (
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
+
n
= ) , , (
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
m l m l n l n l n m n m +
The equation of the plane

Example Find the equation of the plane containing two intersecting lines.
2 4
1
3
2
:
1
z y x
L and
2 3
1
1
2
:
2
z y x
L
+
Solution
Page 22
Example
Solve
'
+ +
+ +
0 z y 2 x 6
1 z 2 y 4 x 3
Solution
From the above examples we conclude that the
intersection of two planes is a line.
Alternatively,
consider
2 1
n n k
Family of Planes
Given two planes 0 :
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + D z C y B x A
Page 23
0 :
2 2 2 2 2
+ + + D z C y B x A
The family of planes is any plane containing the line of intersection
2 1
and .
0 ) ( :
2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
+ + + + + + + D z C y B x A k D z C y B x A , where k is a constant.
'
+
+
0 5 6
4 2
z y x
z y x
and passing
the point
) 2 , 1 , 1 (
.
Solution
'

+
8
4 2
:
1
z y
z x
L
and parallel to the
line
4
7
3
4
2
3
:
2

z y x
L .
Solution
Example (a) The position vector of a point ) , , ( z y x P is given by zk yj xi r + + .
In Figure, ) , , (
0 0 0 0
z y x P is a point on the plane d n r : .
The line , :
0
ta r r + where t is a real scalar and ,
0 0 0 0
k z j y i x r + + passing
through
0
P and does not lie on
.
Page 24
Show that the projection of on
is given by
,
_
+ n
n n
n a
a t r r
0
where t is a
real scalar.
(b) Consider the lines ) 3 2 ( 2 6 3 :
1
k j i t k j i r + + +
and ) 4 19 8 ( 2 19 10 :
2
k j i t k j i r +
and the plane 4 ) 2 4 ( : + k j i r
(i) Let A and B be the points at which
intersects
1
and
2
respectively.
Find the coordinates of A and B and show that AB is perpendicular to both
1
and
2
.
(ii) Show that the projections of
1
and
2
on
are parallel.
Solution
Theorem Two given planes
B
y y
A
x x
1 1
1
:

and
C
z z
B
y y
1 1
2
:

.
Prove that the equation of any plane through the line of intersection of
2 1
and must
contain a line
C
z z
B
y y
A
x x
L
1 1 1
:

Proof The equation of plane through the line of intersection of

2 1
and is
Page 25
) * ( 0 ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) (
1 1 1 1
+ z z B y y C k y y A x x B
Normal Vector of (*) ) , , (
1
Bk kC A B n + .
Direction vector of line ) , , ( :
2
C B A n L
0
2 1
n n
(*) is parallel to line L .
Since
(*)
and L pass through the point ) , , (
1 1 1
z y x .
(*) contains L .
10.4 Coplanar Lines and Skew Lines
Coplanar Lines
Definition Two lines are said to be Coplanar if there exists a plane that contains both lines.
Two lines are Coplanar

they must be either parallel or they intersect.
Theorem Two lines
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
: ) (
c
z z
b
y y
a
x x
L

and
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
: ) (
c
z z
b
y y
a
x x
L

Page 26
are coplanar if and only if 0
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 1 2 1 2 1

c b a
c b a
z z y y x x
(*)
Proof
Example Show that the two lines
3
1
5
2
2
3
:
1

z y x
L and
2
6
1
2
4
1
:
2

z y x
L
are coplanar and intersect.
Solution
Page 27
Example Show that the two lines
3 2
1
1
2
:
1
z y x
L
and
2
3
1
2
4
1
:
2
z y x
L
are coplanar.
Solution
Example If the lines
1
4 4
1
2
z
p
y x
and
q
z y x 2
1
3
1

are coplanar and

perpendicular to each other, find
p
and
q
.
Solution
Page 28
Example Show that the lines
3
4
1
3
2
2 +
z y x
,
2
1
3
1
1
3
z y x
are coplanar.
Find the intersection and find the equation of the plane containing them.
Solution
Example (a) Show that the two lines
1
3
2
2
1
1
:
1

z y x
L and
1
1
2
1
3
1
:
2
+ z y x
L
are non-coplanar.
(b) Find a straight line passing through the origin and intersecting each of the lines
1
L
and
2
L .
Solution
Page 29
Skew Lines
Two straight lines are said to be Skew if they are non-coplanar i.e. neither do they intersect nor are they
being parallel.
To find the shortest distance between them, we have to find the common perpendicular to both lines first.
The method is illustrated by the following example.
Example It is given that the two lines
1
1
2 1
5
:
1
+

z y x
L and
1 1
4
1
2
:
2
z y x
L
are non-coplanar. Find the shortest distance between them.

Solution
Page 30
Example Solve
'
+
+
0
0
:
1
z y
y x
L
and
'
+
t z
y
t x
L
1
1
2 1
:
2
.
Solution
Example Consider the line
2 1
2
2
1
:
z y x
L
and the plane 0 : + + z y x .

(a) Find the coordinates of the point where L intersects
.
(b) Find the angle between L and
.
Solution
Page 31
Example Let
1
L be the line of intersection of the planes 1 + + z y x and 5 z y x , and
2
L be
the line of passing through ) 1 , 1 , 1 ( and intersecting
1
L at right line.
(a) Find a parametric equation of
1
L .
(b) Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of
1
L and
2
L , and a parametric
equation of
2
L
Solution
Example Find the image of the line
6
3
1
2
2
1
+ z y x
in the plane 24 5 2 3 + z y x .
Solution
Page 32
AL-97I-11 (a) Let
n m,
be vectors in
3
R
. Show that
(i)
2
det n m
n n n m
n m m m

,
_

(ii) ) ( ) ( ) ( n m n n n m m n n
(b) Two planes 0 ) ( m a r and 0 ) ( n b r intersect in a Line L , where n m b a , , ,
are constant vectors and r is any position vector
3
R
. Express the real numbers
and
in terms of m b a , , and
n
such that the point represented by the position
vector n m p + lies on the line L .
Show that
2 2
) (
) (
) (
) (
n m
m n m
n b
n m
n m n
m a p

Solution
Page 33
AL-98II-4 Consider the line
2 1
2
2
1
:
z y x
L
and the plane 0 : + + z y x .

(a) Find the coordinates of the point where L intersects
.
(b) Find the angle between L and
.
Ans: (a)
) 2 , 3 , 1 (
(b)

,
_

3
1
cos
2
1
Solution
AL-94II-3 Find the equations of the straight line which satisfies the following two conditions:
(i) passing through the point
) 3 , 2 , 4 (
,
(ii) parallel to the planes 0 10 + + z y x and 0 2 + y x
Ans:
1
3
1
2
2
4 +
z y x
Solution
Page 34
AL-93II-2 Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes
0 1 + + z y x
and
0 3 4 + + z y x
and parallel to the straight line ) 1 ( 3 3 1 + z y x .
Ans:
0 2 2 + + + z y x
Solution
AL-92II-3 If the lines
1
4 4
1
2
z
p
y x
and
q
z y x 2
1
3
1

are coplanar and perpendicular to each other, find

p
and
q
.
Ans:
'
'
2
1
2
1

1
2
q
p
or
q
p
Solution
Page 35
AL-91II-11 Consider the lines
3
3
2
3
1
2
:
1

z y x
L and
5
11
3
6
2
4
:
2

z y x
L
(a) Prove that
1
L and
2
L are non-coplanar
(b) (i) Find the equation of the plane
containing
1
L and parallel to
2
L
(ii) Find the equation of the plane ' containing
2
L and perpendicular to
.
(c) (i) Find the point S at which
1
L intersects
'

(ii) Find the equations of line through S and perpendicular to both
1
L and
2
L .
Ans: (b) (i) 0 2 + z y x (ii) 0 1 7 8 + z y x
(c) (i)
) 0 , 1 , 1 (
(ii)
1
0
1
1
1
1
z y x
Solution
Page 36
AL-90II-6 Find the equation of the plane containing the line
2
2
2
1
3
1
: ) (

z y x
L and the point
) 3 , 1 , 1 ( A
Ans:
13 6 3 2 + z y x
AL-89II-12 (a) The position vector of a point ( ) z y x R , , is given by zk yj xi z + +
In the
figure
( )
0 0 0 0
, , z y x R is a point on the plane
:
rn=
The line : r=r

0
+t a where r
0
= k z j y i x
0 0 0
+ + passes through
0
R and does not
lie on
Show that the projection of on
is given by : ' r=r

0
+ R t t
,
_
, n
n n
n a
a

Page 37
(b) Consider the lines
'
+
+

t z
t y
t x
1
3 3
2 1
:
1
R t and
'

t z
t y
t x
4 2
19
8 2
:
2
R t
and the plane 0 4 2 4 :
1
+ z y x
(i) Let
1
P and
2
P be the points at which
1
intersects
1
and
2

respectively
Find
1
P and
2
P and show that the line segment
2 1
P P is perpendicular to
both
1
and
2

(ii) Show that the projections of
1
and
2
on
1
are parallel
Page 38
AL-87II-6 (a) Let
'
'
+
+
+
+
+
+
t r c z
t q b y
t p a x
and
t r c z
t q b y
t p a x
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
: : be two given linesSuppose
1

and
2
intersect
(i) Show that 0
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
r r c c
q q b b
p p a a
(ii) If
1
and
2
are distinct find a vector normal to the plane containing
1
and
2

Hence or otherwise obtain the equation of this plane
(b) Consider the lines
'
rt z
qt y
pt x
L :
1
,
'
pq z
rt y
qt x
L :
2
and
'
qt z
pt y
rt x
L :
3
where
q p ,
and r are distinct and non-zero Find the equation of a plane
containing
1
L and perpendicular to the plane which contains
2
L and
3
L when
(i) 0 + + rp qr pq
(ii) 0 + + rp qr pq
Solution
Page 39
Page 40

Three Dimensional Co-Ordinate Geometry

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Three Dimensional Co-Ordinate Geometry

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Three Dimensional Co-ordinate Geometry

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

The Coordinate of the point P is

is the position vector of any point in the

is fixed point on line and c

is direction vector of line.

Parametric Form of a Straight Line

and this is called the symmetric form of the straight line.

Example Find the equation of the line joining the points

the angle between two line is

To find the intersection point of line

The system has non-trivial solution of

and the origin.

Example Find the perpendicular distance between two parallel planes

The normal vector of the required plane

The equation of the plane

Proof The equation of plane through the line of intersection of

are coplanar and

are non-coplanar. Find the shortest distance between them.

and the plane 0 : + + z y x .

and the plane 0 : + + z y x .

are coplanar and perpendicular to each other, find

The line : r=r

Show that the projection of on

is given by : ' r=r

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