Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Topics Covered
Physicals, Frames and Formats
T1 - AMI/B8ZS E1 - AMI/HDB3
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T1
North American T1 facilities operate at 1.544 MBPS. Framing may be either Superframe (D4) or Extended Superframe (ESF). These facilities are deployed in the United States, Canada, Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong (Hong Kong also employs International G.732 interconnectivity). Related Specifications AT&T Pub 62411 (D4, Line Characteristics) AT&T Pub 54016 (ESF) ANSI T1.403 (DS1 Metallic Interface)
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Frame Format T1
24 timeslots (DS0 s) Each DSO is 8 bits wide (64K rate per second)
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T1 Physicals
T1 is the physical delivery mechanism of DS1
T1 generally used to mean any 1.544 mbps service Copper delivery on 4 wires
one pair for RX (1+2) For CPE this is data FROM the network one pair for TX (4+5) For CPE this is data TO the network
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T1 Line Encoding
Establishes how bits are put onto the wire
AMI - Alternate Mark Inversion
Every other 1 is a different polarity Does not maintain ones density
56K data service - forces the LSB to 1
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T1 Framing
Two types of framing formats; Both use the Framing Bit to establish groups
D4
Group of 12 Frames Used to align equipment for framing
ESF
Group of 24 Frames Used to align equipment for framing Uses 4K for a maintenance channel (Facilities Data Link) Uses 2K for CRC-6 checksum Uses 2K for framing/synchronization
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D4 Frame
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ESF Datalink
AT&T TR 54016 calls for used of a simplified X.25 Level 2 structure, known as Telemetry Asynchronous Block Serial Protocol (TABS). This protocol consists of the following fields:
Flag (hex "7E") Address (single byte) Control (single fixed byte: 00001000) Information Field (variable length) FCS (Frame Check Sequence)
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ESF Datalink
The ANSI T1.403 specification can use Bit-Oriented-Signals (consisting of two bytes each) on the datalink OR Message-Oriented-Signals. Bit-Oriented-Signals consist of an all-ones byte, followed by a ZERO BIT, followed by a six bit identifier, and the last bit set to a ZERO. An example of a Bit-Oriented-Signal is the 00000000 11111111 code used by ESF as a Yellow Alarm condition. However, ANSI has also defined 16-bit words to indicate Payload/Line loopback Activation/Deactivation, Automatic Protection Switching (APS) Line Switch Commands, APS Line Switch Acknowledgements, and APS Line Release commands. The ANSI T1.403 Message-Oriented-Signals conform to the LAPD, Q.921 HDLC format: Flag (hex "7E") Address (2-Bytes used to express SAPI, TEI information) Control (single fixed byte: 00000011) Information Field (variable length) FCS (Frame Check Sequence) ANSI T1.403 terminal equipment (CSU) transmit Performance Report messages towards the network every second. The following Error Events are reported in the Performance Report Message (PRM).
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persist simultaneously.
A Yellow Alarm is transmitted by setting Bit #2 of each timeslot to a 0 (zero), SPACE state for D4 Framed facilities. For ESF facilities, a Yellow Alarm is transmitted by sending a repetitive 16-bit pattern consisting of 8 MARKS (1) followed by 8 SPACES (0) in the Datalink bits. This is transmitted for a MINIMUM of 1 second.
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Digital Voice
Analog <=> Digital Conversion
Analog signal is sampled 8,000 per second
Nyquist Theorem With a sampling rate of two times the frequency, an analog signal can be faithfully represented. Each sample is a snapshot best guess Quantizing error Difference between actual sample and digital value
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Companding
= Non-Linear coding uses more values to
represent lower volume levels and less values for higher volume levels
= Captures the subtleties of conversation = Not many value differences when someone is screaming = -LAW - typically used on T1 facilities = A-LAW - typically used on E1 facilities
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Softer volumes are have more variations than loud Volumes. In other words, you don t need many values to accurately represent someone yelling.
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E1 Standards
The International CCITT framing format is adopted by most countries (Europe, Central/South America, etc.). These facilities operate at 2.048 MBPS. This framing format is actually defined in CCITT Recommendation G.704, although Recommendation G.732 supplements G.704. G.704: Synchronous Frame Structure
Used and Primary and Secondary Hierarchical Levels
G.703/G.704 Framing
The standard frame is 32 timeslots, with each timeslot consisting of an 8bit byte. A MultiFrame consists of 16 frames, numbered zero to fifteen . The timeslots are numbered 0 to 31. Timeslot 0 is used for:
Synchronization Alarm Transport International Carrier use
Timeslot 16 may be used to transmit Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) information. Note that G.732 DOES NOT define the signaling states, only the transport of the states through the G.732 frame. However, G.704 recognizes the requirement for Common Channel Signaling and also allows the TRANSPARENT End-To-End transport of Timeslot 16.
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E1 Physicals
Rate of 2.048 mbps
Single frame is 256 bits wide (125 microseconds)
32 timeslots (DS0 s) Each DSO is 8 bits wide (64K rate per second) Timeslot 0 used for Synchronization
Balanced 75
Coax with BNC connectors one cable for RX one cable for TX
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E1 Line Encoding
Establishes how bits are put onto the wire
AMI - Alternate Mark Inversion
Every other 1 is a different polarity Does not maintain ones density
56K data service - always forced the LSB to 1
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E1 Frame Structure
32 Timeslots Total
Each channel holds 8 Bits
Each channel repeats 64,000 times a second (64 Kbps)
TS16
Signaling
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E1 Framing
Two types of framing formats
Double Frame
Uses bits in TS0
CRC-4
Submultiframe
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Timeslot 0 Operation
In NORMAL applications, there is NO ERROR CHECKING capability provided within the G.704 specification. In such cases, Timeslot 0 provides the ability to transport International and National bits. However, G.704 does describe an OPTIONAL implementation where a CRC-4 checksum can be used to provide ERROR DETECTION for Frames 0 through 7, and Frames 8 through 15. When this OPTIONAL format is used, the EVEN FRAMEs International bit is replaced with a CRC-4 bit. The National Bits are relabeled as SPARE BITS.
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Frame 0
X = Spare Bits, set to 1 if not used. Y = Yellow Alarm (Loss of MultiFrame Alignment Signal) (0 = Normal | 1 = Loss of MFAS)
The ABCD state of 0000 is not allowed. If all bits in Timeslot 16 are 0, a Loss of MultiFrame Alignment Signal can be assumed.
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E1 TS16 MultiFrame
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Signaling
Signaling is used to indicate Status
Incoming Calls Channel Status
Available Out-of-Service
T1 Signaling
CAS (Common Associated)
Robbed Bit
Ground Start Loop Start E&M immediate E&M Wink Start
T1 ISDN PRI
Uses Timeslot 24 for communication
Allows only 23 voice channels NFAS allows one D channel to signal multiple T1 s
Allows other T1/PRI lines to utilize a full 24 voice channels Generally need a back-up D channel for more than 2 PRI s
T1 (ESF, B8ZS)
23 B + D D-channel in TS 24
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E1 ISDN PRI
Uses TS16 for the D Channel
Allows 30 voice channels No need for NFAS
You don t lose a timeslot for signaling
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Protocol Layer 3 header information. Generally always 08 , meaning Q.931 Call maintenance Call Reference Value (CRV) in PRI is a 15-bit value which is used to associate messages with a particular channel connection. Message Type There are four general categories of messages: 1) Call Establishment 2) Call Information 3) Call Clearing 4) Miscellaneous
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Information Elements
There are four general categories of messages that might be present:
Call Establishment Call Information Call Clearing Miscellaneous
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02010000 LAPD Header 08=Q931 02=Call Reference Value 0027=the number of this call 05 SETUP 04=bearer cap 03=length 80=CCITT, speech 90=circuit, 64K A2=layer 1, u-law 18=channel ID 03=length A9=this interface, PRI, exclusive, not D, B1 83=CCITT, number, B-channels 90=1 0010000=slot 16
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1E=Progress indicator 02=length 8A=CCITT, private network serving remote user 81=call is not end-to-end ISDN 6C=calling party number 02=length 00=type unknown, plan unknown C3=number not available due to network provided screen 70=called party number 05=length The called party number is 0899
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