Colorfastness to bleaching: Peroxide ISO-105-N02-1995 this method is intended for determining the resistance of the colour of textiles of all

kinds, and in all forms, to the action of bleaching baths containing peroxide in concentrations commonly used in textile processing. A specimen of the textile in contact with adjacent fabrics is immersed in the bleaching solution, rinsed and dried. The change in color and the staining. Brief description Bath1 (for natural and regenerated cellulose) Treat the test specimen and adjacent fabric in bleach solution containing 5 ml /ltr hydrogen peroxide ( 30% solution) ,5 ml/l sodium silicate and 0.1 gpl of magnesium chloride. Set the initial pH 10.5 ,m:l 1:30, for 1 hr at 90 deg cel. Rinse for 10 min in cold water, squeeze and hang to dry in warm air at max 60 deg cel. Bath 2.(for natural and regenerated cellulose) sodium peroxide(30%) 3 gpl sodium silicate solution 5 ml/l magnesium chloride 0.1 gm/l Initial pH 11.3-11.7 M;L 1:30,temperature 80oc for 60 min. Bath 3(for wool and acetate) Hydrogen peroxide(30%) 20 gpl sodium pyrophosphate 5 ml/l magnesium chloride 0.1 gm/l Initial pH 10.0 M;L 1:30,temperature 70o c for 120 min. Bath 4(for silk) Hydrogen peroxide(30%) 20 gpl sodium silicate solution 5 ml/l Initial pH 9.3 M;L 1:30,temperature 50o c for 120 min. Colorfastness to bleaching: Peroxide This method is intended for determining the resistance of the color of textiles of all kinds, and in all forms, to the action of bleaching baths containing peroxide in concentrations commonly used in textile processing. A specimen of the textile in contact with adjacent fabrics is immersed in the bleaching solution, rinsed and dried. The change in color and the staining. How to Test pH of Textile material Testing of pH by water extraction method Purpose of the test The pH of the processed textiles must be neutral and within the prescribed limits for a particular end use. The textiles with higher pH value may exhibit yellowing tendencies, create change of shade upon storage and during shipment, result into poor dye pick up, patchy dyeing and poor colorfastness. Very high and very low pH results into degradation of textiles during storage and use may result into poor softness and harsh feel. pH of apparel fabrics which are in direct contact with the skin or used for baby wear, must be controlled not to make the skin itchy. The pH control is very important for in process quality as well as quality of the finished material. Test method Boil 250 ml distilled water or deionized water for 10 minutes and put 10+/- 0.1 gm of test specimen in it boil for another 10 minutes. Allow it cool down to room temperature, remove the specimen and squeeze back the excess water in the beaker. Test the pH by using a calibrated pH meter within an accuracy of +/-0.1 on pH scale.

The pH of water extract must be tested after prior to dyeing if you are getting uneven dyeing and to be tested after completion of dyeing and soaping to avoid any problems in finishing such as softening and dye fixing etc. PH and pH buffers PH In chemistry, pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Definition: pH is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. PH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogens ions (H+ ions or protons) in a solution. PH scale The pH scale was defined by Sren Srensen, Danish biochemist, in 1909The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic and a pH more than 7 is alkaline. Measuring pH Measuring pH is essential not only in finding the chemical characteristics of a substance but also as the first step toward managing chemical reactions. Measuring pH involve either the use of pH measuring electrodes or indicators whose colors are dependent on pH. A pH meter measures the difference in potential between a reference electrode insensitive to changes in pH and an electrode sensitive to such changes. pH indicators based on color changes are normally used in the form of pH papers. The paper is wetted with the solution being measured and the resulting color is compared with color standards to determine the pH.

In the textile industry, measuring pH is important in product testing, pretreatments, dyeing and finishing processes. pH buffers A pH buffer is a substance that resists a change in pH when small amounts of an acid or a base are added to it. The pH of a buffer changes very little when small amounts of an acid or a base is added to the buffered solution. A buffer consists of approximately equal amounts of conjugate weak acid/base pair in equilibrium with each other . Strong acids and their conjugate bases do not produce a buffer since in strong acid ionization is complete and there is no equilibrium. Why pH changes during a Textile dyeing process a. b. c. d. e. f. Water quality Reaction products Additives during the process Time Temperature Contaminants in the substrates.

Some pH buffers systems useful in textile pretreatment, dyeing and finishing. HCl and sodium citrate Citric Acid and sodium Citrate Acetic Acid and Sodium Acetate K2HPO4 and KH2PO4 Na2HPO4 and NaH2PO4 Borax and NaOH pH 1-5 pH 2.5-5.6 pH 3.7-5.6 pH 5.8-8.0 pH 6-7.5 pH 9.2-11

pH in textile coloration Most of the dyeing processes requires a controlled pH , such as slightly alkaline in direct dyes , strong alkaline in reactive , vat and azoic , acidic in disperse and basic dyes strongly acidic in acid dyes etc. The control of pH in textile processing is ensured by fundamentally three different techniques, such as a. b. c. The maintenance of a relatively high degree of acidity or alkalinity . The control of pH within fairly narrow tolerances mainly in near neutral regions. The gradual shift of pH as dyeing proceeds.

Many processes of textile processing are pH dependent. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Scouring of cotton in highly alkaline conditions Bleaching of different substrates where pH has to be maintained for proper bleaching action. Solubilising the dyestuffs. Exhaustion and fixation Oxidation Stripping Finishing

Testing of common salt Testing of common salt (for dyeing purpose) Salt in textile dyeing is mainly for exhaustion of dyes from the dye liquor to the substrate. It is also used in the water softening process to regenerate the zeolite .The salt used must be good quality , with low water hardness causing salts, minimum insoluble material and free from metal salt impurities. Following common tests are done to ensure the good salt quality, 1. Moisture content 2. Dust or insoluble impurities 3. Water hardness caused by water when used in dyeing. 4. % purity of salt. Moisture content:Is tested by using a moisture meter or by drying and pre weighed sample in hot air oven . Dust or insoluble impurities:By taking about 100 gms of dried salt sample and dissolve it 250 ml distilled water , allow the insoluble to settle down and then filter it with what man filter paper no.40. Dry and weigh the residue to find out the percentage. Water hardness:Since salt is used in large quantities in reactive dyeing, therefore water hardness caused by salt affect the overall dyeing quality , therefore salt must be tested for water hardness . Make a solution of 100 gpl salt and test it for water hardness, by using standard EDTA solution. Purity:Take about 6 gms of sample accurately weighed and dissolved in distilled water , made upto 1 ltr. Take 50 ml aliquot and titrate it with 0.1 N silver nitrate solution using 5 % potassium chromate solution as indicator till a reddish orange tinge is obtained. 1 ml of 0.1 N silver nitrate = 0.005845 gm of NaCl Quality parameter of Salt for Dyeing pH of aq. Solution = neutral Calcium = maximum 100 mg /kg Magnesium = maximum 50 mg/ kg Iron = maximum 0.01 mg/kg Copper = not detectable Hardness of 80 gpl solution = maximum 50 ppm Moisture content = maximum 0.25 % Insoluble dust = maximum 0.25%

Polyester Microfibers:- Dyeing and Wet Processing Microfiber A synthetic fiber that is extremely soft, lightweight, breathable, durable and ultrafine. In fact, microfibers are two times finer than silk and one hundred times finer than a human hair. Microfiber is currently manufactured from acrylic, nylon, polyester and rayon.Ultra-microfibers on the market are even finer some having thickness of just 1/200th the thickness of human hair! Microfibres refer to staple fibres, or individual filaments within yarns, which have fineness less than 1 decitex ( 1 grams per 10,000 meters) and For any fiber to be classified as microfibre yarn, the weight per 10,000 metres of yarn (dtex) is divided by the number of filaments (f), the result must be below 1. All about microfibers Microfibers: Functional Beauty Properties of Polyester Microfibers

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Lightweight and flexible Good stability and shape retention Anti-wrinkle property Have a wicking ability that permits perspiration Comfortable to wear as they are more spongy Doesn't water stain - superior water repellency is available Woven or knitted into a very high quality fabric construction Formerly commenced as a polyester microfiber, today you can find nylon, rayon and acrylic microfibers too. Strong and durable, water repellent and wind resistant -so tightly woven, that the fabric can't be penetrated by wind, rain or cold Lightweight, resilient or resist wrinkling, have a comfortable array, preserve shape and resist pilling The positively charged microfibers draw dust; the tiny fibers are capable to enter the microscopic surface voids most materials Washable, dries quickly and also washable in at the water temperatures up to 200 degrees and their characteristics will remain intact. Electrostatic effect - Hair, lint and other dust particles are attracted and grabbed by the microfibers without lifting dust. The density of the material allowable it to grip six to eight times its weight in water hence high absorbing power capacity The attraction capability of the microfibers is so sound, even absorbs bacteria and germs - hence can be use as germ or bacteria free purpose The fabric consists of millions of small tiny conduits that carry oil and grease too. Benefits of microfibers

Comfortable - very soft, texture like silk, lightweight 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. Due to its fineness and superior fiber surface area making deep, rich and bright colors achievable Less "sweaty" in warm weather than usual synthetics Quickly cleanable - clean just with water Highly intense and shrink-resistant Presents insulation and breathability Change without help - to establish lovely drape Very fine - finer than the most precise silk More reusable for cleaning alternative - compared to other mops more efficient and long life

Dyeing of polyester Microfibers Due to their fineness, the total surface area of microfibre yarn or fabric is far greater than ordinary fibres. Threfore 1.Due to its special structure ,micro fibers has much larger quantity of size ,oil agents and wax on warp yarns. 2. Since microfibers have very small interstitces, with consequent difficulties of size accessibility and duffusibility, desizing becomes quite difficult and costly. 3. Microfibres have greater absorption area resulting in a dyeing rate four times higher than that of normal, which can cause unlevelness in dyeing. 4. They also require more dyestuff than standard fibres to obtain the same depth of shade. 5. Larger external surface means an increase in number of threads exposed to light which, on destruction of dye, is expressed as lower light fastness rating. 6. Wash fastness and color fastness to rubbing is also poor. 7. Staple microfibres offer difficulty in carding. The problems in wet processing of microfibers can be overcome by 1.Better knowledge about the size applied and optimum parameters during desizing operation.

To achieve satisfactory dyeing effects, desizing and refining process must be done before dyeing and after desizing and refining, there should be no impurities left such as electrolyte, antistatic finishing agent, spin finishes and blot.

2. Pre-setting

Suitable pre setting conditions (time, temperature and tension) helps not only in stable dimensional stability ,softness but also better dyeing results.

3. Alkali weight reduction

Alkali weight reduction s to treat the fabric with concentrated alkali at high temperature.fber molecule hydrolyse under this condition and lose some weight with change in properties, thus space occurs between crossing points and rubbing resistance relative to slippage among yarns becomes small.Alkali weight reduction makes fabric soft, liveliness, limber and improved absorption.

2. Careful selection of the dyes. Proper dye selection which are 1.Compatible 2.Having same exhaustion rates 3.Having high wash fastness properties. 4. Good migration and levelling propertieseliminates problems regarding build-up and fastness properties. Disperse dyes for polyester microfibers 3. Optimizing the dye bath conditions and dyeing cycle.

Optimized dyeing cycles can be worked out by controlling the temperature to account for the high rate of dyeing and to eliminate the risk of uneven dyeing. Chemicals and dyes to be added at, at least 10-20o.C lower temperature than normal polyester fiber dyeing. The additions of dyes must be progressive or divided at least into 4 parts. The heating rate must be slow from 40 deg C to 100 deg C. 10-20 min more holding time required at 130 o C as compared to normal PES.

4. Proper selection of Dyeing machinery.The dyeing machine must have the required automation to fufil the requirements of microfiber dyeing such as microprocessor controlled dosing , proper and accurate heating rate control etc. 5.Proper selection of dye bath additives such as Leveling agents: - A strong leveling agent which shall start working at lower temperatures.

Dispersing agents: - Higher quantities of dispersing agents are needed because amount of dyes required are more to produce the desired depth. Chelating agents: Anticreasing agents, Dyebath softeners/Lubricants: - Because microfiber textiles are prone to creasing , therefore use off dye bath lubricants is must. 6. Proper aftertreatment of dyed goods. Soaping: - In order to obtain satisfactory color effect , fabric should be soaped after dyeing .Soaping is the key process to achieve satisfactory dyeing results on polyester especially polyester / nylon micro denier fabric.

Reduction clear :-Good reduction clear process is needed to achieve satisfactory washing , rubbing and light fastness properties. Washing:-Is required for neutralizing and removing alkali after reduction clear treatment. Softening, anti soil and antistatic treatment:-Because micro denier fiber easily stains and produces static charges, a hydrophilic ,antistatic and antisoil treatment besides softening is highly recommended to ensure fabric softness and comfort ability. Recommended Dyeing Cycle for polyester Microfibers

Dianix PLUS( Dystar) or Longsheng is a new range of five compatible, level-dyeing dyes for reliable dyeing of medium and heavy shades, especially on microfiber and weight-reduced polyester, whether applied under mild alkaline conditions to control trimer, or under conventional acid conditions Dianix E-PLUS" for Pale Shades on PolyesterFabrics Fashion application of polyester Application of polyester Microfibers Microfibers are most commonly found in polyester and nylon. Some rayon and acrylic micros are in production and available to consumers. Micros can be used alone or blended with conventional denier man-made fibers as well as with natural fibers such as cotton, wool, and silk. In textiles Microfibers are used in a variety of fabrics, but most commonly in dress and blouse weight garments. Suit jackets and bottom weights are becoming available. Look for micros in lingerie, rainwear, outdoor fleece and wind-resistant sportswear, as well as tents, sleeping bags, track and jogging suits. The strength of microfibers make them particularly adaptable to sueded or sandwashed finishes because of their extensive fiber surface area and the use of strong fibers like polyester and nylon. As a result, many microfibers simulate the appearance of sandwashed silk. Other Main products for which microfiber are ideally suited:

Microfiber Glass Cloth Duster/Multi-purpose Microfiber Cleaning Cloth Microfiber Scrubber Microfiber Kitchen Cloth

Microfiber Optical & CD Cloth Microfiber Mops Microfiber Cleaning Sponge Microfiber Cleaning Cloths Terry Cloths, Suede Cloths, Waffle-Weave Cloths

Sublimation Fastness Of Disperse Dyes Sublimation is the process of phase change from solid to gas , without going into liquid phase. Fastness to sublimation is probably the most important requirement of dyed polyester, apart from fastness to light. The migration behavior and wet fastness of disperse dyes on polyester are closely involved with their response to heat treatments. Adequate fastness to heat is essential so that the dyed material will withstand the conditions encountered in 1. Heat setting, 2. Durable pleating 3. Ironing or pressing of the goods during the making-up of garments. 4. Finishing processes where high temperature is involved. 5. Thermal fixation of prints. The poor sublimation fastness results into following problems 1.Change in original shade 2.Staining on adjacent fibers in contrast dyed fabrics. 3. Poor color yield and fixation rate in thermal fixation of prints. 4. Staining of dyed polyester sewing threads after stitching and embroidery in contrast stitched and embroidered articles. 5. Cross staining during storage. How to avoid the problem due to poor sublimation fastness Since the problem of poor sublimation is concerned to polarity of substation groups in dye molecule , therefore following steps are suggested to avoid the problem, 1.Pre heat setting most of the fabrics before dyeing. 2. Carefully selecting the dyes so that all component yarns have satisfactory fastness in multicolored/contrast color designs, where fabric is post heat set. 3. Selecting high sublimation dyes for dark shades, and medium /low sublimation dyes for pale shades. 4.The sublimation fastness influenced by the dyeing conditions and dyeing cycle followed, therefore the dyeing cycles must be optimized for best sublimation fastness. How to test the sublimation fastness of disperse dyes The sublimation fastness of disperse dyes is usually tested for staining and shade change , tested at 180 oC /210 oC for 30 seconds and rating is done on 1-5 grey scales. Standard Test Method for Sublimation fastness testing. AATCC Test Method 117-2004 ISO 105-P01. Color Fastness to Light ( Tests ISO-B01 - B08) The purpose of this test is to determine how much the color will fade when exposed to a known light source. The proper test method is AATCC Test Method 16. Option A uses a Carbon Arc light source while Option E uses the more popular Xenon light source. The option used will depend on the equipment available. The test duration will be 10 AATCC fade units minimum for both colors and whites unless otherwise specified. Ten AATCC fade units are the equivalent to 2.5 to 3 continuous twenty four hour days of direct sunlight while 20 AATCC fade units are equivalent to 5-6 days of direct sunlight.

The evaluation will be done as described in the test method with the exception of whites. Whites will be evaluated with the AATCC Gray Scale for Staining because the issue is more often yellowing of the white color. Color Matching in Textiles Color is one of the most fundamental aspects of textile design which contributes greatly to the overall visual effect of a finished fabric. Colour matching is a vital process in ensuring continuity of colour from the master standard to all subsequent production batches. A variety of conditions affect how a color looks 1.Light- source difference 2.Observer Difference 3.Size Difference 4.Background Difference 5.Directional difference

How to Ensure Effective Color in Today's Manufacturing Processes? The three components of color matching There are three components involved in colour viewing,which are LIGHT, VISION and OBJECT. If any omponent changes, the actual perception of colour will also change. It is important to keep the conditions (as mentioned above) constant when viewing colors. Color matching requires the use of a standard light box which has several illuminants:Some of the standard light sources

Artificial Daylight D65, A - tungstun CWF - Cool White Fluorescent TL84, UV, U30 Learn about Sources Importance Color Everybodys perception of color is slightly different. Light boxes are therefore employed so that whenever samples are viewed the conditions are exactly the same. Color Viewing booth / light box for color matching. It's difficult to see the true color under different light sources in which measurement color deviation intends to occur when performing the color evaluation without a standard light sources. To simulate different light sources to obtain an objective color, color difference and color evaluation, we can put the test specimen into the color viewing booth / color light box, so that it's easily to see the true color daytime, night, indoor and outdoor, and ensure the color consistency.The Problem of Metamerism Metamerism in textile shade matching is defined as a phenomenon in which two colored objects appear same in one light source but differ when the light source is changed. This could be due to difference in pigments or materials. The spectral reflectance characteristics of the colors of two objects are different , but the resulting tristimulus values are same in under one light source but different in another. Color Measurement Methods for Textile Fabrics Color Tolerances for Consistent Pass/Fail DecisionsColour Space

What is a color model? Every colour has a colour space which can be pinpointed by coordinates given by a computer. Colour can also be checked by eye and given a colour space, but again this is open to subjectivity. The three fundamental aspects of colour are lightness, chroma and hue. Lightness( bright colors,dark colors,light colors, the lightness of color changes vertically) is shown on the "L" axis. It indicates the depth of a colour, ranging from white to black with grey in between. One way of picturing depth of colour would be to imagine a black and white photograph where every colour is shown as a different depth of black, white or grey. The lightness of the fabric sample would be represented by a number on the "L" axis.

Chroma or saturation (Vivid colors, dull colors, chroma changes outward from the center) is shown as the distance away from the "L" axis. If the colour is described as being at the very outside edge of chroma it will appear to the observer to be very clean and bright. As it moves towards the grey central "L" axis it will become greyer, flatter and more dirty. Hue (Redder, greener, yellower, bluer etc. hues form the color wheel) is the variation in colour. For example, a blue may be very red - moving towards purple lilac - and would appear in the blue colour space at the red side. Different shades of blue would all appear in the blue color space but in different areas. Lightness, chroma and hue are checked on all yarns and piece dyed fabrics to ensure colour

continuity standards are maintained to the highest levels. They can be represented as a three dimensional figure. More Information on Color Theory A Note on Color Inconstancy Read Book on Color Space conversionsCIE color model
Complementary colors Electromagnetic energy Desaturation Gamut Grayscale HSV color model Hue Light primary colors Print primary colors Saturation Secondary colors Background knowledge of different light sources CIE Fluorescent Illuminants Artificial Daylight D65 which corresponds to a mid-day sun in Western Europe / Northern Europe is a commonly-used standard illuminant defined by the CIE. It is part of the D series of illuminants that try to portray standard illumination conditions at openair in different parts of the world. Artificial Daylight D65 light sources do not exist actually, only simulators. The quality of a simulator can be assessed with the CIE Metamerism Index. CIE S005/E-1998. TL84 - CIE Fluorescent Illuminants, Light Source (F11), TL84 light sources represent a tri-band fluorescent lamp. CIE 1931. CWF - CIE Fluorescent Illuminants, Light Source (F2), CIE F series light sources represent various types of fluorescent lighting. CWF (Cool White Fluorescent) light sources found in office environments. Incandescent A - CIE Incandescent A is intended to represent typical, domestic, tungsten-filament lighting. Its relative spectral power distribution is that of a Planckian radiator at a temperature of approximately 2856 K. CIE standard Incandescent A should be used in all applications of colorimetry involving the use of incandescent lighting, unless there are specific reasons for using a different illuminant. It is found in our home. UV - UV Ultra Violet Black light to reveal the presence of fluorescent dyes and bleaches. U30/U35 - Neutral-white fluorescents have a CCT (Correlated color temperature) of 3000K or 3500K. Textile Testings:-Gray scale specifications Grey Scale for Color Change Grey Scale for Color Change is used to visually evaluate change in color due to colorfastness tests Grey Scale for Staining Grey Scale for Staining is used to visually evaluate staining on multifiber samples due to colorfastness tests Read article about Gray Scales ISO-105-A02 This part of ISO 105 describes the grey scale for determining changes in colour of textiles in colour fastness tests, and its use. A precise colorimetric specific- ation of the scale is given as a permanent record against which newly prepared working standards and standards that may have changed can be compared. ISO-105-A03

This part of ISO 105 describes the grey scale for determining staining of colour on adjacent fabrics of textiles in colour fastness tests and its use. A precise colorimetric specific- ation of the scale is given as a permanent record against which newly prepared Working standards and standards that may have changed. Click here for details ISO-105-A04 ISO-105-A05 ISO-105-A06 ISO-105-A07 ISO-105-A08 ISO-105-A11 Atlas of Gray Scale Ultrasonography Stains Analysis and Removal In most families stain removal is a necessary part of clothing care. Quick and cautious stain removal keeps clothes in wearable condition for a longer time and thus helps reduce clothing costs. A slide show on stains and their removal Common Type of Stains Acids Adhesive Tape Alcohol Alkalis Baby Oil Ball-Point Ink Bleach Blood Blue Boot Polish Butter, Cream & Fatty Stains Candle Wax Carbon Paper & Transfers Chewing Gum Chocolate & Cocoa Cod Liver Oil Coffee & Tea Correction Fluid Crayons Deodorants & Antiperspirants Dyes & Running Colours Dyes: Setting Egg Fruit Juices & Berries Glues, Gums & Cellulose Adhesives Grass & Other Garden Foliage Ice Cream, Milk & Cream Indelible Pencil Ink Iodine Light Oils, e.g. sewing machine, hair oil, etc. Lipstick & Other Cosmetics Liquid Paper Marker Pen Medicines Mildew Sequestering Agents sequestering agents combine with calcium and magnesium ions and other heavy metal ions in hard water. They form molecules in which the ions are held so securely (sequestered) that they can no longer react. The sequestering agents prevent salts from recontaminating parts. The sequestering agents may also tie up the active chemicals in a detergent that may decrease the cleaning efficiency and life of a wash bath. Common sequestering agents include orthophosphate, orthosilicate, and phosphates.Sequestering agents are produced as powder

or in liquid form. Phosphates are a wastewater problem since they contribute to eutrophication, the enrichmentof water with nutrients that increase plant growth in water ways and sewer systems. The first sequestering agent in textile processing was EDTA,

now a days many other types of sequestering agents are widely used in textile processing. The three main stages in which sequestering agents are used are 1.Pretreatment 2.Bleaching 3.Dyeing Selecting a sequestering agent -I Selecting a sequestering agent-II Comparative study of some Sequestering chemicals Method for the instrumental assessment of whiteness This part of IS0 105 specifies a method intended for quantifying the whiteness of textiles, including fluorescent materials. Principle The chromaticity co-ordinates x10, y10 and the Y10 tristimulus values are calculated from the spectral radiance factors of the specimen and converted into a whiteness value. If these cannot be calculated, the x, y, Y values may be used instead. The redness/greenness tint factor may also be determined. Measurement of colour and colour differences This part of ISO 105 specifies a method For measuring the colour difference between two specimens of textile in any form. The existence of a master reference is necessary when the test is carried out by comparing the master reference with the test specimen the method is applicable to colored specimens. Principle this part of ISO 105 selects from the several options published by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) those best suited to the needs of the textile industry whenever the difference in colour between two specimens has to be quantified. Colour fastness to metals in the dye-bath: chromium salts This method is intended for determining the effect on the colour of a dye, of dyeing in the presence of hexavalent chromium salts. It is applicable to wool. An alternative method is specified in 6.3 to provide a milder test suitable for assessing the effect of chromium salts in such concentrations as might be found when shading. PRINCIPLE the difference in colour between dyeings made with and without potassium dichromate is assessed with the grey scale. Colour fastness to metals This method is intended for determining the effect on the colour of a dye, of dyeing in the presence of metals (iron and copper or their salts) either used in the construction of dyeing machinery or resulting from water and steam used in dyeing. PRINCIPLE the difference in colour between dyeings made in the presence and in the absence of salts of the metal is assessed with the grey scale. ISO 105-A01:2010 provides general information about the methods for testing colour fastness of textiles for the guidance of users. The uses and limitations of the methods are pointed out, several terms are defined, an outline of the form of the methods is given and the contents of the clauses constituting the methods are discussed. Procedures common to a number of the methods are discussed briefly. ISO 105 A02 : Describes the grey scale for determining changes in colour of textiles in colour fastness tests, and its use. A precise colorimetric specification of the scale is given as a permanent record against which newly prepared working standards and standards that may have changed can be compared. The essential scale (5 steps) consists of pairs of non-glossy grey colour chips (or swatches of grey cloth). In addition, an augmented scale includes four half-steps and, thus, 9 steps.

ISO 105 A03 :Describes the grey scale for determining staining of adjacent fabrics in colour fastness tests, and its use. A precise colorimetric specification of the scale is given as a permanent record against which newly prepared working standards and standards that may have changed can be compared. The essential scale (5 steps) consists of pairs of non-glossy grey or white color chips (or swatches of grey or white cloth). In addition, an augmented scale includes four half-steps and, thus, 9 steps. ISO 105-A04:- Tests for color fastness. Method for the instrumental assessment of the degree of staining of adjacent fabrics ISO 105-A05:-Instrumental assessment of change in colour for determination of grey scale rating.Specifies an instrumental method for assessing the change in colour of a test specimen in comparision to an identical untreated reference, and the calculations undertaken to convert the instrumental measurements into a grey scale rating. ISO 105-F09:2009 specifies a cotton rubbing cloth which can be used for the assessment of staining in colour fastness to rubbing tests. The staining properties of the cotton rubbing cloth under test are assessed against a cotton rubbing cloth reference fabric, using a cotton dyed reference fabric, both of which are available from a specified source. Grey scale for assessing change in colour This part of ISO 105 describes the grey scale for determining changes in colour of textiles in colour fastness tests, and its use. A precise colorimetric specific- ation of the scale is given as a permanent record against which newly prepared working standards and standards that may have changed can be compared. Colour fastness to weathering: Xenon arc This part of ISO 105 specifies a method intended for determining the resistance of the colour of textiles of all kinds except loose fibers to the action of weather as determined by exposure in a cabinet equipped with a xenon arc lamp. Principle Specimens of the textile are exposed under specified conditions to light from a xenon arc lamp and to water spray. At the same time, eight dyed wool references are exposed to light but are protected from water spray by a sheet of window-glass. The fastness is assessed by comparing the change in colour of the specimen with that of the reference.